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Lulić L, Jakovčević A, Kovačić I, Manojlović L, Dediol E, Skelin J, Tomaić V. HPV16 Impacts NHERF2 Expression in Oropharyngeal Cancers. Pathogens 2023; 12:1013. [PMID: 37623973 PMCID: PMC10459660 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12081013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with human papillomaviruses (HPVs), in particular with HPV type 16, is now considered to be a key risk factor for the development of a subset of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (OPSCC) that show different epidemiological, clinical, and prognostic characteristics from HPV-negative (HPV-) OPSCCs. So far, extensive research efforts aiming to distinguish these two distinct entities have not identified specific biomarkers, nor led to different therapies. Previous research has shown that HPV16 E6 oncoprotein binds NHERF2, inducing its proteasomal degradation, and consequently increasing cell proliferation; we therefore aimed to investigate how this might be reflected in human histological samples. We analyzed NHERF2 expression patterns in HPV16-positive (HPV16+) and HPV- OPSCC samples, to investigate any potential differences in NHERF2 pattern. Interestingly, we observed a statistically significant decrease in NHERF2 levels in HPV16+ and poorly differentiated HPV- OPSCCs, compared with healthy tissue. Furthermore, we observed a significant reduction in the percentage of NHERF2 immunoreactive cancer cells in HPV16+ tumors, compared with well and moderately differentiated HPV- OPSCCs, suggesting the importance of 16E6's targeting of NHERF2 in HPV-driven oncogenesis in the head and neck area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucija Lulić
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Antonia Jakovčević
- Clinical Department of Pathology and Cytology, University Hospital Center Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Iva Kovačić
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Luka Manojlović
- Department of Pathology and Cytology, University Hospital Dubrava, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Emil Dediol
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Dubrava, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Josipa Skelin
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vjekoslav Tomaić
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Oz ZS, Barut F, Kokturk F, Gun BD. The Structural Profile of HPV 18 in Terms of Chromosomal and Nuclear Degenerative Changes and the Ratio of Nucleus/Cytoplasm on Liquid based Cervical Cells. J Cytol 2023; 40:133-139. [PMID: 37745810 PMCID: PMC10516153 DOI: 10.4103/joc.joc_72_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background HPV 18 is one of the important oncogenic types. HPV 18 is generally evaluated together with HPV 16 and/or high-risk HPV types in light microscopic studies. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of only HPV 18 on the nucleus/cytoplasm ratio, and chromosomal and nuclear degenerative changes in liquid-based samples. Materials and Methods Eighty liquid-based cervical samples were used in this retrospective study. These smears were prepared by HPV Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) detection and genotyping with the Cobas 4800 HPV system. Forty HPV 18 infected and forty smears with no infection agent were evaluated for chromosomal (nuclear budding, micronuclei), nuclear degenerative changes (membrane irregularity, nuclear enlargement, hyperchromasia, abnormal chromatin distribution, binucleation (BN), karyorrhexis (KR), karyolysis (KL), karyopyknosis (KP)), and cytologic findings (koilocyte (KC), cells with perinuclear PR) using light microscopy. Cellular diameters were evaluated using image analysis software. Statistical analysis was performed with Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 19.0. p values < .05 were considered significant. Results The statistically significant difference between the presence of HPV 18 and karyorrectic cell, KC, nuclear membrane irregularity, enlargement, the mean nuclear width and height (p < 0.05). No cellular changes other than those mentioned were observed. Conclusions The present study is significant in that, it reveals the relationship between only and particularly HPV 18 and nucleus/cytoplasm ratio, and chromosomal and nuclear degenerative changes in liquid-based cytology. HPV 18 affects KR, koilocytosis, nuclear membrane irregularity, enlargement, and nuclear diameters. Light microscopic analysis of these abnormalities increases the sensitivity and specificity of cytology in the evaluation of cellular pictures due to HPV 18.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehra Safi Oz
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Türkiye
| | - Figen Barut
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Türkiye
| | - Furuzan Kokturk
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Türkiye
| | - Banu Dogan Gun
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Türkiye
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Araujo-Arcos LE, Montaño S, Bello-Rios C, Garibay-Cerdenares OL, Leyva-Vázquez MA, Illades-Aguiar B. Molecular insights into the interaction of HPV-16 E6 variants against MAGI-1 PDZ1 domain. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1898. [PMID: 35115618 PMCID: PMC8814009 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05995-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic protein E6 from Human Papilloma Virus 16 (HPV-16) mediates the degradation of Membrane-associated guanylate kinase with inverted domain structure-1 (MAGI-1), throughout the interaction of its protein binding motif (PBM) with the Discs-large homologous regions 1 (PDZ1) domain of MAG1-1. Generic variation in the E6 gene that translates to changes in the protein’s amino acidic sequence modifies the interaction of E6 with the cellular protein MAGI-1. MAGI-1 is a scaffolding protein found at tight junctions of epithelial cells, where it interacts with a variety of proteins regulating signaling pathways. MAGI-1 is a multidomain protein containing two WW (rsp-domain-9), one guanylate kinase-like, and six PDZ domains. PDZ domains played an important role in the function of MAGI-1 and served as targets for several viral proteins including the HPV-16 E6. The aim of this work was to evaluate, with an in silico approach, employing molecular dynamics simulation and protein–protein docking, the interaction of the intragenic variants E-G350 (L83V), E-C188/G350 (E29Q/L83V), E-A176/G350 (D25N/L83V), E6-AAa (Q14H/H78Y/83V) y E6-AAc (Q14H/I27RH78Y/L83V) and E6-reference of HPV-16 with MAGI-1. We found that variants E-G350, E-C188/G350, E-A176/G350, AAa and AAc increase their affinity to our two models of MAGI-1 compared to E6-reference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Esmeralda Araujo-Arcos
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autonóma de Guerrero, 39090, Chilpancingo, CP, México
| | - Sarita Montaño
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Simulación Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, 80030, Culiacán Sinaloa, CP, México.
| | - Ciresthel Bello-Rios
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autonóma de Guerrero, 39090, Chilpancingo, CP, México
| | - Olga Lilia Garibay-Cerdenares
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autonóma de Guerrero, 39090, Chilpancingo, CP, México.,CONACyT-Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, 39087, Chilpancingo, CP, México
| | - Marco Antonio Leyva-Vázquez
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autonóma de Guerrero, 39090, Chilpancingo, CP, México
| | - Berenice Illades-Aguiar
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autonóma de Guerrero, 39090, Chilpancingo, CP, México.
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He J, Li Q, Ma S, Li T, Chen Y, Liu Y, Cui Y, Peng J, Shi Y, Wei X, Ding X. The polymorphism analysis and epitope predicted of Alphapapillomavirus 9 E6 in Sichuan, China. Virol J 2022; 19:14. [PMID: 35057815 PMCID: PMC8772103 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01728-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Alphapapillomavirus 9 (α-9 HPV) is a member of the Alphapapillomavirus genus and Papillomaviridae family. These viruses are almost all carcinogenic HPV, which is closely related to 75% of invasive cervical cancer worldwide, and has a high prevalence in Sichuan. The carcinogenic function is mainly realized by its E6 oncoprotein. Methods Cell samples were collected by cervical scraped for HPV detecting and typing.
HPV-16, HPV-31, HPV-33, HPV-52, HPV-58 5 α-9 genus HPV subtype positive samples were selected, their E6 gene was sequenced and analyzed. The positive selection sites of HPV E6 genes were estimated by PAML 4.8 server. The secondary and tertiary structure of E6 protein were predicted by PSIPred and Swiss-model. The T-cell antigen epitopes of E6 protein were predicted by IEDB. Results α-9 HPV has a high prevalence in Sichuan, China. From 2012 to 2017, 18,067 cell cervical samples were collected, and 3135 were detected with α-9 HPV infection. Among which, 250 cases HPV-16 E6, 96 cases HPV-31 E6, 216 cases HPV-33 E6, 288 cases HPV-52 E6 and 405 cases HPV-58 E6 were successfully amplified, 17, 6, 6, 13, and 4 non-synonymous nucleotide mutations were respectively detected in HPV-16, 31, 33, 52, and 58 E6, 7 positive selection sites of α-9 HPV E6 were selected out (D32E of HPV-16 E6, K35N, K93N and R145I of HPV-33 E6, K93R of HPV-52 E6, K93N and R145K of HPV-58 E6). The structure and antigen epitopes of E6 protein with amino acid substitution differ from those of wild-type E6 protein, especially for the mutation located in the E6 positive selection site. Conclusions HPV E6 nucleotide non-synonymous mutation in the positive selection site influence the protein structure and decrease the antigen epitopes affinity of the E6 protein overall, making it more difficult for the HPV-infected cells to be detected by the immune system, and enhancing the HPV adaptability to the environment. Mutations influence the validity of HPV clinical diagnostic probes, the polymorphism analysis of α-9 HPV E6 enrich the data of HR-risk HPV in Sichuan China, and the detection probes designed with the polymorphism data in mind can improve the efficiency of clinical detection; Mutations influence epitopes affinity, the association of E6 polymorphism and epitope affinity can improve the design of therapeutic vaccine with good immunity and high generality antigen epitope; The above study all provide a good theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of HPV-related diseases. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12985-021-01728-4.
