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Rösch D, Ruckelshaußen S, Kirsch J, Gerhards S, Sroka LA, Imhoff R. Schwachsinnig und abartig? Wahrgenommene Stigmatisierung und tatsächliche Etikettierungseffekte der alten und modernisierten Eingangsmerkmale in § 20 Strafgesetzbuch (StGB). Forens Psychiatr Psychol Kriminol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11757-020-00640-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
ZusammenfassungBei der Beurteilung der Schuldfähigkeit eines Beschuldigten nach §§ 20, 21 StGB muss zunächst beurteilt werden, ob ein Eingangsmerkmal vorliegt, das verminderte oder reduzierte Schuldfähigkeit bedingen könnte, sowie ob dieses Eingangsmerkmal den Beschuldigten hinreichend in Einsichts- und/oder Steuerungsfähigkeit beeinflusst. Die bislang geltenden Eingangsmerkmale sind z. T. als veraltet und stigmatisierend kritisiert worden – insbesondere die der schweren anderen seelischen Abartigkeit und des Schwachsinns –, sodass im Jahr 2019 ein Gesetz zur Änderung des Strafgesetzbuches vorgelegt wurde, das eine Modernisierung der Begriffe beinhaltet. Die vorliegende Studie überprüft erstmals, ob die verschiedenen Begriffe (Intelligenzminderung vs. Schwachsinn; seelische Störung vs. seelische Abartigkeit) als unterschiedlich stigmatisierend wahrgenommen werden und zu unterschiedlicher Personenwahrnehmung führen. Zu diesem Zweck füllten 208 Personen, darunter rechtspsychologische Laien (n = 131) und Personen mit Vorwissen (n = 77), Onlinefragebogen aus, in denen sie sowohl anhand von Fallvignetten u. a. Schuldfähigkeit, Gefährlichkeit und Einsichtsfähigkeit von Personen einschätzen mussten als auch die unterschiedlichen Eingangsmerkmale direkt beurteilten. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die überarbeiteten Begriffe als signifikant juristisch angemessener, positiver konnotiert, weniger stigmatisierend und weniger abwertend eingestuft werden. Auch bei einer qualitativen Untersuchung von Assoziationen der Probanden zu den jeweiligen Begriffen zeigten sich deutlich negativere Konnotationen der alten Begriffe. Gleichzeitig zeigte sich jedoch, dass sich die Bewertung von Individuen, die jeweils mit diesen Begriffen betitelt wurden, nicht unterschied, auch nicht bei rechtspsychologischen Laien. Sowohl rechtspsychologische Laien als auch Personen mit Vorwissen haben demnach zwar eindeutige Ansichten zu den vorliegenden Begriffen, diese wirken sich jedoch nicht signifikant auf ihre Personenwahrnehmung aus.
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Barthes J, Lagarrigue P, Riabov V, Lutzweiler G, Kirsch J, Muller C, Courtial EJ, Marquette C, Projetti F, Kzhyskowska J, Lavalle P, Vrana NE, Dupret-Bories A. Biofunctionalization of 3D-printed silicone implants with immunomodulatory hydrogels for controlling the innate immune response: An in vivo model of tracheal defect repair. Biomaterials 2020; 268:120549. [PMID: 33278685 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The recent advances in 3D-printed silicone (PDMS: polydimethylsiloxane) implants present prospects for personalized implants with highly accurate anatomical conformity. However, a potential adverse effect, such as granuloma formation due to immune reactions, still exists. One potential way to overcome this problem is to control the implant/host interface using immunomodulatory coatings. In this study, a new cytokine cocktail composed of interleukin-10 and prostaglandin-E2 was designed to decrease adverse immune reactions and promote tissue integration by fixing macrophages into M2 pro-healing phenotype for an extended period of time. In vitro, the cytokine cocktail maintained low levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α and IL-6) secretions and induced the secretion of IL-10 and the upregulation of multifunctional scavenging and sorting receptor stabilin-1, expressed by M2 macrophages. This cocktail was then loaded in a gelatine-based hydrogel to develop an immunomodulatory material that could be used as a coating for medical devices. The efficacy of this coating was demonstrated in an in vivo rat model during the reconstruction of a tracheal defect by 3D-printed silicone implants. The coating was stable on the silicone implants for over 2 weeks, and the controlled release of the cocktail components was achieved for at least 14 days. In vivo, only 33% of the animals with bare silicone implants survived, whereas 100% of the animals survived with the implant equipped with the immunomodulatory hydrogel. The presence of the hydrogel and the cytokine cocktail diminished the thickness of the inflammatory tissue, the intensity of both acute and chronic inflammation, the overall fibroblastic reaction, the presence of oedema and the formation of fibrinoid (assessed by histology) and led to a 100% survival rate. At the systemic level, the presence of immunomodulatory hydrogels significantly decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IFN-γ, CXCL1 and MCP-1 levels at day 7 and significantly decreased IL-1α, IL-1β, CXCL1 and MCP-1 levels at day 21. The ability of this new immunomodulatory hydrogel to control the level of inflammation once applied to a 3D-printed silicone implant has been demonstrated. Such thin coatings can be applied to any implants or scaffolds used in tissue engineering to diminish the initial immune response, improve the integration and functionality of these materials and decrease potential complications related to their presence.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Barthes
- Institut National de La Santé et de La Recherche Médicale, INSERM UMR1121 "Biomaterials and Bioengineering", 11 Rue Humann, 67085, Strasbourg, France.
| | - P Lagarrigue
- Institut National de La Santé et de La Recherche Médicale, INSERM UMR1121 "Biomaterials and Bioengineering", 11 Rue Humann, 67085, Strasbourg, France
| | - V Riabov
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical, Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - G Lutzweiler
- Institut National de La Santé et de La Recherche Médicale, INSERM UMR1121 "Biomaterials and Bioengineering", 11 Rue Humann, 67085, Strasbourg, France
| | - J Kirsch
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical, Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - C Muller
- Institut National de La Santé et de La Recherche Médicale, INSERM UMR1121 "Biomaterials and Bioengineering", 11 Rue Humann, 67085, Strasbourg, France
| | - E-J Courtial
- 3d.FAB, Université Lyon1, CNRS, INSA, CPE-Lyon, ICBMS, UMR 5246, 43, Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622, Villeurbanne cedex, France
| | - C Marquette
- 3d.FAB, Université Lyon1, CNRS, INSA, CPE-Lyon, ICBMS, UMR 5246, 43, Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622, Villeurbanne cedex, France
| | - F Projetti
- Department of Pathology, 18 rue du general Catroux, 87039, Limoges Cedex 1, France
| | - J Kzhyskowska
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical, Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany; German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg - Hessen, Mannheim, Germany; National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
| | - P Lavalle
- Institut National de La Santé et de La Recherche Médicale, INSERM UMR1121 "Biomaterials and Bioengineering", 11 Rue Humann, 67085, Strasbourg, France
| | - N E Vrana
- Institut National de La Santé et de La Recherche Médicale, INSERM UMR1121 "Biomaterials and Bioengineering", 11 Rue Humann, 67085, Strasbourg, France; Spartha Medical, 14B rue de La Canardière, 67100, Strasbourg, France
| | - A Dupret-Bories
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Institut Claudius Regaud, Institut Universitaire du Cancer Toulouse Oncopole, 31009, Toulouse, France.
