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Wang L, Chelakkot VS, Newhook N, Tucker S, Hirasawa K. Inflammatory cell death induced by 5-aminolevulinic acid-photodynamic therapy initiates anticancer immunity. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1156763. [PMID: 37854679 PMCID: PMC10581343 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1156763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammatory cell death is a form of programmed cell death (PCD) that induces inflammatory mediators during the process. The production of inflammatory mediators during cell death is beneficial in standard cancer therapies as it can break the immune silence in cancers and induce anticancer immunity. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a cancer therapy with photosensitizer molecules and light sources to destroy cancer cells, which is currently used for treating different types of cancers in clinical settings. In this study, we investigated if PDT using 5-aminolevulinic (5-ALA-PDT) causes inflammatory cell death and, subsequently, increases the immunogenicity of cancer cells. Methods Mouse breast cancer (4T1) and human colon cancer (DLD-1) cells were treated with 5-ALA for 4 hours and then irradiated with a light source. PCD induction was measured by western blot analysis and FACS. Morphological changes were determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). BALB/c mice were injected with cell-free media, supernatant of freeze/thaw cells or supernatant of PDT cells intramuscular every week for 4 weeks and then challenged with 4T1 cells at the right hind flank of BALB/c. Tumor growth was monitored for 12 days. Results We found that 5-ALA-PDT induces inflammatory cell death, but not apoptosis, in 4T1 cells and DLD-1 cells in vitro. Moreover, when mice were pretreated with 5-ALA-PDT culture supernatant, the growth of 4T1 tumors was significantly suppressed compared to those pretreated with freeze and thaw (F/T) 4T1 culture supernatant. Conclusion These results indicate that 5-ALA-PDT induces inflammatory cell death which promotes anticancer immunity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Wang
- Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Vipin Shankar Chelakkot
- Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Nick Newhook
- Medical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Stephanie Tucker
- Medical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Kensuke Hirasawa
- Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
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2
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Krueger A, Zaugg J, Chisholm S, Linedale R, Lachner N, Teoh SM, Tuong ZK, Lukowski SW, Morrison M, Soyer HP, Hugenholtz P, Hill MM, Frazer IH. Secreted Toxins From Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated From Keratinocyte Skin Cancers Mediate Pro-tumorigenic Inflammatory Responses in the Skin. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:789042. [PMID: 35145494 PMCID: PMC8822148 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.789042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a common type of skin cancer that typically arises from premalignant precursor lesions named actinic keratoses (AK). Chronic inflammation is a well-known promoter of skin cancer progression. AK and SCC have been associated with an overabundance of the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Certain secreted products from S. aureus are known to promote cutaneous pro-inflammatory responses; however, not all S. aureus strains produce these. As inflammation plays a key role in SCC development, we investigated the pro-inflammatory potential and toxin secretion profiles of skin-cancer associated S. aureus. Sterile culture supernatants (“secretomes”) of S. aureus clinical strains isolated from AK and SCC were applied to human keratinocytes in vitro. Some S. aureus secretomes induced keratinocytes to overexpress inflammatory mediators that have been linked to skin carcinogenesis, including IL-6, IL-8, and TNFα. A large phenotypic variation between the tested clinical strains was observed. Strains that are highly pro-inflammatory in vitro also caused more pronounced skin inflammation in mice. Proteomic characterization of S. aureus secretomes using mass spectrometry established that specific S. aureus enzymes and cytolytic toxins, including hemolysins, phenol-soluble modulins, and serine proteases, as well as currently uncharacterized proteins, correlate with the pro-inflammatory S. aureus phenotype. This study is the first to describe the toxin secretion profiles of AK and SCC-associated S. aureus, and their potential to induce a pro-inflammatory environment in the skin. Further studies are needed to establish whether these S. aureus products promote SCC development by mediating chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Krueger
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Julian Zaugg
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Sarah Chisholm
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Richard Linedale
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Nancy Lachner
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Siok Min Teoh
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Zewen K. Tuong
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cellular Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel W. Lukowski
- The Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Mark Morrison
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - H. Peter Soyer
- Dermatology Research Centre, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Dermatology Department, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Philip Hugenholtz
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Michelle M. Hill
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ian H. Frazer
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
- *Correspondence: Ian H. Frazer,
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3
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Niculet E, Craescu M, Rebegea L, Bobeica C, Nastase F, Lupasteanu G, Stan DJ, Chioncel V, Anghel L, Lungu M, Tatu AL. Basal cell carcinoma: Comprehensive clinical and histopathological aspects, novel imaging tools and therapeutic approaches (Review). Exp Ther Med 2021; 23:60. [PMID: 34917186 PMCID: PMC8630439 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors worldwide, involving the skin. It is also part of keratinocyte carcinomas, alongside its squamous counterpart. It has low mortality and extremely low metastatic rates (although when present, it indicates a poor patient prognosis); it also has a high morbidity rate through local destruction and recurrence, particularly when perineural invasion is observed, clinically or histopathologically. BCC development is the result of environmental and patient factors, with genetics and ultraviolet radiation playing major roles. The clinical and histopathological aspects vary according to tumor subtype, being classified as high-risk tumors (nodular, superficial, pigmented and infundibulocystic BCC with adnexal differentiation) and fibroepithelial subtypes, or as high-risk tumors (micronodular, infiltrating, sclerosing/morphoeic and basosquamous subtype or the type with sarcomatoid differentiation). Dermoscopy is now complimented by novel in vivo diagnostic tools (optical coherence tomography, reflectance confocal microscopy, high-resolution ultrasonography, Raman spectroscopy or terahertz pulse imaging), improving the diagnostic accuracy and providing tumor depth and lateral margins without the use of invasive techniques. Novel treatment approaches for the treatment of BCC have recently been investigated with the use of hedgehog pathway inhibitors, such as Vismodegib. These approaches aim for complete resolution, minimal side-effects, high patient satisfaction with the optimal cosmetic results, particularly in key areas, such as the face. The present review article summarizes and discusses the comprehensive clinical and histopathological aspects of BCC, and presents novel imaging tools and therapeutic approaches that have been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Niculet
- Department of Morphological and Functional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, 'Dunarea de Jos' University, 800010 Galați, Romania.,Department of Pathology, 'Sfantul Apostol Andrei' Emergency Clinical Hospital, 800578 Galați, Romania
| | - Mihaela Craescu
- Department of Morphological and Functional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, 'Dunarea de Jos' University, 800010 Galați, Romania.,Department of Clinical Radiotherapy, 'Sfantul Apostol Andrei' Emergency Clinical Hospital, 800578 Galați, Romania
| | - Laura Rebegea
- Department of Clinical Radiotherapy, 'Sfantul Apostol Andrei' Emergency Clinical Hospital, 800578 Galați, Romania.,Department of Neuropsychomotor Rehabilitation, 'Sf. Ioan' Clinical Hospital for Children, 800487 Galați, Romania
| | - Carmen Bobeica
- Department of Morphological and Functional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, 'Dunarea de Jos' University, 800010 Galați, Romania
| | - Florentina Nastase
- Department of Neuropsychomotor Rehabilitation, 'Sf. Ioan' Clinical Hospital for Children, 800487 Galați, Romania
| | - Gabriela Lupasteanu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, 'Sf. Cuvioasa Parascheva' Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases, 800179 Galați, Romania.,Medical Doctoral School, 'Ovidius' University, 900573 Constanta, Romania
| | - Daniela Jicman Stan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, 'Sfantul Apostol Andrei' Emergency Clinical Hospital, 800578 Galați, Romania.,Biomedical Doctoral School, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, 'Dunarea de Jos' University of Galați, 800010 Galați, Romania
| | - Valentin Chioncel
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Pathology, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Clinical Cardiology, 'Bagdasar Arseni' Emergency Hospital, 041915 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Lucretia Anghel
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, 'Dunarea de Jos' University, 800010 Galați, Romania
| | - Mihaela Lungu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, 'Dunarea de Jos' University, 800010 Galați, Romania
| | - Alin Laurentiu Tatu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, 'Dunarea de Jos' University, 800010 Galați, Romania.,Department of Dermatology, 'Sfanta Cuvioasa Parascheva' Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases, 800179 Galați, Romania.,Research Center in the Field of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, ReFORM-UDJ, 'Dunărea de Jos' University, 800010 Galați, Romania.,Multidisciplinary Integrated Center of Dermatological Interface Research MIC-DIR (Centrul Integrat Multidisciplinar de Cercetare de Interfata Dermatologica - CIM-CID), 'Dunărea de Jos' University, 800010 Galați, Romania
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4