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He J, Li Q, Hu C, Peng J, Ma S, Song Z, Liu Y, Cui Y, Deng J, Wei X, Ding X. Human papillomavirus 68 prevalence and genetic variability based on E6/E7 genes in Sichuan. Virology 2021; 567:15-25. [PMID: 34942562 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
HPV68 is a common HR-HPV, its persistent infection is closely related with the occurrence of cervical cancer. In this study, 2939 (27.60%, 2939/10650) positive samples were detected, and 174 (5.92%, 174/2939) were HPV68. 150 HPV68 E6-E7 were successful sequenced, 4 non-synonymous mutations were detected in E6, and E7 were 12. N133S non-synonymous mutations of HPV 68 E6 and C67G, T68 A/M of HPV68 E7 are E6, E7 positive selection sites, they all located in the key domains and major motifs of E6/E7 protein, the above amino-acid substitutions changed the protein structure, disturbed the interaction with other protein or cellular factors and make a difference in epitopes affinity, may affect the pathogenicity and adaptability of HPV68 to the environment. The enrichment of HPV68 data is of great significance for understanding the inherent geographical and biological differences of HPV68 in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaoyu He
- College of Phamaceutical Sciences , Southwest University, Chongqing, 400000, PR China; Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, PR China; Chongqing Nanchuan Biotechnology Research Institute, Bio-resource Research and Utilization Joint Key Laboratory of Sichuan and Chongqing, Sichuan and Chongqing, PR China; Xindu District People's Hospital of Chengdu, Department of Medical Laboratory, PR China.
| | - Qiufu Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, PR China; Chongqing Nanchuan Biotechnology Research Institute, Bio-resource Research and Utilization Joint Key Laboratory of Sichuan and Chongqing, Sichuan and Chongqing, PR China.
| | - Changhua Hu
- College of Phamaceutical Sciences , Southwest University, Chongqing, 400000, PR China.
| | - Jianying Peng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, PR China; Chongqing Nanchuan Biotechnology Research Institute, Bio-resource Research and Utilization Joint Key Laboratory of Sichuan and Chongqing, Sichuan and Chongqing, PR China.
| | - Shiyu Ma
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, PR China; Chongqing Nanchuan Biotechnology Research Institute, Bio-resource Research and Utilization Joint Key Laboratory of Sichuan and Chongqing, Sichuan and Chongqing, PR China.
| | - Zhilin Song
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, PR China; Chongqing Nanchuan Biotechnology Research Institute, Bio-resource Research and Utilization Joint Key Laboratory of Sichuan and Chongqing, Sichuan and Chongqing, PR China.
| | - Yiran Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, PR China; Chongqing Nanchuan Biotechnology Research Institute, Bio-resource Research and Utilization Joint Key Laboratory of Sichuan and Chongqing, Sichuan and Chongqing, PR China.
| | - Yanru Cui
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, PR China; Chongqing Nanchuan Biotechnology Research Institute, Bio-resource Research and Utilization Joint Key Laboratory of Sichuan and Chongqing, Sichuan and Chongqing, PR China.
| | - Junhang Deng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, PR China; Chongqing Nanchuan Biotechnology Research Institute, Bio-resource Research and Utilization Joint Key Laboratory of Sichuan and Chongqing, Sichuan and Chongqing, PR China.
| | - Xia Wei
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, PR China; Chongqing Nanchuan Biotechnology Research Institute, Bio-resource Research and Utilization Joint Key Laboratory of Sichuan and Chongqing, Sichuan and Chongqing, PR China.
| | - Xianping Ding
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, PR China; Chongqing Nanchuan Biotechnology Research Institute, Bio-resource Research and Utilization Joint Key Laboratory of Sichuan and Chongqing, Sichuan and Chongqing, PR China.
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Thomas M, Banks L. The biology of papillomavirus PDZ associations: what do they offer papillomaviruses? Curr Opin Virol 2021; 51:119-126. [PMID: 34655911 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The high-risk α-type papillomaviruses have a C-terminal PDZ-binding motif (PBM) on one of the two major oncoproteins E6 or E7; the vast majority on E6. The PBM is essential for the high-risk HPV life cycle, for episomal maintenance of the virus genome, and for maintaining the mitotic stability of the infected cell. The question is why only these viruses have PBMs - are there specific constraints imposed by the mucosal epithelium in which these viruses replicate? However the low-risk α-HPVs, such as HPV-6 and HPV-11 replicate extremely efficiently without a PBM, while viruses of the alpha8 group, such as HPV-40, replicate well with a very primitive PBM. So what does PDZ-binding capacity contribute to the fitness of the virus?
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda Thomas
- ICGEB, AREA Science Park, Padriciano 99, 34149, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Lawrence Banks
- ICGEB, AREA Science Park, Padriciano 99, 34149, Trieste, Italy
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Kotelevets L, Chastre E. A New Story of the Three Magi: Scaffolding Proteins and lncRNA Suppressors of Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4264. [PMID: 34503076 PMCID: PMC8428372 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Scaffolding molecules exert a critical role in orchestrating cellular response through the spatiotemporal assembly of effector proteins as signalosomes. By increasing the efficiency and selectivity of intracellular signaling, these molecules can exert (anti/pro)oncogenic activities. As an archetype of scaffolding proteins with tumor suppressor property, the present review focuses on MAGI1, 2, and 3 (membrane-associated guanylate kinase inverted), a subgroup of the MAGUK protein family, that mediate networks involving receptors, junctional complexes, signaling molecules, and the cytoskeleton. MAGI1, 2, and 3 are comprised of 6 PDZ domains, 2 WW domains, and 1 GUK domain. These 9 protein binding modules allow selective interactions with a wide range of effectors, including the PTEN tumor suppressor, the β-catenin and YAP1 proto-oncogenes, and the regulation of the PI3K/AKT, the Wnt, and the Hippo signaling pathways. The frequent downmodulation of MAGIs in various human malignancies makes these scaffolding molecules and their ligands putative therapeutic targets. Interestingly, MAGI1 and MAGI2 genetic loci generate a series of long non-coding RNAs that act as a tumor promoter or suppressor in a tissue-dependent manner, by selectively sponging some miRNAs or by regulating epigenetic processes. Here, we discuss the different paths followed by the three MAGIs to control carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Kotelevets
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), 75012 Paris, France
| | - Eric Chastre
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), 75012 Paris, France
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Vats A, Trejo-Cerro O, Thomas M, Banks L. Human papillomavirus E6 and E7: What remains? Tumour Virus Res 2021; 11:200213. [PMID: 33716206 PMCID: PMC7972986 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvr.2021.200213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Decades of research on the human papillomavirus oncogenes, E6 and E7, have given us huge amounts of data on their expression, functions and structures. We know much about the very many cellular proteins and pathways that they influence in one way or another. However, much of this information is quite discrete, referring to one activity examined under one condition. It is now time to join the dots to try to understand a larger picture: how, where and when do all these interactions occur... and why? Examining these questions will also show how many of the yet obscure cellular processes work together for cellular and tissue homeostasis in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arushi Vats
- Tumour Virology Group, ICGEB, AREA Science Park, Trieste, 34149, Italy
| | - Oscar Trejo-Cerro
- Tumour Virology Group, ICGEB, AREA Science Park, Trieste, 34149, Italy
| | - Miranda Thomas
- Tumour Virology Group, ICGEB, AREA Science Park, Trieste, 34149, Italy.
| | - Lawrence Banks
- Tumour Virology Group, ICGEB, AREA Science Park, Trieste, 34149, Italy
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He J, Li T, Wang Y, Song Z, Li Q, Liu Y, Cui Y, Ma S, Deng J, Wei X, Ding X. Genetic variability of human papillomavirus type 39 based on E6, E7 and L1 genes in Southwest China. Virol J 2021; 18:72. [PMID: 33832494 PMCID: PMC8027298 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01528-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human papillomavirus type 39 associated with genital intraepithelial neoplasia and invasive cancers, has a high prevalence in Southwest China. HPV E6, E7 are two main papillomavirus oncoproteins, closely relate to the function of HPV immortalization, cell transformation, and carcinogenesis. L1 is the major capsid protein, can reflect the replication status of the virus in cells and the progression of cervical lesions. The purpose of this study is to reveal the prevalence of HPV 39 and the genetic polymorphisms of HPV39 based on E6, E7 and L1 gene in southwest China. Methods Cell samples were collected by cervical scraped for HPV detecting and typing, and HPV39 positive samples were selected out. Important E6, E7 and L1 genes of HPV39 were sequenced and analyzed for the study of HPV39 genetic polymorphisms. Phylogenetic trees were constructed by Maximum-likelihood and Kimura 2-parameters methods in Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 6.0. The selection pressures of E6, E7 and L1 genes were estimated by Datamonkey web server. The secondary and three-dimensional structure of HPV39 E6, E7 proteins were created by sopma server and SWISS-MODEL software.