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Kensche A, Buschbeck E, König B, Koch M, Kirsch J, Hannig C, Hannig M. Effect of fluoride mouthrinses and stannous ions on the erosion protective properties of the in situ pellicle. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5336. [PMID: 30926846 PMCID: PMC6441001 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41736-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The particular feature of this study is the investigation of effects of pure fluoride- or stannous ions based mouthrinses on the erosion protective properties and the ultrastructure of the in situ pellicle (12 volunteers). Experimental solutions were prepared either from 500 ppm NaF, SMFP, AmF or SnF2 or 1563 ppm SnCl2, respectively. After 1 min of in situ pellicle formation on bovine enamel slabs, rinses with one of the preparations were performed for 1 min and intraoral specimens’ exposure was continued for 28 min. Native enamel slabs and rinses with bidestilled water served as controls. After oral exposure, slabs were incubated in HCl (pH 2; 2.3; 3) for 120 s and kinetics of calcium- and phosphate release were measured photometrically; representative samples were analysed by TEM and EDX. All mouthrinses reduced mineral loss compared to the native 30-min pellicle. The effect was pH-dependent and significant at all pH values only for the tin-containing mouthrinses. No significant differences were observed between the SnF2- and the SnCl2-containing solutions. TEM/EDX confirmed ultrastructural pellicle modifications. SnF2 appears to be the most effective type of fluoride to prevent erosive enamel demineralisation. The observed effects primarily have to be attributed to the stannous ions’ content.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kensche
- Clinic of Operative and Pediatric Dentistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, D-01307, Dresden, Germany.
| | - E Buschbeck
- Clinic of Operative and Pediatric Dentistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, D-01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - B König
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, University Hospital, Saarland University, Building 73, D-66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - M Koch
- Physical Analytics, INM - Leibnitz Institute for New Materials, D-66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - J Kirsch
- Clinic of Operative and Pediatric Dentistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, D-01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - C Hannig
- Clinic of Operative and Pediatric Dentistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, D-01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - M Hannig
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, University Hospital, Saarland University, Building 73, D-66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany
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Maharjan D, Rodas-González A, Tanner A, Kennedy V, Kirsch J, Gaspers J, Negrin-Pereira N, Fontoura A, Bauer M, Swanson K, Reynolds L, Stokka G, Ward A, Dahlen C, Neville B, Wittenberg K, McGeough E, Vonnahme K, Schaefer A, López-Campos Ó, Aalhus J, Ominski K. PSIX-14 Impact of needle-free injection device on injection-site tissue damage in beef sub-primals. J Anim Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky404.611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D Maharjan
- University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | | | - A Tanner
- North Dakota State University,Fargo, ND, United States
| | - V Kennedy
- North Dakota State University,Fargo, ND, United States
| | - J Kirsch
- North Dakota State University,Fargo, ND, United States
| | - J Gaspers
- North Dakota State University,Fargo, ND, United States
| | | | - A Fontoura
- Cornell University,Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - M Bauer
- North Dakota State University,Fargo, ND, United States
| | - K Swanson
- North Dakota State University,Fargo, ND, United States
| | - L Reynolds
- North Dakota State University,Fargo, ND, United States
| | - G Stokka
- North Dakota State University,Fargo, ND, United States
| | - A Ward
- North Dakota State University,Fargo, ND, United States
| | - C Dahlen
- North Dakota State University,Fargo, ND, United States
| | - B Neville
- Carrington REC,Carrington, ND, United States
| | | | - E McGeough
- University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - K Vonnahme
- North Dakota State University,Fargo, ND, United States
| | - A Schaefer
- University of Alberta,Lacombe, AB, Canada
| | - Ó López-Campos
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research and Development Centre, 6000 C & E Trail,Lacombe, Alberta, Canada T4L 1W1
| | - J Aalhus
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research and Development Centre, 6000 C & E Trail,Lacombe, Alberta, Canada T4L 1W1
| | - K Ominski
- University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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Maharjan D, Rodas-González A, Tanner A, Kennedy V, Kirsch J, Gaspers J, Negrin-Pereira N, Fontoura A, Bauer M, Swanson K, Reynolds L, Stokka G, Ward A, Dahlen C, Neville B, Wittenberg K, McGeough E, Vonnahme K, Schaefer A, López-Campos Ó, Aalhus J, Gardiner P, Ominski K. PSI-35 Corn supplementation of beef cows and its impact on growth performance and carcass outcomes of their progeny. J Anim Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky404.412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D Maharjan
- University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | | | - A Tanner
- North Dakota State University,Fargo, ND, United States
| | - V Kennedy
- North Dakota State University,Fargo, ND, United States
| | - J Kirsch
- North Dakota State University,Fargo, ND, United States
| | - J Gaspers
- North Dakota State University,Fargo, ND, United States
| | | | - A Fontoura
- Cornell University,Ithica, NY, United States
| | - M Bauer
- North Dakota State University,Fargo, ND, United States
| | - K Swanson
- North Dakota State University,Fargo, ND, United States
| | - L Reynolds
- North Dakota State University,Fargo, ND, United States
| | - G Stokka
- North Dakota State University,Fargo, ND, United States
| | - A Ward
- North Dakota State University,Fargo, ND, United States
| | - C Dahlen
- North Dakota State University,Fargo, ND, United States
| | - B Neville
- Carrington REC, Foster County, ND, United States
| | | | - E McGeough
- University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - K Vonnahme
- North Dakota State University,Fargo, ND, United States
| | - A Schaefer
- University of Alberta,Lacombe, AB, Canada
| | - Ó López-Campos
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research and Development Centre,Lacombe, AB, Canada
| | - J Aalhus
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research and Development Centre,Lacombe, AB, Canada
| | - P Gardiner
- University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - K Ominski
- University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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Rosshirt N, Hagmann S, Tripel E, Gotterbarm T, Kirsch J, Zeifang F, Lorenz HM, Tretter T, Moradi B. A predominant Th1 polarization is present in synovial fluid of end-stage osteoarthritic knee joints: analysis of peripheral blood, synovial fluid and synovial membrane. Clin Exp Immunol 2018; 195:395-406. [PMID: 30368774 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Thorough understanding of the complex pathophysiology of osteoarthritis (OA) is necessary in order to open new avenues for treatment. The aim of this study was to characterize the CD4+ T cell population and evaluate their activation and polarization status in OA joints. Fifty-five patients with end-stage knee OA (Kellgren-Lawrence grades III-IV) who underwent surgery for total knee arthroplasty (TKA) were enrolled into this study. Matched samples of synovial membrane (SM), synovial fluid (SF) and peripheral blood (PB) were analysed for CD3+ CD4+ CD8- T cell subsets [T helper type 1 (Th1), Th2, Th17, regulatory T cells] and activation status (CD25, CD69, CD45RO, CD45RA, CD62L) by flow cytometry. Subset-specific cytokines were analysed by cytometric bead array (CBA). SM and SF samples showed a distinct infiltration pattern of CD4+ T cells. In comparison to PB, a higher amount of joint-derived T cells was polarized into CD3+ CD4+ CD8- T cell subsets, with the most significant increase for proinflammatory Th1 cells in SF. CBA analysis revealed significantly increased immunomodulating cytokines [interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-10] in SF compared to PB. Whereas in PB only a small proportion of CD4+ T cells were activated, the majority of joint-derived CD4+ T cells can be characterized as activated effector memory cells (CD69+ CD45RO+ CD62L- ). End-stage OA knees are characterized by an increased CD4+ T cell polarization towards activated Th1 cells and cytokine secretion compared to PB. This local inflammation may contribute to disease aggravation and eventually perpetuate the disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Rosshirt
- Clinic for Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S Hagmann
- Clinic for Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany
| | - E Tripel
- Clinic for Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany
| | - T Gotterbarm
- Clinic for Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J Kirsch
- Clinic for Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany
| | - F Zeifang
- Clinic for Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany
| | - H-M Lorenz
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Division of Rheumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany
| | - T Tretter
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Division of Rheumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany
| | - B Moradi
- Clinic for Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany
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Kensche A, Kirsch J, Mintert S, Enders F, Pötschke S, Basche S, König B, Hannig C, Hannig M. Impact of customary fluoride rinsing solutions on the pellicle's protective properties and bioadhesion in situ. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16584. [PMID: 29185495 PMCID: PMC5707358 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16677-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the impact of customary fluoride based mouthrinses on the ultrastructure and the functional properties of the in situ pellicle, considering the prevention of erosion (8 volunteers) and initial biofilm formation (12 volunteers). Bovine enamel slabs were carried intraorally. After 1 min of pellicle formation, the subjects rinsed with elmex Kariesschutz (A), Dontodent Med Care (B), meridol (C) or elmex Zahnschmelzschutz Professional (D) for 1 min. In situ pellicle formation was continued up to 30 min/8 h before processing the slabs in vitro. Erosion was simulated by incubating the specimens in HCl (pH 3.0, 2.3, 2.0) for 120 s, measuring the kinetics of calcium/phosphate release photometrically; representative samples were evaluated by TEM and EDX. Bacterial adhesion was visualized fluorescence microscopically (DAPI/BacLight). Native enamel slabs or physiological pellicle samples served as controls. All investigated mouthrinses enhanced the erosion preventive pellicle effect in dependence of the pH-value. A significant decrease of Ca/P release at all pH values was achieved after rinsing with D; TEM/EDX confirmed ultrastructural pellicle modifications. All mouthrinses tendentially reduced bacterial adherence, however not significantly. The mouthrinse containing NaF/AmF/SnCl2 (D) offers an effective oral hygiene supplement to prevent caries and erosion.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kensche
- Clinic of Operative and Pediatric Dentistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, D-01307, Dresden, Germany.
