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Renu K, Myakala H, Chakraborty R, Bhattacharya S, Abuwani A, Lokhandwala M, Vellingiri B, Gopalakrishnan AV. Molecular mechanisms of alcohol's effects on the human body: A review and update. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2023; 37:e23502. [PMID: 37578200 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol consumption has been linked to numerous negative health outcomes although it has some beneficial effects on moderate dosages, the most severe of which being alcohol-induced hepatitis. The number of people dying from this liver illness has been shown to climb steadily over time, and its prevalence has been increasing. Researchers have found that alcohol consumption primarily affects the brain, leading to a wide range of neurological and psychological diseases. High-alcohol-consumption addicts not only experienced seizures, but also ataxia, aggression, social anxiety, and variceal hemorrhage that ultimately resulted in death, ascites, and schizophrenia. Drugs treating this liver condition are limited and can cause serious side effects like depression. Serine-threonine kinases, cAMP protein kinases, protein kinase C, ERK, RACK 1, Homer 2, and more have all been observed to have their signaling pathways disrupted by alcohol, and alcohol has also been linked to epigenetic changes. In addition, alcohol consumption induces dysbiosis by changing the composition of the microbiome found in the gastrointestinal tract. Although more studies are needed, those that have been done suggest that probiotics aid in keeping the various microbiota concentrations stable. It has been argued that reducing one's alcohol intake may seem less harmful because excessive drinking is a lifestyle disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaviyarasi Renu
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Haritha Myakala
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rituraj Chakraborty
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sharmishtha Bhattacharya
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Asmita Abuwani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mariyam Lokhandwala
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Balachandar Vellingiri
- Department of Zoology, Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine/Translational Research, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab (CUPB), Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Abilash Valsala Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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Maes M, Thisayakorn P, Thipakorn Y, Tantavisut S, Sirivichayakul S, Vojdani A. Reactivity to neural tissue epitopes, aquaporin 4 and heat shock protein 60 is associated with activated immune-inflammatory pathways and the onset of delirium following hip fracture surgery. Eur Geriatr Med 2023; 14:99-112. [PMID: 36520371 DOI: 10.1007/s41999-022-00729-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Activation of the immune-inflammatory response system (IRS) and a deficiency in the compensatory immunoregulatory system (CIRS), neuronal injuries, and alterations in the glutamate receptor (GlutaR), aquaporin-4 (AQP4) and heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) are involved in delirium. Increased serum levels of neurofilament protein (NFP), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and myelin basic protein (MBP) are biomarkers of neuronal injury. This investigation delineates whether elevated IgA/IgG reactivity against those self-antigens is associated with delirium severity and IRS activation. METHODS We measured peak Delirium Rating Scale (DRS) scores on days 2 and 3 following surgery in 59 hip fractured older adults, and IgA and IgG antibody levels against MBP, NFP, GFAP and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), metabotropic glutamate receptors mGluRs 1 and 5, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate receptor (NMDAR) GLU1 (NR1) and GLU2 (NR2), APQ4 and HSP60. RESULTS The IgA antibody levels against those self-antigens, especially GFAP, MBP and HSP60, strongly predict peak DRS scores on days 2 and 3 post-surgery. IgA reactivity against NMDAR and baseline DRS scores explained 40.6% of the variance in peak DRS scores, while IgA against NMDAR, IgG against MBP and age explained 29.1% of the variance in the IRS/CIRS ratio. There was no correlation between DRS scores and IgG directed against other self-antigens. CONCLUSIONS Increased IgA levels against neuronal self-antigens, AQP4 and HSP60 are risk factors for delirium. Polyreactive antibody-associated breakdown of immune tolerance, IRS activation and injuries in the neuronal cytoskeleton, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, glial cells, and myelin sheath are involved in the pathophysiology of delirium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Maes
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
- IMPACT Strategic Research Center, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.
| | - Paul Thisayakorn
- Department of Psychiatry, Hip Fracture Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Yanin Thipakorn
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Saran Tantavisut
- Department of Orthopedics, Hip Fracture Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sunee Sirivichayakul
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Aristo Vojdani
- Immunosciences Lab. Inc, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Cyrex Labs LLC, Phoeniz, AZ, USA
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Marion-Poll L, Roussarie JP, Taing L, Dard-Dascot C, Servant N, Jaszczyszyn Y, Jordi E, Mulugeta E, Hervé D, Bourc’his D, Greengard P, Thermes C, Girault JA. DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation characterize the identity of D1 and D2 striatal projection neurons. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1321. [PMID: 36456703 PMCID: PMC9715678 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04269-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal DNA modifications differ from those in other cells, including methylation outside CpG context and abundant 5-hydroxymethylation whose relevance for neuronal identities are unclear. Striatal projection neurons expressing D1 or D2 dopamine receptors allow addressing this question, as they share many characteristics but differ in their gene expression profiles, connections, and functional roles. We compare translating mRNAs and DNA modifications in these two populations. DNA methylation differences occur predominantly in large genomic clusters including differentially expressed genes, potentially important for D1 and D2 neurons. Decreased gene body methylation is associated with higher gene expression. Hydroxymethylation differences are more scattered and affect transcription factor binding sites, which can influence gene expression. We also find a strong genome-wide hydroxymethylation asymmetry between the two DNA strands, particularly pronounced at expressed genes and retrotransposons. These results identify novel properties of neuronal DNA modifications and unveil epigenetic characteristics of striatal projection neurons heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucile Marion-Poll
- grid.7429.80000000121866389INSERM UMR-S1270, Paris, 75005 France ,grid.462844.80000 0001 2308 1657Sorbonne Université, Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, Paris, 75005 France ,grid.462192.a0000 0004 0520 8345Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, 75005 France ,Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Paris, 75005 France ,grid.8591.50000 0001 2322 4988Present Address: Department of Basic Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, 1211 Switzerland
| | - Jean-Pierre Roussarie
- grid.134907.80000 0001 2166 1519Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065 USA ,grid.189504.10000 0004 1936 7558Present Address: Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118 USA
| | - Lieng Taing
- grid.7429.80000000121866389INSERM UMR-S1270, Paris, 75005 France ,grid.462844.80000 0001 2308 1657Sorbonne Université, Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, Paris, 75005 France ,grid.462192.a0000 0004 0520 8345Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, 75005 France ,grid.462844.80000 0001 2308 1657Present Address: UMR1166 Inserm and Sorbonne Université, Faculty of Medicine, Paris, 75013 France
| | - Cloelia Dard-Dascot
- grid.457334.20000 0001 0667 2738Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, 91198 France
| | - Nicolas Servant
- grid.440907.e0000 0004 1784 3645Institut Curie, INSERM U900, CBIO-Centre for Computational Biology, Mines Paris Tech, PSL-Research University, Paris, 75005 France
| | - Yan Jaszczyszyn
- grid.457334.20000 0001 0667 2738Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, 91198 France
| | - Emmanuelle Jordi
- grid.7429.80000000121866389INSERM UMR-S1270, Paris, 75005 France ,grid.462844.80000 0001 2308 1657Sorbonne Université, Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, Paris, 75005 France ,grid.462192.a0000 0004 0520 8345Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, 75005 France ,Present Address: Coave Therapeutics, Paris, 75014 France