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Wang X, Li J, Liu W, Zhang X, Xue L. The diagnostic value of interleukin 6 as a biomarker for gastric cancer: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e27945. [PMID: 34964773 PMCID: PMC8615365 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000027945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer is one of the most common cancers and a main cause of global cancer death. The expression of interleukin 6 is associated with the risk of gastric cancer. But the diagnostic accuracy of interleukin 6 remains unclear. This study was designed to assess the diagnostic performance of interleukin 6 in gastric cancer diagnosis. METHODS The related data was obtained from Oncomine and studied using bioinformatics analysis. The PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of science databases were searched for related studies published from inception to July 14, 2020. Measuring tools of diagnostic performance including sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic odds ratio were pooled using bivariate mixed-effects meta-analysis model. The summery receiver operator characteristic curves were plotted. RESULTS The result from Oncomine showed that the expression of interleukin 6 in gastric cancer (GC) patients was higher than the normal groups (P < .05). Furthermore, a total of 4 eligible articles were enrolled, containing 390 cases and 404 controls. The diagnostic results were as follows: a sensitivity of 0.80 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.57-0.92), a specificity of 0.86 (95% CI 0.74-0.93), a positive likelihood ratio of 5.76 (95% CI 3.49-9.49), a negative likelihood ratio of 0.23 (95% CI 0.11-0.51) and a diagnostic odds ratio of 24.58 (95% CI 14.14-42.73). The summary area under the receiver operating characteristic curves was 0.90 (95% CI 0.87-0.93). CONCLUSION Higher interleukin 6 expression was detected in GC patients, and interleukin 6 could be a helpful indicator of diagnosis of gastric cancer. Further large-scale prospective studies are required for identifying the diagnostic value of interleukin 6 in gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozi Wang
- Laboratory of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Hematology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wenjing Liu
- Laboratory of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xianghong Zhang
- Laboratory of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Liying Xue
- Laboratory of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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5
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Wang J, Chen Y. Interleukin-6 -174 G/C polymorphism is associated with the risk of basal cell carcinoma in a Chinese Han population. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:15328-15333. [PMID: 32859764 PMCID: PMC7467387 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To explore the association between the IL-6 -174 G/C polymorphism and the risk of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) in a Chinese population, we performed a case-control study involving 265 BCC patients and 341 controls. Genotyping was performed using polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primers. The data showed that the GG+CG and GG genotypes were associated with an increased risk of BCC. The G allele increased the risk of BCC. Moreover, stratified analyses indicated the risk was higher in males, smokers, drinkers, and those aged ≥ 60 years. Cross-over analysis confirmed that the combined effects of the GG or CG genotype and environmental factors (smoking and alcohol consumption) contribute to an increased risk of BCC. In addition, the IL-6 -174 G/C polymorphism was related to larger tumors and multiple lesions. These findings indicate that the IL-6 -174 G/C polymorphism is associated with an increased risk of BCC in a Chinese population. This locus is thus a potential diagnostic marker for predicting susceptibility to BCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Huaian First People's Hospital, Huaian, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Huaian First People's Hospital, Huaian, Jiangsu, China
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6
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Eghtedari M, Beigi V, Maalhagh M, Ashraf H. Expression of interleukin-6 in ocular surface squamous neoplasia. Clin Ophthalmol 2019; 13:1675-1680. [PMID: 31564816 PMCID: PMC6722455 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s221911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is an important cytokine in the cascade of inflammation and cancer progression. The aim of this study was to identify IL-6 expression in ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) in comparison with non-neoplastic conjunctival tissue. Methods Twenty paraffin-embedded tissue sections of conjunctiva from patients with OSSN including conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) in all grades of severity and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) were assessed by immunohistochemistry staining for IL-6. Twenty non-neoplastic conjunctival sections from age matched patients were selected as the control group. Tissues with more than one focus of inflammatory cell infiltration were excluded from the study. The mean area of positive staining was recorded and the intensity of staining was scored in both groups and compared by statistical methods. Results The mean staining area in the dysplasia group was significantly more than non-neoplastic conjunctival tissue (63.5±25.96 and 30±15.98 percent respectively; P-value of <0.0001). Nuclear staining was observed in both groups and the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusion IL-6 expressed more in the dysplastic group in compare to non-neoplastic conjunctiva and can therefore be used to diagnose dysplastic state of the conjunctiva; however, in our study, intensity of staining does not correlate with the severity of dysplasia statistically; most probably because of a low sample size in each category. The role of nuclear staining is not clear. Our findings can be an introduction toward targeted treatment of ocular surface neoplasia by the aim of newer anti-IL agents. Further investigation is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoomeh Eghtedari
- Pathology Department, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Ophthalmology Department, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Vahid Beigi
- Ophthalmology Department, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehrnoosh Maalhagh
- Ophthalmology Department, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hossein Ashraf
- Ophthalmology Department, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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7
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Sato S, Kunisaki C, Tanaka Y, Sato K, Miyamoto H, Yukawa N, Kosaka T, Akiyama H, Endo I, Misumi T. Curative-Intent Surgery for Stage IV Advanced Gastric Cancer: Who Can Undergo Surgery and What Are the Prognostic Factors for Long-Term Survival? Ann Surg Oncol 2019; 26:4452-4463. [PMID: 31529308 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-019-07790-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A retrospective study was performed to evaluate the predictive factors for performing curative-intent surgery and prognostic factors for long-term survival of patients undergoing surgery for stage IV gastric cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS Between 2001 and 2017, 271 patients with stage IV gastric cancer with distant metastasis who underwent systemic chemotherapy were enrolled. Logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate predictive factors for curative-intent surgery. Cox proportional hazards regression model was applied for patients who were subsequently treated with curative-intent surgery to identify prognostic factors for long-term survival. RESULTS Curative-intent surgery was performed in 48 patients (17.7%). Median survival time was significantly longer in the surgery group than in the nonsurgery group (53 vs. 11 months, p < 0.0001). R0 resection was performed in 35 patients (72.9%). The three-year overall survival (OS) rates of the R0, R1, and R2 surgery groups were 75.4%, 33.3%, and 25.0%, respectively (p = 0.0002). Logistic regression analysis revealed that lymphogenous distant metastasis alone (odds ratio = 3.276, p = 0.004), positive lavage cytology alone (6.394, 0.014), doublet or triplet chemotherapy (4.064, 0.034), and high Glasgow prognostic score (0.276, 0.001) were independent predictive factors for performing curative-intent surgery. Among patients undergoing surgery, the Cox proportional hazards regression model for OS showed that R0 surgery was an independent prognostic factor for favorable OS (hazard ratio 0.188, p = 0.022). CONCLUSIONS Patients with lymphogenous distant metastasis alone, P0CY1 alone, good immunonutritional status, and doublet/triplet chemotherapy are candidates for performing effective curative-intent surgery. R0 surgery is crucial for improving long-term survival after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Sato
- Department of Surgery, Gastroenterological Center, Yokohama City University, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Chikara Kunisaki
- Department of Surgery, Gastroenterological Center, Yokohama City University, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Yusaku Tanaka
- Department of Surgery, Gastroenterological Center, Yokohama City University, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kei Sato
- Department of Surgery, Gastroenterological Center, Yokohama City University, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Miyamoto
- Department of Surgery, Gastroenterological Center, Yokohama City University, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Norio Yukawa
- Department of Surgery, Gastroenterological Center, Yokohama City University, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Kosaka
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hirotoshi Akiyama
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Itaru Endo
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Misumi
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, Japan
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8
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STAT3 polymorphisms and IL-6 polymorphism are associated with the risk of basal cell carcinoma in patients from northern Poland. Arch Dermatol Res 2019; 311:697-704. [PMID: 31342143 PMCID: PMC6787107 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-019-01952-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) environment consists of stromal and inflammatory cells which produce variety of cytokines, chemokines and growth factors that may affect tumor behavior. One of the cytokines suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of BCC is IL-6, which is the upstream element of IL-6/JAK/STAT3 pathway. The correlation between polymorphisms of the genes related to this pathway and cancer risk/prognosis have been previously investigated in several neoplasia, but available data concerning BCC are scarce. In the present study, rs1800795 (-174 G/C) IL-6 gene polymorphism and two polymorphisms in the STAT3 gene, namely rs2293152 (intron 11, C/G) and rs4796793 (-1697, C/G) were assessed in relation to the BCC risk and clinical course. Additionally, IL-6 serum level was assessed in relation to IL-6 genotype and clinical variables. The study included 254 unrelated patients with BCC and of mean age 70.39 ± 11.43 (69.83 ± 12.32 women, 71.03 ± 10.31 men) and 198 healthy, unrelated age- and sex-matched volunteers. IL-6 and STAT3 polymorphisms were analyzed using polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primers (SSP-PCR). Serum concentration of IL-6 was measured using the ELISA test. We have found that the presence of C allele in rs1800795 IL-6 gene polymorphism was associated with increased risk of BCC (aOR 1.86; 95% CI 1.22–2.84; p = 0.004). The presence of CC genotype in STAT3 rs2293152 polymorphism was associated with increased BCC risk in recessive model analysis (aOR 3.94; 95% CI 1.59–9.77; p = 0.003). In contrast, the presence of GC genotype in overdominant model was associated with decreased risk of BCC (aOR = 0.24; 95% CI 0.12–0.49; p < 0.0001). The presence of C allele in STAT3 rs2293152 polymorphism was associated with increased risk of BCC (aOR 1.31; 95% CI 1.01–1.69; p = 0.04). The presence of GG genotype in STAT3 rs4796793 polymorphism was associated with increased BCC risk in recessive model analysis (aOR 3.66; 95% CI 1.33–10.10; p = 0.012). The presence of G allele in STAT3 rs4796793 polymorphism was associated with increased risk of BCC (aOR 1.59; 95% CI 1.01–2.49; p = 0.04). IL-6 serum level positively correlated with the tumor size.