| | - J Kirsch
- Clinic of Operative and Pediatric Dentistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, D-01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - S Mintert
- Clinic of Operative and Pediatric Dentistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, D-01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - F Enders
- Clinic of Operative and Pediatric Dentistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, D-01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - S Pötschke
- Clinic of Operative and Pediatric Dentistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, D-01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - S Basche
- Clinic of Operative and Pediatric Dentistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, D-01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - B König
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, University Hospital, Saarland University, Building 73, D- 66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - C Hannig
- Clinic of Operative and Pediatric Dentistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, D-01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - M Hannig
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, University Hospital, Saarland University, Building 73, D- 66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany
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Kirsch J, Tchorz J, Hellwig E, Tauböck T, Attin T, Hannig C. Decision criteria for replacement of fillings: a retrospective study. Clin Exp Dent Res 2016; 2:121-128. [PMID: 29744158 PMCID: PMC5839197 DOI: 10.1002/cre2.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The exchange of restorations goes along with the loss of healthy tooth structure. Therefore, it is important to investigate helpful decision criteria for the replacement of fillings. Five hundred forty-four filling replacements were evaluated retrospectively. Thereby, different clinical parameters were correlated with the clinical finding of caries directly after removal of the existing filling. The parameters checked for correlations were amalgam and composite, age, and size of the filling, morphology, condition of the filling, type of caries, oral hygiene, anamnesis of the respective tooth, and the decisive factor to replace the restoration. Statistical evaluation was performed by chi-squared-test (P < 0,05) and by regression analysis (Power: 80%). A percentage of 69.8% of all cavities showed softened dentin if exploring with the probe after the removal of the restoration, 7.6% were stainable with caries detector, and 22.6% of the cavities were caries free. Significant indicators for a carious lesion were high age of restoration, imperfections at the margin of the filling, a positive pain sensation in correlation with composite fillings, and multi-surface amalgam fillings. On suspicion of caries, the following decision criteria should encourage the dentist to remove a filling: High age of the filling, imperfections at the margin of the filling, especially fillings with marginal cracks, visible secondary caries, a positive pain sensation in composite filled teeth, and multi-surface amalgam fillings. Filling removals only performed due to the patient's desire for removal should be critically regarded, as most of these fillings are caries free.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Kirsch
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav CarusDresden University of TechnologyD‐01307DresdenGermany
| | - J. Tchorz
- Department of Operative Dentistry and PeriodontologyUniversity of FreiburgD‐79106FreiburgGermany
- Centre for Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University of Dental Medicine and Oral HealthDanube Private University (DPU)AT‐3500Krems an der DonauAustria
| | - E. Hellwig
- Department of Operative Dentistry and PeriodontologyUniversity of FreiburgD‐79106FreiburgGermany
| | - T.T. Tauböck
- Clinic of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and CariologyUniversity of ZürichCH‐8028ZürichSwitzerland
| | - T. Attin
- Clinic of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and CariologyUniversity of ZürichCH‐8028ZürichSwitzerland
| | - C. Hannig
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav CarusDresden University of TechnologyD‐01307DresdenGermany
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Diaz Molina F, Cao Y, Klein E, Knisely J, Gill G, Marrero M, Schulder M, Kirsch J. SU-F-J-170: Comparison of Residual Distortions for MRI Sequences On a 3T MRI Unit Using a 3D Rectilinear Grid Phantom. Med Phys 2016. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4956078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Hepp D, Kirsch J, Capanni F. Smartphone supported upper limb prosthesis. Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/cdbme-2015-0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
State of the art upper limb prostheses offer up to six active DoFs (degrees of freedom) and are controlled using different grip patterns. This low number of DoFs combined with a machine-human-interface which does not provide control over all DoFs separately result in a lack of usability for the patient. The aim of this novel upper limb prosthesis is both offering simplified control possibilities for changing grip patterns depending on the patients’ priorities and the improvement of grasp capability. Design development followed the design process requirements given by the European Medical Device Directive 93/42 ECC and was structured into the topics mechanics, software and drive technology. First user needs were identified by literature research and by patient feedback. Consequently, concepts were evaluated against technical and usability requirements. A first evaluation prototype with one active DoF per finger was manufactured. In a second step a test setup with two active DoF per finger was designed. The prototype is connected to an Android based smartphone application. Two main grip patterns can be preselected in the software application and afterwards changed and used by the EMG signal. Three different control algorithms can be selected: “all-day”, “fine” and “tired muscle”. Further parameters can be adjusted to customize the prosthesis to the patients’ needs. First patient feedback certified the prosthesis an improved level of handling compared to the existing devices. Using the two DoF test setup, the possibilities of finger control with a neural network are evaluated at the moment. In a first user feedback test, the smartphone based software application increased the device usability, e.g. the change within preselected grip patterns and the “tired muscle” algorithm. Although the overall software application was positively rated, the handling of the prosthesis itself needs to be proven within a patient study to be performed next. The capability of the neural network to control the hand has also to be proven in a next step.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Hepp
- Ulm University of Applied Sciences, Laboratory for Biomechanics, Product Development and Simulation, Albert-Einstein-Allee 55, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - J. Kirsch
- Ulm University of Applied Sciences, Laboratory for Biomechanics, Product Development and Simulation, Albert-Einstein-Allee 55, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - F. Capanni