Results 344 HPV39 positive samples were selected from 5718 HPV positive cell samples. Among HPV39 E6-E7 sequences, 20 single nucleotide mutations were detected, including 10 non-synonymous and 10 synonymous mutations; 26 single nucleotide mutations were detected in HPV39 L1 sequences, including 7 non-synonymous and 19 synonymous mutations respectively. 11 novel variants of HPV39 E6-E7 (5 in E6 and 6 in E7) and 14 novel variants of HPV39 L1 were identified in this study. A-branch was the most frequent HPV39 lineage in southwest China during our investigation. Selective pressure analysis showed that codon sites 26, 87, 151 in E6 and 75, 180, 222, 272, 284, 346, 356 in L1 were positively selected sites, as well as codon sites 45, 138, 309, 381 were negative selection sites in L1 gene, E7 has neither positive selection sites nor negative selection sites. A certain degree of secondary and three-dimensional structure dislocation was existed due to the non-synonymous mutations. Conclusions Amino acid substitution affected the secondary and three-dimensional structure of HPV39, and resulting in the differences of carcinogenic potential and biological functions as well as the immune response due to the antigen epitopes difference, the antigen epitopes with stronger adaptability in Southwest will be screened out based on the above research results for the later vaccine development. And gene polymorphism of HPV39 in Southwest China may improve the effectiveness of clinical test and vaccine design, specifically for women in Southwest China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaoyu He
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,Bio-Resource Research and Utilization Joint Key Laboratory of Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing Nanchuan Biotechnology Research Institute, Chongqing, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianjun Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,Bio-Resource Research and Utilization Joint Key Laboratory of Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing Nanchuan Biotechnology Research Institute, Chongqing, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Youliang Wang
- The People's Hospital of Pengzhou, Pengzhou, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhilin Song
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,Bio-Resource Research and Utilization Joint Key Laboratory of Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing Nanchuan Biotechnology Research Institute, Chongqing, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiufu Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,Bio-Resource Research and Utilization Joint Key Laboratory of Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing Nanchuan Biotechnology Research Institute, Chongqing, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiran Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,Bio-Resource Research and Utilization Joint Key Laboratory of Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing Nanchuan Biotechnology Research Institute, Chongqing, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanru Cui
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,Bio-Resource Research and Utilization Joint Key Laboratory of Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing Nanchuan Biotechnology Research Institute, Chongqing, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Siyu Ma
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,Bio-Resource Research and Utilization Joint Key Laboratory of Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing Nanchuan Biotechnology Research Institute, Chongqing, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Junhang Deng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,Bio-Resource Research and Utilization Joint Key Laboratory of Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing Nanchuan Biotechnology Research Institute, Chongqing, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Wei
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,Bio-Resource Research and Utilization Joint Key Laboratory of Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing Nanchuan Biotechnology Research Institute, Chongqing, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianping Ding
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People's Republic of China. .,Bio-Resource Research and Utilization Joint Key Laboratory of Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing Nanchuan Biotechnology Research Institute, Chongqing, Sichuan, People's Republic of China. .,Institute of Medical Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China.
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Rouaud F, Sluysmans S, Flinois A, Shah J, Vasileva E, Citi S. Scaffolding proteins of vertebrate apical junctions: structure, functions and biophysics. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183399. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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11
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PDZ Domain-Containing Protein NHERF-2 Is a Novel Target of Human Papillomavirus 16 (HPV-16) and HPV-18. J Virol 2019; 94:JVI.00663-19. [PMID: 31597772 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00663-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer-causing human papillomavirus (HPV) E6 oncoproteins have a class I PDZ-binding motif (PBM) on their C termini, which play critical roles that are related to the HPV life cycle and HPV-induced malignancies. E6 oncoproteins use these PBMs to interact with, to target for proteasome-mediated degradation, a plethora of cellular substrates that contain PDZ domains and that are involved in the regulation of various cellular pathways. In this study, we show that both HPV-16 and HPV-18 E6 oncoproteins can interact with Na+/H+ exchange regulatory factor 2 (NHERF-2), a PDZ domain-containing protein, which among other cellular functions also behaves as a tumor suppressor regulating endothelial proliferation. The interaction between the E6 oncoproteins and NHERF-2 is PBM dependent and results in proteasome-mediated degradation of NHERF-2. We further confirmed this effect in cells derived from HPV-16- and HPV-18-positive cervical tumors, where we show that NHERF-2 protein turnover is increased in the presence of E6. Finally, our data indicate that E6-mediated NHERF-2 degradation results in p27 downregulation and cyclin D1 upregulation, leading to accelerated cellular proliferation. To our knowledge, this is the first report to demonstrate that E6 oncoproteins can stimulate cell proliferation by indirectly regulating p27 through targeting a PDZ domain-containing protein.IMPORTANCE This study links HPV-16 and HPV-18 E6 oncoproteins to the modulation of cellular proliferation. The PDZ domain-containing protein NHERF-2 is a tumor suppressor that has been shown to regulate endothelial proliferation; here, we demonstrate that NHERF-2 is targeted by HPV E6 for proteasome-mediated degradation. Interestingly, this indirectly affects p27, cyclin D1, and CDK4 protein levels and, consequently, affects cell proliferation. Hence, this study provides information that will improve our understanding of the molecular basis for HPV E6 function, and it also highlights the importance of the PDZ domain-containing protein NHERF-2 and its tumor-suppressive role in regulating cell proliferation.
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12
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Kumar A, Rathi E, Kini SG. Identification of E6 Inhibitors Employing Energetically Optimized Structure‐Based Pharmacophore Modelling, Ligand Docking and Molecular Dynamics Simulations Studies. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201902105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryManipal College of PharmaceuticalSsciences, MAHE. Madhav Nagar, Manipal Karnataka India- 576104
| | - Ekta Rathi
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryManipal College of PharmaceuticalSsciences, MAHE. Madhav Nagar, Manipal Karnataka India- 576104
| | - Suvarna G. Kini
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryManipal College of PharmaceuticalSsciences, MAHE. Madhav Nagar, Manipal Karnataka India- 576104
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13
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Lai TO, Boon SS, Law PT, Chen Z, Thomas M, Banks L, Chan PK. Oncogenicitiy Comparison of Human Papillomavirus Type 52 E6 Variants. J Gen Virol 2019; 100:484-496. [PMID: 30676312 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection contributes to virtually all cases of cervical cancer, the fourth most common cancer affecting women worldwide. The oncogenicity of HPV is mainly attributable to the E6 and E7 oncoproteins. HPV-52 is the seventh most common HPV type globally, but it has a remarkably high prevalence in East Asia. In previous studies it has been speculated that the oncogenicity might vary among different HPV-52 variants. In the present study, we compared the oncogenicity of E6 derived from the HPV-52 prototype and three commonly found variants, V1 (K93R), V2 (E14D/V92L) and V3 (K93R/N122K), through molecular and phenotypic approaches. We demonstrated that cells containing V1 achieved higher colony formation and showed greater cell migration ability when compared to other variants, but no difference in cell immortalization ability was observed. At the molecular level, the three variants formed complexes with E6-associated protein (E6AP) and p53 as efficiently as the prototype. They degraded p53 and PSD95/Dlg/ZO-1(PDZ) proteins, including MAGI-1c and Dlg, to a similar extent. They also exhibited a similar subcellular localization, and shared a half-life of approximately 45 min. Our findings provide a clearer picture of HPV-52 E6 variant oncogenicity, which is important for further studies aiming to understand the unusually high prevalence of HPV-52 among cervical cancers in East Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsz On Lai
- 1Department of Microbiology, Faulty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Siaw Shi Boon
- 1Department of Microbiology, Faulty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Priscilla Ty Law
- 1Department of Microbiology, Faulty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Zigui Chen
- 1Department of Microbiology, Faulty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Miranda Thomas
- 2International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | - Lawrence Banks
- 2International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | - Paul Ks Chan
- 1Department of Microbiology, Faulty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR
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14
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Liu X, Fuentes EJ. Emerging Themes in PDZ Domain Signaling: Structure, Function, and Inhibition. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 343:129-218. [PMID: 30712672 PMCID: PMC7185565 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Post-synaptic density-95, disks-large and zonula occludens-1 (PDZ) domains are small globular protein-protein interaction domains widely conserved from yeast to humans. They are composed of ∼90 amino acids and form a classical two α-helical/six β-strand structure. The prototypical ligand is the C-terminus of partner proteins; however, they also bind internal peptide sequences. Recent findings indicate that PDZ domains also bind phosphatidylinositides and cholesterol. Through their ligand interactions, PDZ domain proteins are critical for cellular trafficking and the surface retention of various ion channels. In addition, PDZ proteins are essential for neuronal signaling, memory, and learning. PDZ proteins also contribute to cytoskeletal dynamics by mediating interactions critical for maintaining cell-cell junctions, cell polarity, and cell migration. Given their important biological roles, it is not surprising that their dysfunction can lead to multiple disease states. As such, PDZ domain-containing proteins have emerged as potential targets for the development of small molecular inhibitors as therapeutic agents. Recent data suggest that the critical binding function of PDZ domains in cell signaling is more than just glue, and their binding function can be regulated by phosphorylation or allosterically by other binding partners. These studies also provide a wealth of structural and biophysical data that are beginning to reveal the physical features that endow this small modular domain with a central role in cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Ernesto J. Fuentes
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Corresponding author: E-mail:
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15
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The human papillomavirus replication cycle, and its links to cancer progression: a comprehensive review. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:2201-2221. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20160786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
HPVs (human papillomaviruses) infect epithelial cells and their replication cycle is intimately linked to epithelial differentiation. There are over 200 different HPV genotypes identified to date and each displays a strict tissue specificity for infection. HPV infection can result in a range of benign lesions, for example verrucas on the feet, common warts on the hands, or genital warts. HPV infects dividing basal epithelial cells where its dsDNA episomal genome enters the nuclei. Upon basal cell division, an infected daughter cell begins the process of keratinocyte differentiation that triggers a tightly orchestrated pattern of viral gene expression to accomplish a productive infection. A subset of mucosal-infective HPVs, the so-called ‘high risk’ (HR) HPVs, cause cervical disease, categorized as low or high grade. Most individuals will experience transient HR-HPV infection during their lifetime but these infections will not progress to clinically significant cervical disease or cancer because the immune system eventually recognizes and clears the virus. Cancer progression is due to persistent infection with an HR-HPV. HR-HPV infection is the cause of >99.7% cervical cancers in women, and a subset of oropharyngeal cancers, predominantly in men. HPV16 (HR-HPV genotype 16) is the most prevalent worldwide and the major cause of HPV-associated cancers. At the molecular level, cancer progression is due to increased expression of the viral oncoproteins E6 and E7, which activate the cell cycle, inhibit apoptosis, and allow accumulation of DNA damage. This review aims to describe the productive life cycle of HPV and discuss the roles of the viral proteins in HPV replication. Routes to viral persistence and cancer progression are also discussed.