| | - Eskeatnaf Mulugeta
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Paris, 75005 France ,grid.5645.2000000040459992XPresent Address: Erasmus University Medical Center (Erasmus MC), Department of Cell Biology, Rotterdam, 3000 CA The Netherlands
| | - Denis Hervé
- grid.7429.80000000121866389INSERM UMR-S1270, Paris, 75005 France ,grid.462844.80000 0001 2308 1657Sorbonne Université, Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, Paris, 75005 France ,grid.462192.a0000 0004 0520 8345Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, 75005 France
| | - Déborah Bourc’his
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Paris, 75005 France
| | - Paul Greengard
- grid.134907.80000 0001 2166 1519Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Claude Thermes
- grid.457334.20000 0001 0667 2738Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, 91198 France
| | - Jean-Antoine Girault
- grid.7429.80000000121866389INSERM UMR-S1270, Paris, 75005 France ,grid.462844.80000 0001 2308 1657Sorbonne Université, Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, Paris, 75005 France ,grid.462192.a0000 0004 0520 8345Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, 75005 France
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Bowen MT, George O, Muskiewicz DE, Hall FS. FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE ESCALATION OF ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 132:730-756. [PMID: 34839930 PMCID: PMC8892842 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Understanding factors that contribute to the escalation of alcohol consumption is key to understanding how an individual transitions from non/social drinking to AUD and to providing better treatment. In this review, we discuss how the way ethanol is consumed as well as individual and environmental factors contribute to the escalation of ethanol consumption from intermittent low levels to consistently high levels. Moreover, we discuss how these factors are modelled in animals. It is clear a vast array of complex, interacting factors influence changes in alcohol consumption. Some of these factors act early in the acquisition of ethanol consumption and initial escalation, while others contribute to escalation of ethanol consumption at a later stage and are involved in the development of alcohol dependence. There is considerable need for more studies examining escalation associated with the formation of dependence and other hallmark features of AUD, especially studies examining mechanisms, as it is of considerable relevance to understanding and treating AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T. Bowen
- The University of Sydney, Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney, NSW, 2050, Australia,The University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Psychology, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia,Corresponding Author: Michael T. Bowen, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, 94 Mallett Street, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW, 2050, Australia,
| | - Olivier George
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Dawn E. Muskiewicz
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacology and Pharmacological Science, University of Toledo, OH, USA
| | - F. Scott Hall
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacology and Pharmacological Science, University of Toledo, OH, USA
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5
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Smith AH, Ovesen PL, Skeldal S, Yeo S, Jensen KP, Olsen D, Diazgranados N, Zhao H, Farrer LA, Goldman D, Glerup S, Kranzler HR, Nykjær A, Gelernter J. Risk Locus Identification Ties Alcohol Withdrawal Symptoms to SORCS2. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2018; 42:2337-2348. [PMID: 30252935 PMCID: PMC6317871 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Efforts to promote the cessation of harmful alcohol use are hindered by the affective and physiological components of alcohol withdrawal (AW), which can include life-threatening seizures. Although previous studies of AW and relapse have highlighted the detrimental role of stress, little is known about genetic risk factors. METHODS We conducted a genome-wide association study of AW symptom count in uniformly assessed subjects with histories of serious AW, followed by additional genotyping in independent AW subjects. RESULTS The top association signal for AW severity was in sortilin family neurotrophin receptor gene SORCS2 on chromosome 4 (European American meta-analysis n = 1,478, p = 4.3 × 10-9 ). There were no genome-wide significant findings in African Americans (n = 1,231). Bioinformatic analyses were conducted using publicly available high-throughput transcriptomic and epigenomic data sets, showing that in humans SORCS2 is most highly expressed in the nervous system. The identified SORCS2 risk haplotype is predicted to disrupt a stress hormone-modulated regulatory element that has tissue-specific activity in human hippocampus. We used human neural lineage cells to demonstrate in vitro a causal relationship between stress hormone levels and SORCS2 expression, and show that SORCS2 levels in culture are increased upon ethanol exposure and withdrawal. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these findings indicate that the pathophysiology of withdrawal may involve the effects of stress hormones on neurotrophic factor signaling. Further investigation of these pathways could produce new approaches to managing the aversive consequences of abrupt alcohol cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H. Smith
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program and Medical Scientist Training Program, Yale School of Medicine
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, VA CT Healthcare Center and Yale School of Medicine
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Peter L. Ovesen
- The Lundbeck Foundation Research Center MIND, Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience DANDRITE - Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Sune Skeldal
- The Lundbeck Foundation Research Center MIND, Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience DANDRITE - Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Seungeun Yeo
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
| | - Kevin P. Jensen
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, VA CT Healthcare Center and Yale School of Medicine
| | - Ditte Olsen
- The Lundbeck Foundation Research Center MIND, Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience DANDRITE - Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Nancy Diazgranados
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health
| | - Lindsay A. Farrer
- Departments of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Neurology, and Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, and Departments of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - David Goldman
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Simon Glerup
- The Lundbeck Foundation Research Center MIND, Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience DANDRITE - Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Henry R. Kranzler
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania and Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VAMC, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Anders Nykjær
- The Lundbeck Foundation Research Center MIND, Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience DANDRITE - Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville 32224, Florida, USA
| | - Joel Gelernter
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, VA CT Healthcare Center and Yale School of Medicine
- Departments of Genetics and Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
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Abstract
Delirium Tremens (DT) falls in the most severe spectrum of alcohol withdrawal, which could potentially result in death, unless managed promptly and adequately. The prevalence of DT in general population is <1% and nearly 2% in patients with alcohol dependence. DT presents with a combination of severe alcohol withdrawal symptoms and symptoms of delirium with agitation and sometimes hallucination. Clinical and laboratory parameters which predict DT have been discussed. Assessment of DT includes assessment of severity of alcohol withdrawal, evaluation of delirium, and screening for underlying medical co-morbidities. Liver disease as a co-morbidity is very common in patients with DT and that could complicate the clinical presentation, determine the treatment choice, and influence the outcome. Benzodiazepines are the mainstay of treatment for DT. Diazepam and lorazepam are preferred benzodiazepine, depending upon the treatment regime and clinical context. In benzodiazepine refractory cases, Phenobarbital, propofol, and dexmedetomidine could be used.
