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Shen C, Oh HR, Park YR, Chen JH, Park BH, Park JH. Interaction between p21-activated kinase 4 and β-catenin as a novel pathway for PTH-dependent osteoblast activation. J Cell Physiol 2024; 239:e31245. [PMID: 38497504 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) serves dual roles in bone metabolism, exhibiting both anabolic and catabolic effects. The anabolic properties of PTH have been utilized in the treatment of osteoporosis with proven efficacy in preventing fractures. Despite these benefits, PTH can be administered therapeutically for up to 2 years, and its use in patients with underlying malignancies remains a subject of ongoing debate. These considerations underscore the need for a more comprehensive understanding of the underlying mechanisms. p21-activated kinase 4 (PAK4) is involved in bone resorption and cancer-associated osteolysis; however, its role in osteoblast function and PTH action remains unknown. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to clarify the role of PAK4 in osteoblast function and its effects on PTH-induced anabolic activity. PAK4 enhanced MC3T3-E1 osteoblast viability and proliferation and upregulated cyclin D1 expression. PAK4 also augmented osteoblast differentiation, as indicated by increased mineralization found by alkaline phosphatase and Alizarin Red staining. Treatment with PTH (1-34), an active PTH fragment, stimulated PAK4 expression and phosphorylation in a protein kinase A-dependent manner. In addition, bone morphogenetic protein-2 (which is known to promote bone formation) increased phosphorylated PAK4 (p-PAK4) and PAK4 levels. PAK4 regulated the expression of both phosphorylated and total β-catenin, which are critical for osteoblast proliferation and differentiation. Moreover, p-PAK4 directly interacted with β-catenin, and disruption of β-catenin's binding to T-cell factor impaired PAK4- and PTH-induced osteoblast differentiation. Our findings elucidate the effect of PAK4 on enhancing bone formation in osteoblasts and its pivotal role in the anabolic activity of PTH mediated through its interaction with β-catenin. These insights improve the understanding of the mechanisms underlying PTH activity and should inform the development of more effective and safer osteoporosis treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Shen
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Ram Oh
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ran Park
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hong Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, China
| | - Byung-Hyun Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Park
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
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2
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Skrypnik D, Skrypnik K, Suliburska J, Bogdański P. Leptin-VEGF crosstalk in excess body mass and related disorders: A systematic review. Obes Rev 2023:e13575. [PMID: 37230803 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
By 2030, it is expected that a billion people will have suffer from obesity. Adipose tissue synthesizes leptin, an adipokine that affects cardiovascular risk. Leptin intensifies the synthesis of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Our study reviews recent reports on leptin-VEGF crosstalk in obesity and related disorders. PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched. One hundred and one articles involving human, animal, and in vitro research were included. In vitro studies show the crucial role of interaction between endothelial cells and adipocytes and hypoxia as a factor that intensifies leptin's effects on VEGF. Leptin-VEGF crosstalk promotes the progression of cancer. The animal research reveal that a high-fat diet enhances leptin and VEGF crosstalk. Genetic and epigenetic mechanisms and procreator-offspring programming may be involved in leptin-VEGF crosstalk. Some female-specific characteristics of leptin-VEGF relation in obesity were observed. The human studies have shown that increased leptin and VEGF synthesis and leptin-VEGF crosstalk are factors linking obesity with elevated cardiovascular risk. The studies of the last 10 years documented a range of significant aspects of leptin-VEGF crosstalk specific for obesity and related disorders, shedding new light on the link between obesity and increased cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Skrypnik
- Department of Treatment of Obesity, Metabolic Disorders and Clinical Dietetics, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Skrypnik
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Joanna Suliburska
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Paweł Bogdański