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16
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Ma Q, Yang Y, Feng D, Zheng S, Meng R, Fa P, Zhao C, Liu H, Song R, Tao T, Yang L, Dai J, Wang S, Jiang WG, He J. MAGI3 negatively regulates Wnt/β-catenin signaling and suppresses malignant phenotypes of glioma cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:35851-65. [PMID: 26452219 PMCID: PMC4742146 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are the most common primary brain malignancies and are associated with a poor prognosis. Here, we showed that the PDZ domain-containing protein membrane-associated guanylate kinase inverted 3 (MAGI3) was downregulated at the both mRNA and protein levels in human glioma samples. MAGI3 inhibited proliferation, migration, and cell cycle progression of glioma cells in its overexpression and knockdown studies. By using GST pull-down and co-immunoprecipitation assays, we found that MAGI3 bound to β-catenin through its PDZ domains and the PDZ-binding motif of β-catenin. MAGI3 overexpression inhibited β-catenin transcriptional activity via its interaction with β-catenin. Consistently, MAGI3 overexpression in glioma cells C6 suppressed expression of β-catenin target genes including Cyclin D1 and Axin2, whereas MAGI3 knockdown in glioma cells U373 and LN229 enhanced their expression. MAGI3 overexpression decreased growth of C6 subcutaneous tumors in mice, and inhibited expression of β-catenin target genes in xenograft tumors. Furthermore, analysis based on the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) glioma dataset showed association of MAGI3 expression with overall survival and tumor grade. Finally, we demonstrated negative correlation between MAGI3 expression and activity of Wnt/β-catenin signaling through GSEA of three public glioma datasets and immunohistochemical staining of clinical glioma samples. Taken together, these results identify MAGI3 as a novel tumor suppressor and provide insight into the pathogenesis of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Core Facilities Center, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Duiping Feng
- Department of Interventional Radiology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Shuai Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Ran Meng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Pengyan Fa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Chunjuan Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Hua Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Ran Song
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Tao Tao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Longyan Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jie Dai
- Department of Pathology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Tumor Invasion and Metastasis, Capital Medical University-Cardiff University Joint Centre for Biomedical Research, Cancer Institute of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Songlin Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.,Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Wen G Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Tumor Invasion and Metastasis, Capital Medical University-Cardiff University Joint Centre for Biomedical Research, Cancer Institute of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.,Metastasis and Angiogenesis Research Group, Department of Surgery, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, U.K
| | - Junqi He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Tumor Invasion and Metastasis, Capital Medical University-Cardiff University Joint Centre for Biomedical Research, Cancer Institute of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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17
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Tomaić V. Functional Roles of E6 and E7 Oncoproteins in HPV-Induced Malignancies at Diverse Anatomical Sites. Cancers (Basel) 2016; 8:cancers8100095. [PMID: 27775564 PMCID: PMC5082385 DOI: 10.3390/cancers8100095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 200 human papillomaviruses (HPVs) infect human epithelial cells, of which the alpha and beta types have been the most extensively studied. Alpha HPV types mainly infect mucosal epithelia and a small group of these causes over 600,000 cancers per year worldwide at various anatomical sites, especially anogenital and head-and-neck cancers. Of these the most important is cervical cancer, which is the leading cause of cancer-related death in women in many parts of the world. Beta HPV types infect cutaneous epithelia and may contribute towards the initiation of non-melanoma skin cancers. HPVs encode two oncoproteins, E6 and E7, which are directly responsible for the development of HPV-induced carcinogenesis. They do this cooperatively by targeting diverse cellular pathways involved in the regulation of cell cycle control, of apoptosis and of cell polarity control networks. In this review, the biological consequences of papillomavirus targeting of various cellular substrates at diverse anatomical sites in the development of HPV-induced malignancies are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vjekoslav Tomaić
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Padriciano 99, I-34149 Trieste, Italy.
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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18
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Preston MA, Pimentel B, Bermejo-Rodríguez C, Dionne I, Turnbull A, de la Cueva-Méndez G. Repurposing a Prokaryotic Toxin-Antitoxin System for the Selective Killing of Oncogenically Stressed Human Cells. ACS Synth Biol 2016; 5:540-6. [PMID: 26230535 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.5b00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Prokaryotes express intracellular toxins that pass unnoticed to carrying cells until coexpressed antitoxin partners are degraded in response to stress. Although not evolved to function in eukaryotes, one of these toxins, Kid, induces apoptosis in mammalian cells, an effect that is neutralized by its cognate antitoxin, Kis. Here we engineered this toxin-antitoxin pair to create a synthetic system that becomes active in human cells suffering a specific oncogenic stress. Inspired by the way Kid becomes active in bacterial cells, we produced a Kis variant that is selectively degraded in human cells expressing oncoprotein E6. The resulting toxin-antitoxin system functions autonomously in human cells, distinguishing those that suffer the oncogenic insult, which are killed by Kid, from those that do not, which remain protected by Kis. Our results provide a framework for developing personalized anticancer strategies avoiding off-target effects, a challenge that has been hardly tractable by other means thus far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Preston
- MRC Cancer Cell Unit. Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, U.K
| | - Belén Pimentel
- MRC Cancer Cell Unit. Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, U.K
| | | | - Isabelle Dionne
- MRC Cancer Cell Unit. Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, U.K
| | - Alice Turnbull
- MRC Cancer Cell Unit. Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, U.K
| | - Guillermo de la Cueva-Méndez
- MRC Cancer Cell Unit. Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, U.K
- Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology (BIONAND), Parque Tecnológico de Andalucı́a, C/Severo Ochoa 35, 29590 Campanillas, Málaga, Spain
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19
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Sun P, Dong L, MacDonald AI, Akbari S, Edward M, Hodgins MB, Johnstone SR, Graham SV. HPV16 E6 Controls the Gap Junction Protein Cx43 in Cervical Tumour Cells. Viruses 2015; 7:5243-56. [PMID: 26445057 PMCID: PMC4632379 DOI: 10.3390/v7102871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) causes a range of cancers including cervical and head and neck cancers. HPV E6 oncoprotein binds the cell polarity regulator hDlg (human homologue of Drosophila Discs Large). Previously we showed in vitro, and now in vivo, that hDlg also binds Connexin 43 (Cx43), a major component of gap junctions that mediate intercellular transfer of small molecules. In HPV16-positive non-tumour cervical epithelial cells (W12G) Cx43 localised to the plasma membrane, while in W12T tumour cells derived from these, it relocated with hDlg into the cytoplasm. We now provide evidence that E6 regulates this cytoplasmic pool of Cx43. E6 siRNA depletion in W12T cells resulted in restoration of Cx43 and hDlg trafficking to the cell membrane. In C33a HPV-negative cervical tumour cells expressing HPV16 or 18 E6, Cx43 was located primarily in the cytoplasm, but mutation of the 18E6 C-terminal hDlg binding motif resulted in redistribution of Cx43 to the membrane. The data indicate for the first time that increased cytoplasmic E6 levels associated with malignant progression alter Cx43 trafficking and recycling to the membrane and the E6/hDlg interaction may be involved. This suggests a novel E6-associated mechanism for changes in Cx43 trafficking in cervical tumour cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Sun
- Feinberg School of Medicine, North Western University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Li Dong
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1QH, Scotland, UK.
| | - Alasdair I MacDonald
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1QH, Scotland, UK.
| | - Shahrzad Akbari
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1QH, Scotland, UK.
| | - Michael Edward
- Dermatology, School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TT, Scotland, UK.
| | - Malcolm B Hodgins
- Dermatology, School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TT, Scotland, UK.
| | - Scott R Johnstone
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TT, Scotland, UK.
| | - Sheila V Graham
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1QH, Scotland, UK.
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20
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Ganti K, Broniarczyk J, Manoubi W, Massimi P, Mittal S, Pim D, Szalmas A, Thatte J, Thomas M, Tomaić V, Banks L. The Human Papillomavirus E6 PDZ Binding Motif: From Life Cycle to Malignancy. Viruses 2015; 7:3530-51. [PMID: 26147797 PMCID: PMC4517114 DOI: 10.3390/v7072785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer-causing HPV E6 oncoproteins are characterized by the presence of a PDZ binding motif (PBM) at their extreme carboxy terminus. It was long thought that this region of E6 had a sole function to confer interaction with a defined set of cellular substrates. However, more recent studies have shown that the E6 PBM has a complex pattern of regulation, whereby phosphorylation within the PBM can regulate interaction with two classes of cellular proteins: those containing PDZ domains and the members of the 14-3-3 family of proteins. In this review, we explore the roles that the PBM and its ligands play in the virus life cycle, and subsequently how these can inadvertently contribute towards the development of malignancy. We also explore how subtle alterations in cellular signal transduction pathways might result in aberrant E6 phosphorylation, which in turn might contribute towards disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketaki Ganti
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Area Science Park, Padriciano 99, Trieste 34149, Italy.
| | - Justyna Broniarczyk
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Area Science Park, Padriciano 99, Trieste 34149, Italy.
| | - Wiem Manoubi
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Area Science Park, Padriciano 99, Trieste 34149, Italy.
| | - Paola Massimi
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Area Science Park, Padriciano 99, Trieste 34149, Italy.
| | - Suruchi Mittal
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Area Science Park, Padriciano 99, Trieste 34149, Italy.
| | - David Pim
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Area Science Park, Padriciano 99, Trieste 34149, Italy.
| | - Anita Szalmas
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Area Science Park, Padriciano 99, Trieste 34149, Italy.
| | - Jayashree Thatte
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Area Science Park, Padriciano 99, Trieste 34149, Italy.
| | - Miranda Thomas
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Area Science Park, Padriciano 99, Trieste 34149, Italy.
| | - Vjekoslav Tomaić
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Area Science Park, Padriciano 99, Trieste 34149, Italy.
| | - Lawrence Banks
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Area Science Park, Padriciano 99, Trieste 34149, Italy.