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9
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Artaza-Irigaray C, Molina-Pineda A, Aguilar-Lemarroy A, Ortiz-Lazareno P, Limón-Toledo LP, Pereira-Suárez AL, Rojo-Contreras W, Jave-Suárez LF. E6/E7 and E6 * From HPV16 and HPV18 Upregulate IL-6 Expression Independently of p53 in Keratinocytes. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1676. [PMID: 31396215 PMCID: PMC6664019 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratinocyte infection with high-risk human papillomavirus genotypes has been linked to cancer development. In cervix, the alpha HPV16 and HPV18 have been reported as the mayor causative agents of cervical cancer. Oncogenic progression and chronic inflammation are closely related processes, with IL-6 as one of the main pro-inflammatory cytokines involved. However, there are limited studies about the regulation of IL-6 by low and high risk HPVs and the HPV proteins implicated in this modulation. In this work, we report the overexpression of IL-6 in HPV infected cervical cancer derived cell lines (HeLa and SiHa) compared to non-tumorigenic keratinocytes (HaCaT), and in Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia grade 1 HPV16 and HPV18 positive cervical samples compared to HPV negative samples without lesions. Moreover, we generated HaCaT keratinocytes that express E5, E6, and E7 from high risk (16 or 18) or low risk (62 and 84) HPVs. E5 proteins do not modify IL-6 expression, while E7 modestly increase it. Interestingly, E6 proteins in HaCaT cells upregulate IL-6 mRNA expression and protein secretion. Indeed, in HaCaT cells that express high risk HPV16E6 or HPV18E6 proteins, only the truncated E6* isoforms were expressed, showing the stronger IL-6 overexpression, while in HaCaT cells that express low risk HPV62 and HPV84 full length E6 proteins, IL-6 was also upregulated but not so drastically. Since HaCaT cells have a mutated p53 form that is not degraded by the introduction of E6 or E6/E7, it seems that E6/E7 regulate IL-6 by an additional mechanism independent of p53. In addition, basal keratinocytes showed a strong expression of IL-6R using immunohistochemistry, suggesting an autocrine mechanism over proliferative cells. Altogether, IL-6 cytokine expression in keratinocytes is upregulated by E6 and E7 proteins from HPVs 16, 18, 62, and 84, especially by high risk HPV16 and HPV18 E6*, which may contribute to promote a pro-inflammatory and highly proliferative microenvironment that can persist over time and lead to cervical tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Artaza-Irigaray
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Andrea Molina-Pineda
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Mexico.,Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Adriana Aguilar-Lemarroy
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Pablo Ortiz-Lazareno
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Laura P Limón-Toledo
- Centro Médico Nacional de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Hospital de Ginecología y Obstetricia, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Ana L Pereira-Suárez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | | | - Luis F Jave-Suárez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Mexico
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10
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Yun J, Park MH, Son DJ, Nam KT, Moon DB, Ju JH, Hwang OK, Choi JS, Kim TH, Jung YS, Hwang DY, Han SB, Yoon DY, Hong JT. IL-32 gamma reduces lung tumor development through upregulation of TIMP-3 overexpression and hypomethylation. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:306. [PMID: 29467412 PMCID: PMC5833366 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0375-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The low expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3 (TIMP-3) is important in inflammatory responses. Therefore, inhibition of TIMP-3 may promote tumor development. Our study showed that expression of TIMP-3 was elevated in lL-32γ mice lung tissues. In this study, we investigated whether IL-32γ mice inhibited lung tumor development through overexpression of TIMP-3 and its methylation. To explore the possible underlying mechanism, lung cancer cells were transfected with IL-32γ cDNA plasmid. A marked increase in TIMP-3 expression was caused by promoter methylation. Mechanistic studies indicated that TIMP-3 overexpression reduced NF-κB activity, which led to cell growth inhibition in IL-32γ transfected lung cancer cells. We also showed that IL-32γ inhibits expression of DNA (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1). Moreover, IL-32γ inhibits the binding of DNMT1 to TIMP-3 promoter, but this effect was reversed by the treatment of DNA methyltransferase inhibitor (5-Aza-CdR) and NF-κB inhibitor (PS1145), suggesting that a marked increase in TIMP-3 expression was caused by inhibition of promoter hypermethylation via decreased DNMT1 expression through the NF-κB pathway. In an in vivo carcinogen induced lung tumor model, tumor growth was inhibited in IL-32γ overexpressed mice with elevated TIMP-3 expression and hypomethylation accompanied with reduced NF-κB activity. Moreover, in the lung cancer patient tissue, the expression of IL-32 and TIMP-3 was dramatically decreased at a grade-dependent manner compared to normal lung tissue. In summary, IL-32γ may increase TIMP-3 expression via hypomethylation through inactivation of NF-κB activity, and thereby reduce lung tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaesuk Yun
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong1-ro 194-21, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28160, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, #460 Iksan-daero, Iksan-si, Jeonbuk, 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Hee Park
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong1-ro 194-21, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Ju Son
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong1-ro 194-21, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Tak Nam
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong1-ro 194-21, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Bong Moon
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong1-ro 194-21, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Heun Ju
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong1-ro 194-21, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok Kyung Hwang
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong1-ro 194-21, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Soon Choi
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong1-ro 194-21, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hoon Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong1-ro 194-21, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Suk Jung
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong1-ro 194-21, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Yeon Hwang
- Department of Biomaterial Science, Pusan National University, Miryang, Kyungnam, 50463, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Bae Han
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong1-ro 194-21, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Young Yoon
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jin Tae Hong
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong1-ro 194-21, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28160, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Targeting the VEGF-C/VEGFR3 axis suppresses Slug-mediated cancer metastasis and stemness via inhibition of KRAS/YAP1 signaling. Oncotarget 2018; 8:5603-5618. [PMID: 27901498 PMCID: PMC5354933 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) has been implicated in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) processes and various human cancers, including skin cancer. Skin cancer is an aggressive human malignancy with increasing incidence worldwide; however, the underlying mechanisms involved in VEGF-C-induced skin cancer stemness and metastasis remain unclear. Here, we report that VEGF-C enhances skin cancer migration, invasion and stemness through Slug up-regulation. Oncomine database analysis indicated that the KRAS/MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinases) pathway and YAP1 (yes-associated protein 1) expression are positively correlated with metastatic skin cancer. We show that VEGF-C triggers the activation of KRAS/MAPK signaling to increase YAP1 and downstream Slug expression, which are suppressed by an anti-VEGFR3 (VEGF receptor 3) peptide, a specific peptide targeting VEGFR3. The VEGF-C-induced migration, invasion and stemness of skin cancer cells are also abrogated by the anti-VEGFR3 peptide. Based on these data, we reveal the role of the VEGF-C/VEGFR3-mediated KRAS/MAPK-YAP1/Slug pathway in skin cancer progression and propose that the VEGF-C/VEGFR3 axis is a promising target for the anti-VEGFR3 peptide.
