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Vahid-Ansari F, Newman-Tancredi A, Fuentes-Alvarenga AF, Daigle M, Albert PR. Rapid reorganization of serotonin projections and antidepressant response to 5-HT1A-biased agonist NLX-101 in fluoxetine-resistant cF1ko mice. Neuropharmacology 2024; 261:110132. [PMID: 39208980 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.110132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Selective serotonin (5-HT) reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) like fluoxetine remain a first-line treatment for major depression, but are effective in less than half of patients and can take 4-8 weeks to show results. In this study, we examined cF1ko mice with genetically induced upregulation of 5-HT1A autoreceptors that reduces 5-HT neuronal activity. These mice display anxiety- and depression-related behaviors that did not respond to chronic fluoxetine treatment. We examined treatment with NLX-101, a biased agonist that preferentially targets 5-HT1A heteroreceptors. By testing different doses of NLX-101, we found that a dose of 0.2 mg/kg was effective in reducing depression-related behavior in cF1ko mice without causing hypothermia, a 5-HT1A autoreceptor-mediated response. After 1 h, this dose activated dorsal raphe 5-HT neurons and cells in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), increasing nuclear c-fos labelling in cF1ko mice. In cF1ko mice but not wild-type littermates, 0.2 mg/kg NLX-101 administered 1 h prior to each behavioral test for two weeks reduced depressive behavior in the forced swim test, but increased anxiety-related behaviors in the open field, elevated plus maze, and novelty suppressed feeding tests. During this treatment, NLX-101 induced widespread increases in the density of 5-HT axons, varicosities, and especially synaptic and triadic structures, particularly in depression-related brain regions including mPFC, hippocampal CA1 and CA2/3, amygdala and nucleus accumbens of cF1ko mice. Overall, NLX-101 was rapid and effective in reducing depressive behavior in SSRI-resistant mice, but also induced anxiety-related behaviors. The increase in serotonin innervation induced by intermittent NLX-101 may contribute to its behavioral actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faranak Vahid-Ansari
- OHRI Neuroscience, University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H-8M5, Canada
| | | | | | - Mireille Daigle
- OHRI Neuroscience, University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H-8M5, Canada
| | - Paul R Albert
- OHRI Neuroscience, University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H-8M5, Canada.
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2
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Rossi GN, Guerra LTL, Baker GB, Dursun SM, Saiz JCB, Hallak JEC, dos Santos RG. Molecular Pathways of the Therapeutic Effects of Ayahuasca, a Botanical Psychedelic and Potential Rapid-Acting Antidepressant. Biomolecules 2022; 12:1618. [PMID: 36358968 PMCID: PMC9687782 DOI: 10.3390/biom12111618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 03/30/2025] Open
Abstract
Ayahuasca is a psychoactive brew traditionally used in indigenous and religious rituals and ceremonies in South America for its therapeutic, psychedelic, and entheogenic effects. It is usually prepared by lengthy boiling of the leaves of the bush Psychotria viridis and the mashed stalks of the vine Banisteriopsis caapi in water. The former contains the classical psychedelic N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), which is thought to be the main psychoactive alkaloid present in the brew. The latter serves as a source for β-carbolines, known for their monoamine oxidase-inhibiting (MAOI) properties. Recent preliminary research has provided encouraging results investigating ayahuasca's therapeutic potential, especially regarding its antidepressant effects. On a molecular level, pre-clinical and clinical evidence points to a complex pharmacological profile conveyed by the brew, including modulation of serotoninergic, glutamatergic, dopaminergic, and endocannabinoid systems. Its substances also interact with the vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT), trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1), and sigma-1 receptors. Furthermore, ayahuasca's components also seem to modulate levels of inflammatory and neurotrophic factors beneficially. On a biological level, this translates into neuroprotective and neuroplastic effects. Here we review the current knowledge regarding these molecular interactions and how they relate to the possible antidepressant effects ayahuasca seems to produce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giordano Novak Rossi
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-900, Brazil
| | - Lorena T. L. Guerra
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-900, Brazil
| | - Glen B. Baker
- National Institute of Science and Technology—Translational Medicine, Ribeirão Preto 3900, Brazil
- Department of Psychiatry (Neurochemical Research Unit) and Neuroscience & Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Serdar M. Dursun
- National Institute of Science and Technology—Translational Medicine, Ribeirão Preto 3900, Brazil
- Department of Psychiatry (Neurochemical Research Unit) and Neuroscience & Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - José Carlos Bouso Saiz
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-900, Brazil
- ICEERS Foundation, International Center for Ethnobotanical Education, Research and Services, 08015 Barcelona, Spain
- Medical Anthropology Research Center (MARC), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43001 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Jaime E. C. Hallak
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-900, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology—Translational Medicine, Ribeirão Preto 3900, Brazil