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21
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Transcriptomic analyses of genes differentially expressed by high-risk and low-risk human papilloma virus E6 oncoproteins. Virusdisease 2015; 26:105-16. [PMID: 26396976 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-015-0259-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papilloma virus is the causative agent for cervical cancer with 99 % of cervical cancer cases containing HPV. The high risk HPV-16, 18 and 31 are the major causative agents. The low risk HPV-6, 11 have been reported to cause penile, laryngeal, bronchogenic and oesophageal cancer. Since E6 oncoprotein is frequently over expressed in cancers, we did gene expression studies to compare between the E6 genes of high-risk (HPV18) or low-risk (HPV11)stably transfected in epithelial cell line EPC-2 or mock transfected with the basic vector pCDNA3.1. Microarray studies showed a total of 697 genes showing differential expression between the samples. Genes involved in several key cellular processes such as cell adhesion, angiogenesis, transcription regulation, cell cycle regulation and cell division showed altered expression between the samples. Gene Ontology mapping of 44 genes according cellular pathways revealed 13 pathways namely angiogenesis, alzhemier's, Wnt, p53, interleukin, TGF-β, cadherin, integrin, PI3-kinase, catennin, insulin, chemokine and G protein signalling pathways. The microarray results were confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR for some representative genes like IFI27, CTNNA1, OSMR, CYP1B1, TNFSF13, LAMA2 and COL5A3. Analysis of differentially expressed genes by high-risk and low-risk HPV E6 proteins might help in identification of potential biomarkers for diagnosis, progression and therapy of oesophageal cancer. The understanding of mechanisms of activation of these genes as well as the function of gene products will give a further insight into their roles in oesophageal cancer.
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22
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Van Doorslaer K, DeSalle R, Einstein MH, Burk RD. Degradation of Human PDZ-Proteins by Human Alphapapillomaviruses Represents an Evolutionary Adaptation to a Novel Cellular Niche. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004980. [PMID: 26086730 PMCID: PMC4472669 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to complete their life cycle, papillomaviruses have evolved to manipulate a plethora of cellular pathways. The products of the human Alphapapillomavirus E6 proteins specifically interact with and target PDZ containing proteins for degradation. This viral phenotype has been suggested to play a role in viral oncogenesis. To analyze the association of HPV E6 mediated PDZ-protein degradation with cervical oncogenesis, a high-throughput cell culture assay was developed. Degradation of an epitope tagged human MAGI1 isoform was visualized by immunoblot. The correlation between HPV E6-induced degradation of hMAGI1 and epidemiologically determined HPV oncogenicity was evaluated using a Bayesian approach within a phylogenetic context. All tested oncogenic types degraded the PDZ-containing protein hMAGI1d; however, E6 proteins isolated from several related albeit non-oncogenic viral types were equally efficient at degrading hMAGI1. The relationship between both traits (oncogenicity and PDZ degradation potential) is best explained by a model in which the potential to degrade PDZ proteins was acquired prior to the oncogenic phenotype. This analysis provides evidence that the ancestor of both oncogenic and non-oncogenic HPVs acquired the potential to degrade human PDZ-containing proteins. This suggests that HPV E6 directed degradation of PDZ-proteins represents an ancient ecological niche adaptation. Phylogenetic modeling indicates that this phenotype is not specifically correlated with oncogenic risk, but may act as an enabling phenotype. The role of PDZ protein degradation in HPV fitness and oncogenesis needs to be interpreted in the context of Alphapapillomavirus evolution. It is thought that the ability to degrade PDZ domain containing proteins is a hallmark of oncogenic papillomaviruses. However, since papillomaviruses did not evolve to be oncogenic, this hypothesis does not address the evolutionary importance of this phenotype. The present manuscript attempts to address whether HPV induced degradation of PDZ containing proteins is associated with oncogenic potential as determined by the clinical/epidemiological empirical cancer risk. Using Bayesian approaches to model trait evolution we show that it is highly unlikely for a virus to become oncogenic without first acquiring the ability to degrade PDZ proteins. Furthermore, the ability to degrade PDZ proteins allowed ancestral viruses to colonize a new cellular niche. However, in order to thrive in this new environment, these ancestral viruses had to acquire additional functions. We hypothesize that some of these additional phenotypes lead to oncogenicity. Importantly, our study illustrates the power of combining epidemiological, biochemical and evolutionary data with phylogenetic analysis in attempting to understand the relative role of specific pathogen phenotypes with host pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koenraad Van Doorslaer
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Rob DeSalle
- Sackler Institute of Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Mark H. Einstein
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Women’s Health, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Robert D. Burk
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Women’s Health, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Immune Escape and Immunotherapy of HPV-Related Oropharyngeal Cancer: Has the Future Arrived? CURRENT OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40136-015-0079-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Ramírez J, Recht R, Charbonnier S, Ennifar E, Atkinson RA, Travé G, Nominé Y, Kieffer B. Disorder-to-order transition of MAGI-1 PDZ1 C-terminal extension upon peptide binding: thermodynamic and dynamic insights. Biochemistry 2015; 54:1327-37. [PMID: 25590897 DOI: 10.1021/bi500845j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PDZ domains are highly abundant protein-protein interaction modules commonly found in multidomain scaffold proteins. The PDZ1 domain of MAGI-1, a protein present at cellular tight junctions that contains six PDZ domains, is targeted by the E6 oncoprotein of the high-risk human papilloma virus. Thermodynamic and dynamic studies using complementary isothermal titration calorimetry and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) (15)N heteronuclear relaxation measurements were conducted at different temperatures to decipher the molecular mechanism of this interaction. Binding of E6 peptides to the MAGI-1 PDZ1 domain is accompanied by an unusually large and negative change in heat capacity (ΔC(p)) that is attributed to a disorder-to-order transition of the C-terminal extension of the PDZ1 domain upon E6 binding. Analysis of temperature-dependent thermodynamic parameters and (15)N NMR relaxation data of a PDZ1 mutant in which this disorder-to-order transition was abolished allows the unusual thermodynamic signature of E6 binding to be correlated to local folding of the PDZ1 C-terminal extension. Comparison of the exchange contributions observed for wild-type and mutant proteins explains how variation in the solvent-exposed area may compensate for the loss of conformational entropy and further designates a distinct set of a few residues that mediate this local folding phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ramírez
- Equipe Oncoprotéines, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, UMR 7242, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg , Boulevard Sébastien Brandt, BP 10413, 67412 Illkirch cedex, France
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Ye Y, Cheung DWL, Wang Y, Yiu SM, Zhan Q, Lam TW, Ting HF. GLProbs: Aligning Multiple Sequences Adaptively. IEEE/ACM TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY AND BIOINFORMATICS 2015; 12:67-78. [PMID: 26357079 DOI: 10.1109/tcbb.2014.2316820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper introduces a simple and effective approach to improve the accuracy of multiple sequence alignment. We use a natural measure to estimate the similarity of the input sequences, and based on this measure, we align the input sequences differently. For example, for inputs with high similarity, we consider the whole sequences and align them globally, while for those with moderately low similarity, we may ignore the flank regions and align them locally. To test the effectiveness of this approach, we have implemented a multiple sequence alignment tool called GLProbs and compared its performance with about one dozen leading alignment tools on three benchmark alignment databases, and GLProbs's alignments have the best scores in almost all testings. We have also evaluated the practicability of the alignments of GLProbs by applying the tool to three biological applications, namely phylogenetic trees construction, protein secondary structure prediction and the detection of high risk members for cervical cancer in the HPV-E6 family, and the results are very encouraging.
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Habbous S, Pang V, Xu W, Amir E, Liu G. Human papillomavirus and host genetic polymorphisms in carcinogenesis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Virol 2014; 61:220-9. [PMID: 25174543 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2014.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in carcinogenesis continues to rise, the role of genetic factors that modify this risk have become increasingly important. In this study, we reviewed the literature for associations between polymorphisms and HPV in carcinogenesis. OBJECTIVE To identify any associations of genetic polymorphisms with oncogenic HPV in carcinogenesis and to evaluate the methodology used. STUDY DESIGN Systematic literature review of HPV, genetic polymorphisms, and cancer risk. Odds ratios (OR), interaction terms, and p-values were tabulated. Meta-analyses and measures of heterogeneity were estimated using RevMan 5.1. RESULTS The cervix was the most frequently studied cancer site followed by the head and neck. Overall risk of cancer (cancer vs. control) was the most common comparison, whereas reports of initiation (pre-cancer vs. control) and progression (cancer vs. pre-cancer) were rare. Case-series and joint-effect of HPV and genotype on risk was evaluated frequently, but the independent effect of either risk factor alone was rarely provided. P53-Arg72Pro was the most commonly studied polymorphism studied. No consistent interaction was detected by meta-analysis in the HPV(+) [OR 0.98 (0.55-1.76)] or the HPV(-) [OR 1.10 (0.76-1.60)] subsets in head and neck cancer risk. Polymorphisms in genes known to encode proteins that physically interact with HPV were infrequently studied. CONCLUSION No consistent polymorphism-HPV interactions were observed. Study design, choice of candidate polymorphisms/genes, and a focus on overall risk rather than any specific portions of the carcinogenic pathway may have contributed to lack of significant findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Habbous
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2M9
| | - Vincent Pang
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2M9
| | - Wei Xu
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2M9; Department of Biostatistics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2M9
| | - Eitan Amir
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2M9; Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2M9
| | - Geoffrey Liu
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2M9; Medicine and Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Canada M5G 2M9.