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Kozlowska AK, Topchyan P, Kaur K, Tseng HC, Teruel A, Hiraga T, Jewett A. Differentiation by NK cells is a prerequisite for effective targeting of cancer stem cells/poorly differentiated tumors by chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic drugs. J Cancer 2017; 8:537-554. [PMID: 28367234 PMCID: PMC5370498 DOI: 10.7150/jca.15989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells target oral, pancreatic, lung, breast, glioblastoma and melanoma stem-like/poorly differentiated tumors. Differentiation of the abovementioned tumors with supernatants from split-anergized NK cells decreases their susceptibility to NK cells, but increases their sensitivity to cisplatin (CDDP)-mediated cell death. Breast and melanoma tumor cells with CD44 knockdown display enhanced susceptibility to NK cell-mediated lysis, potentially due to decreased differentiation. We also demonstrate that sulindac, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and a chemopreventive agent, not only limits the growth of oral tumor cells, but also aids in cancer cell elimination by NK cells. Treatment of oral tumors with sulindac, but not adriamycin inversely modulates the expression and function of NFκB and JNK, resulting in a significant down-regulation of IL-6, and VEGF secretion by oral tumor cells. In addition, increased secretion of IL-6 and VEGF is blocked by sulindac during interaction of oral tumors with NK cells. Sulindac treatment prevents synergistic induction of VEGF secretion by the tumor cells after their co-culture with untreated NK cells since non-activated NK cells lack the ability to efficiently kill tumor cells. Moreover, sulindac is able to profoundly reduce VEGF secretion by tumor cells cultured with IL-2 activated NK cells, which are able to significantly lyse the tumor cells. Based on the data presented in this study, we propose the following combinatorial approach for the treatment of stem-like/ poorly differentiated tumors in cancer patients with metastatic disease. Stem-like/ poorly differentiated tumor cells may in part undergo lysis or differentiation after NK cell immunotherapy, followed by treatment of differentiated tumors with chemotherapy and chemopreventive agents to eliminate the bulk of the tumor. This dual approach should limit tumor growth and prevent metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Karolina Kozlowska
- The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, The Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Dental Research Institute, Division of Oral Biology and Oral Medicine. UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.; Department of Tumor Immunology, Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Paytsar Topchyan
- The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, The Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Dental Research Institute, Division of Oral Biology and Oral Medicine. UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kawaljit Kaur
- The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, The Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Dental Research Institute, Division of Oral Biology and Oral Medicine. UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Han-Ching Tseng
- The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, The Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Dental Research Institute, Division of Oral Biology and Oral Medicine. UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Antonia Teruel
- The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, The Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Dental Research Institute, Division of Oral Biology and Oral Medicine. UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Toru Hiraga
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology Matsumoto Dental University, Gobara-Hirooka, Shiojiri, Nagano, Japan
| | - Anahid Jewett
- The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, The Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Dental Research Institute, Division of Oral Biology and Oral Medicine. UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Kimura J, Kunisaki C, Makino H, Oshima T, Ota M, Oba M, Takagawa R, Kosaka T, Ono HA, Akiyama H, Endo I. Evaluation of the Glasgow Prognostic Score in patients receiving chemoradiotherapy for stage III and IV esophageal cancer. Dis Esophagus 2016; 29:1071-1080. [PMID: 26471766 DOI: 10.1111/dote.12420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
High Glasgow Prognostic scores (GPSs) have been associated with poor outcomes in various tumors, but the values of GPS and modified GPS (mGPS) in patients with advanced esophageal cancer receiving chemoradiotherapy (CRT) has not yet been reported. We have evaluated these with respect to predicting responsiveness to CRT and long-term survival. Between January 2002 and December 2011, tumor responses in 142 esophageal cancer patients (131 men and 11 women) with stage III (A, B and C) and IV receiving CRT were assessed. We assessed the value of the GPS as a predictor of a response to definitive CRT and also as a prognostic indicator in patients with esophageal cancer receiving CRT. We found that independent predictors of CRT responsiveness were Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status, GPS and cTNM stage. Independent prognostic factors were ECOG performance status and GPS for progression-free survival and ECOG performance status, GPS and cTNM stage IV for disease-specific survival. GPS may be a novel predictor of CRT responsiveness and a prognostic indicator for progression-free and disease-specific survival in patients with advanced esophageal cancer. However, a multicenter study as same regime with large number of patients will be needed to confirm these outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kimura
- Department of Surgery, Gastroenterological Center, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - C Kunisaki
- Department of Surgery, Gastroenterological Center, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - H Makino
- Department of Surgery, Gastroenterological Center, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - T Oshima
- Department of Surgery, Gastroenterological Center, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - M Ota
- Department of Surgery, Gastroenterological Center, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - M Oba
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama-city University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - R Takagawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama-city University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - T Kosaka
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama-city University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - H A Ono
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama-city University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - H Akiyama
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama-city University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - I Endo
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama-city University, Yokohama, Japan
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14
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Novel Fish Oil-based Bigel System for Controlled Drug Delivery and its Influence on Immunomodulatory Activity of Imiquimod Against Skin Cancer. Pharm Res 2016; 34:36-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-016-2036-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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15
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Rehman K, Mohd Amin MCI, Yuen NP, Zulfakar MH. Immunomodulatory Effectiveness of Fish Oil and omega-3 Fatty Acids in Human Non-melanoma Skin Carcinoma Cells. J Oleo Sci 2016; 65:217-24. [PMID: 26876681 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess15256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish oil is composed of various fatty acids among which omega-3 fatty acids are considered as most beneficial. The effects of fish oil on the activity of a topical anticancer drug, imiquimod, and the immunomodulatory activity of omega-3 fatty acids was investigated in human basal and squamous cell carcinoma cell lines. Imiquimod-fish oil mixture exhibited higher carcinoma cell growth inhibition and immunomodulatory activity than imiquimod alone, especially against squamous cell carcinoma cells. Omega-3 fatty acids exhibited growth inhibition of both basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma cell lines and modulated the immune response. Omega-3 fatty acids of fish oil serve as inducers of interleukin-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine, and as suppressors of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, which not only depress tumor growth but also adequately control the inflammatory side effects of imiquimod. Thus, imiquimod administration with fish oil could be beneficial for inhibition of non-melanoma skin carcinoma cells but further in vivo studies are needed to understand their role in skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khurram Rehman
- Center for Drug Delivery Research, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan MALAYSIA
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16
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Broekgaarden M, Weijer R, van Gulik TM, Hamblin MR, Heger M. Tumor cell survival pathways activated by photodynamic therapy: a molecular basis for pharmacological inhibition strategies. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2015; 34:643-90. [PMID: 26516076 PMCID: PMC4661210 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-015-9588-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as a promising alternative to conventional cancer therapies such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. PDT comprises the administration of a photosensitizer, its accumulation in tumor tissue, and subsequent irradiation of the photosensitizer-loaded tumor, leading to the localized photoproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The resulting oxidative damage ultimately culminates in tumor cell death, vascular shutdown, induction of an antitumor immune response, and the consequent destruction of the tumor. However, the ROS produced by PDT also triggers a stress response that, as part of a cell survival mechanism, helps cancer cells to cope with the PDT-induced oxidative stress and cell damage. These survival pathways are mediated by the transcription factors activator protein 1 (AP-1), nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (NRF2), hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), and those that mediate the proteotoxic stress response. The survival pathways are believed to render some types of cancer recalcitrant to PDT and alter the tumor microenvironment in favor of tumor survival. In this review, the molecular mechanisms are elucidated that occur post-PDT to mediate cancer cell survival, on the basis of which pharmacological interventions are proposed. Specifically, pharmaceutical inhibitors of the molecular regulators of each survival pathway are addressed. The ultimate aim is to facilitate the development of adjuvant intervention strategies to improve PDT efficacy in recalcitrant solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mans Broekgaarden
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud Weijer
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas M van Gulik
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences & Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michal Heger
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Kawai Y, Osawa T, Kobayashi K, Inoue R, Yamamoto Y, Matsumoto H, Nagao K, Hara T, Sakano S, Nagamori S, Matsuyama H. Factors Prognostic for Survival in Japanese Patients Treated with Sunitinib as First-line Therapy for Metastatic Clear Cell Renal Cell Cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 16:5687-90. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.14.5687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Anzengruber F, Avci P, de Freitas LF, Hamblin MR. T-cell mediated anti-tumor immunity after photodynamic therapy: why does it not always work and how can we improve it? Photochem Photobiol Sci 2015; 14:1492-1509. [PMID: 26062987 PMCID: PMC4547550 DOI: 10.1039/c4pp00455h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) uses the combination of non-toxic photosensitizers and harmless light to generate reactive oxygen species that destroy tumors by a combination of direct tumor cell killing, vascular shutdown, and activation of the immune system. It has been shown in some animal models that mice that have been cured of cancer by PDT, may exhibit resistance to rechallenge. The cured mice can also possess tumor specific T-cells that recognize defined tumor antigens, destroy tumor cells in vitro, and can be adoptively transferred to protect naïve mice from cancer. However, these beneficial outcomes are the exception rather than the rule. The reasons for this lack of consistency lie in the ability of many tumors to suppress the host immune system and to actively evade immune attack. The presence of an appropriate tumor rejection antigen in the particular tumor cell line is a requisite for T-cell mediated immunity. Regulatory T-cells (CD25+, Foxp3+) are potent inhibitors of anti-tumor immunity, and their removal by low dose cyclophosphamide can potentiate the PDT-induced immune response. Treatments that stimulate dendritic cells (DC) such as CpG oligonucleotide can overcome tumor-induced DC dysfunction and improve PDT outcome. Epigenetic reversal agents can increase tumor expression of MHC class I and also simultaneously increase expression of tumor antigens. A few clinical reports have shown that anti-tumor immunity can be generated by PDT in patients, and it is hoped that these combination approaches may increase tumor cures in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Anzengruber
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pinar Avci
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Dermatooncology and Venerology, Semmelweis University School of Medicine, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Lucas Freitas de Freitas
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Programa de Pos Graduacao Interunidades Bioengenharia – USP – Sao Carlos, Brazil
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Correspondence to: Michael R Hamblin, PhD, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Martinez EF, de Araújo NS, de Araújo VC. How do benign myoepithelial cells from in situ areas of carcinoma ex-pleomorphic adenoma favor tumor progression? J Cell Commun Signal 2015; 9:279-80. [PMID: 26067907 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-015-0298-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this brief commentary, we have shown how the benign myoepithelial cells from in situ areas of carcinoma ex-pleomorphic adenoma from salivary gland can favor tumor progression, not only dying by autophagy/senescence phenomena, disrupting the physical barrier, but also providing fuel for tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Ferreira Martinez
- Department of Oral Pathology, São Leopoldo Mandic Institute and Research Center, Rua José Rocha Junqueira 13, Ponte Preta, 13045-755, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Ney Soares de Araújo
- Department of Oral Pathology, São Leopoldo Mandic Institute and Research Center, Rua José Rocha Junqueira 13, Ponte Preta, 13045-755, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Vera Cavalcanti de Araújo
- Department of Oral Pathology, São Leopoldo Mandic Institute and Research Center, Rua José Rocha Junqueira 13, Ponte Preta, 13045-755, Campinas, Brazil.
