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Leung CON, Yang Y, Leung RWH, So KKH, Guo HJ, Lei MML, Muliawan GK, Gao Y, Yu QQ, Yun JP, Ma S, Zhao Q, Lee TKW. Broad-spectrum kinome profiling identifies CDK6 upregulation as a driver of lenvatinib resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6699. [PMID: 37872167 PMCID: PMC10593849 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42360-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence has demonstrated that drug resistance can be acquired in cancer cells by kinase rewiring, which is an obstacle for efficient cancer therapy. However, it is technically challenging to measure the expression of protein kinases on large scale due to their dynamic range in human proteome. We employ a lysine-targeted sulfonyl fluoride probe, named XO44, which binds to 133 endogenous kinases in intact lenvatinib-resistant hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. This analysis reveals cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (CDK6) upregulation, which is mediated by ERK/YAP1 signaling cascade. Functional analyses show that CDK6 is crucial in regulation of acquired lenvatinib resistance in HCC via augmentation of liver cancer stem cells with clinical significance. We identify a noncanonical pathway of CDK6 in which it binds and regulates the activity of GSK3β, leading to activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Consistently, CDK6 inhibition by palbociclib or degradation by proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) is highly synergistic with lenvatinib in vitro. Interestingly, palbociclib not only exerts maximal growth suppressive effect with lenvatinib in lenvatinib-resistant HCC models but also reshapes the tumor immune microenvironment. Together, we unveil CDK6 as a druggable target in lenvatinib-resistant HCC and highlight the use of a chemical biology approach to understand nongenetic resistance mechanisms in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Oi Ning Leung
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rainbow Wing Hei Leung
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Karl Kam Hei So
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hai Jun Guo
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Martina Mang Leng Lei
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gregory Kenneth Muliawan
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'An, China
| | - Qian Qian Yu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Ping Yun
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Stephanie Ma
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
- Research Institute for Future Food, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Terence Kin Wah Lee
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
- Research Institute for Future Food, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
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Li W, Hu JK, Hu MG. CDK6: an attractive therapeutic target for T-ALL/LBL. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2023; 27:1087-1096. [PMID: 37975616 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2023.2285775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia/T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma (T-ALL/LBL) is a type of cancer that originates from the bone marrow and spreads quickly to other organs. Long-term survival rate with current available chemotherapy is less than 20%. Despite the potentially huge market, a truly effective and safe therapy for T-ALL/LBL is elusive. Thus, it is imperative to identify new therapeutic ways to target essential pathways in T-ALL that regulate the proliferation and survival of these cancer cells. AREAS COVERED The role of the Cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (CDK6) pathway in human T-ALL is of significant interest with major clinical/translational relevance. This review covers the recent advances in elucidating the essential roles of CDK6 and its closely regulated networks in proliferation, survival, and metabolism of T-ALL cells, with new insight into its mechanisms of action which hopefully could trigger the identification of new therapeutic avenues. EXPERT OPINION Animal models showed that inhibition of CDK6 and its related networks blocked initiation, growth, and survival of T-ALL in vivo. Numerous clinical trials of CDK4/6 inhibitors are ongoing in T-ALL. Specific CDK6 inhibitors alone or novel combination regimens may hopefully delay the progression, or even reverse the symptoms of T-ALL, leading to disease eradication and cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, USA
| | - Jamie Katy Hu
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Miaofen G Hu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, USA
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3
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Li J, Li P, Su H, Feng H, Bai Z, Xi Y. Expression and Significance of Cyclin-Dependent Protein Kinase 6 in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma. Int J Gen Med 2022; 15:7265-7276. [PMID: 36133914 PMCID: PMC9483138 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s380496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To study the relationship between cyclin-dependent protein kinase 6 (CDK6) expression in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and the clinical biological behavior and prognosis. Methods Data mining was performed using the Oncomine and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) databases to analyze the expression level of CDK6 in DLBCL. CDK6 alterations in DLBCL and related functional networks were analyzed with c-BioPortal and the Gene Set Enrichment Analysis was performed by using DAVID and FunRich software. In addition, screening for differential gene expression of CDK6 was done and enriched by using LinkedOmics. Finally, formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples from 102 patients with DLBCL were collected from the Department of Pathology, Shanxi Cancer Hospital (Taiyuan, Shanxi, China) from January 2015 through December 2020. All cases had complete clinical course records. Thirty cases of lymph node reactive hyperplasia tissues were used as controls. The expression of CDK6 in DLBCL tissues was detected by qRT‑PCR and immunohistochemistry. Results Bioinformatics analysis: The data showed that mRNA expression level and DNA copy number variations (CNVs) of CDK6 were significantly higher in DLBCL as compared to normal tissue (P ˂ 0.05). Based on C-BioPortal analysis, we speculated that amplification was the most common copy of CDK6 CNV in DLBCL. Through Gene Ontology (GO) analysis of these genes, it was found that the proteins were mainly located in the nucleus and cytoplasm. The biological interaction network of CDK6 alterations were found to participate primarily in the G1-S phase of the process. Analysis of LinkedOmics mRNA sequencing data showed that three genes were positively correlated with CDK6 expression: PSMD1, C2orf29 and ASB1. Through experimental verification, we found that CDK6 was overexpressed in DLBCL, and the expression of CDK6 mRNA and protein in DLBCL were positively correlated with Ann Arbor staging and IPI score (P<0.05), and negatively correlated with overall survival (P<0.001). Conclusion Data mining results and experiments revealed and confirmed multi-level evidence for the importance of CDK6 in DLBCL; hence, CDK6 may be a potential marker in DLBCL. Thus, our study will perhaps lay the foundation for further research on the role of CDK6 in the genesis and development of DLBCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Province Cancer Hospital, Shanxi Hospital Affiliated to Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030013, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Province Cancer Hospital, Shanxi Hospital Affiliated to Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030013, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong Su
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Province Cancer Hospital, Shanxi Hospital Affiliated to Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030013, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haonan Feng
- Department of Pathology, Chengdu Second People’s Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhongyuan Bai
- Department of Pathology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanfeng Xi
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Province Cancer Hospital, Shanxi Hospital Affiliated to Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030013, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Yanfeng Xi, Department of Pathology, Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Province Cancer Hospital, Shanxi Hospital Affiliated to Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 3 Workers’ New Village Street, Xing Hua Ling, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030013, People’s Republic of China, Email
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Porazzi P, De Dominici M, Salvino J, Calabretta B. Targeting the CDK6 Dependence of Ph+ Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12091355. [PMID: 34573335 PMCID: PMC8467343 DOI: 10.3390/genes12091355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ph+ ALL is a poor-prognosis leukemia subtype driven by the BCR-ABL1 oncogene, either the p190- or the p210-BCR/ABL isoform in a 70:30 ratio. Tyrosine Kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are the drugs of choice in the therapy of Ph+ ALL. In combination with standard chemotherapy, TKIs have markedly improved the outcome of Ph+ ALL, in particular if this treatment is followed by bone marrow transplantation. However, resistance to TKIs develops with high frequency, causing leukemia relapse that results in <5-year overall survival. Thus, new therapies are needed to address relapsed/TKI-resistant Ph+ ALL. We have shown that expression of cell cycle regulatory kinase CDK6, but not of the highly related CDK4 kinase, is required for the proliferation and survival of Ph+ ALL cells. Comparison of leukemia suppression induced by treatment with the clinically-approved dual CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib versus CDK6 silencing revealed that the latter treatment was markedly more effective, probably reflecting inhibition of CDK6 kinase-independent effects. Thus, we developed CDK4/6-targeted proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) that preferentially degrade CDK6 over CDK4. One compound termed PROTAC YX-2-107, which degrades CDK6 by recruiting the Cereblon ubiquitin ligase, markedly suppressed leukemia burden in mice injected with de novo or TKI-resistant Ph+ ALL. The effect of PROTAC YX-2-107 was comparable or superior to that of palbociclib. The development of CDK6-selective PROTACs represents an effective strategy to exploit the “CDK6 dependence” of Ph+ ALL cells while sparing a high proportion of normal hematopoietic progenitors that depend on both CDK6 and CDK6 for their survival. In combination with other agents, CDK6-selective PROTACs may be valuable components of chemotherapy-free protocols for the therapy of Ph+ ALL and other CDK6-dependent hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Porazzi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Marco De Dominici
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | | | - Bruno Calabretta
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA;
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Scheiblecker L, Kollmann K, Sexl V. CDK4/6 and MAPK-Crosstalk as Opportunity for Cancer Treatment. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:E418. [PMID: 33255177 PMCID: PMC7760252 DOI: 10.3390/ph13120418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the development of targeted therapies and novel inhibitors, cancer remains an undefeated disease. Resistance mechanisms arise quickly and alternative treatment options are urgently required, which may be partially met by drug combinations. Protein kinases as signaling switchboards are frequently deregulated in cancer and signify vulnerable nodes and potential therapeutic targets. We here focus on the cell cycle kinase CDK6 and on the MAPK pathway and on their interplay. We also provide an overview on clinical studies examining the effects of combinational treatments currently explored for several cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Veronika Sexl
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (L.S.); (K.K.)