- Department of Psychiatry (Neurochemical Research Unit) and Neuroscience & Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Rafael G. dos Santos
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-900, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology—Translational Medicine, Ribeirão Preto 3900, Brazil
- ICEERS Foundation, International Center for Ethnobotanical Education, Research and Services, 08015 Barcelona, Spain
- Departamento de Neurociências e Ciências do Comportamento, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Hospital das Clínicas, Terceiro Andar, Av. Bandeirantes, Ribeirão Preto 3900, Brazil
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3
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van Hagen BTJ, van Goethem NP, Nelissen E, Paes D, Koymans K, van Hoof S, Schreiber R, Varney M, Newman-Tancredi A, Prickaerts J. Biased 5-HT 1A receptor agonists F13714 and NLX-101 differentially affect pattern separation and neuronal plasticity in rats after acute and chronic treatment. Mol Cell Neurosci 2022; 120:103719. [PMID: 35283305 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2022.103719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pattern separation is a hippocampal process in which highly similar stimuli are recognized as separate representations, and deficits could lead to memory impairments in neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. The 5-HT1A receptor (5-HT1AR) is believed to be involved in these hippocampal pattern separation processes. However, in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), the 5-HT1AR is expressed as a somatodendritic autoreceptor, negatively regulates serotonergic signaling, and could thereby counteract the effects of hippocampal postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptors. Therefore, this study aims to identify how pre- and post-synaptic 5-HT1AR activity affects pattern separation. Object pattern separation (OPS) performance was measured in male Wistar rats after both acute and chronic treatment (i.p.) with 5-HT1AR biased agonists F13714 (0.0025 mg/kg acutely, 0.02 mg/kg/day chronically) or NLX-101 (0.08 mg/kg acutely, 0.32 mg/kg/day chronically), which preferentially activate autoreceptors or postsynaptic receptors respectively, for 14 days. Body temperature - a functional correlate of hypothalamic 5-HT1AR stimulation - was measured daily. Additionally, 5-HT1AR density (DRN) and plasticity markers (hippocampus) were assessed. Acute treatment with F13714 impaired OPS performance, whereas chronic treatment normalized this, and a drop in body temperature was found from day 4 onwards. NLX-101 enhanced OPS performance acutely and chronically, and caused an acute drop in body temperature. Chronic NLX-101 treatment increased doublecortin positive neurons in the dorsal hippocampus, while chronic treatment with F13714 resulted in a downregulation of 5-HT1A autoreceptors, which likely reversed the acute impairment in OPS performance. Chronic treatment with NLX-101 appears to have therapeutic potential to improve brain plasticity and OPS performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britt T J van Hagen
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Nick P van Goethem
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Ellis Nelissen
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Dean Paes
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Karin Koymans
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Scott van Hoof
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rudy Schreiber
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Section Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Mark Varney
- Neurolixis Inc., Dana Point, California, USA
| | | | - Jos Prickaerts
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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Serotonergic receptor gene polymorphism and response to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in ethnic Malay patients with first episode of major depressive disorder. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2021; 21:498-509. [PMID: 33731884 DOI: 10.1038/s41397-021-00228-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The polymorphisms of the 5HTR1A and 5HTR2A receptor genes (rs6295C/G and rs6311G/A) have been evaluated for association with SSRI treatment outcome in various populations with different results. The present study was carried out to determine the association between genotypes of HTR1A-rs6295 and HTR2A-rs6311 with SSRI treatment outcome among the ethnic Malay patients diagnosed with first-episode major depressive disorder (MDD). The patients were recruited from four tertiary hospitals in the Klang Valley region of Malaysia. Predefined efficacy phenotypes based on 25% (partial early response) and 50% (clinical efficacy response) reduction in Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale-self Rated score (MADRS-S) were adopted for assessment of treatment efficacy in this study. Self-reporting for adverse effects (AE) was documented using the Patient Rated Inventory of Side Effect (PRISE) after treatment with SSRI for up to 6 weeks. Adjusted binary logistic regression between genotypes of the polymorphism obtained using sequencing technique with the treatment outcome phenotypes was performed. The 142 patients recruited were made up of 96 females (67.6%) and 46 males (32.4%). Clinical efficacy and Partial early response phenotypes were not significantly associated with genotypes of HTR1A and HTR2A polymorphism. The GG genotype of HTR2A polymorphism has decreased odds for dizziness (CNS) and increased odds for poor concentration. The GA genotype increases the odd for excessive sweating, diarrhoea, constipation and blurred vision. The CC genotype of HTR1A-rs6295 decreases the odd for nausea/vomiting and increases the odd for anxiety. Thus, some genotypes of HTR1A and HTR2A polymorphism were associated with SSRI treatment outcomes in ethnic Malay MDD patients.