- Ulm University of Applied Sciences, Laboratory for Biomechanics, Product Development and Simulation, Albert-Einstein-Allee 55, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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Moradi B, Rosshirt N, Tripel E, Kirsch J, Barié A, Zeifang F, Gotterbarm T, Hagmann S. Unicompartmental and bicompartmental knee osteoarthritis show different patterns of mononuclear cell infiltration and cytokine release in the affected joints. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 180:143-54. [PMID: 25393692 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
It is still controversial which cell types are responsible for synovial inflammation in osteoarthritic (OA) joints. The aim of this study was to quantify the mononuclear cell populations and their cytokines in patients with different knee OA subtypes. Synovial membrane (SM), synovial fluid (SF) and peripheral blood (PB) were harvested from patients with unicompartmental (UC) and bicompartmental (BC) knee OA. Frequencies of mononuclear cells were assessed by flow cytometry in PB and SM. Naive SF samples were analysed for a broad variety of cytokines by multiplex analysis. SM of both groups displayed a distinct mononuclear cell infiltration, with CD14(+) macrophages being the major cell population, followed by CD4(+) T cells and only small numbers of CD8(+) T, CD19(+) B and CD16(+) CD56(+) natural killer (NK) cells. Between the two groups, SM of BC OA showed significantly higher amounts of mononuclear cells (135·7 ± 180 versus 805 ± 675 cells/mg, P = 0·0009) and higher CD4(+) T cell presence (3·4 ± 4·6 versus 9·1 ± 7·5%, P = 0·0267). SF of BC OA displayed significantly higher concentrations for a number of proinflammatory cytokines [CXCL1, eotaxin, interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-12]. UC and BC OA show significant differences in their synovial inflammatory pattern. Whereas in UC OA CD14(+) macrophages are the predominant cell population, BC OA has a higher inflammatory profile and seems to be driven by CD14(+) macrophages and CD4(+) T cells. Inclusion of clinical information into the analysis of cellular and molecular results is pivotal in understanding the pathophysiology of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Moradi
- Clinic for Orthopedics and Traumatology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Van Ooteghem G, El-Mourad M, Slimani A, Margos W, El Nawar A, Patris A, Gallez JF, Kirsch J, Hauters P, Vallot F, Nakad A. Is early enteral nutrition dangerous in acute non surgical complicated diverticulitis? About 25 patients fed with oral fiber free energetic liquid diet. Acta Gastroenterol Belg 2013; 76:235-240. [PMID: 23898562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS Complicated Acute Colonic Diverticulitis (ACD) is usually treated by parenteral way thus keeping the bowel at rest. To date there are no clear recommendations regarding the route of nutrition administration. We study the safety of early feeding by oral energetic fiber-free liquid diet in non-surgical complicated ACD patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS From February 2008 to October 2011, 25 patients were admitted with complicated ACD and took part in this prospective study. Surgical and medical assessments were performed at admission. Initial treatment was given with perfusion, intravenous antibiotics and hydric diet. Within 72 hours of admission, antibiotic therapy was switched to oral administration for 5 up to 15 days depending on the progression of the disease. At the same time the patient received oral liquid fiber-free feeding. Solid but fiber-free diet was introduced 24h hours before discharge. RESULTS 25 cases of ACD were complicated with covered perforation and/or abscess. Mean hospitalisation time was 10A.4 days. 23 cases had good recovery and discharged, while 1 case progressed to colonic stenosis during hospitalisation, requiring a sigmoidectomy with a one-time anastomosis with good recovery. One patient relapsed his abscess during hospitalisation despite CT guided drainage and required sigmoidectomy with transient ileostomy. The mean daily treatment and nutrition cost for the non-surgical 23 patients was 30 euros. CONCLUSIONS Early enteral nutrition in complicated ACD is feasible, not harmful, and reduce both, mean hospitalization time and treatment cost. Further studies comparing enteral with parenteral nutrition are necessary to confirm our hypothesis.
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Arici M, Reiner E, Kirsch J, Mojibian H, Pollak J, Henderson K, Weiss R, White R. Abstract No. 205: Results of varicocele embolization using sotradecol foam and fibered coils. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2009.12.367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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15
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Vandervaeren D, Kirsch J, Hamoir X. Une application de la tomodensitométrie en double énergie dans le traitement d’un calcul coralliforme. Prog Urol 2010; 20:77-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.purol.2009.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2008] [Revised: 04/05/2009] [Accepted: 05/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Rubinshtein R, Miller TD, Williamson EE, Kirsch J, Gibbons RJ, Primak AN, McCollough CH, Araoz PA. Detection of myocardial infarction by dual-source coronary computed tomography angiography using quantitated myocardial scintigraphy as the reference standard. Heart 2009; 95:1419-22. [DOI: 10.1136/hrt.2008.158618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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17
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Vandervaeren D, Kirsch J. La tomodensitométrie en double énergie : une avancée dans l’identification radiologique des lithiases uriques. Prog Urol 2008; 18:562-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.purol.2008.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2008] [Revised: 05/29/2008] [Accepted: 06/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Ghekiere O, Hamoir X, Hamoir V, Kirsch J. Malignant right coronary artery. JBR-BTR 2008; 91:20. [PMID: 18447127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- O Ghekiere
- Dpt of Radiology, Clinique Notre Dame, Tournai, Belgium
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20
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Hamoir X, Salovic D, Bouziane T, Kirsch J. Dual source CT: cardio-pulmonary applications. JBR-BTR 2007; 90:77-9. [PMID: 17555062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Dual source CT is a last generation scanner which allows for coronary imaging without beta-blocker because high quality images are feasible even at high heart rates. Furthermore, with this equipment, dual energy becomes possible in a single acquisition and triple rule-out imaging can be performed in clinical routine. The radiation dose remains limited in comparison with single-source CT because of different efficient mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Hamoir
- Department of Radiology, Clinique Notre-Dame,Tournai, Belgium.