- Department of Treatment of Obesity, Metabolic Disorders and Clinical Dietetics, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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Zhang C, Li H, Li J, Hu J, Yang K, Tao L. Oxidative stress: A common pathological state in a high-risk population for osteoporosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 163:114834. [PMID: 37163779 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is becoming a major concern in the field of public health. The process of bone loss is insidious and does not directly induce obvious symptoms. Complications indicate an irreversible decrease in bone mass. The high-risk populations of osteoporosis, including postmenopausal women, elderly men, diabetic patients and obese individuals need regular bone mineral density testing and appropriate preventive treatment. However, the primary changes in these populations are different, increasing the difficulty of effective treatment of osteoporosis. Determining the core pathogenesis of osteoporosis helps improve the efficiency and efficacy of treatment among these populations. Oxidative stress is a common pathological state secondary to estrogen deficiency, aging, hyperglycemia and hyperlipemia. In this review, we divided oxidative stress into the direct effect of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the reduction of antioxidant enzyme activity to discuss their roles in the development of osteoporosis. ROS initiated mitochondrial apoptotic signaling and suppressed osteogenic marker expression to weaken osteogenesis. MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways mediated the positive effect of ROS on osteoclast differentiation. Antioxidant enzymes not only eliminate the negative effects of ROS, but also directly participate in the regulation of bone metabolism. Additionally, we also described the roles of proinflammatory factors and HIF-1α under the pathophysiological changes of inflammation and hypoxia, which provided a supplement of oxidative stress-induced osteoporosis. In conclusion, our review showed that oxidative stress was a common pathological state in a high-risk population for osteoporosis. Targeted oxidative stress treatment would greatly optimize the therapeutic schedule of various osteoporosis treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, First Hospital of China Medical University, No.155 Nanjing North Street, Shenyang, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Orthopedics, First Hospital of China Medical University, No.155 Nanjing North Street, Shenyang, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Orthopedics, First Hospital of China Medical University, No.155 Nanjing North Street, Shenyang, China
| | - Jiajin Hu
- Health Sciences Institute, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Keda Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, First Hospital of China Medical University, No.155 Nanjing North Street, Shenyang, China.
| | - Lin Tao
- Department of Orthopedics, First Hospital of China Medical University, No.155 Nanjing North Street, Shenyang, China.
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De Franco S, Ipponi E, Ruinato AD, Parchi PD, Andreani L, Scaglione M, Capanna R. Femoral neck fractures treated with cannulated screws: can surgeons predict functional outcomes and minimize the risk of necrosis? ACTA BIO-MEDICA : ATENEI PARMENSIS 2023; 94:e2023013. [PMID: 36786271 PMCID: PMC9987480 DOI: 10.23750/abm.v94i1.13058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Femoral neck fractures are among the most frequent in mankind. Screw fixation is considered a suitable approach specially for undisplaced or slightly displaced fractures that occur to young patients. We conducted our study in order to evaluate both functional outcomes and complication rates of patients who received this treatment in our institution. A particular focus was given to the aseptic necrosis of the head, trying to identify if anamnestic, clinical or radiological data could play a significant role as prognostic factors. METHODS For each case who was treated with screw fixation due to a femoral neck fracture, we recorded data regarding, among the others, BMI and whether they used tobacco products or corticosteroids on a regular basis. Necrosis of the femoral head and mechanical complications were recorded. Functional outcome was evaluated using the Harris Hip Score. Results: 74 cases were included in our study. The mean Harris Hip score was 89.5. Aseptic necrosis of the femoral head occurred in 9 cases (12.2%). Regular use of tobacco was associated with a higher risk to develop necrosis (p=0.007). The Body Mass Index was significantly higher in cases who had necrosis compared to the rest of our population (p=0.043) and was inversely proportional to the post-operative Harris hip score (p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS While considering screw fixation to treat cases with femoral neck fractures, patient's weight and use of tobacco should be considered as prognostic factors. (www.actabiomedica.it).
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia De Franco
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy .
| | | | | | | | - Lorenzo Andreani
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy .
| | | | - Rodolfo Capanna
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy .