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6
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Heller G, Nebenfuehr S, Bellutti F, Ünal H, Zojer M, Scheiblecker L, Sexl V, Kollmann K. The Effect of CDK6 Expression on DNA Methylation and DNMT3B Regulation. iScience 2020; 23:101602. [PMID: 33205015 PMCID: PMC7648139 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CDK6 is frequently overexpressed in various cancer types and functions as a positive regulator of the cell cycle and as a coregulator of gene transcription. We provide evidence that CDK6 is involved in the process of DNA methylation, at least in ALL. We observe a positive correlation of CDK6 and DNMT expression in a large number of ALL samples. ChIP-seq analysis reveals CDK6 binding to genomic regions associated with DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs). ATAC-seq shows a strong reduction in chromatin accessibility for DNMT3B in CDK6-deficient BCR-ABL + Cdk6-/- cells, accompanied by lower levels of DNMT3B mRNA and less chromatin-bound DNMT3B, as shown by RNA-seq and chromatome analysis. Motif analysis suggests that ETS family members interact with CDK6 to regulate DNMT3B. Reduced representation bisulfite sequencing analysis uncovers reversible and cell line-specific changes in DNA methylation patterns upon CDK6 loss. The results reveal a function of CDK6 as a regulator of DNA methylation in transformed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerwin Heller
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna, Austria.,Department for Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sofie Nebenfuehr
- Department for Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Bellutti
- Department for Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Huriye Ünal
- Department for Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Zojer
- Department for Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lisa Scheiblecker
- Department for Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Veronika Sexl
- Department for Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Karoline Kollmann
- Department for Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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7
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Uras IZ, Sexl V, Kollmann K. CDK6 Inhibition: A Novel Approach in AML Management. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072528. [PMID: 32260549 PMCID: PMC7178035 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a complex disease with an aggressive clinical course and high mortality rate. The standard of care for patients has only changed minimally over the past 40 years. However, potentially useful agents have moved from bench to bedside with the potential to revolutionize therapeutic strategies. As such, cell-cycle inhibitors have been discussed as alternative treatment options for AML. In this review, we focus on cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (CDK6) emerging as a key molecule with distinct functions in different subsets of AML. CDK6 exerts its effects in a kinase-dependent and -independent manner which is of clinical significance as current inhibitors only target the enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Z. Uras
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology & Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC), Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Veronika Sexl
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Karoline Kollmann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: + 43-1-25077-2917
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Abstract
The mammalian cell cycle is driven by a complex of cyclins and their associated cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). Abnormal dysregulation of cyclin-CDK is a hallmark of cancer. D-type cyclins and their associated CDKs (CDK4 and CDK6) are key components of cell cycle machinery in driving G1 to S phase transition via phosphorylating and inactivating the retinoblastoma protein (RB). A body of evidence shows that the cyclin Ds-CDKs axis plays a critical role in cancer through various aspects, such as control of proliferation, senescence, migration, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. CDK4/6 dual-inhibitors show significant efficacy in pre-clinical or clinical cancer therapies either as single agents or in combination with hormone, chemotherapy, irradiation or immune treatments. Of note, as the associated partner of D-type cyclins, CDK6 shows multiple distinct functions from CDK4 in cancer. Depletion of the individual CDK may provide a therapeutic strategy for patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueliang Gao
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Gustavo W Leone
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Haizhen Wang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.
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9
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Yu S, Wang XS, Cao KC, Bao XJ, Yu J. Identification of CDK6 and RHOU in Serum Exosome as Biomarkers for the Invasiveness of Non-functioning Pituitary Adenoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 34:168-176. [PMID: 31601299 DOI: 10.24920/003585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Objective To explore circulating biomarkers for screening the invasiveness of non-functioning pituitary adenomas (NF-PAs). Methods The exosomal RNAs were extracted from serum of patients with invasive NF-PA (INF-PA) or noninvasive NF-PA (NNF-PA). Droplet digital PCR was adapted to detect the mRNA expression of candidate genes related to tumor progression or invasion, such as cyclin dependent kinase 6 (CDK6), ras homolog family member U (RHOU), and spire type actin nucleation factor 2 (SPIRE2). Student's t-test was used to analyze the statistical difference in the mRNA expression of candidate genes between the two groups. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to establish a model for predicting the invasiveness of NF-PAs. The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity and precision of the model were then obtained to evaluate the diagnostic performance. Results CDK6 (0.2600±0.0912 vs. 0.1789±0.0628, t=3.431, P=0.0013) and RHOU mRNA expressions (0.2696±0.1118 vs. 0.1788±0.0857, t=2.946, P=0.0052) were upregulated in INF-PAs patients' serum exosomes as compared to NNF-PAs. For CDK6, the area under the ROC curve (AUC) was 0.772 (95% CI: 0.600-0.943, P=0.005), the accuracy, sensitivity, specificity and precision were 77.27%, 83.33%, 75.00% and 55.56% to predict the invasiveness of NF-PAs. For RHOU, the AUC was 0.757 (95% CI: 0.599-0.915, P=0.007), the accuracy, sensitivity, specificity and precision were 72.73%, 83.33%, 68.75% and 50.00%. In addition, the mRNA levels of CDK6 and RHOU in serum exosomes were significantly positively correlated (r=0.935, P<0.001). After combination of the cut-off scores of the two genes, the accuracy, sensitivity, specificity and precision were 81.82%, 83.33%, 81.25% and 62.50%. Conclusions CDK6 and RHOU mRNA in serum exosomes can be used as markers for predicting invasiveness of NF-PAs. Combination of the two genes performs better in distinguishing INF-PAs from NNF-PAs. These results indicate CDK6 and RHOU play important roles in the invasiveness of NF-PAs, and the established diagnostic method is valuable for directing the clinical screening and postoperative treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology & Key Laboratory of RNA and Hematopoietic Regulation & Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Xiao-Shuang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology & Key Laboratory of RNA and Hematopoietic Regulation & Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Kai-Can Cao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xin-Jie Bao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jia Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology & Key Laboratory of RNA and Hematopoietic Regulation & Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
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10
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CDK6 coordinates JAK2 V617F mutant MPN via NF-κB and apoptotic networks. Blood 2019; 133:1677-1690. [PMID: 30635286 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-08-872648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Over 80% of patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) harbor the acquired somatic JAK2 V617F mutation. JAK inhibition is not curative and fails to induce a persistent response in most patients, illustrating the need for the development of novel therapeutic approaches. We describe a critical role for CDK6 in MPN evolution. The absence of Cdk6 ameliorates clinical symptoms and prolongs survival. The CDK6 protein interferes with 3 hallmarks of disease: besides regulating malignant stem cell quiescence, it promotes nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling and contributes to cytokine production while inhibiting apoptosis. The effects are not mirrored by palbociclib, showing that the functions of CDK6 in MPN pathogenesis are largely kinase independent. Our findings thus provide a rationale for targeting CDK6 in MPN.
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11
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Hoareau-Aveilla C, Quelen C, Congras A, Caillet N, Labourdette D, Dozier C, Brousset P, Lamant L, Meggetto F. miR-497 suppresses cycle progression through an axis involving CDK6 in ALK-positive cells. Haematologica 2018; 104:347-359. [PMID: 30262555 PMCID: PMC6355472 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.195131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma, a T-cell neoplasm, is primarily a pediatric disease. Seventy-five percent of pediatric anaplastic large-cell lymphoma cases harbor the chromosomal translocation t(2;5)(p23;q35) leading to the ectopic expression of NPM-ALK, a chimeric tyrosine kinase. NPM-ALK consists of an N-terminal nucleophosmin (NPM) domain fused to an anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) cytoplasmic domain. Pediatric NPM-ALK+ anaplastic large-cell lymphoma is often a disseminated disease and young patients are prone to chemoresistance or relapse shortly after chemotherapeutic treatment. Furthermore, there is no gold standard protocol for the treatment of relapses. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study on the potential role of the microRNA, miR-497, in NPM-ALK+ anaplastic large-cell lymphoma tumorigenesis. Our results show that miR-497 expression is repressed in NPM-ALK+ cell lines and patient samples through the hypermethylation of its promoter and the activity of NPM-ALK is responsible for this epigenetic repression. We demonstrate that overexpression of miR-497 in human NPM-ALK+ anaplastic large-cell lymphoma cells inhibits cellular growth and causes cell cycle arrest by targeting CDK6, E2F3 and CCNE1, the three regulators of the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Interestingly, we show that a scoring system based on CDK6, E2F3 and CCNE1 expression could help to identify relapsing pediatric patients. In addition, we demonstrate the sensitivity of NPM-ALK+ cells to CDK4/6 inhibition using for the first time a selective inhibitor, palbociclib. Together, our findings suggest that CDK6 could be a therapeutic target for the development of future treatments for NPM-ALK+ anaplastic large-cell lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Hoareau-Aveilla
- Inserm, UMR1037 CRCT, F-31000 Toulouse, France.,Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, UMR1037 CRCT, F-31000 Toulouse, France.,CNRS, ERL5294 CRCT, F-31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Cathy Quelen
- Inserm, UMR1037 CRCT, F-31000 Toulouse, France.,Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, UMR1037 CRCT, F-31000 Toulouse, France.,CNRS, ERL5294 CRCT, F-31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Annabelle Congras
- Inserm, UMR1037 CRCT, F-31000 Toulouse, France.,Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, UMR1037 CRCT, F-31000 Toulouse, France.,CNRS, ERL5294 CRCT, F-31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Nina Caillet
- Inserm, UMR1037 CRCT, F-31000 Toulouse, France.,Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, UMR1037 CRCT, F-31000 Toulouse, France.,CNRS, ERL5294 CRCT, F-31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Delphine Labourdette
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | - Christine Dozier
- Inserm, UMR1037 CRCT, F-31000 Toulouse, France.,Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, UMR1037 CRCT, F-31000 Toulouse, France.,CNRS, ERL5294 CRCT, F-31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre Brousset
- Inserm, UMR1037 CRCT, F-31000 Toulouse, France.,Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, UMR1037 CRCT, F-31000 Toulouse, France.,CNRS, ERL5294 CRCT, F-31000 Toulouse, France.,Institut Carnot Lymphome-CALYM, F-31024 Toulouse, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence Toulouse Cancer-TOUCAN, F-31024 Toulouse, France.,European Research Initiative on ALK-Related Malignancies, Cambridge, UK
| | - Laurence Lamant
- Inserm, UMR1037 CRCT, F-31000 Toulouse, France.,Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, UMR1037 CRCT, F-31000 Toulouse, France.,CNRS, ERL5294 CRCT, F-31000 Toulouse, France.,Institut Carnot Lymphome-CALYM, F-31024 Toulouse, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence Toulouse Cancer-TOUCAN, F-31024 Toulouse, France.,European Research Initiative on ALK-Related Malignancies, Cambridge, UK
| | - Fabienne Meggetto
- Inserm, UMR1037 CRCT, F-31000 Toulouse, France .,Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, UMR1037 CRCT, F-31000 Toulouse, France.,CNRS, ERL5294 CRCT, F-31000 Toulouse, France.,Institut Carnot Lymphome-CALYM, F-31024 Toulouse, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence Toulouse Cancer-TOUCAN, F-31024 Toulouse, France.,European Research Initiative on ALK-Related Malignancies, Cambridge, UK
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12
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Bellutti F, Tigan AS, Nebenfuehr S, Dolezal M, Zojer M, Grausenburger R, Hartenberger S, Kollmann S, Doma E, Prchal-Murphy M, Uras IZ, Höllein A, Neuberg DS, Ebert BL, Ringler A, Mueller AC, Loizou JI, Hinds PW, Vogl C, Heller G, Kubicek S, Zuber J, Malumbres M, Farlik M, Villunger A, Kollmann K, Sexl V. CDK6 Antagonizes p53-Induced Responses during Tumorigenesis. Cancer Discov 2018; 8:884-897. [PMID: 29899063 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-17-0912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tumor formation is a multistep process during which cells acquire genetic and epigenetic changes until they reach a fully transformed state. We show that CDK6 contributes to tumor formation by regulating transcriptional responses in a stage-specific manner. In early stages, the CDK6 kinase induces a complex transcriptional program to block p53 in hematopoietic cells. Cells lacking CDK6 kinase function are required to mutate TP53 (encoding p53) to achieve a fully transformed immortalized state. CDK6 binds to the promoters of genes including the p53 antagonists Prmt5, Ppm1d, and Mdm4 The findings are relevant to human patients: Tumors with low levels of CDK6 have mutations in TP53 significantly more often than expected.Significance: CDK6 acts at the interface of p53 and RB by driving cell-cycle progression and antagonizing stress responses. While sensitizing cells to p53-induced cell death, specific inhibition of CDK6 kinase activity may provoke the outgrowth of p53-mutant clones from premalignant cells. Cancer Discov; 8(7); 884-97. ©2018 AACR.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 781.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Bellutti
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anca-Sarmiza Tigan
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sofie Nebenfuehr
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marlies Dolezal
- Platform Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Zojer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Reinhard Grausenburger
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Svenja Hartenberger
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sebastian Kollmann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eszter Doma
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michaela Prchal-Murphy
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Iris Z Uras
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Donna S Neuberg
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Benjamin L Ebert
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Anna Ringler
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andre C Mueller
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Joanna I Loizou
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philip W Hinds
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, and Tufts Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Claus Vogl
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Stefan Kubicek
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Zuber
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Matthias Farlik
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Karoline Kollmann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Veronika Sexl
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
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13
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Preclinical development of G1T38: A novel, potent and selective inhibitor of cyclin dependent kinases 4/6 for use as an oral antineoplastic in patients with CDK4/6 sensitive tumors. Oncotarget 2018; 8:42343-42358. [PMID: 28418845 PMCID: PMC5522071 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of the p16INK4a/cyclin D/CDK4/6/RB pathway is an effective therapeutic strategy for the treatment of estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer. Although efficacious, current treatment regimens require a dosing holiday due to severe neutropenia potentially leading to an increased risk of infections, as well as tumor regrowth and emergence of drug resistance. Therefore, a next generation CDK4/6 inhibitor that can inhibit proliferation of CDK4/6-dependent tumors while minimizing neutropenia could reduce both the need for treatment holidays and the risk of inducing drug resistance. Here, we describe the preclinical characterization and development of G1T38; a novel, potent, selective, and orally bioavailable CDK4/6 inhibitor. In vitro, G1T38 decreased RB1 (RB) phosphorylation, caused a precise G1 arrest, and inhibited cell proliferation in a variety of CDK4/6-dependent tumorigenic cell lines including breast, melanoma, leukemia, and lymphoma cells. In vivo, G1T38 treatment led to equivalent or improved tumor efficacy compared to the first-in-class CDK4/6 inhibitor, palbociclib, in an ER+ breast cancer xenograft model. Furthermore, G1T38 accumulated in mouse xenograft tumors but not plasma, resulting in less inhibition of mouse myeloid progenitors than after palbociclib treatment. In larger mammals, this difference in pharmacokinetics allowed for 28 day continuous dosing of G1T38 in beagle dogs without producing severe neutropenia. These data demonstrate G1T38 has unique pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, which result in high efficacy against CDK4/6 dependent tumors while minimizing the undesirable on-target bone marrow activity, thus potentially allowing G1T38 to be used as a continuous, daily oral antineoplastic agent.