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Garro-Martínez E, Vidal R, Adell A, Díaz Á, Castro E, Amigó J, Gutiérrez-Lanza R, Florensa-Zanuy E, Gómez-Acero L, Taketo MM, Pazos Á, Pilar-Cuéllar F. β-Catenin Role in the Vulnerability/Resilience to Stress-Related Disorders Is Associated to Changes in the Serotonergic System. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 57:1704-1715. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01841-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Jukić MM, Opel N, Ström J, Carrillo-Roa T, Miksys S, Novalen M, Renblom A, Sim SC, Peñas-Lledó EM, Courtet P, Llerena A, Baune BT, de Quervain DJ, Papassotiropoulos A, Tyndale RF, Binder EB, Dannlowski U, Ingelman-Sundberg M. Elevated CYP2C19 expression is associated with depressive symptoms and hippocampal homeostasis impairment. Mol Psychiatry 2017; 22:1155-1163. [PMID: 27895323 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2016.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The polymorphic CYP2C19 enzyme metabolizes psychoactive compounds and is expressed in the adult liver and fetal brain. Previously, we demonstrated that the absence of CYP2C19 is associated with lower levels of depressive symptoms in 1472 Swedes. Conversely, transgenic mice carrying the human CYP2C19 gene (2C19TG) have shown an anxious phenotype and decrease in hippocampal volume and adult neurogenesis. The aims of this study were to: (1) examine whether the 2C19TG findings could be translated to humans, (2) evaluate the usefulness of the 2C19TG strain as a tool for preclinical screening of new antidepressants and (3) provide an insight into the molecular underpinnings of the 2C19TG phenotype. In humans, we found that the absence of CYP2C19 was associated with a bilateral hippocampal volume increase in two independent healthy cohorts (N=386 and 1032) and a lower prevalence of major depressive disorder and depression severity in African-Americans (N=3848). Moreover, genetically determined high CYP2C19 enzymatic capacity was associated with higher suicidality in depressed suicide attempters (N=209). 2C19TG mice showed high stress sensitivity, impaired hippocampal Bdnf homeostasis in stress, and more despair-like behavior in the forced swim test (FST). After the treatment with citalopram and 5-HT1A receptor agonist 8OH-DPAT, the reduction in immobility time in the FST was more pronounced in 2C19TG mice compared with WTs. Conversely, in the 2C19TG hippocampus, metabolic turnover of serotonin was reduced, whereas ERK1/2 and GSK3β phosphorylation was increased. Altogether, this study indicates that elevated CYP2C19 expression is associated with depressive symptoms, reduced hippocampal volume and impairment of hippocampal serotonin and BDNF homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Jukić
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - N Opel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - J Ström
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T Carrillo-Roa
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - S Miksys
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - M Novalen
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - A Renblom
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S C Sim
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - E M Peñas-Lledó
- CICAB Clinical Research Center, Extremadura University Hospital and Medical School, Badajoz, Spain.,CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - P Courtet
- CHU Montpellier, Hôpital Lapeyronie, Psychiatric Emergency and Post-Acute Care Department, Pole Urgence, Montpellier, France
| | - A Llerena
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - B T Baune
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - D J de Quervain
- Transfaculty Research Platform, Department of Psychology, University Psychiatric Clinics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - A Papassotiropoulos
- Transfaculty Research Platform, Department of Psychology, University Psychiatric Clinics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Life Sciences Training Facility, Department Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - R F Tyndale
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - E B Binder
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - U Dannlowski
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - M Ingelman-Sundberg
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Jacobson LH, Hoyer D, Fehlmann D, Bettler B, Kaupmann K, Cryan JF. Blunted 5-HT 1A receptor-mediated responses and antidepressant-like behavior in mice lacking the GABA B1a but not GABA B1b subunit isoforms. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:1511-1523. [PMID: 28070618 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4521-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE There is accumulating evidence for a role of GABAB receptors in depression. GABAB receptors are heterodimers of GABAB1 and GABAB2 receptor subunits. The predominant GABAB1 subunit isoforms are GABAB1a and GABAB1b. GABAB1 isoforms in mice differentially influence cognition, conditioned fear, and susceptibility to stress, yet their influence in tests of antidepressant-like activity has not been fully investigated. OBJECTIVES Given the interactions between GABAB receptors and the serotonergic system and the involvement of 5-HT1A receptors (5-HT1AR) in antidepressant action, we sought to evaluate 5-HT1AR function in GABAB1a-/- and GABAB1b-/- mice. METHODS GABAB1a-/- and GABAB1b-/- mice were assessed in the forced swim test (FST), and body temperature and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) responses to the 5-HT1AR agonist 8-OH-DPAT were determined. Brain 5-HT1AR expression was assessed by [3H]-MPPF and [3H]-8-OH-DPAT autoradiography and 5-HT1AR G-protein coupling by [35S]GTP-γ-S autoradiography. RESULTS As previously described, GABAB1a-/- mice showed an antidepressant-like profile in the FST. GABAB1a-/- mice also demonstrated profoundly blunted hypothermic and motoric responses to 8-OH-DPAT. Furthermore, 8-OH-DPAT-induced corticosterone and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) release were both attenuated in GABAB1a-/- mice. Interestingly, [3H]-MPPF and [3H]-8-OH-DPAT binding was largely unaffected by genotype. [35S]GTP-γ-S autoradiography suggested that altered 5-HT1AR G-protein coupling only partially contributes to the functional presynaptic 5-HT1AR desensitization, and not at all to the blunted postsynaptic 5-HT1AR-mediated responses, seen in GABAB1a-/- mice. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate distinct functional links between 5-HT1ARs and the GABAB1a subunit isoform and suggest that the GABAB1a isoform may be implicated in the antidepressant-like effects of GABAB receptor antagonists and in neurobiological mechanisms underlying depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura H Jacobson
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
| | - Daniel Hoyer
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Dominique Fehlmann
- Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Bettler
- Department of Biomedicine, Pharmazentrum, University of Basel, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Klemens Kaupmann
- Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Western Gateway Building, Cork, Ireland.