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Jensen VFH, Mølck AM, Dalgaard M, McGuigan FE, Akesson KE. Changes in bone mass associated with obesity and weight loss in humans: Applicability of animal models. Bone 2021; 145:115781. [PMID: 33285255 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The implications of obesity and weight loss for human bone health are not well understood. Although the bone changes associated with weight loss are similar in humans and rodents, that is not the case for obesity. In humans, obesity is generally associated with increased bone mass, an outcome which is exacerbated by advanced age and menopause. In rodents, by contrast, bone mass decreases in proportion to severity and duration of obesity, and is influenced by sex, age and mechanical load. Despite these discrepancies, rodents are frequently used to model the situation in humans. In this review, we summarise the existing knowledge of the effects of obesity and weight loss on bone mass in humans and rodents, focusing on the translatability of findings from animal models. We then describe how animal models should be used to broaden the understanding of the relationship between obesity, weight loss, and skeletal health in humans. Specifically, we highlight the aspects of study design that should be considered to optimise translatability of the rodent models of obesity and weight loss. Notably, the sex, age, and nutritional status of the animals should ideally match those of interest in humans. With these caveats in mind, and depending on the research question asked, our review underscores that animal models can provide valuable information for obesity and weight-management research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivi F H Jensen
- Lund University, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö and Skåne University Hospital, Department of Orthopedics, Inga Marie Nilssons Gata 22, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Anne-Marie Mølck
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Department of Safety Sciences, Imaging & Data Management, Novo Nordisk Park 1, 2760 Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Majken Dalgaard
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Department of Safety Sciences, Imaging & Data Management, Novo Nordisk Park 1, 2760 Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Fiona E McGuigan
- Lund University, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö and Skåne University Hospital, Department of Orthopedics, Inga Marie Nilssons Gata 22, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Kristina E Akesson
- Lund University, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö and Skåne University Hospital, Department of Orthopedics, Inga Marie Nilssons Gata 22, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden
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Zhou Z, Pan C, Wang N, Zhou L, Shan H, Gao Y, Yu X. A high-fat diet aggravates osteonecrosis through a macrophage-derived IL-6 pathway. Int Immunol 2020; 31:263-273. [PMID: 30779845 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxz002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation plays an important role in osteonecrosis. Obesity, a risk factor for osteonecrosis, leads to a chronic inflammatory status. We hypothesized that inflammation mediated the effects of obesity on osteonecrosis and tested our hypothesis in a mouse model of osteonecrosis. We fed mice with a high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks before osteonecrosis induction by methylprednisolone and examined bone structure and IL-6 expression. Then we investigated the effects of IL-6 deletion in mice with osteonecrosis on the HFD. Next, we isolated bone marrow cells and determined the cell types responsible for HFD-induced IL-6 secretion. Finally, we investigated the roles of macrophages and macrophage-driven IL-6 in HFD-mediated effects on osteonecrosis and osteogenesis of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs). The HFD lead to exacerbated destruction of the femoral head in mice with osteonecrosis and increased IL-6 expression in macrophages. Il-6 knockout or macrophage depletion suppressed the effects of the HFD on bone damage. When co-cultured with macrophages isolated from HFD-fed mice with osteonecrosis, BMSCs showed reduced viability and suppressed osteogenic differentiation. Our results suggest that macrophage-driven IL-6 bridges obesity and osteonecrosis and inhibition of IL-6 or depletion of macrophage may represent a therapeutic strategy for obesity-associated osteonecrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zubin Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenhao Pan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Lihui Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Xiangshan First People's Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haojie Shan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Youshui Gao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaowei Yu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
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Bai H, Chen T, Lu Q, Zhu W, Zhang J. Gene expression profiling of the bone trabecula in patients with osteonecrosis of the femoral head by RNA sequencing. J Biochem 2019; 166:475-484. [PMID: 31518413 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvz060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Early diagnosis and treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) is challenging. Bone trabecula play a vital role in the severity and progression of ONFH. In the present study, the investigators used gene expression profiling of bone trabecula to investigate gene alterations in ONFH patients. Osteonecrotic bone trabecula (ONBT) such as necrosis, fibrosis, and lacuna were confirmed by histological examination in the patients. The adjacent 'normal' bone trabecula (ANBT) did not show any pathological changes. Gene sequencing data revealed that although ANBT showed no significant histological changes, alteration of mRNA profiling in ANBT was observed, similar to that in ONBT. Our results indicated that the alteration of mRNA profiling in ANBT may cause normal bone tissue to develop into necrotic bone. RNA-seq data indicated that 2,297 differentially abundant mRNAs were found in the ONBT group (1,032 upregulated and 1,265 downregulated) and 1,523 differentially abundant mRNAs in the ANBT group (744 upregulated and 799 downregulated) compared with the healthy control group. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis suggested that fatty acid metabolism and degradation were the main zones enriched with differentially expressed genes (DEG). Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis indicated that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ) pathway was the most significantly regulated pathway. Lipocalin-2 (LCN2), an osteoblast-enriched secreted protein, was significantly decreased in ONBT suggesting that downregulation of LCN2 might affect lipid metabolism and lead to hyperlipidemia, and thus promote pathogenesis of ONFH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haobo Bai