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21
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von Boyen GBT, Steinkamp M, Reinshagen M, Schäfer KH, Adler G, Kirsch J. Nerve growth factor secretion in cultured enteric glia cells is modulated by proinflammatory cytokines. J Neuroendocrinol 2006; 18:820-5. [PMID: 17026531 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2006.01478.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The enteric nervous system is composed of neurones and glial cells. These enteric glia cells (EGC) appear to be essential for the maintenance of gut homeostasis and mucosal integrity. Neurotrophin nerve growth factor (NGF) also plays an important role for the gut integrity by regulating sensory and inflammatory processes in the intestines. Here, we demonstrate EGCs as one source of NGF and show increased levels of NGF mRNA/protein and tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA) mRNA in cultured EGCs upon stimulation with proinflammatory cytokines and lipopolysaccharides. NGF is continuously secreted from cultured EGCs and proinflammatory cytokines and lipopolysaccharides stimulate the secretion of this neurotrophin in a time- and dose- dependent manner, whereas interleukin-4 had no effect on NGF expression. Furthermore, NGF secretion was sustained for more than 12 h after withdrawal of the proinflammatory cytokines, suggesting the involvement of transcriptional and/or translational processes. Thus, the release of proinflammatory cytokines can increase NGF secretion by EGCs and leads to a higher expression of TrkA in EGCs. NGF, in turn, can increase visceral sensitivity and, on the other hand, appears to improve gut inflammation. Therefore, NGF secreting EGCs may play a key role in modulating visceral sensitivity and might be involved in inflammatory processes of the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B T von Boyen
- Department of Medicine I (Gastroenterology), University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
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22
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Vincke P, Hamoir X, Kirsch J. [Cardiac anatomy and the radiologist]. J Radiol 2006; 87:664-6. [PMID: 16788541 DOI: 10.1016/s0221-0363(06)74060-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We report a case of myocardial infarction due to occlusion of the left anterior descending artery seen on a routine chest CT performed in order to exclude aortic dissection. This underscores the need for the radiologist to look at the heart and coronary arteries on each thoracic CT-scan, even if acquired without EKG-gating.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Vincke
- Clinique Notre Dame, Service d'Imagerie Médicale, Avenue Delmée 9, 7500 Tournai Belgique.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Enteric glia protect the integrity of the gut, as loss of enteric glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) positive (+) glia leads to a haemorrhagic jejunoileitis. Crohn's disease (CD) and necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) show pathological changes in enteric glia. Therefore, factors controlling GFAP+ enteric glia are of great interest. The aim of the present study was to characterise enteric glia and determine the effect of interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta), interleukin 4 (IL-4), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) on cultured enteric glia. METHODS Dissected rat colon and cultured enteric glia cells were double labelled with anti-GFAP and anti-S-100 antibodies. For regulatory studies, enteric glia cells were treated with cytokines and LPS. Proliferation was assayed using bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and mitosis of enteric glia was blocked by demecolcine. RESULTS We were able to distinguish GFAP negative (-) from GFAP+ glia subtypes in situ and in primary cultures. Incubation of cells with IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, and LPS led to a significant increase in GFAP+ enteric glia while IL-4 had no effect on GFAP expression. After incubation with IL-1beta, total intracellular GFAP of enteric glia cells was increased. Upregulation of GFAP+ enteric glia could also be observed after stimulation with IL-1beta on blocking mitosis. BrdU uptake in stimulated enteric glia showed no increased proliferation rate. CONCLUSIONS Two different types of enteric glia based on GFAP expression exist in the gut. Proinflammatory cytokines and LPS cause a dramatic increase in GFAP+ enteric glia. This suggests that cytokines play an important role in controlling GFAP+ enteric glia which might in turn be involved in modulating the integrity of the bowel during inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B T von Boyen
- Department of Medicine I (Gastroenterology), University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89069 Ulm, Germany
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Grulke NE, Preisler HK, Rose C, Kirsch J, Balduman L. O 3 uptake and drought stress effects on carbon acquisition of ponderosa pine in natural stands. New Phytol 2002; 154:621-631. [PMID: 33873463 DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00403.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
• The effect of O3 exposure or uptake on carbon acquisition (net assimilation (A) or gross photosynthesis (Pg )), with and without drought stress, is reported here in 40-yr-old-ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) trees. • Maximum daily gas exchange was measured monthly for 12 trees at four sites differing in pollutant exposure over two growing seasons with above- and below-average annual precipitation. Gas exchange measures were estimated between sampling periods using a generalized additive regression model. • Both A and Pg generally declined with cumulative O3 exposure or uptake at all sites. As a response variable, Pg was slightly more sensitive than A to cumulative O3 exposure. As a metric, O3 uptake vs exposure permitted slightly better statistical resolution of seasonal response between sites. • The effect of late summer drought stress was statistically significant only at the moderate pollution site, and combined synergistically with O3 exposure or uptake to reduce Pg . The general additive model allows the user to define a deleterious level of cumulative O3 exposure or uptake, and to quantitatively assess biological response.
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Affiliation(s)
- N E Grulke
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 4955 Canyon Crest Drive, Riverside, CA 92507, USA
| | - H K Preisler
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 4955 Canyon Crest Drive, Riverside, CA 92507, USA
| | - C Rose
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - J Kirsch
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - L Balduman
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- G B T von Boyen
- Dept of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital of Ulm, Germany.
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26
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Ramming M, Kins S, Werner N, Hermann A, Betz H, Kirsch J. Diversity and phylogeny of gephyrin: tissue-specific splice variants, gene structure, and sequence similarities to molybdenum cofactor-synthesizing and cytoskeleton-associated proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:10266-71. [PMID: 10963686 PMCID: PMC27865 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.97.18.10266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gephyrin is essential for both the postsynaptic localization of inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors in the central nervous system and the biosynthesis of the molybdenum cofactor (Moco) in different peripheral organs. Several alternatively spliced gephyrin transcripts have been identified in rat brain that differ in their 5' coding regions. Here, we describe gephyrin splice variants that are differentially expressed in non-neuronal tissues and different regions of the adult mouse brain. Analysis of the murine gephyrin gene indicates a highly mosaic organization, with eight of its 29 exons corresponding to the alternatively spliced regions identified by cDNA sequencing. The N- and C-terminal domains of gephyrin encoded by exons 3-7 and 16-29, respectively, display sequence similarities to bacterial, invertebrate, and plant proteins involved in Moco biosynthesis, whereas the central exons 8, 13, and 14 encode motifs that may mediate oligomerization and tubulin binding. Our data are consistent with gephyrin having evolved from a Moco biosynthetic protein by insertion of protein interaction sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ramming
- Department of Neurochemistry, Max-Planck-Institute for Brain Research, Deutschordenstr. 46, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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27
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Simbürger E, Plaschke M, Kirsch J, Nitsch R. Distribution of the receptor-anchoring protein gephyrin in the rat dentate gyrus and changes following entorhinal cortex lesion. Cereb Cortex 2000; 10:422-32. [PMID: 10769252 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/10.4.422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyzed the distribution of the receptor-anchoring protein gephyrin in the normal and deafferented rat dentate gyrus to investigate whether the expression of this postsynaptic protein is altered in response to the formation of new synaptic contacts. Confocal microscopy and digital image analysis revealed that in normal dentate gyrus immunolabeling was most prominent in the outer molecular layer and decreased successively in the direction of the granule cell layer. Simultaneous immunolabeling for gephyrin and cell-specific markers showed that granule cells and parvalbumin-positive interneurons express gephyrin. Large, intensely stained, gephyrin-positive clusters were distributed along distinct dendrites, and most of them were positive for parvalbumin. Calbindin-immunostained dendrites were associated with smaller, gephyrin-positive clusters. Lesion of the medial entorhinal cortex leads to deafferentiation of the middle molecular layer which resulted in an increased gephyrin immunoreactivity. These changes were due to a significantly increased concentration of the very small gephyrin-positive clusters. Parvalbumin-positive dendrites did not display any increase in co-localizing gephyrin-positive structures. The altered immunolabeling pattern persisted until 12 weeks after lesion, a time when the process of synaptic reorganization is complete. Our findings suggest that synaptogenesis following deafferentiation results in a cell-specific redistribution of gephyrin immunoreactivity at specific inhibitory synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Simbürger
- Institute of Anatomy, Humboldt University Berlin (Charité), 10098 Berlin, Germany
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Abstract
This study considers the feasibility of defining a QALY from disease-specific data using the New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification of heart failure. The study derives health state values for the four different NYHA classifications of disease progression using the time trade-off (TTO) instrument associated with the five dimensional (EQ-5D) health state valuation method. Consistent mappings between the disease classification and the chosen QALY instrument are found. With this being the case, the assumption of constant proportionality, which is necessary to define the QALY as an acceptable measure of health related preferences, is considered. It is found that constant proportionality does not hold across the more severe health states, thus questioning the use of QALYs as representing cardinal preference structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kirsch
- SmithKline Beecham Limited, Mundells, Welwyn Garden City, UK
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29
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Abstract
The formation of postsynaptic GABAA and glycine receptor clusters requires the receptor-associated peripheral membrane protein gephyrin. Here we describe two splice variants of a novel gephyrin-binding protein, termed collybistin I and II, which belong to the family of dbl-like GDP/GTP exchange factors (GEFs). Co-expression of collybistin II with gephyrin induced the formation of submembrane gephyrin aggregates that accumulate hetero-oligomeric glycine receptors. Our data suggest that collybistin II regulates the membrane deposition of gephyrin by activating a GTPase of the Rho/Rac family. Therefore, this protein may be an important determinant of inhibitory postsynaptic membrane formation and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kins
- Department of Neurochemistry, Max-Planck-Institute for Brain Research, Deutschordenstr. 46, D-60528 Frankfurt, Germany
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Abstract
The postsynaptic membrane and the subsynaptic cell compartment are specialized for inter- and intracellular signaling. Recent work has focused on the role of synaptic activity in regulating the surface distribution of neurotransmitter receptors. In addition, several components of secondary signaling pathways involved in the long-term regulation of synaptic efficacy have been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kirsch
- Department of Anatomy & Cellular Neurobiology, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89069, Ulm, Germany.