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Yuen EY, Qin L, Wei J, Liu W, Liu A, Yan Z. Synergistic regulation of glutamatergic transmission by serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors in prefrontal cortical neurons. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:25177-85. [PMID: 25056951 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.567610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The monoamine system in the prefrontal cortex has been implicated in various mental disorders and has been the major target of anxiolytics and antidepressants. Clinical studies show that serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) produce better therapeutic effects than single selective reuptake inhibitors, but the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Here, we found that low dose SNRIs, by acting on 5-HT(1A) and α2-adrenergic receptors, synergistically reduced AMPA receptor (AMPAR)-mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents and AMPAR surface expression in prefrontal cortex pyramidal neurons via a mechanism involving Rab5/dynamin-mediated endocytosis of AMPARs. The synergistic effect of SNRIs on AMPARs was blocked by inhibition of activator of G protein signaling 3, a G protein modulator that prevents reassociation of G(i) protein α subunit and prolongs the βγ-mediated signaling pathway. Moreover, the depression of AMPAR-mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents by SNRIs required p38 kinase activity, which was increased by 5-HT(1A) and α2-adrenergic receptor co-activation in an activator of G protein signaling 3-dependent manner. These results have revealed a potential mechanism for the synergy between the serotonin and norepinephrine systems in the regulation of glutamatergic transmission in cortical neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice Y Yuen
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214 and
| | - Luye Qin
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214 and
| | - Jing Wei
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214 and Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, New York 14215
| | - Wenhua Liu
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214 and
| | - Aiyi Liu
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214 and
| | - Zhen Yan
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214 and Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, New York 14215
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Nasr S, Wendt B, Popli A, Crayton J. Comparing outcomes of adjunctive treatment in depression: aripiprazole versus bupropion. J Affect Disord 2014; 162:50-4. [PMID: 24767005 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adjunctive therapy in depression is often used in patients with an inadequate response to antidepressant therapy. METHODS Utilizing a chart review from a private, outpatient psychiatric clinic, patients with adjunctive medication added to their antidepressant were reviewed. Demographic information, diagnoses, medication history, and QIDS SR16 depression scores were collected and recorded at each visit and entered into a database. RESULTS Significant reductions were observed in the QIDS score of aripiprazole (n=70) and bupropion (n=83) patients after the first visit. At the first visit, 70% of aripiprazole patients had lower QIDS score compared to baseline visit, with 17% achieving remission, whereas 66% of bupropion users had lower scores at the first visit compared to baseline visit, with 23% achieving remission. At the end of the observation period 50% of patients on aripiprazole achieved remission compared to 33% of bupropion patients. Both groups of patients had significant reductions in their QIDS symptom scores of sadness, concentration, and general interest. In addition, aripiprazole patients had a decrease in the thoughts of death and suicide score while bupropion patients had decreases in the low energy score. None of the differences in QIDS line-item scores between aripiprazole and bupropion patients were statistically significant. LIMITATIONS This study was a small scale, retrospective study that did not have a placebo control group. CONCLUSION Aripiprazole and bupropion were comparable in significantly lowering patients' QIDS SR16 scores and helping over 50% of the patients achieve remission. Differences in line-item QIDS score were also observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhayl Nasr
- Nasr Psychiatric Services, Michigan City, IN, United States; Indiana University, Department of Psychiatry, Michigan City, IN, United States; University of Notre Dame, Department of Psychology, Notre Dame, IN, United States; Memorial Epworth Center, South Bend, IN 46617, United States.