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14
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Wang X, Dasari S, Nowakowski GS, Lazaridis KN, Wieben ED, Kadin ME, Feldman AL, Boddicker RL. Retinoic acid receptor alpha drives cell cycle progression and is associated with increased sensitivity to retinoids in T-cell lymphoma. Oncotarget 2018; 8:26245-26255. [PMID: 28412739 PMCID: PMC5432253 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCLs) are aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphomas with generally poor outcomes following standard therapy. Few candidate therapeutic targets have been identified to date. Retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARA) is a transcription factor that modulates cell growth and differentiation in response to retinoids. While retinoids have been used to treat some cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCLs), their mechanism of action and the role of RARA in CTCL and other mature T-cell lymphomas remain poorly understood. After identifying a PTCL with a RARAR394Q mutation, we sought to characterize the role of RARA in T-cell lymphoma cells. Overexpressing wild-type RARA or RARAR394Q significantly increased cell growth in RARAlow cell lines, while RARA knockdown induced G1 arrest and decreased expression of cyclin-dependent kinases CDK2/4/6 in RARAhigh cells. The retinoids, AM80 (tamibarotene) and all-trans retinoic acid, caused dose-dependent growth inhibition, G1 arrest, and CDK2/4/6 down-regulation. Genes down-regulated in transcriptome data were enriched for cell cycle and G1-S transition. Finally, RARA overexpression augmented chemosensitivity to retinoids. In conclusion, RARA drives cyclin-dependent kinase expression, G1-S transition, and cell growth in T-cell lymphoma. Synthetic retinoids inhibit these functions in a dose-dependent fashion and are most effective in cells with high RARA expression, indicating RARA may represent a therapeutic target in some PTCLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueju Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America.,Department of Pathology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin Province, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Surendra Dasari
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Grzegorz S Nowakowski
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Konstantinos N Lazaridis
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Eric D Wieben
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Marshall E Kadin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Department of Dermatology, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Andrew L Feldman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Rebecca L Boddicker
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
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15
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Sherr CJ, Sicinski P. The D-Type Cyclins: A Historical Perspective. D-TYPE CYCLINS AND CANCER 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-64451-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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16
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Shang A, Lu WY, Yang M, Zhou C, Zhang H, Cai ZX, Wang WW, Wang WX, Wu GQ. miR-9 induces cell arrest and apoptosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma via CDK 4/6 pathway. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 46:1754-1762. [PMID: 29073835 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2017.1391825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Oral cancer remains a major public concern with considerable socioeconomic impact in the world, especially in southeast Asia. Despite substantial advancements have been made in treating oral cancer, the five-year survival rate for OSCC remained undesirable, and 35-55% patients developed recurrence within two years even with multimodality therapeutic strategies. Hence, identification of novel biomarkers for diagnosis and evaluating clinical outcome is of vital importance. MicroRNAs are 22-24 nt non-coding RNAs that could bind to 3' UTR of target mRNAs, thereby inducing degradation of mRNA or inhibiting translation. Due to its implication in regulation of post-transcriptional processes, the role of miRNAs in malignancies has been extensively studied, among which the discovery of functional miR-9 in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remained to be elucidated. We first demonstrated that miR-9 was down-regulated in 21 OSCC patients, and we further found that forced expression of miR-9 could result in deterred cell proliferation and decreased ability to migrate and form colonies. Flow cytometry displayed cell-cycle arrested at G0/G1 phase. We next used Targetscan to predict target genes of miR-9. CDK6, a protein highly implicated in cell cycle control, was chosen for verification. Down-regulation of CDK6 and Cyclin D1 in Tca8113 transfected with miR-9 mimics indicate that the complex formed by both proteins may be the effector of the antiproliferative function of miR-9 in OSCCs. Considering small molecules are developed to target CDK4/6, our finding may provide valuable scientific evidence for research and development of therapies and diagnostic methodology in OSCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anquan Shang
- a Department of Laboratory Medicine, , Tongji Hospital of Tongji University , Shanghai , China.,b Department of Laboratory Medicine , The Sixth People's Hospital of Yancheng City , Yancheng , Jiangsu , China
| | - Wen-Ying Lu
- b Department of Laboratory Medicine , The Sixth People's Hospital of Yancheng City , Yancheng , Jiangsu , China
| | - Man Yang
- c Department of Laboratory Medicine , Yancheng TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Yancheng , Jiangsu , China.,d School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences , Medical College of Soochow University , Suzhou , Jiangsu , China
| | - Cheng Zhou
- b Department of Laboratory Medicine , The Sixth People's Hospital of Yancheng City , Yancheng , Jiangsu , China
| | - Hong Zhang
- b Department of Laboratory Medicine , The Sixth People's Hospital of Yancheng City , Yancheng , Jiangsu , China
| | - Zheng-Xin Cai
- b Department of Laboratory Medicine , The Sixth People's Hospital of Yancheng City , Yancheng , Jiangsu , China
| | - Wei-Wei Wang
- e Department of Pathology , The First People's Hospital of Yancheng City , Yancheng , Jiangsu , China.,f Department of Pathology , The Sixth People's Hospital of Yancheng City , Yancheng , Jiangsu , China
| | - Wan-Xiang Wang
- g Department of Laboratory Medicine , The First People's Hospital of Yancheng City , Yancheng , Jiangsu , China
| | - Gui-Qi Wu
- h Department of General Surgery , The Sixth People's Hospital of Yancheng City , Yancheng , Jiangsu , China
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17
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Bhowmik T, Gomes A. Down–regulation of cyclin–dependent kinase-4 and MAPK through estrogen receptor mediated cell cycle arrest in human breast cancer induced by gold nanoparticle tagged toxin protein NKCT1. Chem Biol Interact 2017; 268:119-128. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Di Giovanni C, Novellino E, Chilin A, Lavecchia A, Marzaro G. Investigational drugs targeting cyclin-dependent kinases for the treatment of cancer: an update on recent findings (2013-2016). Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2017; 25:1215-30. [PMID: 27606939 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2016.1234603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cell cycle and gene transcription are under the control of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), whose activity depends on the binding with cyclins. Deregulated CDK activities have been reported in a majority of human cancers, representing potential therapeutic targets. AREAS COVERED This review provides preclinical and clinical (phase I/II) updates of promising therapeutic compounds targeting CDKs published between 2013 and 2016 EXPERT OPINION: First generation pan-CDK inhibitors showed marked toxicity in clinical trials and most compounds were discontinued. Despite their failure was ascribed also to inadequate patient selection rules, novel pan-CDK inhibitors have entered clinical trials with still poorly defined selection strategies. The most interesting results have been obtained with dual CDK4/6 inhibitors and through a more accurate evaluation of predictive biomarkers, suggesting the usefulness of CDK inhibitors for personalized treatment. The increased knowledge on the roles of CDKs in cell cycle and gene transcription suggests to review also the anticancer potential of first generation CDK inhibitors by defining more appropriate rules for patients engagement. Recent findings has highlighted CDK8 as a novel target for cancer treatment. Indeed some biomarkers for CDK8 inhibition sensitivity have already been proposed. CDK8 inhibition is also supposed to prevent cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Di Giovanni
- a Department of Pharmacy , University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy
| | - Ettore Novellino
- a Department of Pharmacy , University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy
| | - Adriana Chilin
- b Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences , University of Padova , Padova , Italy
| | - Antonio Lavecchia
- a Department of Pharmacy , University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy
| | - Giovanni Marzaro
- b Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences , University of Padova , Padova , Italy
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19
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Schlierf A, Altmann E, Quancard J, Jefferson AB, Assenberg R, Renatus M, Jones M, Hassiepen U, Schaefer M, Kiffe M, Weiss A, Wiesmann C, Sedrani R, Eder J, Martoglio B. Targeted inhibition of the COP9 signalosome for treatment of cancer. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13166. [PMID: 27774986 PMCID: PMC5078989 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The COP9 signalosome (CSN) is a central component of the activation and remodelling cycle of cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligases (CRLs), the largest enzyme family of the ubiquitin-proteasome system in humans. CRLs are implicated in the regulation of numerous cellular processes, including cell cycle progression and apoptosis, and aberrant CRL activity is frequently associated with cancer. Remodelling of CRLs is initiated by CSN-catalysed cleavage of the ubiquitin-like activator NEDD8 from CRLs. Here we describe CSN5i-3, a potent, selective and orally available inhibitor of CSN5, the proteolytic subunit of CSN. The compound traps CRLs in the neddylated state, which leads to inactivation of a subset of CRLs by inducing degradation of their substrate recognition module. CSN5i-3 differentially affects the viability of tumour cell lines and suppresses growth of a human xenograft in mice. Our results provide insights into how CSN regulates CRLs and suggest that CSN5 inhibition has potential for anti-tumour therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Schlierf
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eva Altmann
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jean Quancard
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anne B Jefferson
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - René Assenberg
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Renatus
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthew Jones
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ulrich Hassiepen
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Schaefer
