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Riedel A, Neukamm MA, Klima M, Henkel K, Auwärter V, Altenburger MJ. Drugs in dental biofilm and enamel - A pilot study. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23177. [PMID: 38261908 PMCID: PMC10796950 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Enamel and dental biofilm might serve as alternative matrices for determination of illicit and medical drugs. Thus, this study aims at evaluating possible correlations between detected drug concentrations in the matrices and simulated drug use in situ. Design Eleven subjects wore intraoral splints with embedded demineralized bovine enamel samples. Drug use was simulated by mouth rinsing with a 1.0 μg/ml drug solution three times daily for 1 min (study A) or by incubation of the splints in a 10 μg/ml drug solution once a day for 30 min (study B). Amphetamines, opiates, cocaine and benzoylecgonine were used as drugs. After 11 days, biofilm and enamel samples of the intraoral splints were analyzed by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry after drying and extraction via ultrasonication with acetonitrile (biofilm) or methanol (enamel). Results In study A, median and mean drug concentration ± standard deviation were 1.3 pg/mg and 6.4 ± 11 pg/mg in biofilm and 0.2 pg/mg and 0.5 ± 0.9 pg/mg in enamel. In study B, median and mean drug concentration ± standard deviation were 350 pg/mg and 1100 ± 1600 pg/mg in biofilm and 5.8 pg/mg and 9.9 ± 10 pg/mg in enamel. Conclusions Overall, there were considerable interindividual concentration differences. Correlations between concentrations in the two sample materials were shown. The results of this pilot study revealed a dependence of concentrations on intensity and duration of drug contact. Thus, important information on past drug use might be provided in forensic cases by analysis of dental biofilm and enamel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Riedel
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Center for Dental Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, Freiburg im Breisgau, DE, 79106, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 153, Freiburg im Breisgau, DE, 79110, Germany
| | - Merja A. Neukamm
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 153, Freiburg im Breisgau, DE, 79110, Germany
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 9, Freiburg im Breisgau, DE, 79104, Germany
| | - Miriam Klima
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 153, Freiburg im Breisgau, DE, 79110, Germany
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 9, Freiburg im Breisgau, DE, 79104, Germany
- Labor Berlin – Charité Vivantes GmbH, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Toxicology, Berlin, Sylter Str. 2, Berlin, DE, 13353, Germany
| | - Kerstin Henkel
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 153, Freiburg im Breisgau, DE, 79110, Germany
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 9, Freiburg im Breisgau, DE, 79104, Germany
| | - Volker Auwärter
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 153, Freiburg im Breisgau, DE, 79110, Germany
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 9, Freiburg im Breisgau, DE, 79104, Germany
| | - Markus J. Altenburger
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Center for Dental Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, Freiburg im Breisgau, DE, 79106, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 153, Freiburg im Breisgau, DE, 79110, Germany
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Macena NS, Santana GB, Carvalho GAO, Vale GC. Salivary fluoride bioavailability after use of high-fluoride dentifrices with different compositions: A short-term randomized clinical trial. Int J Dent Hyg 2023. [PMID: 36628516 DOI: 10.1111/idh.12668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to evaluate the kinetics of salivary F bioavailability after the use of high-fluoride dentifrices with different compositions and their amount of total soluble fluoride (TSF). METHODS A short-term clinical randomized trial was performed in which 15 adult participants were randomly allocated into three groups: 5000 ppm F-dentifrice, 5000 ppm F-dentifrice + TCP (tri-calcium phosphate) and 1450 ppm F-dentifrice. Unstimulated saliva was collected at different times: baseline (before toothbrushing), immediately after brushing/water rinsing and at 5, 15 and 30 min and 1, 2, 4, 8 and 12 h after brushing. The TSF in dentifrices and saliva samples was analysed using an ion-specific electrode. For statistical analysis, the paired t-test and Kruskal-Wallis were used with Dunn's post-test with a 95% confidence interval. RESULTS There was no significant difference between the declared TSF and that found