| | - Burdette Wendt
- Nasr Psychiatric Services, Michigan City, IN, United States
| | - Anand Popli
- Nasr Psychiatric Services, Michigan City, IN, United States; Indiana University, Department of Psychiatry, Michigan City, IN, United States
| | - John Crayton
- Nasr Psychiatric Services, Michigan City, IN, United States
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Mrdalj J, Lundegaard Mattson Å, Murison R, Konow Jellestad F, Milde AM, Pallesen S, Ursin R, Bjorvatn B, Grønli J. Hypothermia after chronic mild stress exposure in rats with a history of postnatal maternal separations. Chronobiol Int 2013; 31:252-64. [DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2013.846351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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11
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Upregulation of the dorsal raphe nucleus-prefrontal cortex serotonin system by chronic treatment with escitalopram in hyposerotonergic Wistar-Kyoto rats. Neuropharmacology 2013; 72:169-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Antidepressant treatment reduces serotonin-1A autoreceptor binding in major depressive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2013; 74:26-31. [PMID: 23374637 PMCID: PMC3690146 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Revised: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) administration to rodents desensitizes or downregulates raphe 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A (5-HT1A) autoreceptors. We previously found elevated 5-HT1A binding in antidepressant-naive and not recently medicated major depressive disorder (MDD) and now report the effect of SSRI treatment on 5-HT1A autoreceptors in depressed patients. METHODS 5-HT1A binding (BPF) was quantified in medication-free subjects using positron emission tomography (PET) with [11C]-WAY-100635 before and after treatment of MDD with an SSRI for 5 to 9 weeks (mean 47 ± 8 days). Nineteen subjects without recent history of antidepressant pharmacotherapy completed both [11C]WAY-100635 PET scans with a metabolite-corrected arterial input function and depression severity was rated before and after the treatment course. RESULTS 5-HT1A autoreceptor BPF in the raphe was reduced 18% on SSRI treatment (df = 1,18; F = 5.12; p = .036). However, the degree of reduction in 5-HT1A autoreceptor BPF was unrelated to improvement in depression (df = 1,16; F = 1.27; p = .276). CONCLUSIONS Downregulation of 5-HT1A autoreceptor binding by SSRI treatment of major depression is consistent with animal studies. This may be a necessary but insufficient requirement for clinical response to SSRIs. A PET agonist ligand that binds selectively to the high-affinity conformation of this receptor can determine whether SSRIs also cause desensitization of the autoreceptor as reported by some rodent studies and whether that effect may be related to clinical response.
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Yano S, Watanabe T, Aonuma H, Asama H. Pitchfork bifurcation in a receptor theory-based model of the serotonergic system. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2013; 9:2079-84. [PMID: 23694924 DOI: 10.1039/c3mb25033d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Abnormalities in the serotonergic system are thought to be a potent cause of several mental diseases. Past research has shown that autoreceptors are the key component. It is thought that the autoreceptor constructs a negative feedback circuit on this system and realizes homeostatic control on its neural activity. This study is mainly organized from the above mentioned knowledge. In this paper, we construct two possible models of the serotonergic system based on receptor theory and provide some predictions for this system with each model. In the first model, we predict that the deficit of serotonin synthesis causes destabilization of the amount of autoreceptors; autoreceptors show an explosive increase if serotonin synthesis drops below a certain threshold value. In the second model, we indicate that the serotonergic system changes its stable property from a monostable one to a bistable one by certain factors. We clarify these factors and show that this changing process is named pitch-fork bifurcation. Additionally, we also suggest another notable phenomena which would appear when we consider a stochastic perturbation on the receptor expressions. Lastly, we suggest some experimental ideas towards the verification of the validity of these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Yano
- Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.
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Guay DRP. Vilazodone Hydrochloride, a Combined SSRI and 5-HT1A Receptor Agonist for Major Depressive Disordersts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 27:857-67. [DOI: 10.4140/tcp.n.2012.857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Intracellular Loop 2 Peptides of the Human 5HT1a Receptor are Differential Activators of Gi. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDES 2012; 2012:490734. [PMID: 22649462 PMCID: PMC3357532 DOI: 10.1155/2012/490734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2011] [Revised: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Peptide mimics of intracellular loop 2 (ic2) of the human 5HT1a receptor have been studied with respect to their ability to inhibit agonist binding via interference with receptor-G-protein coupling. These peptides give shallow concentration-effect relationships. Additionally, these peptides have been studied with respect to their ability to trigger the signal transduction system of this Gi-coupled receptor. Two signaling parameters have been quantified: concentration of intracellular cAMP and changes in incorporation into the G protein of a stable analog of GTP. In both cases, peptide mimics near midloop of ic2 actually show agonist activity with efficacy falling off toward both loop termini near TM 3 and TM 4. Previous results have suggested that the loop region near the TM3/ic2 interface is primarily responsible for receptor-G-protein coupling, while the current result emphasizes the mid-ic2 loop region's ability to activate the G protein following initial coupling. A limited number of peptides from the receptor's TM5/ic3 loop vicinity were also studied regarding agonist inhibition and G-protein activation. These peptides provide additional evidence that the human 5HT1a receptor, TM5/ic3 loop region, is involved in both coupling and activation actions. Overall, these results provide further information about potential pharmacological intervention and drug development with respect to the human 5HT1a receptor/G-protein system. Finally, the structural evidence generated here provides testable models pending crystallization and X-ray analysis of the receptor.