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Kiffe
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Weiss
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Wiesmann
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Richard Sedrani
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Eder
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Martoglio
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
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20
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Tadesse S, Yu M, Kumarasiri M, Le BT, Wang S. Targeting CDK6 in cancer: State of the art and new insights. Cell Cycle 2016; 14:3220-30. [PMID: 26315616 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1084445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (CDK6) plays a vital role in regulating the progression of the cell cycle. More recently, CDK6 has also been shown to have a transcriptional role in tumor angiogenesis. Up-regulated CDK6 activity is associated with the development of several types of cancers. While CDK6 is over-expressed in cancer cells, it has a low detectable level in non-cancerous cells and CDK6-null mice develop normally, suggesting a specific oncogenic role of CDK6, and that its inhibition may represent an ideal mechanism-based and low toxic therapeutic strategy in cancer treatment. Identification of selective small molecule inhibitors of CDK6 is thus needed for drug development. Herein, we review the latest understandings of the biological regulation and oncogenic roles of CDK6. The potential clinical relevance of CDK6 inhibition, the progress in the development of small-molecule CDK6 inhibitors and the rational design of potential selective CDK6 inhibitors are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Tadesse
- a Center for Drug Discovery and Development, Sansom Institute for Health Research, Center for Cancer Biology; and School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia ; Adelaide , Australia
| | - Mingfeng Yu
- a Center for Drug Discovery and Development, Sansom Institute for Health Research, Center for Cancer Biology; and School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia ; Adelaide , Australia
| | - Malika Kumarasiri
- a Center for Drug Discovery and Development, Sansom Institute for Health Research, Center for Cancer Biology; and School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia ; Adelaide , Australia
| | - Bich Thuy Le
- a Center for Drug Discovery and Development, Sansom Institute for Health Research, Center for Cancer Biology; and School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia ; Adelaide , Australia
| | - Shudong Wang
- a Center for Drug Discovery and Development, Sansom Institute for Health Research, Center for Cancer Biology; and School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia ; Adelaide , Australia
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21
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Bellei M, Sabattini E, Pesce EA, Ko YH, Kim WS, Cabrera ME, Martinez V, Dlouhy I, Paes RP, Barrese T, Vassallo J, Tarantino V, Vose J, Weisenburger D, Rüdiger T, Federico M, Pileri S. Pitfalls and major issues in the histologic diagnosis of peripheral T-cell lymphomas: results of the central review of 573 cases from the T-Cell Project, an international, cooperative study. Hematol Oncol 2016; 35:630-636. [PMID: 27255982 DOI: 10.1002/hon.2316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCLs) comprise a heterogeneous group of neoplasms that are derived from post-thymic lymphoid cells at different stages of differentiation with different morphological patterns, phenotypes and clinical presentations. PTCLs are highly diverse, reflecting the diverse cells from which they can originate and are currently sub-classified using World Health Organization (WHO) 2008 criteria. In 2006 the International T-Cell Lymphoma Project launched the T-Cell Project, building on the retrospective study previously carried on by the network, with the aim to prospectively collect accurate data to improve knowledge on this group of lymphomas. Based on previously published reports from International Study Groups it emerged that rendering a correct classification of PTCLs is quite difficult because the relatively low prevalence of these diseases results in a lack of confidence by most pathologists. This is the reason why the T-Cell Project requested the availability of diagnostic material from the initial biopsy of each patient registered in the study in order to have the initial diagnosis centrally reviewed by expert hematopathologists. In the present report the results of the review process performed on 573 cases are presented. Overall, an incorrect diagnosis was centrally recorded in 13.1% cases, including 8.5% cases centrally reclassified with a subtype eligible for the project and 4.6% cases misclassified and found to be disorders other than T-cell lymphomas; 2.1% cases were centrally classified as T-Cell disorders not included in the study population. Thus, the T-Cell Project confirmed the difficulties in providing an accurate classification when a diagnosis of PTCLs is suspected, singled out the major pitfalls that can bias a correct histologic categorization and confirmed that a centralized expert review with the application of adequate diagnostic algorithms is mandatory when dealing with these tumours. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Bellei
- Dipartimento di Medicina Diagnostica, Clinica e di Sanità Pubblica, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Elena Sabattini
- Policlinico Sant'Orsola - Malpighi, Unità di Emolinfopatologia, Bologna, Italy
| | - Emanuela Anna Pesce
- Dipartimento di Medicina Diagnostica, Clinica e di Sanità Pubblica, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Young-Hyeh Ko
- Samsung General Center, Department of Pathology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Seog Kim
- Samsung General Center, Division of Hematology - Oncology, Department of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Maria Elena Cabrera
- Sección Hematología, Hospedal del Salvator, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | | | - Ivan Dlouhy
- Hematology Department, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Tomas Barrese
- Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericordia de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Josè Vassallo
- Laboratory of Molecular and Investigative Pathology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Vittoria Tarantino
- Dipartimento di Medicina Diagnostica, Clinica e di Sanità Pubblica, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Julie Vose
- UNMC, Internal Medicine, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | | | - Thomas Rüdiger
- Stadtisches Klinikum Karlsruhe gGmbH, Institute of Pathology, Karlsruhe, Baden - Württemberg, Germany
| | - Massimo Federico
- Dipartimento di Medicina Diagnostica, Clinica e di Sanità Pubblica, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Stefano Pileri
- Unità di Diagnosi Emolinfopatologica, IEO - Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milano, Italy.,Alma mater Professor of Pathology, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Scuola di Medicina e Chirurgia, Bologna, Italy
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22
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Palbociclib treatment of FLT3-ITD+ AML cells uncovers a kinase-dependent transcriptional regulation of FLT3 and PIM1 by CDK6. Blood 2016; 127:2890-902. [PMID: 27099147 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-11-683581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Up to 30% of patients with acute myeloid leukemia have constitutively activating internal tandem duplications (ITDs) of the FLT3 receptor tyrosine kinase. Such mutations are associated with a poor prognosis and a high propensity to relapse after remission. FLT3 inhibitors are being developed as targeted therapy for FLT3-ITD(+) acute myeloid leukemia; however, their use is complicated by rapid development of resistance, which illustrates the need for additional therapeutic targets. We show that the US Food and Drug Administration-approved CDK4/6 kinase inhibitor palbociclib induces apoptosis of FLT3-ITD leukemic cells. The effect is specific for FLT3-mutant cells and is ascribed to the transcriptional activity of CDK6: CDK6 but not its functional homolog CDK4 is found at the promoters of the FLT3 and PIM1 genes, another important leukemogenic driver. There CDK6 regulates transcription in a kinase-dependent manner. Of potential clinical relevance, combined treatment with palbociclib and FLT3 inhibitors results in synergistic cytotoxicity. Simultaneously targeting two critical signaling nodes in leukemogenesis could represent a therapeutic breakthrough, leading to complete remission and overcoming resistance to FLT3 inhibitors.
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CDK6-mediated repression of CD25 is required for induction and maintenance of Notch1-induced T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia 2015; 30:1033-43. [PMID: 26707936 PMCID: PMC4856559 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2015.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is a high-risk subset of acute leukemia, characterized by frequent activation of Notch1 or AKT signaling, where new_therapeutic approaches are needed. We showed previously that Cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (CDK6) is required for thymic lymphoblastic lymphoma induced by activated AKT. Here, we show CDK6 is required for initiation and maintenance of Notch-induced T-ALL. In a mouse retroviral model, hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells lacking CDK6 protein or expressing kinase-inactive (K43M) CDK6 are resistant to induction of T-ALL by activated Notch, whereas those expressing INK4-insensitive (R31C) CDK6 are permissive. Pharmacologic inhibition of CDK6 kinase induces CD25 and RUNX1 expression, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis in mouse and human T-ALL. Ablation of Cd25 in a K43M background restores Notch-induced T-leukemogenesis, with disease that is resistant to CDK6 inhibitors in vivo. These data support a model whereby CDK6-mediated suppression of CD25 is required for initiation of T-ALL by activated Notch1, and CD25 induction mediates the therapeutic response to CDK6 inhibition in established T-ALL. These results both validate CDK6 as a molecular target for therapy of this subset of T-ALL and suggest that CD25 expression could serve as a biomarker for responsiveness of T-ALL to CDK4/6 inhibitor therapy.
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CDK6-a review of the past and a glimpse into the future: from cell-cycle control to transcriptional regulation. Oncogene 2015; 35:3083-91. [PMID: 26500059 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The G1 cell-cycle kinase CDK6 has long been thought of as a redundant homolog of CDK4. Although the two kinases have very similar roles in cell-cycle progression, it has recently become apparent that they differ in tissue-specific functions and contribute differently to tumor development. CDK6 is directly involved in transcription in tumor cells and in hematopoietic stem cells. These functions point to a role of CDK6 in tissue homeostasis and differentiation that is partially independent of CDK6's kinase activity and is not shared with CDK4. We review the literature on the contribution of CDK6 to transcription in an attempt to link the new findings on CDK6's transcriptional activity to cell-cycle progression. Finally, we note that anticancer therapies based on the inhibition of CDK6 kinase activity fail to take into account its kinase-independent role in tumor development.