in 5000 ppm F-dentifrice and 1450 ppm F-dentifrice (p ≥ 0.13); however, in the 5000 ppm F-dentifrice + TCP, approximately 500 ppm less TSF was observed (p = 0.0024). The area under the curve (AUC, μg F/ml min-1 ) of both high-fluoride dentifrices (321.7 ± 84.0 and 223.6 ± 55.1 for the one without and with TCP, respectively) was higher than the conventional one (89.97 ± 15.6) attesting a higher F-bioavailability (p = 0.04). Furthermore, they were able to provide F-salivary levels higher than the baseline for up to 2 h, while this time was 1 h for the 1450 ppm F-dentifrice (p ≤ 0.003). CONCLUSION Both high-fluoride dentifrices similarly increased the salivary-F bioavailability in comparison with 1450 ppm F-dentifrice, despite the lower TSF presented by the dentifrice containing TCP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Glauber Campos Vale
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Federal University of Piaui, Teresina, Brazil
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Sathiyakumar T, Vasireddy D, Mondal S. Impact of Sociodemographic Factors on Dental Caries in Children and Availing Fluoride Treatment: A Study Based on National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH) Data 2016-2019. Cureus 2021; 13:e18395. [PMID: 34729273 PMCID: PMC8555922 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.18395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Dental caries is a global health issue. It is a largely preventable, multifactorial non-communicable disease. Given the gravity of the situation, in 2014 United States Preventive Services Task Force recommended that the primary care physician apply fluoride varnish from the eruption of the first tooth till the child attains five years of age. Using 2016-2019 National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH) cross-sectional representative data, the aim of this study was to determine if the child's age, gender, and race are predictors of the child having decayed teeth or cavities in the past 12 months and if they had availed preventative dental services from the dentist in the past 12 months in the US and if so, did they receive fluoride treatment. Methods The prevalence of dental caries and dental treatment among children under each category of sociodemographic risk factors were estimated using 2016-2019 NSCH's cross-sectional representative data on two survey questions. Then, the statistical significance of the association of the categorical risk factors with the prevalence of dental caries and the association of the categorical risk factors with the prevalence of fluoride dental treatment were tested using two-sample proportion tests and chi-square tests. Further, chi-square residual analysis was employed to better understand the nature of the association and to reveal the degree of contribution to the test statistic from each categorical combination of risk factors. Results Prevalence and associative risk of tooth decay in children was the highest in the 6-11 years age group across all three years under study. The 6-11 years age group had the highest prevalence and association of receiving fluoride treatment across all three years. In our study, the prevalence of dental caries in children by race varied according to the year. In 2016-2017 and 2018-2019, it was the Hispanic population with the highest prevalence of tooth decay. In 2017-2018 the highest prevalence was seen in the Non-Hispanic Black (NHB) population. Across all three years, the Hispanic population had the highest associative risk of tooth decay. The Non-Hispanic White (NHW) population had the highest prevalence and association with receiving fluoride treatment across all three years. Male children were found to have the higher prevalence and associative risk of decayed teeth across all three survey years. Conclusion Dental caries is a worldwide health burden. However, it can be prevented by different precautionary measures. The results of our study revealed that certain sociodemographic factors such as age, gender, and race of the child make certain groups of the child population more at risk for the development of dental caries; most notable findings were that the male children were significantly associated to have decayed teeth and not availing dental fluoride treatment for which limited information is available in the literature. Additionally, the age groups 1-5 and 6-11 were significantly associated with the prevalence of not receiving dental treatment and the prevalence of dental caries, respectively. More active participation of pediatricians in getting trained for the application of fluoride varnish and helping getting their patients established with dental services per recommendations will help streamline preventative dental care.