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Genetic association between helpless trait and depression-related phenotypes: evidence from crossbreeding studies with H/Rouen and NH/Rouen mice. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2012; 15:363-74. [PMID: 21557882 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145711000605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic factors are believed to be involved in the aetiology of unipolar depressive disorders. We have previously described a model built up by selective breeding of mice with different responses in the tail suspension test, a screening test for potential antidepressants. In this model, helpless H/Rouen mice are essentially immobile in this test, as well as in the Porsolt forced-swim test, whereas non-helpless NH/Rouen mice show the opposite behaviour, i.e. very low immobility. However, it is unclear whether or not the other phenotypic differences (forced swim test, locomotor activity, sucrose test, sleep patterns, effect of fluoxetine) observed between H/Rouen and the NH/Rouen mice may be attributed to a genetic drift phenomenon during the selection step, rather than being related to the trait of selection. In this study we used reciprocal crossbreeding between H/Rouen and NH/Rouen mice and obtained a segregating F2 population in order to determine whether phenotypic differences between the two lines co-segregate with the trait of selection. In the segregating F2 population, we found significant and strong genetic correlations between helplessness in the tail suspension test and some phenotypical features associated with depressive disorders such as 'alterations of sleep patterns', behavioural response to fluoxetine, immobility duration in the forced swim test, and anhedonia. Our results converge with clinical observations in depressed humans. These results strengthen the validity of the H/Rouen mouse as a model of depression, notably for preclinical studies with antidepressants. In addition, this model should open the way to identifying genes related to depression-like behaviours.
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Müller H, Biermann T, Renk S, Reulbach U, Ströbel A, Kornhuber J, Sperling W. Higher Environmental Temperature and Global Radiation Are Correlated With Increasing Suicidality—A Localized Data Analysis. Chronobiol Int 2011; 28:949-57. [DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2011.618418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Rizvi SJ, Kennedy SH. The keys to improving depression outcomes. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2011; 21 Suppl 4:S694-702. [PMID: 21924209 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Revised: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The heterogeneity of symptoms within major depressive disorder poses significant challenges for treatment and it is likely that current pharmacotherapies do not target all symptoms equally, although they have similar efficacy rates. While there is still continuing interest in understanding monoamine interactions and consequent downstream effects, the limited efficacy and tolerability achieved with classical antidepressants provides a compelling argument to move beyond the monoamines. Several lines of biological research in depression exploring immune function, neurotrophins, amino acid and neuropeptide neurotransmitters, neuroanatomical function and circadian rhythms, may lead to novel therapeutic targets and enhance depression outcomes. This review will evaluate the evidence for emerging treatments as well as recommendations from current international guidelines regarding antidepressant management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakina J Rizvi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Neuroscience, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
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19
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Abstract
Epidemiological studies suggest there are considerable differences in the prevalence and presentation of depression in men and women. Women are more than twice as likely to be diagnosed with depression and may also report more atypical and anxiety symptoms than men. Men and women also differ in the metabolism and distribution of antidepressants and the presence of oestrogen in women of childbearing age may interfere with the mechanism of action of a number of antidepressants. These differences have led many researchers to question whether antidepressants are equally effective and tolerated in men and women. While some reports suggest that selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are more effective and result in fewer adverse drug reactions in women than tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), gender differences in antidepressant response remains a controversial topic. The potential effects of antidepressant exposure in utero and in breast milk further complicate treatment options for antenatal and postnatal depression. While some research suggests the SSRI paroxetine is teratogenic, further carefully designed naturalistic studies are required to fully evaluate these effects. Finally, response to antidepressants and the occurrence of adverse drug reactions is marked by inter-individual variability which may be in part due to genetic differences. Future studies should therefore consider genotypes of the mother, foetus and infant in antidepressant response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Keers
- MRC SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, UK.