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20
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Chen KL, Liu YH, Li WY, Chen J, Gu YK, Geng QR, Jiang WQ, Huang HQ, Lin TY, Xia ZJ, Cai QQ. The prognostic nutritional index predicts survival for patients with extranodal natural killer/T cell lymphoma, nasal type. Ann Hematol 2015; 94:1389-400. [DOI: 10.1007/s00277-015-2361-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Adamek M, Kawczyk-Krupka A, Mostowy A, Czuba Z, Krol W, Kasperczyk S, Jakobisiak M, Golab J, Sieron A. Topical ALA-PDT modifies neutrophils' chemiluminescence, lymphocytes' interleukin-1beta secretion and serum level of transforming growth factor beta1 in patients with nonmelanoma skin malignancies A clinical study. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2014; 2:65-72. [PMID: 25048558 DOI: 10.1016/s1572-1000(05)00004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2004] [Revised: 01/07/2005] [Accepted: 01/11/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been recognized as a noninvasive therapeutic approach for the effective treatment of tumors. It has been shown in studies conducted on malignant cell lines and various animal tumor models, that the interaction of photosensitizing substances with light leads to the release of cytotoxic substances and stimulates the immune response. PURPOSE The aim of our study was to analyze the immune system response in patients undergoing photodynamic therapy due to basal cell carcinoma (BCC). METHODS Patients with skin malignancies have been treated by 10% delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) (Medac GmbH, Wedel, Germany) topically and light from a diode laser. Blood samples were obtained from each patient twice in the same day: before and 4h after photodynamic treatment procedure. In patients' serum the concentration of transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-β1) was determined. Additionally the study has been conducted on lymphocytes and granulocytes from peripheral blood. In cell culture supernatants the concentration of interleukin 1beta (IL-1β), interleukin 2 (IL-2), interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), the percentile composition of patients' lymphocytes and the chemiluminescence of neutrophils have been measured. RESULTS We have observed a significant increase (p=0.015) in the intensity of the neutrophil chemiluminescence and significant diminution (p=0.006) of IL-1β concentration in supernatants. Similarly the serum level of TGF-β1 has been significantly decreased (p<0.001). CONCLUSION It is very likely that human immune system activity is modified by topical ALA-PDT and may potentially contribute to its final outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Adamek
- Center for Laser Diagnostics and Therapy, Chair and Clinic of Internal Diseases and Physical Medicine, Silesian Medical University, 15 Batory St., PL-41902 Bytom, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Kawczyk-Krupka
- Center for Laser Diagnostics and Therapy, Chair and Clinic of Internal Diseases and Physical Medicine, Silesian Medical University, 15 Batory St., PL-41902 Bytom, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Mostowy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Silesian Medical University, 19 Jordana St., PL-41808 Zabrze-Rokitnica, Poland
| | - Zenon Czuba
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Silesian Medical University, 19 Jordana St., PL-41808 Zabrze-Rokitnica, Poland
| | - Wojciech Krol
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Silesian Medical University, 19 Jordana St., PL-41808 Zabrze-Rokitnica, Poland
| | - Slawomir Kasperczyk
- Department of Biochemistry, Silesian Medical University, 19 Jordana St., PL-41808 Zabrze-Rokitnica, Poland
| | - Marek Jakobisiak
- Department of Immunology, Center of Biostructure Research, The Medical University of Warsaw, Chalubinskiego 5, PL-02004 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Golab
- Department of Immunology, Center of Biostructure Research, The Medical University of Warsaw, Chalubinskiego 5, PL-02004 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksander Sieron
- Center for Laser Diagnostics and Therapy, Chair and Clinic of Internal Diseases and Physical Medicine, Silesian Medical University, 15 Batory St., PL-41902 Bytom, Poland
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22
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Larisch P, Verwanger T, Linecker M, Krammer B. The interrelation between a pro-inflammatory milieu and fluorescence diagnosis or photodynamic therapy of human skin cell lines. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2014; 11:91-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Tanaka N, Kikuchi E, Shirotake S, Kanao K, Matsumoto K, Kobayashi H, Miyazaki Y, Ide H, Obata J, Hoshino K, Hayakawa N, Ito Y, Kosaka T, Kodaira K, Oyama M, Miyajima A, Momma T, Nakagawa K, Ueno M, Oya M. The Predictive Value of C-reactive Protein for Prognosis in Patients with Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma Treated with Radical Nephroureterectomy: A Multi-institutional Study. Eur Urol 2014; 65:227-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2012.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Makuuchi Y, Honda K, Osaka Y, Kato K, Kojima T, Daiko H, Igaki H, Ito Y, Hoshino S, Tachibana S, Watanabe T, Furuta K, Sekine S, Umaki T, Watabe Y, Miura N, Ono M, Tsuchida A, Yamada T. Soluble interleukin-6 receptor is a serum biomarker for the response of esophageal carcinoma to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Cancer Sci 2013; 104:1045-51. [PMID: 23648090 PMCID: PMC7657103 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Preoperative chemoradiotherapy has been shown to improve the outcome of patients with esophageal cancer, but because response to this therapy varies, it is desirable to identify in advance individuals who would be unlikely to benefit, in order to avoid unnecessary adverse drug effects. The serum profiles of 84 cytokines and related proteins were determined in 37 patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma who received identical neoadjuvant preoperative chemoradiotherapy regimens and underwent surgical resection. Histological response to this therapy was assessed in surgically resected specimens. The serum soluble interleukin-6 receptor (sIL6R) level was significantly higher in 30 patients who failed to achieve a histological complete response (P = 0.005). Multivariate analysis revealed that the increased level of sIL6R was one of several significant independent predictors of an unfavorable outcome (hazard ratio, 2.87; P = 0.017). The increased level of this cytokine in patients who did not obtain a complete response was reproducibly observed in an independent cohort of 34 patients. Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients with an increased serum level of sIL6R are predicted to respond poorly to preoperative chemoradiotherapy, therefore, their exclusion from this treatment may be considered. Persistent systemic inflammation is implicated as a possible mechanism of resistance to this therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Makuuchi
- Division of Chemotherapy and Clinical Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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Yun HM, Oh JH, Shim JH, Ban JO, Park KR, Kim JH, Lee DH, Kang JW, Park YH, Yu D, Kim Y, Han SB, Yoon DY, Hong JT. Antitumor activity of IL-32β through the activation of lymphocytes, and the inactivation of NF-κB and STAT3 signals. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e640. [PMID: 23703385 PMCID: PMC3674373 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cytokine and activation of lymphocytes are critical for tumor growth. We investigated whether interleukin (IL)-32β overexpression changes other cytokine levels and activates cytotoxic lymphocyte, and thus modify tumor growth. Herein, IL-32β inhibited B16 melanoma growth in IL-32β-overexpressing transgenic mice (IL-32β mice), and downregulated the expressions of anti-apoptotic proteins (bcl-2, IAP, and XIAP) and cell growth regulatory proteins (Ki-67 antigen (Ki-67) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)), but upregulated the expressions of pro-apoptotic proteins (bax, cleaved caspase-3, and cleaved caspase-9). IL-32β also inhibited colon and prostate tumor growth in athymic nude mice inoculated with IL-32β-transfected SW620 colon or PC3 prostate cancer cells. The forced expression of IL-32β also inhibited cell growth in cultured colon and prostate cancer cells, and these inhibitory effects were abolished by IL-32 small interfering RNA (siRNA). IL-10 levels were elevated, but IL-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels were reduced in the tumor tissues and spleens of IL-32β mice, and athymic nude mice. The number of cytotoxic T (CD8(+)) and natural killer (NK) cells in tumor tissues, spleen, and blood was significantly elevated in IL-32β mice and athymic nude mice inoculated with IL-32β-transfected cancer cells. Constituted activated NF-κB and STAT3 levels were reduced in the tumor tissues of IL-32β mice and athymic nude mice, as well as in IL-32β-transfected cultured cancer cells. These findings suggest that IL-32β inhibits tumor growth by increasing cytotoxic lymphocyte numbers, and by inactivating the NF-κB and STAT3 pathways through changing of cytokine levels in tumor tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-M Yun
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