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Yu Zhong District, Chongqing 400016, China.,Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Ministry of Education, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, 1 Road Yixueyuan, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Tingmei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Ministry of Education, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, 1 Road Yixueyuan, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Qian Lu
- Heart Centre, the Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 136 Zhongshan Er Road, Yu Zhong District, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Weiwen Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Yu Zhong District, Chongqing 400016, China.,Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Ministry of Education, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, 1 Road Yixueyuan, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Yu Zhong District, Chongqing 400016, China
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Barathikannan K, Chelliah R, Rubab M, Daliri EBM, Elahi F, Kim DH, Agastian P, Oh SY, Oh DH. Gut Microbiome Modulation Based on Probiotic Application for Anti-Obesity: A Review on Efficacy and Validation. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7100456. [PMID: 31623075 PMCID: PMC6843309 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7100456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing prevalence of obesity has become an important problem worldwide as obesity has several health risks. Notably, factors such as excessive food consumption, a sedentary way of life, high sugar consumption, a fat-rich diet, and a certain genetic profile may lead to obesity. The present review brings together recent advances regarding the significance of interventions involving intestinal gut bacteria and host metabolic phenotypes. We assess important biological molecular mechanisms underlying the impact of gut microbiota on hosts including bile salt metabolism, short-chain fatty acids, and metabolic endotoxemia. Some previous studies have shown a link between microbiota and obesity, and associated disease reports have been documented. Thus, this review focuses on obesity and gut microbiota interactions and further develops the mechanism of the gut microbiome approach related to human obesity. Specifically, we highlight several alternative diet treatments including dietary changes and supplementation with probiotics. The future direction or comparative significance of fecal transplantation, synbiotics, and metabolomics as an approach to the modulation of intestinal microbes is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaliyan Barathikannan
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 24341, Korea.
| | - Ramachandran Chelliah
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 24341, Korea.
| | - Momna Rubab
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 24341, Korea.
| | - Eric Banan-Mwine Daliri
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 24341, Korea.
| | - Fazle Elahi
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 24341, Korea.
| | - Dong-Hwan Kim
- Kangwon Institute of Inclusive Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 24341, Korea.
| | - Paul Agastian
- Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Loyola College, Chennai 600-034, India.
| | - Seong-Yoon Oh
- Three & Four Co., Ltd., 992-15, Jusan-ri, Hojeo-myeon, Wonju-si 26460, Korea.
| | - Deog Hwan Oh
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 24341, Korea.
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Pavone V, Chisari E, Vescio A, Lizzio C, Sessa G, Testa G. Aetiology of Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease: A systematic review. World J Orthop 2019; 10:145-165. [PMID: 30918798 PMCID: PMC6429000 DOI: 10.5312/wjo.v10.i3.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease (LCPD) is a clinical condition affecting the femoral head of children during their growth. Its prevalence is set to be between 0.4/100000 to 29.0/100000 children less than 15 years of age with a peak of incidence in children aged from 4 years to 8 years. LCPD aetiology has been widely studied, but it is still poorly understood.
AIM To analyse the available literature to document the up-to-date evidence on LCPD aetiology.
METHODS A systematic review of the literature was performed regarding LCPD aetiology, using the following inclusion criteria: studies of any level of evidence, reporting clinical or preclinical results and dealing with the aetiology or pathogenesis of LCPD. Two reviewers searched the PubMed and Science Direct databases from their date of inception to the 20th of May 2018 in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systemic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. To achieve the maximum sensitivity of the search strategy, we combined the terms: ‘‘Perthes disease OR LCPD OR children avascular femoral head necrosis” with “pathology OR aetiology OR biomechanics OR genetics” as either key words or MeSH terms.
RESULTS We include 64 articles in this review. The available evidence on LCPD aetiology is still debated. Several hypotheses have been researched, but none of them was found decisive. While emerging evidence showed the role of environmental risk factors and evidence from twin studies did not support a major role for genetic factors, a congenital or acquired predisposition cannot be excluded in disease pathogenesis. One of the most supported theories involved mechanical induced ischemia that evolved into avascular necrosis of the femoral head in sensible patients.