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7
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Malhotra S, Basu D, Ghosh A, Khullar M, Chugh N, Kakkar N. An exploratory study of candidate gene(s) for Delirium Tremens: Adding the new cholinergic dimension to the conundrum. Asian J Psychiatr 2018; 31:137-141. [PMID: 29478862 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Delirium Tremens (DT) is the most severe form of alcohol withdrawal syndrome, with a potential risk of mortality. Search for the predictors of DT led to study of candidate genes, with inconsistent and inconclusive results. This study aimed to explore the association of various candidate gene polymorphisms and DT in a case-control design. METHODS This was a genetic association study with a case control design. Two hundred ten Alcohol dependent (AD) male subjects and 200 age matched controls were recruited. DT was diagnosed with the help of Semi-structured Assessment for Genetics of Alcoholism. SNP genotyping was done using TaqMan assay by real time PCR (q-PCR). RESULTS T allele carrying status (GT and TT) [rs1824024] of muscarinic cholinergic receptor 2 (CHRM2) was found to be significantly associated with DT. When compared to the general population, this genetic polymorphism was not found to be more common in alcohol dependence per se, which excludes the possibility of spurious association between CHRM2 and DT. Withdrawal seizure was more common in the DT group and came out to be one of the important predictors of DT. However, the genetic association was found to be specific for DT, not related to withdrawal seizures. CONCLUSION The present research added a new cholinergic dimension in the genetic association and biological mechanism of DT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savita Malhotra
- Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Debasish Basu
- Drug Deaddiction & Treatment Centre, Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Abhishek Ghosh
- Drug Deaddiction & Treatment Centre, Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Madhu Khullar
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Neera Chugh
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Neeraj Kakkar
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
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8
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Dutta N, Helton SG, Schwandt M, Zhu X, Momenan R, Lohoff FW. Genetic Variation in the Vesicular Monoamine Transporter 1 (VMAT1/SLC18A1) Gene and Alcohol Withdrawal Severity. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2016; 40:474-81. [PMID: 26876819 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol withdrawal (AW) can be a serious consequence of alcohol dependence and consists of various neurochemical adaptations in the brain. One such neuroadaptation occurs in the monoamine neurotransmitter system. Recently, a functional variant in the presynaptic vesicular monoamine transporter gene (VMAT1/SLC18A1-Thr136Ile-rs1390938) was found to significantly increase transport of monoamines into synaptic vesicles in vitro. We hypothesize that the alteration of magnitude of monoamine release contributes to severity of AW symptoms. METHODS Alcohol-dependent individuals (n = 609; European American n = 340; African American n = 216; other n = 53) were administered the Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment of Alcohol Scale, Revised (CIWA-Ar) questionnaire at the time of inpatient admission. Patients were subsequently genotyped for 12 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers in VMAT1. Association analyses were conducted on the combined sample and separated by ethnicity. RESULTS Single marker association tests revealed a significant association between 3 VMAT1 markers and CIWA-Ar scores in the EA sample. The minor alleles of rs1390938 (A) and rs952859 (C) were significantly associated with lower CIWA-Ar scores (p = 0.0006; p = 0.0007), whereas the minor allele of rs3779672 (G) was significantly associated with higher scores (p = 0.006). Additionally, these 3 SNPs were found in a haplotype block that was significantly associated with lower CIWA-Ar scores after haplotype analyses were run (p = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS This study shows that genetic variants in VMAT1, including the functional SNP rs1390938, contribute to the severity of AW in patients of European descent. Our data show for the first time a role of presynaptic neurotransmitter release in AW severity. This finding could contribute to identifying patients at risk for severe AW and shed light into the pathophysiology of AW and its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Dutta
- Section on Clinical Genomics and Experimental Therapeutics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sarah G Helton
- Section on Clinical Genomics and Experimental Therapeutics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Melanie Schwandt
- Section on Clinical Genomics and Experimental Therapeutics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Xi Zhu
- Section on Brain and Electrophysiology and Imaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Reza Momenan
- Section on Brain and Electrophysiology and Imaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Falk W Lohoff
- Section on Clinical Genomics and Experimental Therapeutics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Bell RL, Hauser SR, McClintick J, Rahman S, Edenberg HJ, Szumlinski KK, McBride WJ. Ethanol-Associated Changes in Glutamate Reward Neurocircuitry: A Minireview of Clinical and Preclinical Genetic Findings. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 137:41-85. [PMID: 26809998 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we have reviewed the role of glutamate, the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, in a number of neurochemical, -physiological, and -behavioral processes mediating the development of alcohol dependence. The findings discussed include results from both preclinical as well as neuroimaging and postmortem clinical studies. Expression levels for a number of glutamate-associated genes and/or proteins are modulated by alcohol abuse and dependence. These changes in expression include metabotropic receptors and ionotropic receptor subunits as well as different glutamate transporters. Moreover, these changes in gene expression parallel the pharmacologic manipulation of these same receptors and transporters. Some of these gene expression changes may have predated alcohol abuse and dependence because a number of glutamate-associated polymorphisms are related to a genetic predisposition to develop alcohol dependence. Other glutamate-associated polymorphisms are linked to age at the onset of alcohol-dependence and initial level of response/sensitivity to alcohol. Finally, findings of innate and/or ethanol-induced glutamate-associated gene expression differences/changes observed in a genetic animal model of alcoholism, the P rat, are summarized. Overall, the existing literature indicates that changes in glutamate receptors, transporters, enzymes, and scaffolding proteins are crucial for the development of alcohol dependence and there is a substantial genetic component to these effects. This indicates that continued research into the genetic underpinnings of these glutamate-associated effects will provide important novel molecular targets for treating alcohol abuse and dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Bell