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Restoration of MAGI-1 expression in human papillomavirus-positive tumor cells induces cell growth arrest and apoptosis. J Virol 2014; 88:7155-69. [PMID: 24696483 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03247-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The cancer-causing high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) E6 oncoproteins target a number of cellular proteins that contain PDZ domains. However, the role of many of these interactions in either the HPV life cycle or in HPV-induced malignancy remains to be defined. Previous studies had shown that MAGI-1 was one of the most strongly bound PDZ domain-containing substrates of E6, and one consequence of this interaction appeared to facilitate the perturbation of tight junctions (TJs) by E6. In this study, we describe the generation of a mutation, K499E, within the MAGI-1 PDZ1 domain, which is resistant to E6 targeting. This mutant allows restoration of MAGI-1 expression in HPV-positive cells and defines additional activities of MAGI-1 that are overcome as a consequence of the association with E6. The reexpression of MAGI-1 in HPV-positive cells results in an increased recruitment of ZO-1 and PAR3 to sites of cell-cell contact, repression of cell proliferation, and induction of apoptosis. While the K499E mutation does not significantly affect these intrinsic activities of MAGI-1 in HPV-negative cells, its resistance to E6 targeting in an HPV-positive setting results in more cells expressing the mutant MAGI-1 than the wild-type MAGI-1, with a corresponding increase in TJ assembly, induction of apoptosis, and reduction in cell proliferation. These studies provide compelling evidence of a direct role for the perturbation of MAGI-1 function by E6 in the HPV life cycle and in HPV-induced malignancy. IMPORTANCE It is clear that the targeting of PDZ-containing substrates by E6 is important for the normal viral life cycle and for the progression to malignancy. Nevertheless, which of these PDZ domain-containing proteins is relevant for HPV pathology is still elusive. In a previous study, we provided evidence that MAGI-1 is a sensitive proteolytic substrate for both the HPV-16 and HPV-18 E6 oncoproteins; however, the biological consequences associated with loss of MAGI-1 expression in HPV-positive cervical cancer cells are still poorly understood. Using a mutant MAGI-1, resistant to E6-mediated degradation, we show that its expression in cervical cancer cells promotes membrane recruitment of the tight junction-associated proteins ZO-1 and PAR3, represses cell proliferation, and promotes apoptosis. These findings suggest that E6-mediated inhibition of MAGI-1 function contributes to HPV pathology by perturbing tight junction assembly with concomitant stimulation of proliferation and inhibition of apoptosis.
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Tomaić V, Ganti K, Pim D, Bauer C, Blattner C, Banks L. Interaction of HPV E6 oncoproteins with specific proteasomal subunits. Virology 2013; 446:389-96. [PMID: 24074603 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The Human Papillomavirus E6 oncoproteins have the capacity to target several of their cellular interacting partners for proteasome mediated degradation, and recent proteomic analyses suggest a close involvement of E6 with the cellular proteasome machinery. In this study we have performed an extensive analysis of the capacity of different E6 oncoproteins to interact with specific proteasome components. We demonstrate that multiple subunits of the proteasome can be bound by different HPV E6 oncoproteins. Furthermore, whilst most of these interactions appear independent of the E6AP ubiquitin ligase, the association of E6 with the major ubiquitin-accepting proteasome subunit, S5a, does require the presence of E6AP. One consequence of the interaction between E6/E6AP and S5a is enhanced ubiquitination of this proteasome subunit. These results suggest a complex interplay between E6 and the proteasome, only some aspects of which are dependent upon the E6AP ubiquitin ligase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vjekoslav Tomaić
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Padriciano 99, I-34149 Trieste, Italy
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Hernández-Monge J, Garay E, Raya-Sandino A, Vargas-Sierra O, Díaz-Chávez J, Popoca-Cuaya M, Lambert PF, González-Mariscal L, Gariglio P. Papillomavirus E6 oncoprotein up-regulates occludin and ZO-2 expression in ovariectomized mice epidermis. Exp Cell Res 2013; 319:2588-603. [PMID: 23948304 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the expression of the tight junction proteins (TJ) occludin, claudin-1 and ZO-2 in the epidermis of female mice. We observed a peak of expression of these proteins at postnatal day 7 and a decrease in 6 week-old mice to values similar to those found in newborn animals. We explored if the expression of the E6 oncoprotein from high-risk human papilloma virus type 16 (HPV16) in the skin of transgenic female mice (K14E6), altered TJ protein expression in a manner sensitive to ovarian hormones. We observed that in ovariectomized mice E6 up-regulates the expression of occludin and ZO-2 in the epidermis and that this effect was canceled by 17β-estradiol. Progesterone instead induced occludin and ZO-2 over-expression. However, the decreased expression of occludin and ZO-2 induced by 17β-estradiol in the epidermis was not overturned by E6 or progesterone. In addition, we employed MDCK cells transfected with E6, and observed that ZO-2 delocalizes from TJs and accumulates in the cell nuclei due to a decrease in the turnover rate of the protein. These results reinforce the view of 17β-estradiol and E6 as risk factors for the development of cancer through effects on expression and mislocalization of TJ proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Hernández-Monge
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico
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Yuan CH, Filippova M, Duerksen-Hughes P. Modulation of apoptotic pathways by human papillomaviruses (HPV): mechanisms and implications for therapy. Viruses 2012; 4:3831-50. [PMID: 23250450 PMCID: PMC3528293 DOI: 10.3390/v4123831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of the host to trigger apoptosis in infected cells is perhaps the most powerful tool by which viruses can be cleared from the host organism. To avoid elimination by this mechanism, human papillomaviruses (HPV) have developed several mechanisms that enable the cells they infect to elude both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis. In this manuscript, we review the current literature regarding how HPV-infected cells avoid apoptosis and the molecular mechanisms involved in these events. In particular, we will discuss the modifications in intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways caused by proteins encoded by HPV early genes. Many of the current efforts regarding anti-cancer drug development are focused on directing tumor cells to undergo apoptosis. However, the ability of HPV-infected cells to resist apoptotic signals renders such therapies ineffective. Possible mechanisms for overcoming the resistance of HPV-infected tumor cells to anticancer drugs will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Hsiang Yuan
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11085 Campus St., Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
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Zhang EY, Tang XD. Human Papillomavirus Type 16/18 Oncoproteins: Potential Therapeutic Targets in Non-smoking Associated Lung Cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2012; 13:5363-9. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.11.5363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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The PDZ1 and PDZ3 domains of MAGI-1 regulate the eight-exon isoform of the coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor. J Virol 2012; 86:9244-54. [PMID: 22718816 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01138-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial integrity is essential for homeostasis and poses a formidable barrier to pathogen entry. Major factors for viral entry into epithelial cells are the localization and abundance of the primary receptor. The coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) is a primary receptor for these two pathogenic groups of viruses. In polarized epithelia, a low-abundance, alternatively spliced eight-exon isoform of CAR, CAR(Ex8), is localized apically where it can support viral infection from the air-exposed surface. Using biochemical, cell biology, genetic, and spectroscopic approaches, we show that the levels of apical CAR(Ex8) are negatively regulated by the PDZ domain-containing protein MAGI-1 (membrane-associated guanylate kinase with inverted orientation protein-1) and that two MAGI-1 PDZ domains, PDZ1 and PDZ3, regulate CAR(Ex8) levels in opposing ways. Similar to full-length MAGI-1, expression of the isolated PDZ3 domain significantly reduces cell surface CAR(Ex8) abundance and adenovirus infection. In contrast, the PDZ1 domain is able to rescue CAR(Ex8) and adenovirus infection from MAGI-1-mediated suppression. These data suggest a novel cell-based strategy to either suppress viral infection or augment adenovirus-based gene therapy.