CONCLUSION The literature available on the aetiology of LCPD presents major limitations in terms of great heterogeneity and a lack of high-profile studies. Although a lot of studies focused on the genetic, biomechanical and radiological background of the disease, there is a lack of consensus on one or multiple major actors of the etiopathogenesis. More studies are needed to understand the complex and multifactorial genesis of the avascular necrosis characterizing the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Pavone
- Department of General Surgery and Medical Surgical Specialties, Section of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University Hospital Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele, University of Catania, Catania 95100, Italy
| | - Emanuele Chisari
- Department of General Surgery and Medical Surgical Specialties, Section of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University Hospital Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele, University of Catania, Catania 95100, Italy
| | - Andrea Vescio
- Department of General Surgery and Medical Surgical Specialties, Section of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University Hospital Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele, University of Catania, Catania 95100, Italy
| | - Claudio Lizzio
- Department of General Surgery and Medical Surgical Specialties, Section of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University Hospital Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele, University of Catania, Catania 95100, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sessa
- Department of General Surgery and Medical Surgical Specialties, Section of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University Hospital Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele, University of Catania, Catania 95100, Italy
| | - Gianluca Testa
- Department of General Surgery and Medical Surgical Specialties, Section of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University Hospital Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele, University of Catania, Catania 95100, Italy
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10
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Felten R, Perrin P, Caillard S, Moulin B, Javier RM. Avascular osteonecrosis in kidney transplant recipients: Risk factors in a recent cohort study and evaluation of the role of secondary hyperparathyroidism. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212931. [PMID: 30794689 PMCID: PMC6386392 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Avascular osteonecrosis (AVN) is a bone complication that indicates poor functional prognosis. Modern immunosuppressive and steroid-sparing drugs have significantly lowered the occurrence of AVN after kidney transplantation (KT). However, recent data on its incidence rates and risk factors are lacking. Using a large, recent cohort, we sought to investigate AVN incidence and risk factors, with a special focus on mineral and bone disorders. We conducted a cohort study in 805 patients who underwent KT between 2004 and 2014. AVN was identified in 32 patients (4%): before KT in 15 (1.8%) and after KT in 18 (2.2%) cases, including one patient with both. In the group with post-KT AVN, the median time intervals from KT to 1) first symptoms and 2) AVN diagnosis were 12 months [1–99] and 20 months [4–100], respectively. Being overweight/obese, having pre-transplant diabetes or hyperparathyroidism at transplantation, developing acute rejection, and receiving higher cumulative corticosteroid doses were associated with AVN occurrence. Multivariate analysis revealed that BMI ≥ 26 kg/m2 and higher cumulative corticosteroid doses were predictive of AVN. In conclusion, overweight/obesity is a strong risk factor for AVN. Despite a low maintenance dose, the use of corticosteroids—mostly for treatment of acute rejection—remains an independent risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renaud Felten
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle (FMTS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Peggy Perrin
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle (FMTS), Strasbourg, France
- Department pf Nephrology-Transplantation, University Hospital Strasbourg, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Sophie Caillard
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle (FMTS), Strasbourg, France
- Department pf Nephrology-Transplantation, University Hospital Strasbourg, France
| | - Bruno Moulin
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle (FMTS), Strasbourg, France
- Department pf Nephrology-Transplantation, University Hospital Strasbourg, France
| | - Rose-Marie Javier
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle (FMTS), Strasbourg, France
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11
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Dailiana ZH, Stefanou N, Khaldi L, Dimakopoulos G, Bowers JR, Fink C, Urbaniak JR. Vascular endothelial growth factor for the treatment of femoral head osteonecrosis: An experimental study in canines. World J Orthop 2018; 9:120-129. [PMID: 30254968 PMCID: PMC6153136 DOI: 10.5312/wjo.v9.i9.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) with the use of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).
METHODS In 30 mature beagles (6 groups of 5 beagles) ONFH was induced cryosurgically and one of the following solutions was administered locally in the femoral head (FH) in each group: Single injection of 500 μg VEGF (t-VEGFμ group); single injection of 500 ng VEGF (t-VEGFn group); continuous delivery of 500 μg VEGF through osmotic micropump (t-VEGFpump-μ group); continuous delivery of 500 ng VEGF through osmotic micropump (t-VEGFpump-n group); single injection of 0.9% sodium chloride (t-NS group), while one group that served as control group did not receive any local solution (No-t group). FHs were retrieved 12 wk postoperatively, underwent decalcification and hematoxylin/eosin and toluidine blue staining. In two canines per group, one half of FH was processed without decalcification and stained with modified Masson Trichrome. Histological sections were observed by light microscopy and measured with a semi-automatized bone histomorphometry system and Bone Volume/Total Volume (BV/TV), Marrow Volume/Total Volume (MaV/TV), and Trabecular Thickness (TbTh) were assessed. Standard and robust tests (Welch, Brown Forsythe) of analysis of variance along with multiple comparisons, were carried out among the categories.