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Sabatini DM, Barrow RK, Blackshaw S, Burnett PE, Lai MM, Field ME, Bahr BA, Kirsch J, Betz H, Snyder SH. Interaction of RAFT1 with gephyrin required for rapamycin-sensitive signaling. Science 1999; 284:1161-4. [PMID: 10325225 DOI: 10.1126/science.284.5417.1161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
RAFT1 (rapamycin and FKBP12 target 1; also called FRAP or mTOR) is a member of the ATM (ataxia telangiectasia mutated)-related family of proteins and functions as the in vivo mediator of the effects of the immunosuppressant rapamycin and as an important regulator of messenger RNA translation. In mammalian cells RAFT1 interacted with gephyrin, a widely expressed protein necessary for the clustering of glycine receptors at the cell membrane of neurons. RAFT1 mutants that could not associate with gephyrin failed to signal to downstream molecules, including the p70 ribosomal S6 kinase and the eIF-4E binding protein, 4E-BP1. The interaction with gephyrin ascribes a function to the large amino-terminal region of an ATM-related protein and reveals a role in signal transduction for the clustering protein gephyrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Sabatini
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Abstract
The strychnine-sensitive glycine receptor (GlyR) is a pentameric chloride channel protein that exists in several developmentally and regionally regulated isoforms in the CNS. These result from the differential expression of four genes encoding different variants (alpha 1-alpha 4) of the ligand-binding subunit of the GlyR. Their assembly with the structural beta subunit is governed by "assembly cassettes" within the extracellular domains of these proteins and creates chloride channels of distinct conductance properties. GlyR gating is potentiated by Zn2+, a metal ion co-released with different neurotransmitters. Site-directed mutagenesis has unraveled major determinants of agonist binding and Zn2+ potentiation. During development, glycine receptors mediate excitation that results in Ca2+ influx and neurotransmitter release. Ca2+ influx triggered by the activation of embryonic GlyRs is required for the synaptic localization of the GlyR and its anchoring protein gepyhrin. In the adult, mutations in GlyR-subunit genes result in motor disorders. The spastic and spasmodic phenotypes in mouse as well as human hereditary startle disease will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Betz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Hirnforschung, Abteilung Neurochemie, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sassoè-Pognetto
- Department of Anatomy, Pharmacology and Forensic Medicine, University of Turin, Italy.
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Abstract
Glycine receptors (GlyRs) are ligand-gated chloride channel proteins composed of alpha- and beta-subunits. GlyRs are located to and anchored at postsynaptic sites by the receptor-associated protein gephyrin. Previous work from our laboratory has identified a core motif for gephyrin binding in the cytoplasmic loop of the GlyR beta-subunit. Here, we localized amino acid residues implicated in gephyrin binding by site-directed mutagenesis. In a novel transfection assay, a green fluorescent protein-gephyrin binding motif fusion protein was used to monitor the consequences of amino acid substitutions for beta-subunit interaction with gephyrin. Only multiple, but not single, replacements of hydrophobic side chains abolished the interaction between the two proteins. Our data are consistent with gephyrin binding being mediated by the hydrophobic side of an imperfect amphipathic helix.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kneussel
- Department of Neurochemistry, Max-Planck-Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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35
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Stallmeyer B, Schwarz G, Schulze J, Nerlich A, Reiss J, Kirsch J, Mendel RR. The neurotransmitter receptor-anchoring protein gephyrin reconstitutes molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis in bacteria, plants, and mammalian cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:1333-8. [PMID: 9990024 PMCID: PMC15463 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.4.1333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/1998] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The molybdenum cofactor (Moco), a highly conserved pterin compound complexing molybdenum, is required for the enzymatic activities of all molybdenum enzymes except nitrogenase. Moco is synthesized by a unique and evolutionarily old pathway that requires the activities of at least six gene products. Some of the proteins involved in bacterial, plant, and invertebrate Moco biosynthesis show striking homologies to the primary structure of gephyrin, a polypeptide required for the clustering of inhibitory glycine receptors in postsynaptic membranes in the rat central nervous system. Here, we show that gephyrin binds with high affinity to molybdopterin, the metabolic precursor of Moco. Furthermore, gephyrin expression can reconstitute Moco biosynthesis in Moco-deficient bacteria, a molybdenum-dependent mouse cell line, and a Moco-deficient plant mutant. Conversely, inhibition of gephyrin expression by antisense RNA expression in cultured murine cells reduces their Moco content significantly. These data indicate that in addition to clustering glycine receptors, gephyrin also is involved in Moco biosynthesis and illustrate the remarkable conservation of its function in Moco biosynthesis throughout phylogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Stallmeyer
- Botanical Institute, Technical University of Braunschweig, 38023 Braunschweig, Germany
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Abstract
The peripheral membrane protein gephyrin is essential for the postsynaptic localization of inhibitory glycine receptors (GlyRs). Binding of gephyrin to the GlyR beta subunit is mediated by a sequence motif located in the intracellular loop region connecting transmembrane segments 3 and 4. Here, insertion of this binding motif is shown to alter the subcellular distribution of an excitatory neurotransmitter receptor in transfected mammalian cells. Upon coexpression with gephyrin, a mutant N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor containing NMDA receptor 1 (NR1) subunits which harboured a gephyrin-binding motif within its cytoplasmic tail region, was targeted to intracellular gephyrin-rich domains, as previously observed for the GlyR beta subunit. Our data indicate that a gephyrin-binding motif located in a cytoplasmic domain of an integral membrane protein suffices for routing to gephyrin-rich domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kins
- Department of Neurochemistry, Max-Planck-Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt, Germany
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37
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Kaufmann U, Kirsch J, Irintchev A, Wernig A, Starzinski-Powitz A. The M-cadherin catenin complex interacts with microtubules in skeletal muscle cells: implications for the fusion of myoblasts. J Cell Sci 1999; 112 ( Pt 1):55-68. [PMID: 9841904 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.112.1.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
M-cadherin, a calcium-dependent intercellular adhesion molecule, is expressed in skeletal muscle cells. Its pattern of expression, both in vivo and in cell culture as well as functional studies, have implied that M-cadherin is important for skeletal muscle development, in particular the fusion of myoblasts into myotubes. M-cadherin formed complexes with the catenins in skeletal muscle cells similar to E-cadherin in epithelial cells. This suggested that the muscle-specific function of the M-cadherin catenin complex might be mediated by additional interactions with yet unidentified cellular components, especially cytoskeletal elements. These include the microtubules which also have been implicated in the fusion process of myoblasts. Here we present evidence that the M-cadherin catenin complex interacts with microtubules in myogenic cells by using three independent experimental approaches. (1) Analysis by laser scan microscopy revealed that the destruction of microtubules by nocodazole leads to an altered cell surface distribution of M-cadherin in differentiating myogenic cells. In contrast, disruption of actin filaments had little effect on the surface distribution of M-cadherin. (2) M-cadherin antibodies coimmunoprecipitated tubulin from extracts of nocodazole-treated myogenic cells but not of nocodazole-treated epithelial cells ectopically expressing M-cadherin. Vice versa, tubulin antibodies coimmunoprecipitated M-cadherin from extracts of nocodazole-treated myogenic cells but not of nocodazole-treated M-cadherin-expressing epithelial cells. (3) M-cadherin and the catenins, but not a panel of control proteins, were copolymerized with tubulin from myogenic cell extracts even after repeated cycles of assembly and disassemly of tubulin. Moreover, neither M-cadherin nor E-cadherin could be found in a complex with microtubules in epithelial cells ectopically expressing M-cadherin. Our data are consistent with the idea that the interaction of M-cadherin with microtubules might be essential to keep the myoblasts aligned during fusion, a process in which both M-cadherin and microtubules have been implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Kaufmann