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Henkel K, Klima M, Auwärter V, Altenburger MJ, Neukamm MA. Dental Plaque Concentrations of Methadone, Morphine and Their Metabolites in Opioid Replacement Therapy and in Post-Mortem Cases. J Anal Toxicol 2021; 46:633-640. [PMID: 34185064 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkab081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-mineralized dental biofilm (plaque) has potential as novel alternative matrix in forensic toxicology to prove drug use. The incorporation of illicit and medicinal drugs in dental plaque could take place through direct contact after oral or nasal intake, which can lead to high drug levels in the oral cavity, or indirectly via the secretion of drug-containing saliva, e.g. after intravenous application. Therefore, plaque samples from patients in opioid replacement therapy (ORT) and post-mortem plaque samples were analyzed and the drug concentrations were compared. The study comprised 26 plaque samples from ORT patients with different daily doses which were analyzed for methadone, morphine and their respective metabolites. Plaque samples were taken directly before the oral administration of the regular daily dose. Seventeen post-mortem plaque samples were analyzed, either from cases of lethal drug intoxications or after pain therapy with morphine. Plaque analysis was performed using LC-MS/MS after liquid extraction with acetonitrile. Plaque concentrations in ORT for methadone and its metabolite EDDP ranged from 42 to approx. 49,000 pg/mg (median 1,300 pg/mg) and from below 10 to 610 pg/mg (median 31 pg/mg), respectively. Morphine plaque concentrations in ORT ranged from 120 to 480 pg/mg (median 400 pg/mg). In lethal intoxication cases plaque concentrations were generally at least one order of magnitude higher than in the study groups with therapeutic substance use. This data will help to interpret drug findings in plaque. Additionally, the EDDP/methadone concentration ratio in plaque was lower after oral intake with contamination of the oral cavity (e.g. syrup) compared to cases with suspected intravenous application of methadone and could therefore indicate the drug administration route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Henkel
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 9, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Straße 153, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Miriam Klima
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 9, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Straße 153, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Volker Auwärter
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 9, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Straße 153, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Markus J Altenburger
- Center for Dental Medicine, Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Straße 153, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Merja A Neukamm
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 9, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Straße 153, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
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Effects of Fluoride Exposure on Primary Human Melanocytes from Dark and Light Skin. TOXICS 2020; 8:toxics8040114. [PMID: 33276624 PMCID: PMC7761615 DOI: 10.3390/toxics8040114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fluoride exposure has adverse effects on human health that have been studied in vitro in cell culture systems. Melanocytes are the melanin pigment-producing cells that have a significant role in the regulation of the process of melanogenesis, which provides several health benefits. Melanocytes are present in the oral cavity, skin, brain, lungs, hair, and eyes. However, to date, there has been no study on the effects of fluoride exposure on melanocytes. Hence, in the current study, we have studied the effects of sodium fluoride (NaF) exposure on neonatal human epidermal melanocytes (HEMn) derived from two different skin phototypes, lightly pigmented (LP) and darkly pigmented (DP). We have assessed the impact of a 24 h and 72 h NaF exposure on metabolic activity and membrane integrity of these cells. In addition, we have evaluated whether NaF exposure might have any impact on the physiological functions of melanocytes associated with the production of melanin, which is regulated by activity of the enzyme tyrosinase. We have also assessed if NaF exposure might induce any oxidative stress in LP and DP melanocytes, by evaluation of production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and measurement of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) levels. Our results showed that HEMn-LP cells showed a higher sensitivity to NaF cytotoxicity than HEMn-DP cells, with significant cytotoxicity at concentrations >1 mM, while concentration range 0.25–1 mM were nontoxic and did not lead to oxidative stress, and also did not alter the levels of intracellular melanin or cellular tyrosinase activity, indicating that treatment up to 1 mM NaF is generally safe to melanocytes from both pigmentation phototypes.
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Staun Larsen L, Baelum V, Richards A, Nyvad B. Fluoride in Saliva and Oral Mucosa after Brushing with 1,450 or 5,000 ppm Fluoride Toothpaste. Caries Res 2019; 53:675-681. [PMID: 31307037 DOI: 10.1159/000501264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim was to measure and compare fluoride concentrations in oral mucosa and saliva following a single brushing with either 1,450 or 5,000 ppm fluoride toothpaste. Fourteen healthy participants provided saliva and oral mucosa samples in the morning before tooth brushing. Then participants brushed their teeth with 1,450 ppm fluoride toothpaste, and saliva and mucosa samples were collected after 1, 2, 4, and 6 h. The experiment was repeated 3-7 days later with 5,000 ppm fluoride toothpaste. All samples were analyzed for fluoride using an ion-selective electrode adapted for microanalysis. Pre-brushing fluoride concentrations were higher in mucosa (mean1,450 0.26 ppm and mean5,000 0.20 ppm) than in saliva (mean1,450 0.08 ppm and mean5,000 0.07 ppm). The mean fluoride concentrations increased in both mucosa and saliva following a single brushing with both 1,450 ppm (meanmuc1,450 (1 h) 1.15 ppm, meansal1,450 (1 h) 0.33 ppm) and 5,000 ppm fluoride toothpaste (meanmuc5,000 (1 h) 3.21 ppm and meansal5,000 (1 h) 0.90 ppm). At 6 h, the fluoride concentrations had returned to pre-brushing levels. Across the 6-h sampling period the fluoride concentration in saliva was statistically significantly 1.4 times higher following brushing with 5,000 ppm compared with 1,450 ppm fluoride toothpaste. For mucosa, this ratio was only 1.1 and not statistically significant. In conclusion, the fluoride level in oral buccal mucosa is higher than in saliva and follows the same fluoride clearance pattern as in saliva. Over the initial 6-h period following a single tooth brushing, the ratio of the fluoride concentration in mucosa to that in saliva is independent of the fluoride concentrations in the toothpastes used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Staun Larsen