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
| | - Sheketha R Hauser
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Jeanette McClintick
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana , USA
| | - Shafiqur Rahman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Howard J Edenberg
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana , USA
| | - Karen K Szumlinski
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - William J McBride
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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10
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Bhandage AK, Jin Z, Bazov I, Kononenko O, Bakalkin G, Korpi ER, Birnir B. GABA-A and NMDA receptor subunit mRNA expression is altered in the caudate but not the putamen of the postmortem brains of alcoholics. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:415. [PMID: 25538565 PMCID: PMC4257153 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic consumption of alcohol by humans has been shown to lead to impairment of executive and cognitive functions. Here, we have studied the mRNA expression of ion channel receptors for glutamate and GABA in the dorsal striatum of post-mortem brains from alcoholics (n = 29) and normal controls (n = 29), with the focus on the caudate nucleus that is associated with the frontal cortex executive functions and automatic thinking and on the putamen area that is linked to motor cortices and automatic movements. The results obtained by qPCR assay revealed significant changes in the expression of specific excitatory ionotropic glutamate and inhibitory GABA-A receptor subunit genes in the caudate but not the putamen. Thus, in the caudate we found reduced levels of mRNAs encoding the GluN2A glutamate receptor and the δ, ε, and ρ2 GABA-A receptor subunits, and increased levels of the mRNAs encoding GluD1, GluD2, and GABA-A γ1 subunits in the alcoholics as compared to controls. Interestingly in the controls, 11 glutamate and 5 GABA-A receptor genes were more prominently expressed in the caudate than the putamen (fold-increase varied from 1.24 to 2.91). Differences in gene expression patterns between the striatal regions may underlie differences in associated behavioral outputs. Our results suggest an altered balance between caudate-mediated voluntarily controlled and automatic behaviors in alcoholics, including diminished executive control on goal-directed alcohol-seeking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amol K Bhandage
- Molecular Physiology and Neuroscience, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Zhe Jin
- Molecular Physiology and Neuroscience, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Igor Bazov
- Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olga Kononenko
- Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland
| | - Georgy Bakalkin
- Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland
| | - Esa R Korpi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Bioscience (Biological Research on Drug Dependence), Biomedical Center, Uppsala University Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bryndis Birnir
- Molecular Physiology and Neuroscience, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University Uppsala, Sweden
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11
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Enoch MA, Rosser AA, Zhou Z, Mash DC, Yuan Q, Goldman D. Expression of glutamatergic genes in healthy humans across 16 brain regions; altered expression in the hippocampus after chronic exposure to alcohol or cocaine. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2014; 13:758-68. [PMID: 25262781 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed global patterns of expression in genes related to glutamatergic neurotransmission (glutamatergic genes) in healthy human adult brain before determining the effects of chronic alcohol and cocaine exposure on gene expression in the hippocampus. RNA-Seq data from 'BrainSpan' was obtained across 16 brain regions from nine control adults. We also generated RNA-Seq data from postmortem hippocampus from eight alcoholics, eight cocaine addicts and eight controls. Expression analyses were undertaken of 28 genes encoding glutamate ionotropic (AMPA, kainate, NMDA) and metabotropic receptor subunits, together with glutamate transporters. The expression of each gene was fairly consistent across the brain with the exception of the cerebellum, the thalamic mediodorsal nucleus and the striatum. GRIN1, encoding the essential NMDA subunit, had the highest expression across all brain regions. Six factors accounted for 84% of the variance in global gene expression. GRIN2B (encoding GluN2B), was up-regulated in both alcoholics and cocaine addicts (FDR corrected P = 0.008). Alcoholics showed up-regulation of three genes relative to controls and cocaine addicts: GRIA4 (encoding GluA4), GRIK3 (GluR7) and GRM4 (mGluR4). Expression of both GRM3 (mGluR3) and GRIN2D (GluN2D) was up-regulated in alcoholics and down-regulated in cocaine addicts relative to controls. Glutamatergic genes are moderately to highly expressed throughout the brain. Six factors explain nearly all the variance in global gene expression. At least in the hippocampus, chronic alcohol use largely up-regulates glutamatergic genes. The NMDA GluN2B receptor subunit might be implicated in a common pathway to addiction, possibly in conjunction with the GABAB1 receptor subunit.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-A Enoch
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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12
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Huang MC, Schwandt ML, Chester JA, Kirchhoff AM, Kao CF, Liang T, Tapocik JD, Ramchandani VA, George DT, Hodgkinson CA, Goldman D, Heilig M. FKBP5 moderates alcohol withdrawal severity: human genetic association and functional validation in knockout mice. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:2029-38. [PMID: 24603855 PMCID: PMC4059914 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol withdrawal is associated with hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysfunction. The FKBP5 gene codes for a co-chaperone, FK506-binding protein 5, that exerts negative feedback on HPA axis function. This study aimed to examine the effects of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the FKBP5 gene in humans and the effect of Fkbp5 gene deletion in mice on alcohol withdrawal severity. We genotyped six FKBP5 SNPs (rs3800373, rs9296158, rs3777747, rs9380524, rs1360780, and rs9470080) in 399 alcohol-dependent inpatients with alcohol consumption 48 h before admission and recorded scores from the Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment-Alcohol revised (CIWA-Ar). Fkbp5 gene knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice were assessed for alcohol withdrawal using handling-induced convulsions (HICs) following both acute and chronic alcohol exposure. We found the minor alleles of rs3800373 (G), rs9296158 (A), rs1360780 (T), and rs9470080 (T) were significantly associated with lower CIWA-Ar scores whereas the minor alleles of rs3777747 (G) and rs9380524 (A) were associated with higher scores. The haplotype-based analyses also showed an association with alcohol withdrawal severity. Fkbp5 KO mice showed significantly greater HICs during withdrawal from chronic alcohol exposure compared with WT controls. This study is the first to show a genetic effect of FKBP5 on the severity of alcohol withdrawal syndrome. In mice, the absence of the Fkbp5 gene enhances sensitivity to alcohol withdrawal. We suggest that FKBP5 variants may trigger different adaptive changes in HPA axis regulation during alcohol withdrawal with concomitant effects on withdrawal severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chyi Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Melanie L Schwandt
- Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Julia A Chester
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA,Department of Medicine, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Aaron M Kirchhoff
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA,Department of Medicine, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Chung-Feng Kao
- Department of Public Health and Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tiebing Liang
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA,Department of Medicine, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jenica D Tapocik
- Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Vijay A Ramchandani
- Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David T George
- Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Colin A Hodgkinson
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David Goldman
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Markus Heilig
- Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA,Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA, Tel: +1 301 768 7326, Fax: +1 301 451 7498, E-mail:
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13
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Jin Z, Bhandage AK, Bazov I, Kononenko O, Bakalkin G, Korpi ER, Birnir B. Selective increases of AMPA, NMDA, and kainate receptor subunit mRNAs in the hippocampus and orbitofrontal cortex but not in prefrontal cortex of human alcoholics. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:11. [PMID: 24523671 PMCID: PMC3905203 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate is the main excitatory transmitter in the human brain. Drugs that affect the glutamatergic signaling will alter neuronal excitability. Ethanol inhibits glutamate receptors. We examined the expression level of glutamate receptor subunit mRNAs in human post-mortem samples from alcoholics and compared the results to brain samples from control subjects. RNA from hippocampal dentate gyrus (HP-DG), orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), and dorso-lateral prefrontal cortex (DL-PFC) samples from 21 controls and 19 individuals with chronic alcohol dependence were included in the study. Total RNA was assayed using quantitative RT-PCR. Out of the 16 glutamate receptor subunits, mRNAs encoding two AMPA [2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl)propanoic acid] receptor subunits GluA2 and GluA3; three kainate receptor subunits GluK2, GluK3 and GluK5 and five NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor subunits GluN1, GluN2A, GluN2C, GluN2D, and GluN3A were significantly increased in the HP-DG region in alcoholics. In the OFC, mRNA encoding the NMDA receptor subunit GluN3A was increased, whereas in the DL-PFC, no differences in mRNA levels were observed. Our laboratory has previously shown that the expression of genes encoding inhibitory GABA-A receptors is altered in the HP-DG and OFC of alcoholics (Jin et al., 2011). Whether the changes in one neurotransmitter system drives changes in the other or if they change independently is currently not known. The results demonstrate that excessive long-term alcohol consumption is associated with altered expression of genes encoding glutamate receptors in a brain region-specific manner. It is an intriguing possibility that genetic predisposition to alcoholism may contribute to these gene expression changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Jin
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Amol K Bhandage
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Igor Bazov
- Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Olga Kononenko
- Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Georgy Bakalkin
- Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Esa R Korpi
- Institute of Biomedicine, Pharmacology, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bryndis Birnir
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University Uppsala, Sweden
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14
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Wijnia JW, Oudman E. Biomarkers of delirium as a clue to diagnosis and pathogenesis of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. Eur J Neurol 2013; 20:1531-8. [PMID: 23790077 DOI: 10.1111/ene.12217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Wernicke's encephalopathy (WE) and Korsakoff's syndrome are considered to be different stages of the same disorder due to thiamine deficiency, which is called Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (WKS). The earliest biochemical change is the decrease of α-ketoglutarate-dehydrogenase activity in astrocytes. According to autopsy-based series, mental status changes are present in 82% of WE cases. The objective of the present review is to identify possible underlying mechanisms relating the occurrence of delirium to WKS. METHODS Studies involving delirium in WKS, however, are rare. Therefore, first, a search was done for candidate biomarkers of delirium irrespective of the clinical setting. Secondly, the results were focused on identification of these biomarkers in reports on WKS. RESULTS In various settings, 10 biochemical and/or genetic biomarkers showed strong associations with the occurrence of delirium. For WKS three of these candidate biomarkers were identified, namely brain tissue cell counts of CD68 positive cells as a marker of microglial activation, high cerebrospinal fluid lactate levels, and MHPG, a metabolite of norepinephrine. Based on current literature, markers of microglial activation may present an interesting patho-etiological relationship between thiamine deficiency and delirium in WKS. CONCLUSIONS In WKS cases, changes in astroglia and microglial proliferation were reported. The possible loss-of-function mechanisms following thiamine deficiency in WKS are proposed to come from microglial activation, resulting in a delirium in the initial phase of WKS.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Wijnia
- Lelie Care Group, Slingedael Korsakoff Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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15