RESULTS The untreated (No-t) group had signs of osteonecrosis, whereas the VEGF groups revealed reversal of the osteonecrosis. Statistical analysis of the decalcified specimens revealed a significantly better BV/TV ratio and a higher TbTh between the VEGF treatment groups (except the t-VEGFn group) and the No-t group or the control t-NS group. Single dose 500 μgVEGF group had significantly better BV/TV ratio and higher TbTh when compared to the No-t group (50.45 ± 6.18 vs 29.50 ± 12.27, P = 0.002 and 151.44 ± 19.07 vs 107.77 ± 35.15, P = 0.161 respectively) and the control t-NS group (50.45 ± 6.18 vs 30.9 ± 6.67, P = 0.004 and 151.44 ± 19.07 vs 107.14 ± 35.71, P = 0.151 respectively). Similar differences were found for the prolonged VEGF delivery/pump groups of 500 μg and 500 ng. Analysis of the totality of specimens (decalcified/non-decalcified) enhanced the aforementioned differences and additionally revealed significant differences in the comparison of the TbTh.
CONCLUSION In an experimental model of ONFH in canines it was found that local treatment with VEGF leads to bone tissue remodeling and new bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe H Dailiana
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessalia, Larissa 41500, Greece
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Nikolaos Stefanou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessalia, Larissa 41500, Greece
| | - Lubna Khaldi
- Department of Pathology, “Saint Savvas” Anti-Cancer Hospital, Athens 11522, Greece
| | - Georgios Dimakopoulos
- Medical Statistics, Epirus Science and Technology Park Campus of the University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45500, Greece
| | - James R Bowers
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States
- Emerge Ortho, Independence Park, Durham, NC 27704, United States
| | - Cristian Fink
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States
- Gelenkpunkt, Sports and Joint Surgery, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
- Research Unit of Orthopedic Sports Medicine and Injury Prevention, Institute for Sports Medicine, Alpine Medicine and Health Tourism (ISAG), UMIT, Tirol 6060, Austria
| | - James R Urbaniak
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States
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Wang A, Ren M, Wang J. The pathogenesis of steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head: A systematic review of the literature. Gene 2018; 671:103-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.05.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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13
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Kim KM, Wagle S, Moon YJ, Wang SI, Park BH, Jang KY, Kim JR. Interferon β protects against avascular osteonecrosis through interleukin 6 inhibition and silent information regulator transcript-1 upregulation. Oncotarget 2017; 9:3562-3575. [PMID: 29423066 PMCID: PMC5790483 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Synovitis of the affected joint is a common in avascular osteonecrosis (AVN). Increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) have been reported in AVN, but the mechanism of this increase remains unclear. Silent information regulator transcript-1 (SIRT1), an NAD-dependent deacetylase, inhibits the release of inflammatory cytokines. Interferon β (IFN-β) has clear anti-inflammatory properties. We sought to investigate the effects of IFN-β treatment on AVN and to evaluate the specific signal pathway relating to IL-6 and SIRT1 affected during AVN. Using a dissection microscope, AVN was surgically induced in the distal femurs of mice. Exogenous IFN-β was administered to the model mice. The effects of exogenous IFN-β on AVN model mice were assessed using hematoxylin eosin and safranin-O staining, and bone resorption activity was measured using tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and CD68 staining. Western blots, real-time RT-PCR, and immunohistochemical staining were performed to evaluate the production of SIRT1 and IL-6 in tissues. The RAW 264.7 cell line and bone marrow derived osteoclasts treated with exogenous IFN-β. Histological findings indicated well preserved trabecular bone and decreased osteoclast bone resorption activity in IFN-β treated mice compared with mice in the AVN group. Treatment with IFN-β increased SIRT1 expression and inhibited secretion of IL-6 in this AVN mouse model. IFN-β decreased IL-6 secretion by activating SIRT1 in the RAW 264.7 cell and bone marrow derived osteoclasts. Our work suggests that IFN-β could be used to treat AVN and that both SIRT1 and IL-6 are useful targets for treating patients with AVN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Min Kim
- Department of Pathology, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Research Insitute for Endocrine Sciences and Research Insitute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Insitute of Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Sajeev Wagle
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Research Insitute for Endocrine Sciences and Research Insitute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jae Moon