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O'Connor OA, Bhagat G, Ganapathi K, Pedersen MB, D'Amore F, Radeski D, Bates SE. Changing the paradigms of treatment in peripheral T-cell lymphoma: from biology to clinical practice. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 20:5240-54. [PMID: 25320373 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite enormous advances in our understanding of aggressive lymphomas, it is clear that progress in the peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCL) has lagged well behind other B-cell malignancies. Although there are many reasons for this, the one commonly cited notes that the paradigms for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) were merely applied to all patients with PTCL, the classic "one-size-fits-all" approach. Despite these challenges, progress is being made. Recently, the FDA has approved four drugs for patients with relapsed/refractory PTCL over the past 5 years, and if one counts the recent Japanese approval of the anti-CCR4 monoclonal antibody for patients with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma, five drugs have been approved worldwide. These efforts have led to the initiation of no fewer than four randomized clinical studies exploring the integration of these new agents into standard CHOP (cyclophosphamide-Adriamycin-vincristine-prednisone)-based chemotherapy regimens for patients with newly diagnosed PTCL. In addition, a new wave of studies are exploring the merits of novel drug combinations in the disease, an effort to build on the obvious single-agent successes. What has emerged most recently is the recognition that the PTCL may be a disease-characterized by epigenetic dysregulation, which may help explain its sensitivity to histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, and open the door for even more creative combination approaches. Nonetheless, advances made over a relatively short period of time are changing how we now view these diseases and, hopefully, have poised us to finally improve its prognosis. See all articles in this CCR Focus section, "Paradigm Shifts in Lymphoma."
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen A O'Connor
- Center for Lymphoid Malignancies, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, The New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York.
| | - Govind Bhagat
- Division of Hematopathology, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Karthik Ganapathi
- Division of Hematopathology, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | | | - Francesco D'Amore
- Department of Hematology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Dejan Radeski
- Center for Lymphoid Malignancies, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, The New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Susan E Bates
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
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Vymětalová L, Kryštof V. Potential Clinical Uses of CDK Inhibitors: Lessons from Synthetic Lethality Screens. Med Res Rev 2015; 35:1156-74. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ladislava Vymětalová
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators; Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR; Šlechtitelů 11 CZ-78371 Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Kryštof
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators; Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR; Šlechtitelů 11 CZ-78371 Olomouc Czech Republic
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Zhou L, Wang Y, Ou C, Lin Z, Wang J, Liu H, Zhou M, Ding Z. microRNA-365-targeted nuclear factor I/B transcriptionally represses cyclin-dependent kinase 6 and 4 to inhibit the progression of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 65:182-91. [PMID: 26072217 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinases are either post-transcriptionally regulated by interacting with cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors or are transcriptionally regulated by transcription factors, but the latter mechanism has not been extensively investigated. Dysregulated transcription factors resulting from aberrantly expressed microRNAs play critical roles in tumor development and progression. Our previous work identified miR-365 as an oncogenic microRNA that promotes the development of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma via repression of cyclin-dependent kinase 6, while miR-365 also targets nuclear factor I/B. However, the underlying mechanism(s) of the interaction between nuclear factor I/B and cyclin-dependent kinase 6 are unclear. In this work, we demonstrate that miR-365-regulated nuclear factor I/B transcriptionally inhibits cyclin-dependent kinases 6 and 4 by binding to their promoter regions. In vivo and in vitro experiments demonstrate that the loss of nuclear factor I/B after miR-365 expression or treatment with small interfering RNAs results in the upregulation of cyclin-dependent kinases 6 and 4. This upregulation, in turn, enhances the phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein and tumor progression. Characterizing this transcriptional repression of cyclin-dependent kinases 6 and 4 by nuclear factor I/B contributes to the understanding of the transcriptional regulation of cyclin-dependent kinases by transcription factors and also facilitates the development of new therapeutic regimens to improve the clinical treatment of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhou
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health and Tropic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinghui Wang
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health and Tropic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengshan Ou
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health and Tropic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhixiang Lin
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health and Tropic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianyu Wang
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health and Tropic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxia Liu
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health and Tropic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Meijuan Zhou
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health and Tropic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenhua Ding
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health and Tropic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China.
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Aleem E, Arceci RJ. Targeting cell cycle regulators in hematologic malignancies. Front Cell Dev Biol 2015; 3:16. [PMID: 25914884 PMCID: PMC4390903 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2015.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematologic malignancies represent the fourth most frequently diagnosed cancer in economically developed countries. In hematologic malignancies normal hematopoiesis is interrupted by uncontrolled growth of a genetically altered stem or progenitor cell (HSPC) that maintains its ability of self-renewal. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) not only regulate the mammalian cell cycle, but also influence other vital cellular processes, such as stem cell renewal, differentiation, transcription, epigenetic regulation, apoptosis, and DNA repair. Chromosomal translocations, amplification, overexpression and altered CDK activities have been described in different types of human cancer, which have made them attractive targets for pharmacological inhibition. Mouse models deficient for one or more CDKs have significantly contributed to our current understanding of the physiological functions of CDKs, as well as their roles in human cancer. The present review focuses on selected cell cycle kinases with recent emerging key functions in hematopoiesis and in hematopoietic malignancies, such as CDK6 and its role in MLL-rearranged leukemia and acute lymphocytic leukemia, CDK1 and its regulator WEE-1 in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and cyclin C/CDK8/CDK19 complexes in T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia. The knowledge gained from gene knockout experiments in mice of these kinases is also summarized. An overview of compounds targeting these kinases, which are currently in clinical development in various solid tumors and hematopoietic malignances, is presented. These include the CDK4/CDK6 inhibitors (palbociclib, LEE011, LY2835219), pan-CDK inhibitors that target CDK1 (dinaciclib, flavopiridol, AT7519, TG02, P276-00, terampeprocol and RGB 286638) as well as the WEE-1 kinase inhibitor, MK-1775. The advantage of combination therapy of cell cycle inhibitors with conventional chemotherapeutic agents used in the treatment of AML, such as cytarabine, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiman Aleem
- Department of Child Health, The Ronald A. Matricaria Institute of Molecular Medicine at Phoenix Children's Hospital, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix Phoenix, AZ, USA ; Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Robert J Arceci
- Department of Child Health, The Ronald A. Matricaria Institute of Molecular Medicine at Phoenix Children's Hospital, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix Phoenix, AZ, USA
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Xia B, Yang S, Liu T, Lou G. miR-211 suppresses epithelial ovarian cancer proliferation and cell-cycle progression by targeting Cyclin D1 and CDK6. Mol Cancer 2015; 14:57. [PMID: 25889927 PMCID: PMC4359570 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-015-0322-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. MicroRNAs play important roles in cancer development and progression. The microRNA miR-211 is localized on intron 6 of the Trpm1 gene at 15q13-q14, a locus that is frequently lost in neoplasms. Its function and loss-of-function have been described in normal and cancer cells and tissues. miR-211 is known to be dysregulated in ovarian cancer: however, its function and the downstream effect of its loss-of-function in ovarian cancer have not been described before. METHODS We analyzed miR-211 expression in clinical samples of primary EOC tissues compared to normal epithelial ovarian tissues and in the EOC cell lines: OVCAR3, Caov3, OVCA429, SKOV3 and A2780 compared to human ovarian surface epithelial cells. We then investigated the effect of miR-211 on EOC cell proliferation and apoptosis by counting cell numbers, MTT, colony formation, cell cycle, and PI/Annexin V staining assays. A luciferase reporter system was developed to assess miR-211 regulation of the predicted targets. Expression level of discovered targets and correlation with miR-211 expression were analyzed in EOC tissues. Finally, OVCAR3 stably expressing miR-211 or control cells were injected subcutaneously into mice to determine in vivo effect of miR-211 on tumorigenesis. RESULTS We found that the expression of miR-211 is downregulated in EOC tissues and cell lines compared to normal epithelial ovarian tissue and human ovarian surface epithelial cells, respectively. miR-211 was found to arrest cells in the G0/G1-phase, inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis. Cyclin D1 and CDK6 were found to be direct targets of miR-211, and when overexpressed in miR-211-expressing EOC cells, could restore proliferative ability. Finally, in vitro investigation confirmed that miR-211 is a tumor suppressor that controls Cyclin D1 and CDK6 expression. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that miR-211 is a tumor suppressor that controls expression of Cyclin D1 and CDK6, and that its downregulation results in overexpression of Cyclin D1 and CDK6 which increases proliferation ability of EOC cells to proliferate compared to normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bairong Xia
- Department of Gynecology, the Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Harbin Medical University, 150 Haping Rd, Nangang, Harbin, 150020, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Shanshan Yang
- Department of Gynecology, the Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Harbin Medical University, 150 Haping Rd, Nangang, Harbin, 150020, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Tianbo Liu
- Department of Gynecology, the Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Harbin Medical University, 150 Haping Rd, Nangang, Harbin, 150020, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Ge Lou
- Department of Gynecology, the Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Harbin Medical University, 150 Haping Rd, Nangang, Harbin, 150020, Heilongjiang, China.
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Abstract
T-cell lymphomas are a group of predominantly rare hematologic malignancies that tend to recapitulate different stages of T-cell development, in a similar way that B-cell lymphomas do. As opposed to B-cell lymphomas, the understanding of the biology and the classification of T-cell lymphomas are somewhat rudimentary, and numerous entities are still included as 'provisional categories' in the World Health Classification of hematolopoietic malignancies. A relevant and useful classification of these disorders have been difficult to accomplish because of the rarity nature of them, the relative lack of understanding of the molecular pathogenesis, and their morphological and immunophenotypical complexity. Overall, T-cell lymphomas represent only 15 % of all non-Hodgkin lymphomas. This review is focused on addressing the current status of the categories of mature T-cell leukemias and lymphomas (nodal and extranodal) using an approach that incorporates histopathology, immunophenotype, and molecular understanding of the nature of these disorders, using the same philosophy of the most recent revised WHO classification of hematopoietic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Ariel Gru
- Department of Pathology and Dermatology, Divisions of Hematopathology and Dermatopathology, Cutaneous Lymphoma Program, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Richard Solove 'The James' Comprehensive Cancer Center, 333 W 10th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA,
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A Phase I study of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, AT7519, in patients with advanced cancer: NCIC Clinical Trials Group IND 177. Br J Cancer 2014; 111:2262-7. [PMID: 25393368 PMCID: PMC4264455 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: AT7519 is a small-molecular inhibitor of multiple cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). It shows encouraging anti-cancer activity against multiple cell lines and in tumour xenografts. This phase I study was conducted to evaluate the safety and tolerability of AT7519 given as 1-h intravenous infusion on days 1, 4, 8 and 11 every 3 weeks. Methods: Patients with advanced refractory solid tumours or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma were enroled. Dose escalation occurred in a 3+3 manner based on toxicity assessment. Pharmacokinetic samples were collected after first AT7519 infusion, whereas pharmacodynamics (PD) samples were obtained in selected patients. Results: Thirty-four patients were enroled, and 32 received study treatments over 4 dose levels. Dose-limiting toxicities included mucositis, febrile neutropenia, rash, fatigue and hypokalemia. The recommended phase II dose (RP2D) was 27.0 mg m−2. Ten of 19 patients evaluable for efficacy had stable disease as the best response (median duration: 3.3 months; range: 2.5 to 11.1 months). There was no clinically significant QTc prolongation. There was an apparent dose proportional increase in AT7519 exposure. The PD studies showed reduction in markers of CDK activity in selected patients' skin biopsies post treatment. Conclusions: AT7519, when administered as an intravenous infusion on days 1, 4, 8 and 11, was well tolerated. The RP2D is 27.0 mg m−2. At this dose level, plasma AT7519 concentrations were above the biologically active concentrations, and preliminary anti-cancer activity was observed in patients. This dosing schedule is being further evaluated in multiple phase II studies.