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In vitro cytokine expression in in situ-like areas of malignant neoplasia. Arch Oral Biol 2013; 58:552-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Revised: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Obata J, Kikuchi E, Tanaka N, Matsumoto K, Hayakawa N, Ide H, Miyajima A, Nakagawa K, Oya M. C-reactive protein: a biomarker of survival in patients with localized upper tract urothelial carcinoma treated with radical nephroureterectomy. Urol Oncol 2012; 31:1725-30. [PMID: 23141922 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2012.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Serum C-reactive protein (CRP) is one particular marker of systemic inflammation, and an elevated CRP level is associated with poor outcome in various malignancies. While the clinical value of CRP levels in upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) has not yet been fully evaluated, we investigated the impact of CRP elevation as a biomarker of patient prognosis in UTUC. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 183 patients who underwent radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) for localized UTUC (pTa-4N0M0) were identified between 1993 and 2009. The associations between the levels of serum CRP and patient outcome were analyzed. RESULTS Thirty-three patients experienced disease recurrence, and 28 died of the disease during the median follow-up period of 39 months. Using the defined cutoff level of CRP >0.5 mg/dl as elevated, preoperative CRP (pre-CRP) levels were elevated in 42 patients (23.0%). Kaplan-Meier curves revealed that subsequent tumor recurrences and worse cancer-specific survival could be significantly predicted in the elevated pre-CRP group. The 5-year recurrence-free survival rate was 63.6% in the elevated pre-CRP group and 83.4% in their counterparts (P < 0.001), and the 5-year cancer-specific survival rate was 64.7% in the elevated pre-CRP group and 84.3% in their counterparts (P = 0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that elevated pre-CRP, in addition to pathologic T stage, was an independent risk factor for subsequent disease recurrence (P = 0.003, hazard ration (HR) = 2.83), and the decrease in cancer-specific survival (P = 0.012, HR = 2.65). In subgroup analysis using patients with pT3 tumors or greater, multivariate analysis also showed that elevated pre-CRP was an independent risk factor for a decrease in both recurrence-free and cancer-specific survival. CONCLUSIONS Pre-CRP level was an independent predictor of patient survival in localized advanced UTUC. Patients with pre-CRP >0.5 mg/dl were strongly predicted to have worse prognostic outcomes following RNU. Due to its low cost and easy accessibility, CRP may be a useful biomarker for localized UTUC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Obata
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Brackett CM, Owczarczak B, Ramsey K, Maier PG, Gollnick SO. IL-6 potentiates tumor resistance to photodynamic therapy (PDT). Lasers Surg Med 2012; 43:676-85. [PMID: 22057495 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.21107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an anticancer modality approved for the treatment of early disease and palliation of late stage disease. PDT of tumors results in the generation of an acute inflammatory response. The extent and duration of the inflammatory response is dependent upon the PDT regimen employed and is characterized by rapid induction of proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6, and activation and mobilization of innate immune cells. The importance of innate immune cells in long-term PDT control of tumor growth has been well defined. In contrast the role of IL-6 in long-term tumor control by PDT is unclear. Previous studies have shown that IL-6 can diminish or have no effect on PDT antitumor efficacy. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS In the current study we used mice deficient for IL-6, Il6(-/-) , to examine the role of IL-6 in activation of antitumor immunity and PDT efficacy by PDT regimens known to enhance antitumor immunity. RESULTS Our studies have shown that elimination of IL-6 had no effect on innate cell mobilization into the treated tumor bed or tumor draining lymph node (TDLN) and did not affect primary antitumor T-cell activation by PDT. However, IL-6 does appear to negatively regulate the generation of antitumor immune memory and PDT efficacy against murine colon and mammary carcinoma models. The inhibition of PDT efficacy by IL-6 appears also to be related to regulation of Bax protein expression. Increased apoptosis was observed following treatment of tumors in Il6(-/-) mice 24 hours following PDT. CONCLUSIONS The development of PDT regimens that enhance antitumor immunity has led to proposals for the use of PDT as an adjuvant treatment. However, our results show that the potential for PDT induced expression of IL-6 to enhance tumor survival following PDT must be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig M Brackett
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA
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Hauge E, Christiansen H, Rosada C, de Darkó E, Dam TN, Stenderup K. Topical valrubicin application reduces skin inflammation in murine models. Br J Dermatol 2012; 167:288-95. [PMID: 22458650 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2012.10964.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Valrubicin is a cytostatic anthracycline analogue, lacking toxicity by skin and tissue contact, and represents a new drug with potential for topical treatment of psoriasis and nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC); the beneficial effects have been partly explained by its antiproliferative and proapoptotic characteristics. OBJECTIVES To assess the effect of valrubicin on skin inflammation as inflammation also plays a key role in psoriasis and NMSC. METHODS The effect of topical valrubicin treatment on skin inflammation in vivo was addressed in skin inflammation mouse models, where 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate was used to induce irritant contact dermatitis. An acute and a chronic model were included, to investigate the effect of valrubicin in short-term inflammation and in more persistent inflammation. Inflammation-associated ear oedema was evaluated by measuring ear thickness, infiltration of neutrophil cells, and expression of inflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6. RESULTS Topical valrubicin treatment effectively reduced the inflammatory response in the acute and the chronic models. CONCLUSIONS The present data document an anti-inflammatory effect of valrubicin, and may suggest an interesting new role for valrubicin in other debilitating skin diseases in which inflammation is a significant factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Hauge
- Department of Dermatology, Aarhus University Hospital, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Cai H, Santiago FS, Prado-Lourenco L, Wang B, Patrikakis M, Davenport MP, Maghzal GJ, Stocker R, Parish CR, Chong BH, Lieschke GJ, Wong TW, Chesterman CN, Francis DJ, Moloney FJ, Barnetson RSC, Halliday GM, Khachigian LM. DNAzyme Targeting c-jun Suppresses Skin Cancer Growth. Sci Transl Med 2012; 4:139ra82. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3003960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Zhang M, Liang L, Morar N, Dixon AL, Lathrop GM, Ding J, Moffatt MF, Cookson WOC, Kraft P, Qureshi AA, Han J. Integrating pathway analysis and genetics of gene expression for genome-wide association study of basal cell carcinoma. Hum Genet 2012; 131:615-23. [PMID: 22006220 PMCID: PMC3303995 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-011-1107-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have primarily focused on marginal effects for individual markers and have incorporated external functional information only after identifying robust statistical associations. We applied a new approach combining the genetics of gene expression and functional classification of genes to the GWAS of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) to identify potential biological pathways associated with BCC. We first identified 322,324 expression-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (eSNPs) from two existing GWASs of global gene expression in lymphoblastoid cell lines (n = 955), and evaluated the association of these functionally annotated SNPs with BCC among 2,045 BCC cases and 6,013 controls in Caucasians. We then grouped them into 99 KEGG pathways for pathway analysis and identified two pathways associated with BCC with p value <0.05 and false discovery rate (FDR) <0.5: the autoimmune thyroid disease pathway (mainly HLA class I and II antigens, p < 0.001, FDR = 0.24) and Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) signaling pathway (p = 0.02, FDR = 0.49). Seventy-nine (25.7%) out of 307 significant eSNPs in the JAK-STAT pathway were associated with BCC risk (p < 0.05) in an independent replication set of 278 BCC cases and 1,262 controls. In addition, the association of JAK-STAT signaling pathway was marginally validated using 16,691 eSNPs identified from 110 normal skin samples (p = 0.08). Based on the evidence of biological functions of the JAK-STAT pathway on oncogenesis, it is plausible that this pathway is involved in BCC pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingfeng Zhang
- Clinical Research Program, Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Cancer Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liming Liang
- Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nilesh Morar
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Anna L Dixon
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Jun Ding
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Miriam F Moffatt
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Peter Kraft
- Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Abrar A. Qureshi
- Clinical Research Program, Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jiali Han