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark,
| | - Vibeke Baelum
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Alan Richards
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bente Nyvad
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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7
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Naumova EA, Staiger M, Kouji O, Modric J, Pierchalla T, Rybka M, Hill RG, Arnold WH. Randomized investigation of the bioavailability of fluoride in saliva after administration of sodium fluoride, amine fluoride and fluoride containing bioactive glass dentifrices. BMC Oral Health 2019; 19:119. [PMID: 31215467 PMCID: PMC6582593 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-019-0805-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Bioactive glasses which degrade in aqueous solutions may release bioactive ions such as fluoride (F-) and support fluoride bioavailability in saliva. We investigated how these effects would be apparent in an in vivo experimental trial after toothbrushing in comparison with sodium fluoride and amine fluoride. Material and methods In this single-center, randomized, parallel in vivo trial with a three strata block design, where healthy subjects were randomly assigned into three groups. Each group brushed their teeth either with fluoridated bioactive glass containing dentifrice, with a sodium fluoride (NaF) containing dentifrice or with amine fluoride (AmF) containing toothpaste. Saliva was collected time intervals before, immediately after, 30, 60 and 120 min after toothbrushing. Fluoride concentration was determined in supernatant saliva and salivary sediment using a fluoride ion selective electrode. The data were evaluated statistically using non-parametric tests. Results The increase of bioactive fluoride in supernatant saliva was higher after application of NaF or AmF compared to fluoridated bioactive glass. In salivary sediment bioavailability of fluoride lasted longer after application of fluoridated bioactive glass. Conclusions Toothbrushing with the fluoride containing bioactive glass dentifrices had positive effects on the fluoride bioavailability within two hours. Fluoride containing bioactive glass represent a new area for investigation in caries prophylaxis. The bioactive potential impact on the tooth remineralization should be examined further. Trial registration DRKS00016038.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella A Naumova
- Department of Biological and Material Sciences in Dentistry, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Alfred-Herrhausen-Strasse 44, 58455, Witten, Germany
| | - Moritz Staiger
- Department of Biological and Material Sciences in Dentistry, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Alfred-Herrhausen-Strasse 44, 58455, Witten, Germany
| | - Ouafaa Kouji
- Department of Biological and Material Sciences in Dentistry, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Alfred-Herrhausen-Strasse 44, 58455, Witten, Germany
| | - Jakov Modric
- Department of Biological and Material Sciences in Dentistry, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Alfred-Herrhausen-Strasse 44, 58455, Witten, Germany
| | - Thessa Pierchalla
- Department of Biological and Material Sciences in Dentistry, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Alfred-Herrhausen-Strasse 44, 58455, Witten, Germany
| | - Maya Rybka
- Department of Biological and Material Sciences in Dentistry, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Alfred-Herrhausen-Strasse 44, 58455, Witten, Germany
| | - Robert G Hill
- Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Wolfgang H Arnold
- Department of Biological and Material Sciences in Dentistry, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Alfred-Herrhausen-Strasse 44, 58455, Witten, Germany.
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Evaluation of novel nanoscaled metal fluorides on their ability to remineralize enamel caries lesions. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1942. [PMID: 30760851 PMCID: PMC6374369 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38225-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the ability of two nanoscaled metal fluorides (NMF) to remineralize shallow (SL) and deep (DL) artificial enamel caries lesions. NMF are synthesized via a non-aqueous fluorolytic sol-gel-synthesis and dissolve low fluoride concentration in aqueous solutions (n-CaF2: 7 ppm, n-MgF2: 70 ppm), whilst containing a nominal fluoride concentration of 3,400 ppm. For comparison, an aqueous sodium fluoride solution (NaF: 3,400 ppm), a sodium fluoride containing varnish (Duraphat: 22,600 ppm) and a fluoride-free negative control were investigated. Bovine enamel specimens with SL (n = 86, 4649–4795 vol%xμm) or DL (n = 145, 9091–9304 vol%xμm) were prepared and allocated to five groups each. In each group the respective agent was applied and pH-cycling was performed for 14 days (SL) and 90 days (DL), respectively. Mineral loss and lesion depth were assessed by transversal microradiography. For SL, all fluoride agents significantly remineralized the specimens compared to baseline (p > 0.05; Mann-Whitney test) to a similar extent. For DL, both NMF showed significantly higher mineral gain compared to the other fluoride agents (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the novel NMF- showing relatively low free fluoride concentrations- bear at least the similar potential for remineralization of early caries lesions as highly fluoridated agents being commonly used.