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32
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Cdk4 and Cdk6 cooperate in counteracting the INK4 family of inhibitors during murine leukemogenesis. Blood 2014; 124:2380-90. [PMID: 25157181 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-02-555292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cdk4 and Cdk6 are related protein kinases that bind d-type cyclins and regulate cell-cycle progression. Cdk4/6 inhibitors are currently being used in advanced clinical trials and show great promise against many types of tumors. Cdk4 and Cdk6 are inhibited by INK4 proteins, which exert tumor-suppressing functions. To test the significance of this inhibitory mechanism, we generated knock-in mice that express a Cdk6 mutant (Cdk6 R31C) insensitive to INK4-mediated inhibition. Cdk6(R/R) mice display altered development of the hematopoietic system without enhanced tumor susceptibility, either in the presence or absence of p53. Unexpectedly, Cdk6 R31C impairs the potential of hematopoietic progenitors to repopulate upon adoptive transfer or after 5-fluorouracil-induced damage. The defects are overcome by eliminating sensitivity of cells to INK4 inhibitors by introducing the INK4-insensitive Cdk4 R24C allele, and INK4-resistant mice are more susceptible to hematopoietic and endocrine tumors. In BCR-ABL-transformed hematopoietic cells, Cdk6 R31C causes increased binding of p16(INK4a) to wild-type Cdk4, whereas cells harboring Cdk4 R24C and Cdk6 R31C are fully insensitive to INK4 inhibitors, resulting in accelerated disease onset. Our observations reveal that Cdk4 and Cdk6 cooperate in hematopoietic tumor development and suggest a role for Cdk6 in sequestering INK4 proteins away from Cdk4.
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Pang ALY, Title AC, Rennert OM. Modulation of microRNA expression in human lung cancer cells by the G9a histone methyltransferase inhibitor BIX01294. Oncol Lett 2014; 7:1819-1825. [PMID: 24932239 PMCID: PMC4049738 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2014.2034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate the expression of their target genes at the post-transcriptional level. In cancer cells, miRNAs, depending on the biological functions of their target genes, may have a tumor-promoting or -suppressing effect. Treatment of cancer cells with inhibitors of DNA methylation and/or histone deacetylation modulates the expression level of miRNAs, which provides evidence for epigenetic regulation of miRNA expression. The consequences of inhibition of histone methyltransferase on miRNA expression, however, have not been thoroughly investigated. The present study examined the expression pattern of miRNAs in the non-small cell lung cancer cell line, H1299 with or without treatment of BIX01294, a potent chemical inhibitor of G9a methyltransferase that catalyzes the mono-and di-methylation of the lysine 9 residue of histone H3. By coupling microarray analysis with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis, two miRNAs were identified that showed consistent downregulation following BIX01294 treatment. The results indicate that histone H3 methylation regulates miRNA expression in lung cancer cells, which may provide additional insight for future chemical treatment of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Lap-Yin Pang
- Laboratory of Clinical and Developmental Genomics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4429, USA
| | - Alexandra C Title
- Laboratory of Clinical and Developmental Genomics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4429, USA
| | - Owen M Rennert
- Laboratory of Clinical and Developmental Genomics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4429, USA
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Handschick K, Beuerlein K, Jurida L, Bartkuhn M, Müller H, Soelch J, Weber A, Dittrich-Breiholz O, Schneider H, Scharfe M, Jarek M, Stellzig J, Schmitz ML, Kracht M. Cyclin-dependent kinase 6 is a chromatin-bound cofactor for NF-κB-dependent gene expression. Mol Cell 2014; 53:193-208. [PMID: 24389100 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Given the intimate link between inflammation and dysregulated cell proliferation in cancer, we investigated cytokine-triggered gene expression in different cell cycle stages. Transcriptome analysis revealed that G1 release through cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (CDK6) and CDK4 primes and cooperates with the cytokine-driven gene response. CDK6 physically and functionally interacts with the NF-κB subunit p65 in the nucleus and is found at promoters of many transcriptionally active NF-κB target genes. CDK6 recruitment to distinct chromatin regions of inflammatory genes was essential for proper loading of p65 to its cognate binding sites and for the function of p65 coactivators, such as TRIP6. Furthermore, cytokine-inducible nuclear translocation and chromatin association of CDK6 depends on the kinase activity of TAK1 and p38. These results have widespread biological implications, as aberrant CDK6 expression or activation that is frequently observed in human tumors modulates NF-κB to shape the cytokine and chemokine repertoires in chronic inflammation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Handschick
- Rudolf-Buchheim-Institute of Pharmacology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Knut Beuerlein
- Rudolf-Buchheim-Institute of Pharmacology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Liane Jurida
- Rudolf-Buchheim-Institute of Pharmacology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Marek Bartkuhn
- Institute for Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Helmut Müller
- Rudolf-Buchheim-Institute of Pharmacology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Johanna Soelch
- Rudolf-Buchheim-Institute of Pharmacology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Axel Weber
- Rudolf-Buchheim-Institute of Pharmacology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Heike Schneider
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Medical School Hannover, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Maren Scharfe
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Jarek
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Julia Stellzig
- Institute of Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - M Lienhard Schmitz
- Institute of Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Michael Kracht
- Rudolf-Buchheim-Institute of Pharmacology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
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Zhang Z, Huang L, Yu Z, Chen X, Yang D, Zhan P, Dai M, Huang S, Han Z, Cao K. Let-7a functions as a tumor suppressor in Ewing's sarcoma cell lines partly by targeting cyclin-dependent kinase 6. DNA Cell Biol 2014; 33:136-47. [PMID: 24383407 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2013.2179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs play an important role in the development and progression of Ewing's sarcoma (ES). Especially, the expression of let-7a has been reported to be significantly downregulated in various cancers, and can affect the initiation and maintenance of tumor progression. However, the relative effects of let-7a on ES cells and relative mechanisms are largely unknown. In this study, we identified the underexpression of let-7a in human ES cells comparing with the human mesenchymal stem cells. Then, we sought to compensate for its loss through exogenous transfection with let-7a mimic into ES cell lines A673 and SK-ES-1. Restored let-7a expression inhibited cell proliferation, migration, as well as invasion; arrested cell cycle progression; and induced cell apoptosis of both cell lines. Moreover, bioinformatic prediction suggested that cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (CDK6), which is overexpressed and functions as an oncoprotein in ES cells, is a putative target gene of let-7a. Using mRNA and protein expression analysis and luciferase assays, we further identified the target role of CDK6. Finally, we found that restored CDK6 expression in ES cells that had been treated with let-7a mimic before could partly dampen let-7a-mediated tumor suppression. Taken together, our results showed that let-7a acted as a tumor suppressor in ES by targeting CDK6, and it may provide novel diagnostic and therapeutic options for human Ewing sarcoma clinical operation in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongzu Zhang
- 1 The Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University , Nanchang, People's Republic of China
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Kollmann K, Heller G, Schneckenleithner C, Warsch W, Scheicher R, Ott R, Schäfer M, Fajmann S, Schlederer M, Schiefer AI, Reichart U, Mayerhofer M, Hoeller C, Zöchbauer-Müller S, Kerjaschki D, Bock C, Kenner L, Hoefler G, Freissmuth M, Green A, Moriggl R, Busslinger M, Malumbres M, Sexl V. A kinase-independent function of CDK6 links the cell cycle to tumor angiogenesis. Cancer Cell 2013; 24:167-81. [PMID: 23948297 PMCID: PMC3743049 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2013.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to its close homolog CDK4, the cell cycle kinase CDK6 is expressed at high levels in lymphoid malignancies. In a model for p185BCR-ABL+ B-acute lymphoid leukemia, we show that CDK6 is part of a transcription complex that induces the expression of the tumor suppressor p16INK4a and the pro-angiogenic factor VEGF-A. This function is independent of CDK6's kinase activity. High CDK6 expression thus suppresses proliferation by upregulating p16INK4a, providing an internal safeguard. However, in the absence of p16INK4a, CDK6 can exert its full tumor-promoting function by enhancing proliferation and stimulating angiogenesis. The finding that CDK6 connects cell-cycle progression to angiogenesis confirms CDK6's central role in hematopoietic malignancies and could underlie the selection pressure to upregulate CDK6 and silence p16INK4a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karoline Kollmann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerwin Heller
- Clinical Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Wolfgang Warsch
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ruth Scheicher
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rene G. Ott
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center of Biomolecular Medicine and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Schäfer
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabine Fajmann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michaela Schlederer
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ana-Iris Schiefer
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ursula Reichart
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Mayerhofer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Hoeller
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabine Zöchbauer-Müller
- Clinical Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dontscho Kerjaschki
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Bock
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Kenner
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerald Hoefler
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Michael Freissmuth
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center of Biomolecular Medicine and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Anthony R. Green
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust/MRC Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
- Department of Hematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
- Department of Hematology, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Richard Moriggl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Meinrad Busslinger
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center of Biomolecular Medicine and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marcos Malumbres
- Cell Division and Cancer Group, Molecular Oncology Programme, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Veronika Sexl
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Corresponding author
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Cyclin-dependent kinase 6 phosphorylates NF-κB P65 at serine 536 and contributes to the regulation of inflammatory gene expression. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51847. [PMID: 23300567 PMCID: PMC3530474 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) activates multiple genes with overlapping roles in cell proliferation, inflammation and cancer. Using an unbiased approach we identified human CDK6 as a novel kinase phosphorylating NF-κB p65 at serine 536. Purified and reconstituted CDK6/cyclin complexes phosphorylated p65 in vitro and in transfected cells. The physiological role of CDK6 for basal as well as cytokine-induced p65 phosphorylation or NF-κB activation was revealed upon RNAi-mediated suppression of CDK6. Inhibition of CDK6 catalytic activity by PD332991 suppressed activation of NF-κB and TNF-induced gene expression. In complex with a constitutively active viral cyclin CDK6 stimulated NF-κB p65-mediated transcription in a target gene specific manner and this effect was partially dependent on its ability to phosphorylate p65 at serine 536. Tumor formation in thymi and spleens of v-cyclin transgenic mice correlated with increased levels of p65 Ser536 phosphorylation, increased expression of CDK6 and upregulaton of the NF-κB target cyclin D3. These results suggest that aberrant CDK6 expression or activation that is frequently observed in human tumors can contribute through NF-κB to chronic inflammation and neoplasia.