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Il Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Research Insitute for Endocrine Sciences and Research Insitute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Hyun Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Yun Jang
- Department of Pathology, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Research Insitute for Endocrine Sciences and Research Insitute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Insitute of Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Ryul Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Research Insitute for Endocrine Sciences and Research Insitute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
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Mechanick JI, Zhao S, Garvey WT. Leptin, An Adipokine With Central Importance in the Global Obesity Problem. Glob Heart 2017; 13:113-127. [PMID: 29248361 DOI: 10.1016/j.gheart.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptin has central importance in the global obesity and cardiovascular disease problem. Leptin is principally secreted by adipocytes and acts in the hypothalamus to suppress appetite and food intake, increase energy expenditure, and regulate body weight. Based on clinical translation of specific and networked actions, leptin affects the cardiovascular system and may be a marker and driver of cardiometabolic risk factors with interventions that are actionable by cardiologists. Leptin subnetwork analysis demonstrates a statistically significant role for ethnoculturally and socioeconomically appropriate lifestyle intervention in cardiovascular disease. Emergent mechanistic components and potential diagnostic or therapeutic targets include hexokinase 3, urocortins, clusterin, sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin 6, C-reactive protein, platelet glycoprotein VI, albumin, pentraxin 3, ghrelin, obestatin prepropeptide, leptin receptor, neuropeptide Y, and corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 1. Emergent associated symptoms include weight change, eating disorders, vascular necrosis, chronic fatigue, and chest pain. Leptin-targeted therapies are reported for lipodystrophy and leptin deficiency, but they are investigational for leptin resistance, obesity, and other chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey I Mechanick
- Division of Cardiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Shan Zhao
- Basepaws Inc., Redondo Beach, CA, USA
| | - W Timothy Garvey
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Diabetes Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA
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A sustained high fat diet for two years decreases IgM and IL-1 beta in ageing Wistar rats. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2015; 12:12. [PMID: 26421054 PMCID: PMC4585810 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-015-0040-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background The immune system undergoes several alterations of innate and adaptive immunity during ageing. The main features of the aged immune system are a reduced diversity of T cell receptors and a reduced activity of innate immune cells with subsequent changes in adaptive immunity resulting in a less effective, less specific, and dys-regulated immune response and in an increased susceptibility towards infection, malignancy, and autoimmunity. The process is referred to as immunosenescence and is also modulated by environmental modifiers, such as dietary factors. High fat diet (HFD), via direct modulation of immune cell function by fatty acids and/or increased body fat mass, influences immune function. However, it is not clear whether HFD is beneficial or detrimental for the functioning of the ageing immune system. Methods Male Wistar rats fed with either a high fat diet (HFD 43 en% of fat) or control diet (SD, 25 en% of fat) over up to 24 month and were analyzed for plasma IL-1β, IL-6, TNF, IgM, IgG1, IgA, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG2c, light chains lambda and kappa, testosterone, prolactin and percentage of splenic B cells and apoptosis rate, respectively. Results In general, all analyzed immunoglobuline isotypes increased with age, except for IgA. This increase was attenuated by HFD. In HFD and SD rats the percentage of B cells in the spleen and also their apoptotic rate was lower in aged as compared to young animals with no additional diet-induced effect. Testosterone and prolactin levels were lower in old animals, as expected. There was a statistical trend towards an increased prolactin/testosterone ratio in middle aged (6–12 monthsnth) HFD rats as compared to SD. IL-6 was neither affected by HFD nor age. On the other hand, HFD rats showed a decrease in IL-1β as compared to SD, which correlated with the above-mentioned suppressive effect on immunoglobulin isotypes, especially IgM. Conclusion In Wistar rats, HFD reveals an immunosuppressive effect in ageing animals by decreasing immunoglobulins, especially IgM, and IL-1β when compared to SD.
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