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Naumova EA, Weber L, Pankratz V, Czenskowski V, Arnold WH. Bacterial viability in oral biofilm after tooth brushing with amine fluoride or sodium fluoride. Arch Oral Biol 2018; 97:91-96. [PMID: 30368202 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of sodium fluoride (NaF) and amine fluoride (AmF) on bacterial viability in the oral cavity. MATERIAL AND METHODS Healthy subjects brushed their teeth with either fluoride free toothpaste, NaF- or AmF-containing toothpaste. Biofilm smears from different locations were collected before and immediately and 30 and 120 min after tooth brushing. The smears were stained with live/dead bacterial staining, and the number of the respective bacteria was counted. The data were statistically analyzed by comparing the numbers of bacteria before and after the application of no fluoride, NaF and AmF. RESULTS The highest numbers of bacteria were found in the tongue biofilm, followed by the palatal and cheek biofilm. The lowest numbers were found in the mouth floor biofilm. After the application of AmF, no changes in the numbers of bacteria were found in the biofilms, except for the cheek, where they were reduced. After the application of NaF, the number of bacteria decreased significantly in all biofilms. After 120 min, bacterial regrowth was complete. CONCLUSIONS AmF has only little effect on the bacterial viability of oral biofilms. NaF application reduces the number of living bacteria in the oral biofilms. This effect lasts not longer than 120 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Naumova
- Dept. of Biological and Material Sciences in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - L Weber
- Dept. of Biological and Material Sciences in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - V Pankratz
- Dept. of Biological and Material Sciences in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - V Czenskowski
- Dept. of Biological and Material Sciences in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - W H Arnold
- Dept. of Biological and Material Sciences in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany.
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Kensche A, Kirsch J, Mintert S, Enders F, Pötschke S, Basche S, König B, Hannig C, Hannig M. Impact of customary fluoride rinsing solutions on the pellicle's protective properties and bioadhesion in situ. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16584. [PMID: 29185495 PMCID: PMC5707358 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16677-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the impact of customary fluoride based mouthrinses on the ultrastructure and the functional properties of the in situ pellicle, considering the prevention of erosion (8 volunteers) and initial biofilm formation (12 volunteers). Bovine enamel slabs were carried intraorally. After 1 min of pellicle formation, the subjects rinsed with elmex Kariesschutz (A), Dontodent Med Care (B), meridol (C) or elmex Zahnschmelzschutz Professional (D) for 1 min. In situ pellicle formation was continued up to 30 min/8 h before processing the slabs in vitro. Erosion was simulated by incubating the specimens in HCl (pH 3.0, 2.3, 2.0) for 120 s, measuring the kinetics of calcium/phosphate release photometrically; representative samples were evaluated by TEM and EDX. Bacterial adhesion was visualized fluorescence microscopically (DAPI/BacLight). Native enamel slabs or physiological pellicle samples served as controls. All investigated mouthrinses enhanced the erosion preventive pellicle effect in dependence of the pH-value. A significant decrease of Ca/P release at all pH values was achieved after rinsing with D; TEM/EDX confirmed ultrastructural pellicle modifications. All mouthrinses tendentially reduced bacterial adherence, however not significantly. The mouthrinse containing NaF/AmF/SnCl2 (D) offers an effective oral hygiene supplement to prevent caries and erosion.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kensche
- Clinic of Operative and Pediatric Dentistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, D-01307, Dresden, Germany.