- Institut der Anthropologie und Humangenetik fuer Biologen, Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe-Universitaet Frankfurt, Siesmayerstrasse 70, D-60054 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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38
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Abstract
Glycine receptors are anchored at inhibitory chemical synapses by a cytoplasmic protein, gephyrin. Molecular cloning revealed the similarity of gephyrin to prokaryotic and invertebrate proteins essential for synthesizing a cofactor required for activity of molybdoenzymes. Gene targeting in mice showed that gephyrin is required both for synaptic clustering of glycine receptors in spinal cord and for molybdoenzyme activity in nonneural tissues. The mutant phenotype resembled that of humans with hereditary molybdenum cofactor deficiency and hyperekplexia (a failure of inhibitory neurotransmission), suggesting that gephyrin function may be impaired in both diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Feng
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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39
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Abstract
In this report we demonstrate that in HEK293 cells stably expressing the human V2 vasopressin receptor, ligand-induced internalization of the hormone receptor occurs via the clathrin-dependent pathway. Studies of receptor trafficking either by direct visualization of the V2 receptor by confocal microscopy or binding experiments show a rapid internalization (half-time 6-7 min). Blocking of the clathrin-dependent pathway by hypertonic sucrose increased vasopressin-induced cellular cAMP production and decreased the desensitization of the V2 receptor-adenylyl cyclase system. Thus, internalization appears to be a major regulatory mechanism terminating vasopressin action in HEK293 cells. Two antagonists of the vasopressin V2 receptor exerted different effects on receptor internalization, as determined by confocal fluorescence microscopy. The nonpeptidic antagonist OPC31260 did not induce any visible receptor internalization, whereas the peptidic antagonist d(CH2)5[D-Tyr(Et)2,Val4,Lys8,Tyr-NH29]VP induced a slow but substantial receptor internalization. These results suggest that long-term treatment with peptidic V2 receptor antagonists might lead to desensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pfeiffer
- Institut für Biochemie der Universität Mainz, Joachim-Becher-Weg 30, Mainz, 55099, Germany
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40
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Abstract
Water suppression is typically performed in vivo by exciting the longitudinal magnetization in combination with dephasing, or by using frequency-selective coherence generation. MEGA, a frequency-selective refocusing technique, can be placed into any pulse sequence element designed to generate a Hahn spin-echo or stimulated echo, to dephase transverse water coherences with minimal spectral distortions. Water suppression performance was verified in vivo using stimulated echo acquisition mode (STEAM) localization, which provided water suppression comparable with that achieved with four selective pulses in 3,1-DRYSTEAM. The advantage of the proposed method was exploited for editing J-coupled resonances. Using a double-banded pulse that selectively inverts a J-coupling partner and simultaneously suppresses water, efficient metabolite editing was achieved in the point resolved spectroscopy (PRESS) and STEAM sequences in which MEGA was incorporated. To illustrate the efficiency of the method, the detection of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was demonstrated, with minimal contributions from macromolecules and overlying singlet peaks at 4 T. The estimated occipital GABA concentration was consistent with previous reports, suggesting that editing for GABA is efficient when based on MEGA at high field strengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mescher
- Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Minneapolis 55455, USA
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41
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Abstract
Water suppression is typically performed in vivo by exciting the longitudinal magnetization in combination with dephasing, or by using frequency-selective coherence generation. MEGA, a frequency-selective refocusing technique, can be placed into any pulse sequence element designed to generate a Hahn spin-echo or stimulated echo, to dephase transverse water coherences with minimal spectral distortions. Water suppression performance was verified in vivo using stimulated echo acquisition mode (STEAM) localization, which provided water suppression comparable with that achieved with four selective pulses in 3,1-DRYSTEAM. The advantage of the proposed method was exploited for editing J-coupled resonances. Using a double-banded pulse that selectively inverts a J-coupling partner and simultaneously suppresses water, efficient metabolite editing was achieved in the point resolved spectroscopy (PRESS) and STEAM sequences in which MEGA was incorporated. To illustrate the efficiency of the method, the detection of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was demonstrated, with minimal contributions from macromolecules and overlying singlet peaks at 4 T. The estimated occipital GABA concentration was consistent with previous reports, suggesting that editing for GABA is efficient when based on MEGA at high field strengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mescher
- Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Minneapolis 55455, USA
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42
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Abstract
Water suppression is typically performed in vivo by exciting the longitudinal magnetization in combination with dephasing, or by using frequency-selective coherence generation. MEGA, a frequency-selective refocusing technique, can be placed into any pulse sequence element designed to generate a Hahn spin-echo or stimulated echo, to dephase transverse water coherences with minimal spectral distortions. Water suppression performance was verified in vivo using stimulated echo acquisition mode (STEAM) localization, which provided water suppression comparable with that achieved with four selective pulses in 3,1-DRYSTEAM. The advantage of the proposed method was exploited for editing J-coupled resonances. Using a double-banded pulse that selectively inverts a J-coupling partner and simultaneously suppresses water, efficient metabolite editing was achieved in the point resolved spectroscopy (PRESS) and STEAM sequences in which MEGA was incorporated. To illustrate the efficiency of the method, the detection of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was demonstrated, with minimal contributions from macromolecules and overlying singlet peaks at 4 T. The estimated occipital GABA concentration was consistent with previous reports, suggesting that editing for GABA is efficient when based on MEGA at high field strengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mescher
- Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Minneapolis 55455, USA
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McCabe CJ, Akehurst RL, Kirsch J, Whitfield M, Backhouse M, Woolf AD, Scott DL, Emery P, Haslock I. Choice of NSAID and management strategy in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. The impact on costs and outcomes in the UK. Pharmacoeconomics 1998; 14:191-199. [PMID: 10186459 DOI: 10.2165/00019053-199814020-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are an effective therapy for rheumatoid arthritis, they are associated with significant adverse effects, the management of which imposes additional costs on the healthcare system. Prescribing NSAIDs which have a lower risk of major adverse effects as the first-line NSAID for patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis may be expected to lead to an improvement in clinical outcomes and reduce overall treatment costs. This analysis examines data from a published randomised controlled trial of 5 NSAIDs to explore these hypotheses. DESIGN AND SETTING Data from a clinical trial comparing 5 NSAIDs were combined with published cost data to construct 2 clinical decision models, reflecting alternative approaches to the management of major and minor adverse effects in the UK. INTERVENTIONS The 5 NSAIDs evaluated in the analysis were nabumetone, diclofenac, ibuprofen, piroxicam and naproxen, although only the results for ibuprofen and nabumetone are reported. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES AND RESULTS The total cost of care per patient receiving nabumetone was estimated to be between 25 pounds sterling (Pound) and 41 Pounds more expensive than ibuprofen. In a hypothetical cohort of 100,000 patients, there were between 690 and 821 more major adverse effects using ibuprofen than nabumetone. The cost per life-year gained (LYG) from using nabumetone rather than ibuprofen ranged between 1880 Pounds and 2517 Pounds (1995 values), depending upon the management of adverse effects. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that: (i) prescribing the newer, currently more expensive, NSAIDs will not necessarily lead to cost savings; (ii) the management of adverse effects can have a significant impact on costs; and (iii) the additional cost may be justifiable in terms of the mortality and morbidity gains associated with the new lower-risk NSAIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J McCabe
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, England.