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Luck K, Fournane S, Kieffer B, Masson M, Nominé Y, Travé G. Putting into practice domain-linear motif interaction predictions for exploration of protein networks. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25376. [PMID: 22069443 PMCID: PMC3206016 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PDZ domains recognise short sequence motifs at the extreme C-termini of proteins. A model based on microarray data has been recently published for predicting the binding preferences of PDZ domains to five residue long C-terminal sequences. Here we investigated the potential of this predictor for discovering novel protein interactions that involve PDZ domains. When tested on real negative data assembled from published literature, the predictor displayed a high false positive rate (FPR). We predicted and experimentally validated interactions between four PDZ domains derived from the human proteins MAGI1 and SCRIB and 19 peptides derived from human and viral C-termini of proteins. Measured binding intensities did not correlate with prediction scores, and the high FPR of the predictor was confirmed. Results indicate that limitations of the predictor may arise from an incomplete model definition and improper training of the model. Taking into account these limitations, we identified several novel putative interactions between PDZ domains of MAGI1 and SCRIB and the C-termini of the proteins FZD4, ARHGAP6, NET1, TANC1, GLUT7, MARCH3, MAS, ABC1, DLL1, TMEM215 and CYSLTR2. These proteins are localised to the membrane or suggested to act close to it and are often involved in G protein signalling. Furthermore, we showed that, while extension of minimal interacting domains or peptides toward tandem constructs or longer peptides never suppressed their ability to interact, the measured affinities and inferred specificity patterns often changed significantly. This suggests that if protein fragments interact, the full length proteins are also likely to interact, albeit possibly with altered affinities and specificities. Therefore, predictors dealing with protein fragments are promising tools for discovering protein interaction networks but their application to predict binding preferences within networks may be limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Luck
- Group Onco-Proteins, Institut de Recherche de l'Ecole de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, 1, BP 10413, Illkirch, France
| | - Sadek Fournane
- Group Onco-Proteins, Institut de Recherche de l'Ecole de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, 1, BP 10413, Illkirch, France
| | - Bruno Kieffer
- Biomolecular NMR group, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 1, BP 10413, Illkirch, France
| | - Murielle Masson
- Group Onco-Proteins, Institut de Recherche de l'Ecole de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, 1, BP 10413, Illkirch, France
| | - Yves Nominé
- Group Onco-Proteins, Institut de Recherche de l'Ecole de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, 1, BP 10413, Illkirch, France
| | - Gilles Travé
- Group Onco-Proteins, Institut de Recherche de l'Ecole de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, 1, BP 10413, Illkirch, France
- * E-mail:
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Howie HL, Koop JI, Weese J, Robinson K, Wipf G, Kim L, Galloway DA. Beta-HPV 5 and 8 E6 promote p300 degradation by blocking AKT/p300 association. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002211. [PMID: 21901101 PMCID: PMC3161984 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The E6 oncoprotein from high-risk genus alpha human papillomaviruses (α-HPVs), such as HPV 16, has been well characterized with respect to the host-cell proteins it interacts with and corresponding signaling pathways that are disrupted due to these interactions. Less is known regarding the interacting partners of E6 from the genus beta papillomaviruses (β-HPVs); however, it is generally thought that β-HPV E6 proteins do not interact with many of the proteins known to bind to α-HPV E6. Here we identify p300 as a protein that interacts directly with E6 from both α- and β-HPV types. Importantly, this association appears much stronger with β-HPV types 5 and 8-E6 than with α-HPV type 16-E6 or β-HPV type 38-E6. We demonstrate that the enhanced association between 5/8-E6 and p300 leads to p300 degradation in a proteasomal-dependent but E6AP-independent manner. Rather, 5/8-E6 inhibit the association of AKT with p300, an event necessary to ensure p300 stability within the cell. Finally, we demonstrate that the decreased p300 protein levels concomitantly affect downstream signaling events, such as the expression of differentiation markers K1, K10 and Involucrin. Together, these results demonstrate a unique way in which β-HPV E6 proteins are able to affect host-cell signaling in a manner distinct from that of the α-HPVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L. Howie
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jennifer I. Koop
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Joleen Weese
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kristin Robinson
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Greg Wipf
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Leslie Kim
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Denise A. Galloway
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
More than a decade ago, three viral oncoproteins, adenovirus type 9 E4-ORF1, human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 Tax, and high-risk human papillomavirus E6, were found to encode a related carboxyl-terminal PDZ domain-binding motif (PBM) that mediates interactions with a select group of cellular PDZ proteins. Recent studies have shown that many other viruses also encode PBM-containing proteins that bind to cellular PDZ proteins. Interestingly, these recently recognized viruses include not only some with oncogenic potential (hepatitis B virus, rhesus papillomavirus, cottontail rabbit papillomavirus) but also many without this potential (influenza virus, Dengue virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, rabies virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, human immunodeficiency virus). Examination of the cellular PDZ proteins that are targets of viral PBMs reveals that the viral proteins often interact with the same or similar types of PDZ proteins, most notably Dlg1 and other members of the membrane-associated guanylate kinase protein family, as well as Scribble. In addition, cellular PDZ protein targets of viral PBMs commonly control tight junction formation, cell polarity establishment, and apoptosis. These findings reveal a new theme in virology wherein many different virus families encode proteins that bind and perturb the function of cellular PDZ proteins. The inhibition or perturbation of the function of cellular PDZ proteins appears to be a widely used strategy for viruses to enhance their replication, disseminate in the host, and transmit to new hosts.
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E6 and E7 from human papillomavirus type 16 cooperate to target the PDZ protein Na/H exchange regulatory factor 1. J Virol 2011; 85:8208-16. [PMID: 21680517 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00114-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that the PDZ-binding motif of the E6 oncoprotein from the mucosal high-risk (HR) human papillomavirus (HPV) types plays a key role in HPV-mediated cellular transformation in in vitro and in vivo experimental models. HR HPV E6 oncoproteins have the ability to efficiently degrade members of the PDZ motif-containing membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) family; however, it is possible that other PDZ proteins are also targeted by E6. Here, we describe a novel interaction of HPV type 16 (HPV16) E6 with a PDZ protein, Na(+)/H(+) exchange regulatory factor 1 (NHERF-1), which is involved in a number of cellular processes, including signaling and transformation. HPV16 E6 associates with and promotes the degradation of NHERF-1, and this property is dependent on the C-terminal PDZ-binding motif of E6. Interestingly, HPV16 E7, via the activation of the cyclin-dependent kinase complexes, promoted the accumulation of a phosphorylated form of NHERF-1, which is preferentially targeted by E6. Thus, both oncoproteins appear to cooperate in targeting NHERF-1. Notably, HPV18 E6 is not able to induce NHERF-1 degradation, indicating that this property is not shared with E6 from all HR HPV types. Downregulation of NHERF-1 protein levels was also observed in HPV16-positive cervical cancer-derived cell lines, such as SiHa and CaSki, as well as HPV16-positive cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). Finally, our data show that HPV16-mediated NHERF-1 degradation correlates with the activation of the phosphatidylinositol-3'-OH kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling pathway, which is known to play a key role in carcinogenesis.
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Nagasaka K, Nakagawa S, Yano T, Taketani Y, Banks L. The mechanisms behind human papillomavirus-associated cancer: the role of PDZ recognition in malignant progression. Future Virol 2011. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.11.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Nagasaka
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, Area Science Park, Padriciano-99, I-34012 Trieste, Italy
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Nakagawa
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsu Yano
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Taketani
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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39
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Epithelial cell polarity and tumorigenesis: new perspectives for cancer detection and treatment. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2011; 32:552-64. [PMID: 21499288 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2011.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of cell-cell adhesion and cell polarity is commonly observed in tumors of epithelial origin and correlates with their invasion into adjacent tissues and formation of metastases. Growing evidence indicates that loss of cell polarity and cell-cell adhesion may also be important in early stage of cancer. In first part of this review, we delineate the current understanding of the mechanisms that establish and maintain the polarity of epithelial tissues and discuss the involvement of cell polarity and apical junctional complex components in tumor pathogenesis. In the second part we address the clinical significance of cell polarity and junctional complex components in cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Finally, we explore their potential use as therapeutic targets in the treatment of cancer.
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Nicolaides L, Davy C, Raj K, Kranjec C, Banks L, Doorbar J. Stabilization of HPV16 E6 protein by PDZ proteins, and potential implications for genome maintenance. Virology 2011; 414:137-45. [PMID: 21489588 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2011.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The E6 protein from high-risk human papillomaviruses appears necessary for persistence of viral episomes in cells but the underlying mechanism is unclear. E6 has many activities, including its ability to bind and degrade PDZ domain-containing proteins, such as hScrib. However little is known about the role of these interactions for E6 function and the viral life cycle. We now show that the levels of expression of wild-type E6 are increased in the presence of hScrib whilst a mutant E6 protein lacking the PDZ-binding motif is found at lower levels as it is turned over more rapidly by the proteasome. This correlates with an inability of genomes containing this mutation to be maintained as episomes. These results show that E6 association with certain PDZ domain-containing proteins can stabilize the levels of E6 expression and provides one explanation as to how the PDZ-binding capacity of E6 might contribute to genome episomal maintenance.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/chemistry
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism
- Cell Adhesion Molecules
- Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/chemistry
- Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/genetics
- Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Discs Large Homolog 1 Protein
- Genome, Viral
- Guanylate Kinases
- Human papillomavirus 16/chemistry
- Human papillomavirus 16/genetics
- Human papillomavirus 16/metabolism
- Humans
- Membrane Proteins/chemistry
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Oncogene Proteins, Viral/chemistry
- Oncogene Proteins, Viral/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Viral/metabolism
- PDZ Domains
- Papillomavirus Infections/metabolism
- Papillomavirus Infections/virology
- Protein Binding
- Protein Stability
- Repressor Proteins/chemistry
- Repressor Proteins/genetics
- Repressor Proteins/metabolism
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/chemistry
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/genetics
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Lietta Nicolaides
- Division of Virology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, UK
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41
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Heaton PR, Deyrieux AF, Bian XL, Wilson VG. HPV E6 proteins target Ubc9, the SUMO conjugating enzyme. Virus Res 2011; 158:199-208. [PMID: 21510985 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2011] [Revised: 04/03/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The human papillomavirus oncogenic protein, E6, interacts with a number of cellular proteins, and for some targets, E6 directs their degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Post-translational modification with ubiquitin-like modifiers, such as SUMO, also influences protein activities, protein-protein interactions, and protein stability. We report that the high risk HPVE6 proteins reduce the intracellular quantity of the sole SUMO conjugation enzyme, Ubc9, concomitant with decreased host sumoylation. E6 did not significantly influence transcription of Ubc9, indicating that the effects were likely at the protein level. Consistent with typical E6-mediated proteasomal degradation, E6 bound to Ubc9 in vitro, and required E6AP for reduction of Ubc9 levels. Under stable E6 expression conditions in differentiating keratinocytes there was a decrease in Ubc9 and a loss of numerous sumoylated targets indicating a significant perturbation of the normal sumoylation profile. While E6 is known to inhibit PIASy, a SUMO ligase, our results suggest that HPV E6 also targets the Ubc9 protein to modulate host cell sumoylation, suggesting that the sumoylation system may be an important target during viral reproduction and possibly the subsequent development of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip R Heaton
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Pathogenesis, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843-1114, USA
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42
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Association of Elevated E6 Oncoprotein With Grade of Cervical Neoplasia Using PDZ Interaction-Mediated Precipitation of E6. J Low Genit Tract Dis 2011; 15:169-76. [DOI: 10.1097/lgt.0b013e3181f6c84d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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43
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Thomas M, Kranjec C, Nagasaka K, Matlashewski G, Banks L. Analysis of the PDZ binding specificities of Influenza A virus NS1 proteins. Virol J 2011; 8:25. [PMID: 21247458 PMCID: PMC3030508 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The Influenza A virus non-structural protein 1 (NS1) is a multifunctional virulence factor with several protein-protein interaction domains, involved in preventing apoptosis of the infected cell and in evading the interferon response. In addition, the majority of influenza A virus NS1 proteins have a class I PDZ-binding motif at the C-terminus, and this itself has been shown to be a virulence determinant. In the majority of human influenza NS1 proteins the consensus motif is RSxV: in avian NS1 it is ESxV. Of the few human strains that have the avian motif, all were from very high mortality outbreaks of the disease. Previous work has shown that minor differences in PDZ-binding motifs can have major effects on the spectrum of cellular proteins targeted. In this study we analyse the effect of these differences upon the binding of Influenza A virus NS1 protein to a range of cellular proteins involved in polarity and signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda Thomas
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Padriciano 99, 34012 Trieste, Italy.