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Grzywacz A, Małecka I, Suchanecka A, Bieńkowski P, Samochowiec J. Family-based and case-control study of glutamate receptor GRIK3 Ser310Ala polymorphism in alcohol dependence. Eur Addict Res 2012; 19:55-9. [PMID: 23006490 DOI: 10.1159/000341714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of the glutamate receptor subunit-7 (GluR7, GRIK 3) rs6691840 (Ser310Ala, T928G) in the pathogenesis of alcohol dependence (AD). METHODS DNA was provided from AD patients (n = 209) and healthy control subjects (n = 308) all of Polish descent. The history of alcoholism was obtained using the Polish version of the SSAGA (Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism). We conducted case-control association study and transmission disequilibrium test (TDT). GRIK3 functional polymorphism was genotyped by the PCR-RFLP method. RESULTS Analyses revealed that polymorphism Ser310Ala of GRIK3 gene is not associated with AD or any of its subgroups. TDT reveled an adequate transmission of both alleles in the group of alcohol families. CONCLUSIONS These findings replicate and extend our previous research results that do not support the hypothesis of the role of rs6691840 in the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Grzywacz
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
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16
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Preuss UW, Ridinger M, Rujescu D, Samochowiec J, Fehr C, Wurst FM, Koller G, Bondy B, Wodarz N, Debniak T, Grzywacz A, Soyka M, Zill P. Association of ADH4 genetic variants with alcohol dependence risk and related phenotypes: results from a larger multicenter association study. Addict Biol 2011; 16:323-33. [PMID: 20626721 DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2010.00236.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Genetic variants of the alcohol-metabolizing enzyme ADH4, located on chromosome 4q22-4q23, have been related to alcohol dependence (AD) risk in previous research. The aim of this association study in a large multicenter sample of alcohol-dependent individuals and controls is to confirm ADH4 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and haplotype association with AD and relevant related phenotypes. One thousand, six hundred and twenty-two (1622) inpatient subjects and 1469 control subjects with DSM-IV. AD from four addiction treatment centres were included. Characteristics of AD and related phenotypes including alcohol withdrawal, Cloninger's type I and II and first ages of drinking, regular drinking and AD onset were obtained using standardized structured interviews. After subjects were genotyped for 2 ADH4 polymorphisms, single SNP case-control and haplotype analyses were conducted. Both variants--rs1800759 and rs1042364--and the A-A and C-G haplotypes were significantly related to AD across samples. Furthermore, associations with AD-related phenotypes and subtypes revealed a potential protective influence of this haplotype. This study confirms the significant relationship of ADH4 variants with AD and related phenotypes. While the rs1800759 and rs1042364 A-A haplotype had a potential protective influence on the risk for several AD-related phenotypes, this effect is rather small compared to functional variants of other alcohol or acetaldehyde-metabolizing enzymes like ALDH2*2 or ADH1B*2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich W Preuss
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Martin-Luther-University, Halle-Wittenberg, Julius-Kühn-Str. 7, D–06112 Halle, Germany.
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17
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Kranzler HR, Edenberg HJ. Pharmacogenetics of alcohol and alcohol dependence treatment. Curr Pharm Des 2010; 16:2141-8. [PMID: 20482509 DOI: 10.2174/138161210791516387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we review studies of genetic moderators of the response to medications to treat alcohol dependence, the acute response to alcohol, and the response to the psychotherapeutic treatment of heavy drinking. We consider four neurotransmitter systems: opioidergic, dopaminergic, GABAergic, and glutamatergic and focus on one receptor protein in each: OPRM1 (the &#micro;-opioid receptor gene), DRD4 (the D(4) dopamine receptor gene), GABRA2 (GABA(A) receptor alpha-2 subunit gene), and GRIK1 (the kainite receptor GluR5 subunit gene). We conclude that because parallel developments in alcoholism treatment and the genetics of alcohol dependence are beginning to converge, using genotypic information, it may be possible to match patients with specific treatments. Of greatest clinical relevance is the finding that the presence of an Asp40 allele in OPRM1 modestly predicts a better response to naltrexone treatment. Promising findings include the observations that a polymorphism in GABRA2 predicts the response to specific psychotherapies; a polymorphism in DRD4 predicts the effects of the antipsychotic olanzapine on craving for alcohol and drinking behavior; and a polymorphism in GRIKI predicts adverse events resulting from treatment with the anticonvulsant topiramate. Although variants in other genes have been associated with the risk for alcohol dependence, they have not been studied as moderators of the response either to treatment or acute alcohol administration. We recommend that, whenever possible, treatment trials include the collection of DNA samples to permit pharmacogenetic analyses, and that such analyses look broadly for relevant genetic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry R Kranzler
- Departments of Psychiatry and Genetics and Developmental Biology, University of Connecticut Health, Center, 263 Farmington Ave. Farmington, CT 06030-2103, USA.
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18
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Kranzler HR, Gelernter J, Anton RF, Arias AJ, Herman A, Zhao H, Burian L, Covault J. Association of markers in the 3' region of the GluR5 kainate receptor subunit gene to alcohol dependence. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2010; 33:925-30. [PMID: 19320626 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.00913.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutamate neurotransmission plays an important role in a variety of alcohol-related phenomena, including alcohol self-administration by both animals and humans. Because the risk for alcohol dependence (AD) is genetically influenced, genes encoding glutamate receptors are candidates to contribute to the risk for AD. We examined the role of variation in the 3' region of GRIK1, the gene that encodes the GluR5 receptor subunit of the kainic acid glutamate receptor, on risk for AD. We focused specifically on this gene because topiramate, a glutamate modulator that binds to the GluR5 subunit, has shown robust efficacy in the treatment of AD. METHODS We genotyped 7 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the 3'-half of GRIK1, which includes 3 differentially spliced exons, in a sample of EA control subjects (n = 507) and subjects with AD (n = 1,057). RESULTS We found nominally significant evidence of association to AD for 3 SNPs (rs2832407 in intron 9, rs2186305 in intron 17, and rs2832387 in the 3'UTR). Empirical p-value estimation revealed that only rs2832407 was significantly associated to phenotype (p = 0.043). DISCUSSION These findings provide support for the hypothesis that variation in the 3' portion of the gene encoding the GluR5 kainate receptor subunit contributes to the risk for AD. Further research is needed to ascertain whether this SNP is itself functional or whether the association reflects linkage disequilibrium with functional variation elsewhere in the gene and whether this SNP moderates topiramate's effects in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry R Kranzler
- Alcohol Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, University Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030-2103, USA.
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Karpyak VM, Biernacka JM, Weg MWV, Stevens SR, Cunningham JM, Mrazek DA, Black JL. Interaction of SLC6A4 and DRD2 polymorphisms is associated with a history of delirium tremens. Addict Biol 2010; 15:23-34. [PMID: 20002020 DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2009.00183.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Several genetic polymorphisms have been reported to be associated with alcohol withdrawal seizures (AWS) and delirium tremens (DT). To replicate and further explore these findings, we investigated the effects of 12 previously reported candidate genetic variations in two groups of alcohol-dependent European Americans with a history of withdrawal, which differed according to the presence (n = 112) or absence (n = 92) of AWS and/or DT. Associations of AWS and/or DT with the genomic and clinical characteristics and gene-gene interaction effects were investigated using logistic regression models. None of the polymorphisms were significantly associated with AWS/DT after correction for multiple testing. However, we found a significant interaction effect of the SLC6A4 promoter polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) and DRD2 exon 8 single nucleotide polymorphism rs6276 on AWS and/or DT history (P = 0.009), which became more significant after adjustment for lifetime maximum number of drinks consumed per 24 hours (P < 0.001). Subsequent analysis revealed an even stronger association of the SLC6A4-DRD2 interaction with DT (P < 0.0001), which remained significant after Bonferroni correction. Results reveal decreased likelihood of DT in alcoholics that carry the DRD2 rs6276 G allele and SLC6A4 LL genotype. This study provides the first evidence to implicate the interaction between serotonin and dopamine neurotransmission in the etiology of DT. Replication is necessary to verify this potentially important finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor M Karpyak
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Sripathirathan K, Brown J, Neafsey EJ, Collins MA. Linking binge alcohol-induced neurodamage to brain edema and potential aquaporin-4 upregulation: evidence in rat organotypic brain slice cultures and in vivo. J Neurotrauma 2009; 26:261-73. [PMID: 19236167 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2008.0682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain edema and derived oxidative stress potentially are critical events in the hippocampal-entorhinal cortical (HEC) neurodegeneration caused by binge alcohol (ethanol) intoxication and withdrawal in adult rats. Edema's role is based on findings that furosemide diuretic antagonizes binge alcohol-dependent brain overhydration and neurodamage in vivo and in rat organotypic HEC slice cultures. However, evidence that furosemide has significant antioxidant potential and knowledge that alcohol can cause oxidative stress through non-edemic pathways has placed edema's role in question. We therefore studied three other diuretics and a related non-diuretic that, according to our oxygen radical antioxidant capacity (ORAC) assays or the literature, possess minimal antioxidant potential. Acetazolamide (ATZ), a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor/diuretic with negligible ORAC effectiveness and, interestingly, an aquaporin-4 (AQP4) water channel inhibitor, prevented alcohol-dependent tissue edema and neurodegeneration in HEC slice cultures. Likewise, in binge alcohol-intoxicated rats, ATZ suppressed brain edema while inhibiting neurodegeneration. Torasemide, a loop diuretic lacking furosemide's ORAC capability, also prevented alcohol-induced neurodamage in HEC slice cultures. However, bumetanide (BUM), a diuretic blocker of Na(+)-K(+)-2Cl(-) channels, and L-644, 711, a nondiuretic anion channel inhibitor--both lacking antioxidant capabilities as well as reportedly ineffective against alcohol-dependent brain damage in vivo--reduced neither alcohol-induced neurotoxicity nor (with BUM) edema in HEC slices. Because an AQP4 blocker (ATZ) was neuroprotective, AQP4 expression in the HEC slices was examined and found to be elevated by binge alcohol. The results further indicate that binge ethanol-induced brain edema/swelling, potentially associated with AQP4 upregulation, may be important in consequent neurodegeneration that could derive from neuroinflammatory processes, for example, membrane arachidonic acid mobilization and associated oxidative stress.
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Abstract
Alcohol withdrawal continues to present significant morbidity and mortality in hospitalized medical/surgical patients. The authors present a case of a patient with delirium tremens requiring up to 1,600 mg/day of lorazepam and discuss alternative treatments for alcohol withdrawal.
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22
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Hughes JR. Alcohol withdrawal seizures. Epilepsy Behav 2009; 15:92-7. [PMID: 19249388 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2009.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2008] [Revised: 02/17/2009] [Accepted: 02/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The topic of alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS), including delirium tremens and especially seizures, is reviewed. From mice and rat studies, it is known that both N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors are involved in AWS. During alcohol intoxication chronic adaptations of NMDA and GABA receptors occur, and during alcohol withdrawal a hyperexcitable state develops. In studies on humans, during intoxication the NMDA receptors are activated and mediate tonic inhibition. In withdrawal, a rebound activation of these receptors occurs. Both GABA-A and GABA-B receptors, especially the alpha2 subunit of GABA-A receptors, are also likely involved. Homocysteine increases with active drinking, and in withdrawal, excitotoxicity likely is induced by a further increase in homocysteine, viewed as a risk factor for AWS and also as a screening tool. The dopamine transporter gene is also associated with AWS. Characteristics involves changes in the ECG, especially an increase in QT interval, and EEG changes, including abnormal quantified EEG, at times periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges, and especially seizures, usually occurring 6-48h after the cessation of drinking. Therapy has emphasized benzodiazepines, mainly diazepam and lorazepam, but more standard antiepileptic drugs, like carbamazepine and topiramate, are also effective and safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Hughes
- Department of Neurology, University of Illinois Medical Center, M/C 796, 912 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Abstract
Delirium not induced by alcohol or other psychoactive substance and alcohol withdrawal delirium (or delirium tremens) are both cerebral syndromes with similar presentations and are associated with various adverse outcomes. Recently, interest in identifying genetic predisposing factors that influence the occurrence or the outcome of delirium has become a prominent point of delirium research. We systematically searched published articles concerning genetic associations and the occurrence and outcome of delirium. Of 33 identified articles, six investigated non-alcohol withdrawal delirium, and from those six, five evaluated an association with apolipoprotein E (APOE). One association of APOE genotype with the emergence of delirium and two associations of APOE genotype with the duration of delirium were reported. The remaining 27 identified articles investigated genetic associations with alcohol withdrawal delirium and were mainly related to dopamine. Two studies reported a significant association of alcohol withdrawal delirium with the dopamine transporter gene (SLC6A3) and the dopamine receptor 3 (DRD3). Results are inconclusive, and no hard evidence exists due primarily to insufficiently powered studies and other methodological issues. Prospective studies incorporating systematic and rigorous diagnostic criteria and involving long term follow up are needed to advance understanding of this field.
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Gass JT, Olive MF. Glutamatergic substrates of drug addiction and alcoholism. Biochem Pharmacol 2008; 75:218-65. [PMID: 17706608 PMCID: PMC2239014 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2007] [Revised: 06/22/2007] [Accepted: 06/26/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The past two decades have witnessed a dramatic accumulation of evidence indicating that the excitatory amino acid glutamate plays an important role in drug addiction and alcoholism. The purpose of this review is to summarize findings on glutamatergic substrates of addiction, surveying data from both human and animal studies. The effects of various drugs of abuse on glutamatergic neurotransmission are discussed, as are the effects of pharmacological or genetic manipulation of various components of glutamate transmission on drug reinforcement, conditioned reward, extinction, and relapse-like behavior. In addition, glutamatergic agents that are currently in use or are undergoing testing in clinical trials for the treatment of addiction are discussed, including acamprosate, N-acetylcysteine, modafinil, topiramate, lamotrigine, gabapentin and memantine. All drugs of abuse appear to modulate glutamatergic transmission, albeit by different mechanisms, and this modulation of glutamate transmission is believed to result in long-lasting neuroplastic changes in the brain that may contribute to the perseveration of drug-seeking behavior and drug-associated memories. In general, attenuation of glutamatergic transmission reduces drug reward, reinforcement, and relapse-like behavior. On the other hand, potentiation of glutamatergic transmission appears to facilitate the extinction of drug-seeking behavior. However, attempts at identifying genetic polymorphisms in components of glutamate transmission in humans have yielded only a limited number of candidate genes that may serve as risk factors for the development of addiction. Nonetheless, manipulation of glutamatergic neurotransmission appears to be a promising avenue of research in developing improved therapeutic agents for the treatment of drug addiction and alcoholism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin T Gass
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Programs, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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van Munster BC, Korevaar JC, de Rooij SE, Levi M, Zwinderman AH. Genetic Polymorphisms Related to Delirium Tremens: A Systematic Review. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2007; 31:177-84. [PMID: 17250608 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00294.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Delirium tremens (DT) is one of the more severe complications of alcohol withdrawal (AW), with a 5 to 10% lifetime risk for alcohol-dependent patients. The 2 most important neurosystems involved in AW are gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamate. It is unknown whether these neurosystems are involved in the pathophysiology of DT as well. The candidate gene approach in DT could contribute to this knowledge and demonstrate a possible genetic predisposition for DT. The purpose of this study is to give an overview of all studied genetic polymorphisms in the diverse candidate genes related to DT and to summarize what these studies contribute to insights into the pathophysiology of DT. METHODS The inclusion criteria for this literature study were articles in English analyzing the association between a genetic polymorphism and DT without other AW syndromes. Studies were identified until February 2006 in MEDLINE and EMBASE databases. RESULTS We found 25 studies dealing with 30 polymorphisms, located in 19 different genes. Positive associations were found in 3 different candidate genes involved in the dopamine transmission, 1 gene involved in the glutamate pathway, 1 neuropeptide gene, and 1 cannabinoid gene. Two candidate genes involved in the dopamine transmission, dopamine receptor D3, and solute carrier family 6, were each associated with DT in 2 different study populations. The other 4 positive associations were not replicated in other studies. CONCLUSIONS A total of 8 positive associations out of 30 polymorphisms makes a genetic base for DT plausible. Understanding the pathophysiological process of the development of DT has, indeed, been augmented by the reviewed genetic association studies. These studies suggest that the regulation of dopaminergic neurotransmission may play an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara C van Munster
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Schiffer HH, Heinemann SF. Association of the human kainate receptor GluR7 gene (GRIK3) with recurrent major depressive disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2007; 144B:20-6. [PMID: 16958029 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The etiology of mood disorders remains elusive, despite our increasing understanding of the neurotransmitter systems and brain regions that are involved. We performed a large family-based association study to test if the human kainate receptor GluR7 gene (GRIK3) is associated with bipolar disorder (BP) or recurrent major depressive disorder (R-MDD). One hundred fifty-three multiplex BP families from the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Genetics Initiative on Bipolar Disorder were analyzed with the transmission disequilibrium test (TDT). We detected a significant linkage disequilibrium (LD) indicated by preferential maternal transmission of the GluR7 S310 allele to R-MDD patients (P = 0.012), but not to bipolar I disorder (BPI) patients (P = 1.00). We performed a second independent study by applying the TDT in 81 parent-offspring triads from families that inherit recurrent early-onset major depressive disorder (RE-MDD). The results from this second study showed only a suggestive maternal association (P = 0.068). Our findings imply that the GluR7 gene is a susceptibility factor in R-MDD and that the glutamatergic receptor system plays a critical role in the disease etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Schiffer
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA.
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