- Clinical Research Program, Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Pinato DJ, North BV, Sharma R. A novel, externally validated inflammation-based prognostic algorithm in hepatocellular carcinoma: the prognostic nutritional index (PNI). Br J Cancer 2012; 106:1439-45. [PMID: 22433965 PMCID: PMC3326674 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2012.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: There is increasing evidence that the presence of an ongoing systemic inflammatory response is a stage-independent predictor of poor outcome in patients with cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate whether an inflammation-based prognostic score, the prognostic nutritional index (PNI), is associated with overall survival (OS) in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods: All patients with a new diagnosis of HCC presenting to the Medical Oncology Department, Hammersmith Hospital between 1993 and 2011 (n=112) were included. Demographic and clinical data were collected. Patients in whom the combined albumin (g l−1) × total lymphocyte count × 109 l−1 was ⩾45, at presentation, were allocated a PNI score of 0. Patients in whom this total score was <45 were allocated a score of 1. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify clinicopathological variables associated with OS. Independent predictors of survival identified on multivariate analysis were validated in an independent, stage-matched cohort of 68 patients. Results: Univariate analyses showed that PNI (P=0.003), intrahepatic spread (P<0.001), the presence of extrahepatic disease (P=0.006), portal vein thrombosis (P=0.02), tumour multifocality (P=0.003), alfa-fetoprotein >400 ng ml−1 (P<0.001) and Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer score (P<0.01) were all predictors of OS in the training set. Multivariate analysis revealed the PNI (P=0.05), presence of extrahepatic disease (P<0.001) and degree of intrahepatic spread (P<0.001) as independent predictors of worse OS in this population. The PNI retained independent prognostic value in the validation set (P<0.001). Conclusion: The presence of a systemic inflammatory response, as measured by the PNI, is an independent and externally validated predictor of poor OS in patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Pinato
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, UK
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Arecoline decreases interleukin-6 production and induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in human basal cell carcinoma cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 258:199-207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Revised: 10/30/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Abstract
Several studies have shown physiological functions of interleukin (IL)-32, a novel cytokine. However, the role of IL-32 in cancer development has not been reported. In this study, we showed that IL-32γ inhibited tumor growth in IL-32γ-overexpressing transgenic mice inoculated with melanoma as well as colon tumor growth in xenograft nude mice inoculated with IL-32γ-transfected colon cancer cells (SW620). The inhibitory effect of IL-32γ on tumor growth was associated with the inhibition of constitutive activated nuclear transcription factor-κB (NF-κB) and of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). The expression of antiapoptotic, cell proliferation and tumor-promoting genes (bcl-2, X-chromosome inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP), cellular IAP and cellular FADD-like IL-1β-converting enzyme-inhibitory protein, cyclin D), cyclin-dependent kinase 4, cycolooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase was decreased, whereas the expression of apoptotic target genes (caspase-3 and -9, bax) increased. In tumor, spleen and blood, the number of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and CD57+ natural killer cells and the levels of IL-10 increased, but that of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-1β and IL-6 decreased. We also found that forced overexpression of IL-32γ inhibited colon cancer cell (SW620 and HCT116) growth accompanied with the inhibition of activated NF-κB and STAT3 in vitro. In addition, when IL-32γ was knocked down by small interfering RNA (siRNA) or neutralized with an anti-IL-32γ antibody, IL-32γ-induced colon cancer cell growth inhibition, the IL-32γ-induced decrease of TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-6 production, and the increase of IL-10 production were abolished. However, siRNA of NF-κB and STAT3 augmented IL-32γ-induced colon cancer cell growth inhibition. These findings indicate significant pathophysiological roles of IL-32γ in cancer development.
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Yoshida H, Hashizume M, Suzuki M, Mihara M. Anti-IL-6 receptor antibody suppressed T cell activation by inhibiting IL-2 production and inducing regulatory T cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 634:178-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2009] [Revised: 01/29/2010] [Accepted: 02/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Perry KA, Enestvedt CK, Hosack LW, Pham TH, Diggs BS, Teh S, Orloff S, Winn S, Hunter JG, Sheppard BC. Increased vascular endothelial growth factor transcription in residual hepatocellular carcinoma after open versus laparoscopic hepatectomy in a small animal model. Surg Endosc 2009; 24:1151-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00464-009-0742-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2009] [Accepted: 10/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Kundu S, Sengupta S, Chatterjee S, Mitra S, Bhattacharyya A. Cadmium induces lung inflammation independent of lung cell proliferation: a molecular approach. J Inflamm (Lond) 2009; 6:19. [PMID: 19523218 PMCID: PMC2702298 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-6-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2008] [Accepted: 06/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cadmium is one of the inflammation-related xenobiotics and has been regarded as a potent carcinogen. The relationship between inflammation and cell proliferation due to chronic infection has been studied, but the mechanism is not fully clear. Though the mode of cadmium toxicity is well characterized in animal cells, still it requires some further investigations. Previously we reported that cadmium induces immune cell death in Swiss albino mice. In the present study we showed that instead of inducing cell death mechanism, cadmium in low concentration triggers proliferation in mice lung cell and our results reveals that prior to the induction of proliferation it causes severe inflammation. METHODS Swiss albino mice were treated with different concentrations of cadmium to determine the LD50. Mice were subdivided (5 mice each) according to the exposure period (15, 30, 45, 60 days) and were given sub lethal dose (5 mg/Kg body weight) of cadmium chloride and ibuprofen (50 mg/Kg body weight, recommended dose) once in a week. SEM and histology were performed as evidence of changes in cellular morphology. Inflammation was measured by the expression of Cox-2 and MMPs. Expression of proinflammatory cytokines (Cox-2, IL-6), signaling and cell cycle regulatory molecules (STAT3, Akt, CyclinD1) were measured by western blot, ELISA and immunoprecipitation. Mutagenecity was evidenced by comet assay. Cell proliferation was determined by cell count, cell cycle and DNA analysis. RESULTS Prolonged exposure of low concentration of cadmium resulted in up regulation of proinflammatory cytokines and cell cycle regulatory molecules. Though NSAIDs like Ibuprofen reduces the expression of inflammatory cytokines, but it did not show any inhibitory effect on cadmium adopted lung cell proliferation. CONCLUSION Our results prove that cadmium causes both inflammation and cell proliferation when applied in a low dose but proliferative changes occur independent of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhadip Kundu
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Kalyani, West Bengal-741235, India
| | - Suman Sengupta
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Kalyani, West Bengal-741235, India
| | - Soumya Chatterjee
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Kalyani, West Bengal-741235, India
| | - Soham Mitra
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Kalyani, West Bengal-741235, India
| | - Arindam Bhattacharyya
- Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygange Circular Road, Kolkta-700019, India
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Kalyani, West Bengal-741235, India
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Modification of alternative splicing of Mcl-1 pre-mRNA using antisense morpholino oligonucleotides induces apoptosis in basal cell carcinoma cells. J Invest Dermatol 2009; 129:2497-506. [PMID: 19369967 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2009.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Myeloid cell leukemia-1 (Mcl-1, Mcl-1L) is an anti-apoptotic protein of the Bcl-2 family that acts as a critical molecule in apoptosis control. Mcl-1 pre-mRNA can undergo alternative splicing to yield the short isoform, Mcl-1S, which resembles BH3-only pro-apoptotic proteins and induces apoptosis. Overexpression of Mcl-1 may play a role in various human tumors, and Mcl-1 may serve as a target in cancer therapy. In this study, we found an imbalance between the expression levels of Mcl-1L and Mcl-1S in the skin basal cell carcinoma (BCC) cell line when compared with primary keratinocytes. We showed that overexpression of Mcl-1S induces apoptosis in BCC cells. Finally, we showed that Mcl-1 antisense morpholino oligonucleotides (AMOs) can specifically target Mcl-1 pre-mRNA and shift the splicing pattern from Mcl-1L to Mcl-1S mRNA and protein. This shift increases the level of pro-apoptotic Mcl-1S and reduces the level of anti-apoptotic Mcl-1L, which induces apoptosis in BCC cells and AGS cells, a human gastric adenocarcinoma epithelial cell line. Thus, this report provides a strategy for cancer therapy in which AMOs change the alternative splicing pattern of Mcl-1 pre-mRNA and thereby induce apoptosis.