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44
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The structural and dynamic response of MAGI-1 PDZ1 with noncanonical domain boundaries to the binding of human papillomavirus E6. J Mol Biol 2011; 406:745-63. [PMID: 21238461 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2011.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Revised: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
PDZ domains are protein interaction domains that are found in cytoplasmic proteins involved in signaling pathways and subcellular transport. Their roles in the control of cell growth, cell polarity, and cell adhesion in response to cell contact render this family of proteins targets during the development of cancer. Targeting of these network hubs by the oncoprotein E6 of "high-risk" human papillomaviruses (HPVs) serves to effect the efficient disruption of cellular processes. Using NMR, we have solved the three-dimensional solution structure of an extended construct of the second PDZ domain of MAGI-1 (MAGI-1 PDZ1) alone and bound to a peptide derived from the C-terminus of HPV16 E6, and we have characterized the changes in backbone dynamics and hydrogen bonding that occur upon binding. The binding event induces quenching of high-frequency motions in the C-terminal tail of the PDZ domain, which contacts the peptide upstream of the canonical X-[T/S]-X-[L/V] binding motif. Mutations designed in the C-terminal flanking region of the PDZ domain resulted in a significant decrease in binding affinity for E6 peptides. This detailed analysis supports the notion of a global response of the PDZ domain to the binding event, with effects propagated to distal sites, and reveals unexpected roles for the sequences flanking the canonical PDZ domain boundaries.
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45
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A systematic analysis of human papillomavirus (HPV) E6 PDZ substrates identifies MAGI-1 as a major target of HPV type 16 (HPV-16) and HPV-18 whose loss accompanies disruption of tight junctions. J Virol 2010; 85:1757-64. [PMID: 21123374 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01756-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The E6 proteins from high-risk, cancer-causing types of human papillomavirus (HPV) are characterized by the presence of a PDZ (PSD95/Dlg/ZO-1) binding motif in their extreme carboxy termini, through which they interact with a number of cellular PDZ domain-containing substrates. In order to ascertain how many of these are degraded by E6 in vivo, we performed an extensive analysis of the effects of E6 ablation on the expression levels of a number of previously reported E6 PDZ substrates. Using HPV type 16 (HPV-16)-positive CaSKi cells and HPV-18-positive HeLa cells, we have found that MAGI-1 is a major degradation target of both HPV-16 and HPV-18 E6. In contrast, hDlg, hScrib, PTPN3, TIP2, FAP1, and PSD95 all exhibit various degrees of susceptibility to E6-induced degradation, and a high degree of HPV type specificity is observed for certain substrates. We also show that E6 preferentially targets MAGI-1 within the nucleus and at membrane sites. One of the direct consequences of MAGI-1 degradation is a loss of tight-junction integrity, as determined by mislocalization of the tight-junction protein ZO-1. Ablation of E6 expression restores tight junctions, and this restoration is dependent on the presence of MAGI-1. These results demonstrate that oncogenic HPV E6 proteins disrupt cellular tight junctions through the degradation of MAGI-1, and they provide further evidence of how the PDZ binding potential of E6 can contribute to HPV-induced malignancy.
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46
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Chi CN, Bach A, Engström Å, Strømgaard K, Lundström P, Ferguson N, Jemth P. Biophysical characterization of the complex between human papillomavirus E6 protein and synapse-associated protein 97. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:3597-606. [PMID: 21113079 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.190264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The E6 protein of human papillomavirus (HPV) exhibits complex interaction patterns with several host proteins, and their roles in HPV-mediated oncogenesis have proved challenging to study. Here we use several biophysical techniques to explore the binding of E6 to the three PDZ domains of the tumor suppressor protein synapse-associated protein 97 (SAP97). All of the potential binding sites in SAP97 bind E6 with micromolar affinity. The dissociation rate constants govern the different affinities of HPV16 and HPV18 E6 for SAP97. Unexpectedly, binding is not mutually exclusive, and all three PDZ domains can simultaneously bind E6. Intriguingly, this quaternary complex has the same apparent hydrodynamic volume as the unliganded PDZ region, suggesting that a conformational change occurs in the PDZ region upon binding, a conclusion supported by kinetic experiments. Using NMR, we discovered a new mode of interaction between E6 and PDZ: a subset of residues distal to the canonical binding pocket in the PDZ(2) domain exhibited noncanonical interactions with the E6 protein. This is consistent with a larger proportion of the protein surface defining binding specificity, as compared with that reported previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celestine N Chi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
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47
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Fournane S, Charbonnier S, Chapelle A, Kieffer B, Orfanoudakis G, Travé G, Masson M, Nominé Y. Surface plasmon resonance analysis of the binding of high-risk mucosal HPV E6 oncoproteins to the PDZ1 domain of the tight junction protein MAGI-1. J Mol Recognit 2010; 24:511-23. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.1056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Revised: 04/22/2010] [Accepted: 04/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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48
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Jabbar S, Strati K, Shin MK, Pitot HC, Lambert PF. Human papillomavirus type 16 E6 and E7 oncoproteins act synergistically to cause head and neck cancer in mice. Virology 2010; 407:60-7. [PMID: 20797753 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Revised: 05/10/2010] [Accepted: 08/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
High-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) contribute to cervical and other anogenital cancers, and they are also linked etiologically to a subset of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC). We previously established a model for HPV-associated HNSCC in which we treated transgenic mice expressing the papillomaviral oncoproteins with the chemical carcinogen 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4-NQO). We found that the HPV-16 E7 oncoprotein was highly potent in causing HNSCC, and its dominance masked any potential oncogenic contribution of E6, a second papillomaviral oncoprotein commonly expressed in human cancers. In the current study, we shortened the duration of treatment with 4-NQO to reduce the incidence of cancers and discovered a striking synergy between E6 and E7 in causing HNSCC. Comparing the oncogenic properties of wild-type versus mutant E6 genes in this model for HNSCC uncovered a role for some but not other cellular targets of E6 previously shown to contribute to cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Jabbar
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1400 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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49
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Interaction of viral oncoproteins with cellular target molecules: infection with high-risk vs low-risk human papillomaviruses. APMIS 2010; 118:471-93. [PMID: 20553529 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2010.02618.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Persistent infection by a subgroup of so-called high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) that have a tropism for mucosal epithelia has been defined as the cause of more than 98% of cervical carcinomas as well as a high proportion of other cancers of the anogenital region. Infection of squamous epithelial tissues in the head and neck region by these same high-risk HPVs is also associated with a subset of cancers. Despite the general conservation of genetic structure amongst all HPV types, infection by the low-risk types, whether in genital or head and neck sites, carries a negligible risk of malignant progression, and infections have a markedly different pathology. In this review, we will examine and discuss the interactions that the principal viral oncoproteins of the high-risk mucosotrophic HPVs and their counterparts from the low-risk group make with cellular target proteins, with a view to explaining the differences in their respective pathology.
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50
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Pierri CL, Parisi G, Porcelli V. Computational approaches for protein function prediction: a combined strategy from multiple sequence alignment to molecular docking-based virtual screening. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2010; 1804:1695-712. [PMID: 20433957 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2010.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2010] [Revised: 03/04/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The functional characterization of proteins represents a daily challenge for biochemical, medical and computational sciences. Although finally proved on the bench, the function of a protein can be successfully predicted by computational approaches that drive the further experimental assays. Current methods for comparative modeling allow the construction of accurate 3D models for proteins of unknown structure, provided that a crystal structure of a homologous protein is available. Binding regions can be proposed by using binding site predictors, data inferred from homologous crystal structures, and data provided from a careful interpretation of the multiple sequence alignment of the investigated protein and its homologs. Once the location of a binding site has been proposed, chemical ligands that have a high likelihood of binding can be identified by using ligand docking and structure-based virtual screening of chemical libraries. Most docking algorithms allow building a list sorted by energy of the lowest energy docking configuration for each ligand of the library. In this review the state-of-the-art of computational approaches in 3D protein comparative modeling and in the study of protein-ligand interactions is provided. Furthermore a possible combined/concerted multistep strategy for protein function prediction, based on multiple sequence alignment, comparative modeling, binding region prediction, and structure-based virtual screening of chemical libraries, is described by using suitable examples. As practical examples, Abl-kinase molecular modeling studies, HPV-E6 protein multiple sequence alignment analysis, and some other model docking-based characterization reports are briefly described to highlight the importance of computational approaches in protein function prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciro Leonardo Pierri
- Department of Pharmaco-Biology, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bari, Va E. Orabona, 4 - 70125 Bari, Italy.
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