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Boi M, Stathis A, Zucca E, Inghirami G, Bertoni F. Genetic alterations in systemic nodal and extranodal non-cutaneous lymphomas derived from mature T cells and natural killer cells. Cancer Sci 2012; 103:1397-404. [PMID: 22568409 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2012.02321.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mature (peripheral) T-cell and natural killer (NK)-cell lymphomas comprise a series of rather different neoplasms. Based on morphologic, immunophenotypic, genetic, and clinical data, the World Health Organization classification recognizes more than 20 entities or provisional entities. The variable clinical presentations, the objective recognition and pathological stratification, the difficulties regarding treatment, and the hardly predictable response to therapy indicate that the management of these entities requires novel tools. In contrast to B-cell lymphomas or precursor T-cell neoplasms, few recurrent translocations have been identified so far in T-cell non-Hodgkin's and NK-cell lymphomas. Additionally, some of the entities recognized by the World Health Organization classification are very rare and very scarce molecular data are available for T-cell lymphomas. Here, we have reviewed published reports focusing on the genetic lesions and gene expression profiling underlying systemic nodal and extranodal non-cutaneous mature T-cell and NK-cell lymphomas. We also provide a summary of new agents in clinical development and outline some future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Boi
- Institute of Oncology Research, Bellinzona, Switzerland
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39
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GSK3-SCF(FBXW7) targets JunB for degradation in G2 to preserve chromatid cohesion before anaphase. Oncogene 2012; 32:2189-99. [PMID: 22710716 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
JunB, an activator protein-1 (AP-1) transcription factor component, acts either as a tumor suppressor or as an oncogene depending on the cell context. In particular, JunB is strongly upregulated in anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) where it enhances cell proliferation. Although its overexpression is linked to lymphomagenesis, the mechanisms whereby JunB promotes neoplastic growth are still largely obscure. Here, we show that JunB undergoes coordinated phosphorylation-dependent ubiquitylation during the G2 phase of the cell cycle. We characterized a critical consensus phospho-degron that controls JunB turnover and identified GSK3 and SCF(FBXW7) as, respectively, the kinase and the E3 ubiquitin ligase responsible for its degradation in G2. Pharmacological or genetic inactivation of the GSK3-FBXW7-JunB axis induced accumulation of JunB in G2/M and entailed transcriptional repression of the DNA helicase DDX11, leading to premature sister chromatid separation. This abnormal phenotype due to dysregulation of the GSK3β/JunB/DDX11 pathway is phenocopied in ALK-positive ALCL. Thus, our results reveal a novel mechanism by which mitosis progression and chromatid cohesion are regulated through GSK3/SCF(FBXW7)-mediated proteolysis of JunB, and suggest that JunB proteolysis in G2 is an essential step in maintaining genetic fidelity during mitosis.
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Tsai JW, Li CF, Kao YC, Wang JW, Fang FM, Wang YH, Wu WR, Wu LC, Hsing CH, Li SH, Yu SC, Lan J, Huang HY. Recurrent amplification at 7q21.2 Targets CDK6 gene in primary myxofibrosarcomas and identifies CDK6 overexpression as an independent adverse prognosticator. Ann Surg Oncol 2012; 19:2716-25. [PMID: 22476749 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-012-2317-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myxofibrosarcoma is genetically complex and remains obscure in molecular determinants of clinical aggressiveness. Our prior study revealed recurrent gains of 7q in myxofibrosarcomas where MET and CDK6 genes displayed increased DNA copies. Previously, we demonstrated the implication of MET overexpression, prompting us to further elucidate the roles of CDK6 in myxofibrosarcomas. MATERIALS On tissue microarrays, CDK6 immunoexpression was assessable in 77 primary tumors, 55 of which were successfully quantified for CDK6 and MET genes by real-time PCR using genomic DNA extracted from laser-microdissected tumor cells. Gene status and protein expression of CDK6 were correlated with each other, clinicopathological variables, metastasis-free survival (MFS), and disease-specific survival (DSS). RESULTS Protein overexpression and gene amplification of CDK6, which were detected in 21 of 77 (27.2 %) and 13 of 55 cases (23.6 %), respectively, were highly related to each other (p < .001) and associated with higher grades (overexpression, p = .004; amplification, p = .014). There was a strong correlation between CDK6 and MET gene copies (p < .001, r = 0.0714). Importantly, CDK6 protein overexpression (MFS, p = .0002; DSS, p = .0015) and gene amplification (MFS, p = .0001; DSS, p = .0083) were both univariately associated with worse outcomes. Together with nonextremity location and AJCC stage III disease, CDK6 overexpression independently portended inferior MFS (p = .0015, risk ratio [RR] = 7.411). This aberration, along with nonextremity location, was also an independent adverse prognosticator of DSS (p = .0069, RR = 6.006). CONCLUSIONS In approximately a quarter of primary myxofibrosarcomas, CDK6 overexpression is mostly driven by gene amplification on 7q, associated with adverse prognosticators, and independently predictive of worse outcomes, highlighting its possible causative role in tumor aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Wei Tsai
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Tricky and Terrible T-Cell Tumors: These are Thrilling Times for Testing: Molecular Pathology of Peripheral T-Cell Lymphomas. Hematology 2011; 2011:336-43. [DOI: 10.1182/asheducation-2011.1.336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCLs) encompass a group of rare and usually clinically aggressive diseases. The classification and diagnosis of these diseases are compounded by their marked pathological heterogeneity and complex clinical features. With the exception of ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL), which is defined on the basis of ALK rearrangements, genetic features play little role in the definition of other disease entities. In recent years, hitherto unrecognized chromosomal translocations have been reported in small subsets of PTCLs, and genome-wide array-based profiling investigations have provided novel insights into their molecular characteristics. This article summarizes the current knowledge on the best-characterized genetic and molecular alterations underlying the pathogenesis of PTCLs, with a focus on recent discoveries, their relevance to disease classification, and their management implications from a diagnostical and therapeutical perspective.
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Ismail A, Bandla S, Reveiller M, Toia L, Zhou Z, Gooding WE, Kalatskaya I, Stein L, D'Souza M, Litle VR, Peters JH, Pennathur A, Luketich JD, Godfrey TE. Early G₁ cyclin-dependent kinases as prognostic markers and potential therapeutic targets in esophageal adenocarcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:4513-22. [PMID: 21593195 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-0244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chromosomal gain at 7q21 is a frequent event in esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). However, this event has not been mapped with fine resolution in a large EAC cohort, and its association with clinical endpoints and functional relevance are unclear. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We used a cohort of 116 patients to fine map the 7q21 amplification using SNP microarrays. Prognostic significance and functional role of 7q21 amplification and its gene expression were explored. RESULTS Amplification of the 7q21 region was observed in 35% of tumors with a focal, minimal amplicon containing six genes. 7q21 amplification was associated with poor survival and analysis of gene expression identified cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (CDK6) as the only gene in the minimal amplicon whose expression was also associated with poor survival. A low-level amplification (10%) was observed at the 12q13 region containing the CDK6 homologue cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4). Both amplification and expression of CDK4 correlated with poor survival. A combined model of both CDK6 and CDK4 expressions is a superior predictor of survival than either alone. Specific knockdown of CDK4 and/or CDK6 by siRNAs shows that they are required for proliferation of EAC cells and that their function is additive. PD-0332991 targets the kinase activity of both molecules and suppresses proliferation and anchorage independence of EAC cells through activation of the pRB pathway. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that CDK6 is the driver of 7q21 amplification and that both CDK4 and CDK6 are prognostic markers and bona fide oncogenes in EAC. Targeting these molecules may constitute a viable new therapy for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Ismail
- Department of Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA.
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c-JUN promotes BCR-ABL-induced lymphoid leukemia by inhibiting methylation of the 5' region of Cdk6. Blood 2011; 117:4065-75. [PMID: 21300982 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-07-299644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor c-JUN and its upstream kinase JNK1 have been implicated in BCR-ABL-induced leukemogenesis. JNK1 has been shown to regulate BCL2 expression, thereby altering leukemogenesis, but the impact of c-JUN remained unclear. In this study, we show that JNK1 and c-JUN promote leukemogenesis via separate pathways, because lack of c-JUN impairs proliferation of p185(BCR-ABL)-transformed cells without affecting their viability. The decreased proliferation of c-Jun(Δ/Δ) cells is associated with the loss of cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (CDK6) expression. In c-Jun(Δ/Δ) cells, CDK6 expression becomes down-regulated upon BCR-ABL-induced transformation, which correlates with CpG island methylation within the 5' region of Cdk6. We verified the impact of Cdk6 deficiency using Cdk6(-/-) mice that developed BCR-ABL-induced B-lymphoid leukemia with significantly increased latency and an attenuated disease phenotype. In addition, we show that reexpression of CDK6 in BCR-ABL-transformed c-Jun(Δ/Δ) cells reconstitutes proliferation and tumor formation in Nu/Nu mice. In summary, our study reveals a novel function for the activating protein 1 (AP-1) transcription factor c-JUN in leukemogenesis by antagonizing promoter methylation. Moreover, we identify CDK6 as relevant and critical target of AP-1-regulated DNA methylation on BCR-ABL-induced transformation, thereby accelerating leukemogenesis.