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20
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Hall B, Burnett A, Christians A, Halley C, Goldstein E, Thiagaraj HV, Parker KK. Thermodynamics of peptide and non-peptide interactions with the human 5HT1a receptor. Pharmacology 2010; 86:6-14. [PMID: 20559018 DOI: 10.1159/000312684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2009] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The human serotonin 1a receptor (H5HT1aR) is a highly studied member of the 7 transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors. This model receptor, negatively coupled to adenylyl cyclase via Gi, is linked to physiological processes such as cognition and mood regulation and to associated disorders like anxiety and depression. Gibb's free energies, enthalpies, and entropies were calculated for the agonist [(3)H]8-OH-DPAT in the presence of synthetic peptides derived from sequences of intracellular loops 2 and 3 of the H5HT1aR. For comparative purposes, the thermodynamic parameters were also determined in the presence of a limited number of ligand-binding site substances (the partial agonist dipropyltryptamine [DPT], and the full agonist [(3)H]8-OH-DPAT alone). All of these thermodynamic measurements were based on binding data accumulated over a range of temperatures (0-35 degrees C). Representative examples of binding constant experiments and van't Hoff plots are shown to establish the thermodynamic variables. Although differences exist between the peptides themselves and the non-peptide agonists, in all situations the binding events are highly entropy driven. Differences between this information and published data for rat 5HT1aR are discussed, as are relationships to other receptor systems. Overall, the conclusions should be useful in further defining a comprehensive model of 5HT1aR, and for future development of binding-site and non-binding-site directed agents for the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Hall
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812-1552, USA
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Khan A. Vilazodone, a novel dual-acting serotonergic antidepressant for managing major depression. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2010; 18:1753-64. [PMID: 19764890 DOI: 10.1517/13543780903286396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) affects <or= 15% of the general population and imparts a significant economic and psychosocial burden. Despite the availability of a wide range of drugs for treating MDD, the majority of patients fail to achieve complete and sustained remission of symptoms. Vilazodone is a novel dual-acting serotonergic antidepressant currently in clinical development for the treatment of MDD. Vilazodone combines the effects of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor with 5-HT(1A) receptor partial agonist activity. In a recent Phase III clinical trial, vilazodone showed significant antidepressant efficacy compared to placebo with a statistically significant onset of effect at 1 week. Overall dropout rates were low. Diarrhea, nausea and headache were the most common adverse events reported. In addition, there was no significant difference between placebo and vilazodone in terms of sexual dysfunction as measured by the Arizona Sexual Experiences Scale. A unique feature of the vilazodone clinical program is the concurrent development of biomarkers that may predict treatment response and common side effects. Vilazodone offers a dual mechanism of action, good general tolerability with the potential for less impairment of sexual function than selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and the possibility of personalized treatment for MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Khan
- Northwest Clinical Research Center, Bellevue, WA 98004, USA.
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Savitz J, Lucki I, Drevets WC. 5-HT(1A) receptor function in major depressive disorder. Prog Neurobiol 2009; 88:17-31. [PMID: 19428959 PMCID: PMC2736801 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2009.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 427] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2008] [Revised: 12/22/2008] [Accepted: 01/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction of the serotonin 1A receptor (5-HT(1A)) may play a role in the genesis of major depressive disorder (MDD). Here we review the pharmacological, post-mortem, positron emission tomography (PET), and genetic evidence in support of this statement. We also touch briefly on two MDD-associated phenotypes, cognitive impairment and somatic pain. The results of pharmacological challenge studies with 5-HT(1A) receptor agonists are indicative of blunted endocrine responses in depressed patients. Lithium, valproate, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), and other treatment, such as electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT), all increase post-synaptic 5-HT(1A) receptor signaling through either direct or indirect effects. Reduced somatodendritic and postsynaptic 5-HT(1A) receptor numbers or affinity have been reported in some post-mortem studies of suicide victims, a result consistent with well-replicated PET analyses demonstrating reduced 5-HT(1A) receptor binding potential in diverse regions such as the dorsal raphe, medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), amygdala and hippocampus. 5-HT(1A) receptor knockout (KO) mice display increased anxiety-related behavior, which, unlike in their wild-type counterparts, cannot be rescued with antidepressant drug (AD) treatment. In humans, the G allele of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the 5-HT(1A) receptor gene (HTR1A; rs6295), which abrogates a transcription factor binding site for deformed epidermal autoregulatory factor-1 (Deaf-1) and Hes5, has been reported to be over-represented in MDD cases. Conversely, the C allele has been associated with better response to AD drugs. We raise the possibility that 5-HT(1A) receptor dysfunction represents one potential mechanism underpinning MDD and other stress-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Savitz
- Section on Neuroimaging in Mood and Anxiety Disorders, Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, NIH/NIMH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