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44
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Wheal HV, Chen Y, Mitchell J, Schachner M, Maerz W, Wieland H, Van Rossum D, Kirsch J. Molecular mechanisms that underlie structural and functional changes at the postsynaptic membrane during synaptic plasticity. Prog Neurobiol 1998; 55:611-40. [PMID: 9670221 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-0082(98)00026-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The synaptic plasticity that is addressed in this review follows neurodegeneration in the brain and thus has both structural as well as functional components. The model of neurodegeneration that has been selected is the kainic acid lesioned hippocampus. Degeneration of the CA3 pyramidal cells results in a loss of the Schaffer collateral afferents innervating the CA1 pyramidal cells. This is followed by a period of structural plasticity where new synapses are formed. These are associated with changes in the numbers and shapes of spines as well as changes in the morphometry of the dendrites. It is suggested that this synaptogenesis is responsible for an increase in the ratio of NMDA to AMPA receptors mediating excitatory synaptic transmission at these synapses. Changes in the temporal and spatial properties of these synapses resulted in an altered balance between LTP and LTD. These properties together with a reduction in the inhibitory drive increased the excitability of the surviving CA1 pyramidal cells which in turn triggered epileptiform bursting activity. In this review we discuss the insights that may be gained from studies of the underlying molecular machinery. Developments in one of the collections of the cogs in this machinery has been summarized through recent studies characterizing the roles of neural recognition molecules in synaptic plasticity in the adult nervous systems of vertebrates and invertebrates. Such investigations of neural cell adhesion molecules, cadherins and amyloid precursor protein have shown the involvement of these molecules on the morphogenetic level of synaptic changes, on the one hand, and signal transduction effects, on the other. Further complex cogs are found in the forms of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) family of genes and their ligands play pivotal roles in the brain development and in regulating the growth and remodelling of neurones. Evidence is discussed for their role in the maintenance of cognitive function as well as Alzheimer's. The molecular mechanisms responsible for the clustering and maintenance of transmitter receptors at postsynaptic sites are the final cogs in the machinery that we have reviewed. Postsynaptic densities (PSD) from excitatory synapses have yielded many cytoskeletal proteins including actin, spectrin, tubulin, microtubule-associated proteins and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II. Isolated PSDs have also been shown to be enriched in AMPA, kainate and NMDA receptors. However, recently, a new family of proteins, the MAGUKs (for membrane-associated guanylate kinase) has emerged. The role of these proteins in clustering different NMDA receptor subunits is discussed. The MAGUK proteins are also thought to play a role in synaptic plasticity mediated by nitric oxide (NO). Both NMDA and non-NMDA receptors are highly clustered at excitatory postsynaptic sites in cortical and hippocampal neurones but have revealed differences in their choice of molecular components. Both GABAA and glycine (Gly) receptors mediate synaptic inhibition in the brain and spinal cord. Whilst little is known about how GABAA receptors are localized in the postsynaptic membrane, considerable progress has been made towards the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underlying the formation of Gly receptors. It has been shown that the peripheral membrane protein gephyrin plays a pivotal role in the formation of Gly receptor clusters most likely by anchoring the receptor to the subsynaptic cytoskeleton. Evidence for the distribution as well as function of gephyrin and Gly receptors is discussed. Postsynaptic membrane specializations are complex molecular machinery subserving a multitude of functions in the proper communication between neurones. Despite the fact that only a few key players have been identified it will be a fascinating to watch the story as to how they contribute to structural and functional plasticity unfold.
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Affiliation(s)
- H V Wheal
- Neuroscience Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, U.K..
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45
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Davies P, Anderton B, Kirsch J, Konnerth A, Nitsch R, Sheetz M. First one in, last one out: the role of gabaergic transmission in generation and degeneration. Prog Neurobiol 1998; 55:651-8. [PMID: 9670223 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-0082(98)00024-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This paper is the result of discussions between scientists working in widely separated areas, united by an interest in the hippocampus. The discussions focused on the possible role of GABA in the development and maturation of the hippocampus and in neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD). GABA neurons are among the first to differentiate in the hippocampus and the properties of GABA neurotransmission in the developing hippocampus are distinct from those in the adult. GABAergic transmission may play a role in the clustering and maturation of GABA receptors, as well as of receptors for other neurotransmitters. The development and maturation of synaptic connections involves changes in the organization of the cytoskeleton, and mechanical force generation is probably required to establish appropriate points of contact. This generation of force may require coupling of specific receptors to the cytoskeleton through specialized proteins. In AD, much of the developmental process is progressively unraveled in the hippocampus, as afferent fibers, most notably from entorhinal excitatory neurons and from basal forebrain cholinergic cells, degenerate. This denervation undoubtedly has consequences for receptor systems, dendritic morphology and the underlying cytoskeleton. GABA neurons remain in the AD hippocampus, and may actually contribute to abnormal firing and degeneration of remaining pyramidal neurons. This attempt to bring together data from different areas of research has allowed the development of a scheme which identifies significant specific gaps in our knowledge, which could be readily filled by focused experimental work.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Davies
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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46
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Abstract
The tubulin-binding protein gephyrin is essential for the formation of postsynaptic glycine-receptor clusters in cultured spinal neurons. In addition, there is increasing evidence that gephyrin can also be present at nonglycinergic synapses. Here we analyzed immunocytochemically the subcellular localization of gephyrin in the main olfactory bulb of the rat and compared its distribution with that of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and of two major GABA(A)-receptor subunits. Gephyrin was selectively localized to the postsynaptic side of symmetric synaptic junctions, where the presynaptic terminals contained GABA. Moreover, gephyrin colocalized extensively with the alpha1 and gamma2 subunits of the GABA(A) receptor. In contrast, gephyrin was not detected at presumed glutamatergic synapses. These results indicate that gephyrin is not uniquely associated with glycine receptors, but can also be found at distinct GABAergic synapses. Thus, they raise the possibility that gephyrin is involved in anchoring certain GABA(A)-receptor subtypes in the postsynaptic membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Giustetto
- Dipartimento di Anatomia, Farmacologia e Medicina Legale, Università di Torino, Italy
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47
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Yi AK, Tuetken R, Redford T, Waldschmidt M, Kirsch J, Krieg AM. CpG motifs in bacterial DNA activate leukocytes through the pH-dependent generation of reactive oxygen species. J Immunol 1998; 160:4755-61. [PMID: 9590221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
B cells and monocytes endocytose DNA into an acidified intracellular compartment. If this DNA contains unmethylated CpG dinucleotides in particular base contexts (CpG motifs), these leukocytes are rapidly activated. We now show that both B cell and monocyte-like cell line responses to DNA containing CpG motifs (CpG DNA) are sensitive to endosomal acidification inhibitors; they are completely blocked by bafilomycin A, chloroquine, and monensin. The specificity of these inhibitors is demonstrated by their failure to prevent responses to LPS, PMA, or ligation of CD40 or IgM. