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Makarov D, Volkov OM, Kákay A, Pylypovskyi OV, Budinská B, Dobrovolskiy OV. New Dimension in Magnetism and Superconductivity: 3D and Curvilinear Nanoarchitectures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2101758. [PMID: 34705309 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202101758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, the primary field, where curvature has been at the heart of research, is the theory of general relativity. In recent studies, however, the impact of curvilinear geometry enters various disciplines, ranging from solid-state physics over soft-matter physics, chemistry, and biology to mathematics, giving rise to a plethora of emerging domains such as curvilinear nematics, curvilinear studies of cell biology, curvilinear semiconductors, superfluidity, optics, 2D van der Waals materials, plasmonics, magnetism, and superconductivity. Here, the state of the art is summarized and prospects for future research in curvilinear solid-state systems exhibiting such fundamental cooperative phenomena as ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism, and superconductivity are outlined. Highlighting the recent developments and current challenges in theory, fabrication, and characterization of curvilinear micro- and nanostructures, special attention is paid to perspective research directions entailing new physics and to their strong application potential. Overall, the perspective is aimed at crossing the boundaries between the magnetism and superconductivity communities and drawing attention to the conceptual aspects of how extension of structures into the third dimension and curvilinear geometry can modify existing and aid launching novel functionalities. In addition, the perspective should stimulate the development and dissemination of research and development oriented techniques to facilitate rapid transitions from laboratory demonstrations to industry-ready prototypes and eventual products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denys Makarov
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Oleksii M Volkov
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Attila Kákay
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Oleksandr V Pylypovskyi
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, 01328, Dresden, Germany
- Kyiv Academic University, Kyiv, 03142, Ukraine
| | - Barbora Budinská
- Superconductivity and Spintronics Laboratory, Nanomagnetism and Magnonics, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Oleksandr V Dobrovolskiy
- Superconductivity and Spintronics Laboratory, Nanomagnetism and Magnonics, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
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Honda T, Yamasaki Y, Nakao H, Murakami Y, Ogura T, Kousaka Y, Akimitsu J. Topological metastability supported by thermal fluctuation upon formation of chiral soliton lattice in [Formula: see text]. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18596. [PMID: 33122696 PMCID: PMC7596096 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74945-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Topological magnetic structure possesses topological stability characteristics that make it robust against disturbances which are a big advantage for data processing or storage devices of spintronics; nonetheless, such characteristics have been rarely clarified. This paper focused on the formation of chiral soliton lattice (CSL), a one-dimensional topological magnetic structure, and provides a discussion of its topological stability and influence of thermal fluctuation. Herein, CSL responses against change of temperature and applied magnetic field were investigated via small-angle resonant soft X-ray scattering in chromium niobium sulfide ([Formula: see text]). CSL transformation relative to the applied magnetic field demonstrated a clear agreement with the theoretical prediction of the sine-Gordon model. Further, there were apparent differences in the process of chiral soliton creation and annihilation, discussed from the viewpoint of competing between thermal fluctuation and the topological metastability.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Honda
- Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, 305-0801 Japan
| | - Y. Yamasaki
- Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, 305-0801 Japan
- Research and Services Division of Materials Data and Integrated System (MaDIS), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, 305-0047 Japan
- Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), RIKEN, Wako, 351-0198 Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama, Japan
| | - H. Nakao
- Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, 305-0801 Japan
| | - Y. Murakami
- Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, 305-0801 Japan
| | - T. Ogura
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, Aoyama-Gakuin University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5258 Japan
| | - Y. Kousaka
- Department of Physics and Electronics, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, 599-8531 Japan
| | - J. Akimitsu
- Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530 Japan
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Volovik GE, Rysti J, Mäkinen JT, Eltsov VB. Spin, Orbital, Weyl and Other Glasses in Topological Superfluids. JOURNAL OF LOW TEMPERATURE PHYSICS 2018; 196:82-101. [PMID: 31274926 PMCID: PMC6570685 DOI: 10.1007/s10909-018-02132-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
One of the most spectacular discoveries made in superfluid3 He confined in a nanostructured material like aerogel or nafen was the observation of the destruction of the long-range orientational order by a weak random anisotropy. The quenched random anisotropy provided by the confining material strands produces several different glass states resolved in NMR experiments in the chiral superfluid3 He-A and in the time-reversal-invariant polar phase. The smooth textures of spin and orbital order parameters in these glasses can be characterized in terms of the randomly distributed topological charges, which describe skyrmions, spin vortices and hopfions. In addition, in these skyrmion glasses the momentum-space topological invariants are randomly distributed in space. The Chern mosaic, Weyl glass, torsion glass and other exotic topological states are examples of close connections between the real-space and momentum-space topologies in superfluid3 He phases in aerogel.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. E. Volovik
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15100, 00076 Aalto, Finland
- Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics, Acad. Semyonov Av., 1a, Chernogolovka, Russia 142432
| | - J. Rysti
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15100, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - J. T. Mäkinen
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15100, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - V. B. Eltsov
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15100, 00076 Aalto, Finland
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Skyrmionium - high velocity without the skyrmion Hall effect. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16966. [PMID: 30446670 PMCID: PMC6240074 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34934-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The lateral motion of a magnetic skyrmion, arising because of the skyrmion Hall effect, imposes a number of restrictions on the use of this spin state in the racetrack memory. A skyrmionium is a more promising spin texture for memory applications, since it has zero total topological charge and propagates strictly along a nanotrack. Here, the stability of the skyrmionium, as well as the dependence of its size on the magnetic parameters, such as the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction and perpendicular magnetic anisotropy, are studied by means of micromagnetic simulations. We propose an advanced method for the skyrmionium nucleation due to a local enhancement of the spin Hall effect. The stability of the skyrmionium being in motion under the action of the spin polarized current is analyzed.
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Malvestuto M, Ciprian R, Caretta A, Casarin B, Parmigiani F. Ultrafast magnetodynamics with free-electron lasers. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2018; 30:053002. [PMID: 29315080 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aaa211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The study of ultrafast magnetodynamics has entered a new era thanks to the groundbreaking technological advances in free-electron laser (FEL) light sources. The advent of these light sources has made possible unprecedented experimental schemes for time-resolved x-ray magneto-optic spectroscopies, which are now paving the road for exploring the ultimate limits of out-of-equilibrium magnetic phenomena. In particular, these studies will provide insights into elementary mechanisms governing spin and orbital dynamics, therefore contributing to the development of ultrafast devices for relevant magnetic technologies. This topical review focuses on recent advancement in the study of non-equilibrium magnetic phenomena from the perspective of time-resolved extreme ultra violet (EUV) and soft x-ray spectroscopies at FELs with highlights of some important experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Malvestuto
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A. Strada Statale 14-km 163.5 in AREA Science Park 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
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Cortés-Ortuño D, Wang W, Beg M, Pepper RA, Bisotti MA, Carey R, Vousden M, Kluyver T, Hovorka O, Fangohr H. Thermal stability and topological protection of skyrmions in nanotracks. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4060. [PMID: 28642570 PMCID: PMC5481343 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03391-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic skyrmions are hailed as a potential technology for data storage and other data processing devices. However, their stability against thermal fluctuations is an open question that must be answered before skyrmion-based devices can be designed. In this work, we study paths in the energy landscape via which the transition between the skyrmion and the uniform state can occur in interfacial Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya finite-sized systems. We find three mechanisms the system can take in the process of skyrmion nucleation or destruction and identify that the transition facilitated by the boundary has a significantly lower energy barrier than the other energy paths. This clearly demonstrates the lack of the skyrmion topological protection in finite-sized magnetic systems. Overall, the energy barriers of the system under investigation are too small for storage applications at room temperature, but research into device materials, geometry and design may be able to address this.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Cortés-Ortuño
- Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom.
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Marijan Beg
- Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan A Pepper
- Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Marc-Antonio Bisotti
- Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Carey
- Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Vousden
- Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Kluyver
- Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Ondrej Hovorka
- Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Hans Fangohr
- Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom.
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany.
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Mitin D, Grobis M, Albrecht M. Scanning magnetoresistive microscopy: An advanced characterization tool for magnetic nanosystems. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2016; 87:023703. [PMID: 26931856 DOI: 10.1063/1.4941292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
An advanced scanning magnetoresistive microscopy (SMRM) - a robust magnetic imaging and probing technique - will be presented, which utilizes state-of-the-art recording heads of a hard disk drive as sensors. The spatial resolution of modern tunneling magnetoresistive sensors is nowadays comparable to the more commonly used magnetic force microscopes. Important advantages of SMRM are the ability to detect pure magnetic signals directly proportional to the out-of-plane magnetic stray field, negligible sensor stray fields, and the ability to apply local bipolar magnetic field pulses up to 10 kOe with bandwidths from DC up to 1 GHz. Moreover, the SMRM can be further equipped with a heating stage and external magnetic field units. The performance of this method and corresponding best practices are demonstrated by presenting various examples, including a temperature dependent recording study on hard magnetic L1(0) FeCuPt thin films, imaging of magnetic vortex states in an in-plane magnetic field, and their controlled manipulation by applying local field pulses.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Mitin
- Institute of Physics, University of Augsburg, 86159 Augsburg, Germany
| | - M Grobis
- HGST, A Western Digital Company, San Jose, California 95135, USA
| | - M Albrecht
- Institute of Physics, University of Augsburg, 86159 Augsburg, Germany
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Nissen D, Mitin D, Klein O, Arekapudi SSPK, Thomas S, Im MY, Fischer P, Albrecht M. Magnetic coupling of vortices in a two dimensional lattice. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 26:465706. [PMID: 26511585 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/26/46/465706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the magnetization reversal of magnetic vortex structures in a two-dimensional lattice. The structures were formed by permalloy (Py) film deposition onto large arrays of self assembled spherical SiO(2)-particles with a diameter of 330 nm. We present the dependence of the nucleation and annihilation field of the vortex structures as a function of the Py layer thickness(aspect ratio) and temperature. By increasing the Py thickness up to 90 nm or alternatively by lowering the temperature the vortex structure becomes more stable as expected. However, the increase of the Py thickness results in the onset of strong exchange coupling between neighboring Py caps due to the emergence of Py bridges connecting them. In particular, we studied the influence of magnetic coupling locally by in-field scanning magne to-resistive microscopy and full-field magnetic soft x-ray microscopy, revealing a domain-like nucleation process of vortex states, which arises via domain wall propagation due to exchange coupling of the closely packed structures. By analyzing the rotation sense of the reversed areas, large connected domains are present with the same circulation sense. Furthermore, the lateral core displacements when an in-plane field is applied were investigated, revealing spatially enlarged vortex cores and a broader distribution with increasing Py layer thickness. In addition, the presence of some mixed states, vortices and c-states, is indicated for the array with the thickest Py layer.
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Gilbert DA, Maranville BB, Balk AL, Kirby BJ, Fischer P, Pierce DT, Unguris J, Borchers JA, Liu K. Realization of ground-state artificial skyrmion lattices at room temperature. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8462. [PMID: 26446515 PMCID: PMC4633628 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The topological nature of magnetic skyrmions leads to extraordinary properties that provide new insights into fundamental problems of magnetism and exciting potentials for novel magnetic technologies. Prerequisite are systems exhibiting skyrmion lattices at ambient conditions, which have been elusive so far. Here, we demonstrate the realization of artificial Bloch skyrmion lattices over extended areas in their ground state at room temperature by patterning asymmetric magnetic nanodots with controlled circularity on an underlayer with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA). Polarity is controlled by a tailored magnetic field sequence and demonstrated in magnetometry measurements. The vortex structure is imprinted from the dots into the interfacial region of the underlayer via suppression of the PMA by a critical ion-irradiation step. The imprinted skyrmion lattices are identified directly with polarized neutron reflectometry and confirmed by magnetoresistance measurements. Our results demonstrate an exciting platform to explore room-temperature ground-state skyrmion lattices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin A. Gilbert
- Department of Physics, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Brian B. Maranville
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Andrew L. Balk
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
- Maryland Nanocenter, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Brian J. Kirby
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Peter Fischer
- Center for X-Ray Optics, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 94056, USA
| | - Daniel T. Pierce
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - John Unguris
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Julie A. Borchers
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Kai Liu
- Department of Physics, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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