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Korff S, Stein DJ, Harvey BH. Cortico-striatal cyclic AMP-phosphodiesterase-4 signalling and stereotypy in the deer mouse: attenuation after chronic fluoxetine treatment. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2009; 92:514-20. [PMID: 19463268 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2009.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2008] [Revised: 01/29/2009] [Accepted: 01/29/2009] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Motor stereotypies, described as repetitive, topographically invariant and seemingly purposeless behaviours, are common to several developmental and neuropsychiatric disorders. While drug induced stereotypy has been extensively studied, the neurobiology of spontaneous stereotypy is poorly understood. Deer mice present with naturalistic stereotypic behaviours that are selectively suppressed by fluoxetine. We studied basal cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels and phosphodiesterase (PDE) type 4 activity in prefrontal cortex and striatum of high, low and non-stereotypic deer mice, as well as response in high stereotypic mice to chronic fluoxetine treatment (20 mg/kg/dayx21 days intraperitoneally). Cortical cAMP levels were associated with stereotypic behaviour, being significantly elevated in low and high stereotypic mice compared to non-stereotypic animals, with a similar trend in the striatum. In both brain regions, there was a significant inverse correlation between PDE4 activity and stereotypic behaviour. In the prefrontal cortex, PDE4 activity was significantly reduced in both low and high stereotypic mice compared to their non-stereotypic controls, while in the striatum, only high stereotypic mice showed a significant reduction in PDE4 activity. Fluoxetine significantly attenuated stereotypies in high stereotypic animals, together with a reduction in cortical cAMP levels and PDE4 activity, without noteworthy effects in the striatum. Spontaneous stereotypy in deer mice is thus characterized by raised cAMP and reduced PDE4 enzyme activity, particularly in the prefrontal cortex, and is modified by chronic treatment with fluoxetine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Schaun Korff
- Unit for Drug Research and Development, School of Pharmacy (Pharmacology), North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
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Martinez EJ, Kolb BL, Bell A, Savage DD, Allan AM. Moderate perinatal arsenic exposure alters neuroendocrine markers associated with depression and increases depressive-like behaviors in adult mouse offspring. Neurotoxicology 2008; 29:647-55. [PMID: 18573533 PMCID: PMC2585488 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2008.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2007] [Revised: 05/13/2008] [Accepted: 05/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic is one of the most common heavy metal contaminants found in the environment, particularly in water. We examined the impact of perinatal exposure to relatively low levels of arsenic (50 parts per billion, ppb) on neuroendocrine markers associated with depression and depressive-like behaviors in affected adult C57BL/6J mouse offspring. Whereas most biomedical research on arsenic has focused on its carcinogenic potential, a few studies suggest that arsenic can adversely affect brain development and neural function. Compared to controls, offspring exposed to 50 parts per billion arsenic during the perinatal period had significantly elevated serum corticosterone levels, reduced whole hippocampal CRFR 1 protein level and elevated dorsal hippocampal serotonin 5HT 1A receptor binding and receptor-effector coupling. 5HT 1A receptor binding and receptor-effector coupling were not different in the ventral hippocampal formation, entorhinal or parietal cortices, or inferior colliculus. Perinatal arsenic exposure also significantly increased learned helplessness and measures of immobility in a forced swim task. Taken together, these results suggest that perinatal arsenic exposure may disrupt the regulatory interactions between the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the serotonergic system in the dorsal hippocampal formation in a manner that predisposes affected offspring to depressive-like behavior. These results are the first to demonstrate that relatively low levels of arsenic exposure during development can have long-lasting adverse effects on behavior and neurobiological markers associated with these behavioral changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebany J Martinez
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States
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Mirza NR, Nielsen EØ, Troelsen KB. Serotonin transporter density and anxiolytic-like effects of antidepressants in mice. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2007; 31:858-66. [PMID: 17335951 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2006] [Revised: 01/12/2007] [Accepted: 01/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic treatment with the dual serotonin/noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) duloxetine reduces the density of serotonin transporter sites in cortex and engenders an anxiolytic-like response. To determine the reproducibility of these effects and their generality to other antidepressants we compared the effects of chronic duloxetine treatment with another SNRI, venlafaxine, and two selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, paroxetine and fluoxetine. METHODS Separate groups of mice were administered vehicle, fluoxetine (15 mg/kg), paroxetine, duloxetine or venlafaxine (10 mg/kg) perorally twice daily for 28 days and tested in the mouse zero-maze and in motility cages on days 21 and 22, respectively, to determine effects on anxiety and motor activity. On day 28 brains were analysed for serotonin transporter (SERT) density in cortex and noradrenaline transporter (NET) density in cortex and hippocampus. RESULTS Duloxetine and fluoxetine both reduced SERT density in cortex and induced anxiolytic-like effects. Paroxetine had an identical profile, but it is unclear if this drug down-regulated the SERT since extensive washing of cortical tissue did not remove all drug. Venlafaxine had no effect on behavioural or biochemical parameters. Only duloxetine reduced NET density in cortex, although not hippocampus. CONCLUSIONS The reduction in SERT density and anxiolytic-like effects with duloxetine, fluoxetine and, potentially, paroxetine suggest that down-regulation of the SERT may be a relevant mechanism in therapeutic response to these antidepressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- N R Mirza
- NeuroSearch A/S, 93 Pederstrupvej, Ballerup, DK-2750, Denmark.
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