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Melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancers and the immune system. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2009; 624:187-202. [PMID: 18348457 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-77574-6_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Reeve VE, Tyrrell RM, Allanson M, Domanski D, Blyth L. The role of interleukin-6 in UVA protection against UVB-induced immunosuppression. J Invest Dermatol 2008; 129:1539-46. [PMID: 19110542 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2008.377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 is released in the skin following UVB irradiation, but its potential for photoimmune modulation remains unclear. This study utilizes IL-6-deficient mice to demonstrate that IL-6 does not contribute to the normal contact hypersensitivity response, nor to its systemic suppression by UVB radiation or cis-urocanic acid. In contrast, IL-6 was required for the attenuation of UVB- or cis-urocanic acid-induced immunosuppression by sequential or concomitant UVA irradiation. The IL-6 was essential for several reactions previously established to be relevant for UVA photoimmune protection, namely the induction of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), the activity of its product carbon monoxide in activating guanylyl cyclase, and the consequent elevation of cutaneous cyclic guanosine monophosphate concentration. In addition, IL-6-deficient mouse skin had an elevated constitutive overexpression of HO activity, apparently not associated with photoimmune protection. This suggested that both the cutaneous level of HO activity, and the receptiveness of the HO-1 gene to stressors like UVA, normally controlled by promoter-binding repressor proteins, may also be under IL-6 control. Thus IL-6 has an important photoimmune protective function through interaction at several levels in the pathway determining the immunologically advantageous actions of UVA radiation. This may constitute a valuable endogenous antiphotocarcinogenic regulatory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivienne E Reeve
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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Lamb GW, McArdle PA, Ramsey S, McNichol AM, Edwards J, Aitchison M, McMillan DC. The relationship between the local and systemic inflammatory responses and survival in patients undergoing resection for localized renal cancer. BJU Int 2008; 102:756-61. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2008.07666.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Cheng YW, Lee H, Shiau MY, Wu TC, Huang TT, Chang YH. Human Papillomavirus Type 16/18 Up-Regulates the Expression of Interleukin-6 and Antiapoptotic Mcl-1 in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:4705-12. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-4675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abe H, Yamanishi T, Mashidori T, Arai K, Kamai T. Significant association of interleukin 10 receptor mRNA levels with renal cell carcinoma metastasis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 29:19-25. [PMID: 18344594 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.29.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Immunosuppressive cytokine, interleukin 10 (IL-10), is associated with progression of the renal cell carcinoma (RCC). However, the roles of its cell surface receptor, interleukin 10 receptor (IL-10R), remain elusive. We quantified IL-10R mRNA expression in paired tumor and non-tumor samples from the surgical specimens of 71 consecutive patients with RCC using a real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The absolute level of IL-10R mRNAs in tumor and non-tumor tissues did not correlate with the malignant and metastatic profiles. The relative yields of the PCR product from the tumor tissue to that from the corresponding non-tumor tissue (T/N) for the expression of IL-10R mRNAs were calculated. A high T/N ratio of IL-10R correlated with poor differentiation (P < 0.001) and metastasis (P < 0.0001). By univariate analysis, a high T/N ratio of IL-10R predicted a shortened overall survival in all cases (P < 0.01). These findings suggest that IL-10R is associated with the progression of RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Abe
- Department of Urology, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
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Ancrile BB, O'Hayer KM, Counter CM. Oncogenic ras-induced expression of cytokines: a new target of anti-cancer therapeutics. Mol Interv 2008; 8:22-7. [PMID: 18332481 DOI: 10.1124/mi.8.1.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The Ras family of small guanosine triphosphatases normally transmit signals from cell surface receptors to the interior of the cell. Stimulation of cell surface receptors leads to the activation of guanine exchange factors, which, in turn, convert Ras from an inactive GDP-bound state to an active GTP-bound state. However, in one third of human cancers, RAS is mutated and remains in the constitutively active GTP-bound state. In this oncogenic state, RAS activates a constellation of signaling that is known to promote tumorigenesis. One consequence of this oncogenic RAS signal in cancer cells is the upregulation of the cytokines interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and chemokine growth-regulated oncogene 1 (GRO-1). We review the evidence supporting a role for these cytokines in oncogenic RAS-driven solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke B Ancrile
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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Pazos MDC, Nader HB. Effect of photodynamic therapy on the extracellular matrix and associated components. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 40:1025-35. [PMID: 17665038 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2006005000142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2007] [Accepted: 05/11/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In many countries, photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been recognized as a standard treatment for malignant conditions (for example, esophageal and lung cancers) and non-malignant ones such as age-related macular degeneration and actinic keratoses. The administration of a non-toxic photosensitizer, its selective retention in highly proliferating cells and the later activation of this molecule by light to form reactive oxygen species that cause cell death is the principle of PDT. Three important mechanisms are responsible for the PDT effectiveness: a) direct tumor cell kill; b) damage of the tumor vasculature; c) post-treatment immunological response associated with the leukocyte stimulation and release of many inflammatory mediators like cytokines, growth factors, components of the complement system, acute phase proteins, and other immunoregulators. Due to the potential applications of this therapy, many studies have been reported regarding the effect of the treatment on cell survival/death, cell proliferation, matrix assembly, proteases and inhibitors, among others. Studies have demonstrated that PDT alters the extracellular matrix profoundly. For example, PDT induces collagen matrix changes, including cross-linking. The extracellular matrix is vital for tissue organization in multicellular organisms. In cooperation with growth factors and cytokines, it provides cells with key signals in a variety of physiological and pathological processes, for example, adhesion/migration and cell proliferation/differentiation/death. Thus, the focus of the present paper is related to the effects of PDT observed on the extracellular matrix and on the molecules associated with it, such as, adhesion molecules, matrix metalloproteinases, growth factors, and immunological mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- M d C Pazos
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Três de Maio 100, 04044-020 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Targeting the Tumor Microenvironment (Stroma) for Treatment of Metastasis. Angiogenesis 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-71518-6_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Sharma R, Hook J, Kumar M, Gabra H. Evaluation of an inflammation-based prognostic score in patients with advanced ovarian cancer. Eur J Cancer 2007; 44:251-6. [PMID: 18155897 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2007.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2007] [Revised: 11/07/2007] [Accepted: 11/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is increasing evidence that the presence of an ongoing systemic inflammatory response is associated with poor outcome in patients with advanced cancer. The aim of this study was to validate whether an inflammation-based prognostic score (Glasgow Prognostic Score, GPS) is associated with survival in patients with advanced stage (stage III/IV) ovarian cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS An audit was conducted of patients with a new diagnosis of stage III or IV ovarian cancer presenting to the West London Gynae-Oncology Centre between October 2003 and June 2006 (n=154). The GPS was constructed as follows: Patients with both an elevated C-reactive protein (>10 mg/l) and hypoalbuminaemia (<35 g/l) were allocated a score of 2. Patients in whom only one or none of these biochemical abnormalities was present were allocated a score of 1 or 0, respectively. RESULTS On univariate analysis GPS, histological type, ALP, performance status, primary surgery and ascites were predictors of overall survival. On multivariate a high GPS score, non-serous histology, high ALP and no initial surgery were independent predictors of worse overall survival in this population. CONCLUSIONS The presence of a systemic inflammatory response, as measured by the GPS, is an independent predictor of poor overall survival in patients with advanced ovarian cancer independent of treatment received.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohini Sharma
- Department of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) of solid tumours causes tissue damage that elicits local and systemic inflammation with major involvement of interleukin-6 (IL-6). We have previously reported that PDT-treated cells lose responsiveness to IL-6 cytokines. Therefore, it is unclear whether PDT surviving tumour cells are subject to regulation by IL-6 and whether this regulation could contribute to tumour control by PDT. We demonstrate in epithelial tumour cells that while the action of IL-6 cytokines through their membrane receptors is attenuated, regulation by IL-6 via trans-signalling is established. Soluble interleukin-6 receptor-α (IL-6Rα) (sIL-6Rα) and IL-6 were released by leucocytes in the presence of conditioned medium from PDT-treated tumour cells. Cells that had lost their membrane receptor IL-6Rα due to PDT responded to treatment with the IL-6R–IL-6 complex (Hyper-IL-6) with activation of signal transducers and activator of transcription (STAT3) and ERK. Photodynamic therapy-treated cells, which were maintained during post-PDT recovery in presence of IL-6 or Hyper-IL-6, showed an enhanced suppression of proliferation. Cytokine-dependent inhibition of proliferation correlated with a decrease in cyclin E, CDK2 and Cdc25A, and enhancement of p27kip1 and hypophosphorylated Rb. The IL-6 trans-signalling-mediated attenuation of cell proliferation was also effective in vivo detectable by an improved Colon26 tumour cure by PDT combined with Hyper-IL-6 treatment. Prevention of IL-6 trans-signalling using soluble gp130 reduced curability. The data suggest that the post-PDT tumour milieu contains the necessary components to establish effective IL-6 trans-signalling, thus providing a means for more effective tumour control.
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