| | - J Kirsch
- Clinic of Operative and Pediatric Dentistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, D-01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - S Mintert
- Clinic of Operative and Pediatric Dentistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, D-01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - F Enders
- Clinic of Operative and Pediatric Dentistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, D-01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - S Pötschke
- Clinic of Operative and Pediatric Dentistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, D-01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - S Basche
- Clinic of Operative and Pediatric Dentistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, D-01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - B König
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, University Hospital, Saarland University, Building 73, D- 66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - C Hannig
- Clinic of Operative and Pediatric Dentistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, D-01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - M Hannig
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, University Hospital, Saarland University, Building 73, D- 66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany
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Staun Larsen L, Baelum V, Tenuta LMA, Richards A, Nyvad B. Fluoride in saliva and dental biofilm after 1500 and 5000 ppm fluoride exposure. Clin Oral Investig 2017; 22:1123-1129. [PMID: 28865065 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-017-2195-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this randomized, double-blind, crossover study was to measure fluoride in saliva and 7-day-old biofilm fluid and biofilm solids after rinsing three times per day for 3 weeks with 0, 1500, or 5000 ppm fluoride (NaF). MATERIALS AND METHODS Following the 3-week wash-in/wash-out period, including 1 week of biofilm accumulation, saliva and biofilm samples were collected from 12 participants immediately before (background fluoride), and 10, 30, and 60 min after a single rinse. Biofilm samples were separated into fluid and solids, and samples were analyzed using a fluoride electrode (microanalysis). RESULTS The background fluoride concentration was statistically significantly higher in the 5000 compared to the 1500 ppm F rinse group in all three compartments (22.3 and 8.1 μM in saliva, 126.8 and 58.5 μM in biofilm fluid, and 10,940 and 4837 μmol/kg in biofilm solids). The 1-h fluoride accumulation for the 5000 ppm F rinse was higher than for the 1500 ppm F rinse in all three compartments, although not statistically significant for saliva and biofilm solids. CONCLUSION Regular exposure to 5000 ppm fluoride elevates background fluoride concentrations in saliva, biofilm fluid, and biofilm solids compared to 1500 ppm fluoride. Increasing the fluoride concentration almost 3.5 times (from 1500 to 5000 ppm) only elevates the background fluoride concentrations in saliva, biofilm fluid, and biofilm solids twofold. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Even though fluoride toothpaste may be diluted by saliva, the results of the present study indicate that use of 5000 ppm fluoride toothpaste might lead to improved caries control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Staun Larsen
- Section of Dental Pathology, Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, HEALTH, Aarhus University, Vennelyst Boulevard 9, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Vibeke Baelum
- Section of Oral Epidemiology and Dental Public Health, Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, HEALTH, Aarhus University, Vennelyst Boulevard 9, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Livia Maria Andaló Tenuta
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Piracicaba Dental School, UNICAMP, Av. Limeira 901, Piracicaba, São Paulo, 13414-903, Brazil
| | - Alan Richards
- Section of Dental Pathology, Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, HEALTH, Aarhus University, Vennelyst Boulevard 9, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Bente Nyvad
- Section of Dental Pathology, Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, HEALTH, Aarhus University, Vennelyst Boulevard 9, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
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Henkel K, Altenburger MJ, Auwärter V, Neukamm MA. Full validation of a method for the determination of drugs of abuse in non-mineralized dental biofilm using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and application to postmortem samples. Talanta 2017; 176:360-366. [PMID: 28917762 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Alternative matrices play a major role in postmortem forensic toxicology, especially if common matrices (like body fluids or hair) are not available. Incorporation of illicit and medicinal drugs into non-mineralized dental biofilm (plaque) seems likely but has not been investigated so far. Analysis of plaque could therefore extend the spectrum of potentially used matrices in postmortem toxicology. For this reason, a rapid, simple and sensitive method for the extraction, determination and quantification of ten drugs of abuse from plaque using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was developed and fully validated. Amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-ethylamphetamine (MDEA), 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), cocaine, benzoylecgonine, morphine, codeine and 6-acetylmorphine were extracted from 2mg of dried and powdered plaque via ultrasonication with acetonitrile. The extracts were analyzed on a triple-quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometer in scheduled multiple reaction monitoring mode (sMRM). The method was fully validated and proved accurate, precise, selective and specific with satisfactory linearity within the calibrated ranges. The lower limit of quantification was 10-15pgmg-1 for all compounds except for MDA (100pgmg-1) and amphetamine (200pgmg-1). The method has been successfully applied to three authentic postmortem samples with known drug history. Amphetamine, MDMA, cocaine, benzoylecgonine, morphine and codeine could be detected in these cases in concentrations ranging from 18pgmg-1 for cocaine to 1400pgmg-1 for amphetamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Henkel
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 9, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Hermann Staudinger Graduate School, University of Freiburg, Hebelstr. 27, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Markus J Altenburger
- Center for Dental Medicine, Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Volker Auwärter
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 9, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Merja A Neukamm
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 9, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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