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Lee JC, Li CF, Fang FM, Wang JW, Jeng YM, Yu SC, Lin YT, Wu JM, Tsai JW, Li SH, Huang HY. Prognostic implication of MET overexpression in myxofibrosarcomas: an integrative array comparative genomic hybridization, real-time quantitative PCR, immunoblotting, and immunohistochemical analysis. Mod Pathol 2010; 23:1379-92. [PMID: 20639860 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2010.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
It remains obscure in myxofibrosarcoma about the basis of tumorigenesis, progression, and metastasis. Chromosome 7 gains are common in some sarcomas, including myxofibrosarcoma, whereas the specific oncogenes are yet to be characterized. We performed an integrative study of MET gene at 7q31.2 to elucidate its implication in myxofibrosarcoma. Focused on candidate oncogenes on chromosome 7, 385K array comparative genomic hybridization was used to profile DNA copy number alterations of 12 samples. MET transcript was successfully quantified by real-time RT-PCR for 16 laser-microdissected tumors and two myxofibrosarcoma cell lines (NMFH-1, OH931). MET immunoexpression was assessable in 86 primary localized tumors with follow-up. To analyze endogenous MET expression and activation, NMFH-1 and OH931 cells, both with wild-type MET gene, were subjected to Western blotting and hepatocyte growth factor-treated NMFH-1 cells were evaluated for the kinetics of MET tyrosine phosphorylation. Non-random large-scale gains on 7q were detected in five cases, delineating three recurrent amplicons, 7q21.11-7q21.3, 7q22.1-22.3, and 7q31.1-7q32.3, in which the locus of MET displayed increased copy number, among others. MET mRNA was upregulated in OH931, NMFH-1, and nine tumors (56%), whereas neither gene dosage nor mRNA expression of MET was associated with clinicopathological factors. In contrast, MET protein overexpression, present in 67% of cases, was highly related to deep location (P=0.004), higher grades (P=0.001), and more advanced stages (P<0.001). Importantly, MET overexpression independently portended inferior metastasis-free survival (P=0.004) and overall survival (P=0.0221). Expressing activating phospho-MET at Tyr(1234)/Tyr(1235), OH931 cells had more abundant total MET than NMFH-1 cells, whereas the latter became promptly phosphorylated on stimulation of hepatocyte growth factor. In primary myxofibrosarcomas, MET overexpression, as a frequent event, is likely driven by 7q gains with mRNA upregulation, associated with important prognosticators, and independently predictive of worse outcomes, highlighting its possible causative function in tumor aggressiveness and potentiality as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Chieh Lee
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Medical College, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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Gopalan V, Smith RA, Nassiri MR, Yasuda K, Salajegheh A, Kim SY, Ho YH, Weinstein S, Tang JCO, Lam AKY. GAEC1 and colorectal cancer: a study of the relationships between a novel oncogene and clinicopathologic features. Hum Pathol 2010; 41:1009-15. [PMID: 20236690 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2009.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2009] [Revised: 10/27/2009] [Accepted: 11/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
GAEC1 is a novel gene located at 7q22.1 that was detected in our previous work in esophageal cancer. The aims of the present study are to identify the copy number of GAEC1 in different colorectal tissues including carcinomas, adenomas, and nonneoplastic tissues and characterize any links to pathologic factors. The copy number of GAEC1 was studied by evaluating the quantitative amplification of GAEC1 DNA in 259 colorectal tissues (144 adenocarcinomas, 31 adenomas, and 84 nonneoplastic tissues) using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Copy number of GAEC1 DNA in colorectal adenocarcinomas was higher in comparison with nonneoplastic colorectum. Seventy-nine percent of the colorectal adenocarcinomas showed amplification and 15% showed deletion of GAEC1 (P < .0001). Of the adenomas, 90% showed deletion of GAEC1, with the remaining 10% showing normal copy number. The differences in GAEC1 copy number between colorectal adenocarcinoma, colorectal adenoma, and nonneoplastic colorectal tissue are significant (P < .0001). GAEC1 copy number was significantly higher in adenocarcinomas located in distal colorectum compared with proximal colon (P = .03). In conclusion, GAEC1 copy number was significantly different between colorectal adenocarcinomas, adenomas, and nonneoplastic colorectal tissues. The copy number was also related to the site of the cancer. These findings along with previous work in esophageal cancer imply that GAEC1 is commonly involved in the pathogenesis of colorectal adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Gopalan
- Department of Pathology, Griffith Medical School, Gold Coast, Queensland QLD 4222, Australia
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Hartmann S, Gesk S, Scholtysik R, Kreuz M, Bug S, Vater I, Döring C, Cogliatti S, Parrens M, Merlio JP, Kwiecinska A, Porwit A, Piccaluga PP, Pileri S, Hoefler G, Küppers R, Siebert R, Hansmann ML. High resolution SNP array genomic profiling of peripheral T cell lymphomas, not otherwise specified, identifies a subgroup with chromosomal aberrations affecting theRELlocus. Br J Haematol 2010; 148:402-12. [PMID: 19863542 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2009.07956.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about genomic aberrations in peripheral T cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified (PTCL NOS). We studied 47 PTCL NOS by 250k GeneChip single nucleotide polymorphism arrays and detected genomic imbalances in 22 of the cases. Recurrent gains and losses were identified, including gains of chromosome regions 1q32-43, 2p15-16, 7, 8q24, 11q14-25, 17q11-21 and 21q11-21 (> or = 5 cases each) as well as losses of chromosome regions 1p35-36, 5q33, 6p22, 6q16, 6q21-22, 8p21-23, 9p21, 10p11-12, 10q11-22, 10q25-26, 13q14, 15q24, 16q22, 16q24, 17p11, 17p13 and Xp22 (> or = 4 cases each). Genomic imbalances affected several regions containing members of nuclear factor-kappaB signalling and genes involved in cell cycle control. Gains of 2p15-16 were confirmed in each of three cases analysed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and were associated with breakpoints at the REL locus in two of these cases. Three additional cases with gains of the REL locus were detected by FISH among 18 further PTCL NOS. Five of 27 PTCL NOS investigated showed nuclear expression of the REL protein by immunohistochemistry, partly associated with genomic gains of the REL locus. Therefore, in a subgroup of PTCL NOS gains/rearrangements of REL and expression of REL protein may be of pathogenetic relevance.
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Chen M, Ye Y, Yang H, Tamboli P, Matin S, Tannir NM, Wood CG, Gu J, Wu X. Genome-wide profiling of chromosomal alterations in renal cell carcinoma using high-density single nucleotide polymorphism arrays. Int J Cancer 2009; 125:2342-8. [PMID: 19521957 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The identification of genetic aberrations may help understand the mechanisms of tumorigenesis and has important implications in diagnosis, prognosis and treatment. We applied Illumina's 317K high-density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays to profile chromosomal aberrations in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) from 80 patients and analyzed the association of LOH/amplification events with clinicopathological characteristics and telomere length. The most common loss of heterozygosity (LOH) were 3p (69 cases) including 38 whole 3p arm losses, 30 large fragment LOH (spanning 3p21-36), and 1 interstitial LOH (spanning 3p12-14, 3p21-22, 3p24.1-24.2 and 3p24.3), followed by chromosome losses at 8p12-pter, 6q23.3-27, 14q24.1-qter, 9q32-qter, 10q22.3-qter, 9p13.3-pter, 4q28.3-qter and 13q12.1-21.1. We also found several smallest overlapping regions of LOH that contained tumor suppressor genes. One smallest LOH in 8p12 had a size of 0.29 Mb and only contained one gene (NRG1). The most frequent chromosome gains were at 5q (32 cases), including 10 whole 5q amplification, 21 large amplifications encompassing 5q32-ter and 1 focal amplification in 5q35.3 (0.42 Mb). The other common chromosome gains were 1q25.1-qter, 7q21.13-qter, 8q24.12-qter and whole 7p arm. Significant associations of LOH at 9p, 9q, 14q and 18q were observed with higher nuclear grade. Significant associations with tumor stage were observed for LOH at 14q, 18p and 21q. Finally, we found that tumors with LOH at 2q, 6p, 6q, 9p, 9q and 17p had significantly shorter telomere length than those without LOH. This is the first study to use Illumina's SNP-CGH array that provides a close estimate of the size and frequency of chromosome LOH and amplifications of ccRCC. The identified regions and genes may become diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers as well as potential targets of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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48
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Molecular classification of T-cell lymphomas. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2009; 72:125-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2009.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2008] [Revised: 01/04/2009] [Accepted: 01/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Clinicopathologic features of CDK6 translocation-associated B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders. Am J Surg Pathol 2009; 33:720-9. [PMID: 19145199 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0b013e3181934244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent protein kinase 6 (CDK6), in cooperation with cyclin Ds, drives cell cycle progression from G1 to S phase through phosphorylation and subsequent inactivation of retinoblastoma 1 protein. Alteration of this pathway results in both nonhematologic and hematologic malignancies, which include a small subset of B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders (BLPDs). We identified 5 cases of BLPD that carried CDK6 chromosomal translocations and characterized their clinical, pathologic, immunophenotypic, and genetic features. Common clinical characteristics included marked neoplastic lymphocytosis, systemic lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and bone marrow involvement. Three patients were diagnosed with low-grade B-cell lymphoma and had an indolent clinical course, and 2 patients (one who transformed to large B-cell lymphoma, and the other who was initially diagnosed with a high-grade B-cell lymphoma) had an aggressive clinical course. Immunophenotypically, the neoplastic B cells expressed CD5, CDK6, and cytoplasmic retinoblastoma 1 protein in all cases, expressed phospho-RB, p27kip1, and cyclin D2 in most cases, and uniformly lacked expression of all other cyclins. In 4 cases, the CDK6 translocation partner was kappa immunoglobulin light-chain gene; and in the fifth case, the CDK6 translocation partner was unknown. These distinct clinicopathologic and cytogenetic features distinguish the CDK6 translocation-associated BLPDs (CDK6-BLPDs) from other mature B-cell lymphomas.
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Singh RR, Cho-Vega JH, Davuluri Y, Ma S, Kasbidi F, Milito C, Lennon PA, Drakos E, Medeiros LJ, Luthra R, Vega F. Sonic hedgehog signaling pathway is activated in ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Cancer Res 2009; 69:2550-8. [PMID: 19244133 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-1808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Deregulation of the sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling pathway has been implicated in several cancers but has not been explored in T-cell lymphomas. Here, we report that the SHH/GLI1 signaling pathway is activated in anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL). We show that SHH, but not its transcriptional effector GLI1, is amplified in ALK+ ALCL tumors and cell lines, and that SHH and GLI1 proteins are highly expressed in ALK+ ALCL tumors and cell lines. We also show that inhibition of SHH/GLI1 signaling with cyclopamine-KAAD, as well as silencing GLI1 gene expression by small interfering (si)RNA, decreased cell viability and clonogenicity of ALK+ ALCL cells. Transfection of wild-type or mutant NPM-ALK into 293T cells showed that only wild-type NPM-ALK increased GLI1 protein levels and activated SHH/GLI1 signaling as shown by increase of CCND2 mRNA levels. Inhibition of ALK tyrosine kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT or forced expression of pAKT down-regulated or up-regulated SHH/GLI1 signaling, respectively. Inhibition of GSK3beta in 293T cells also increased protein levels of GLI1. In conclusion, the SHH/GLI1 signaling pathway is activated in ALK+ ALCL. SHH/GLI1 activation is the result of SHH gene amplification and is further mediated by NPM-ALK through activation of PI3K/AKT and stabilization of GLI1 protein. There is a positive synergistic effect between the SHH/GLI1 and PI3K/AKT pathways that contributes to the lymphomagenic effect of NPM-ALK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh R Singh
- Department of Hematopathology and School of Health Sciences, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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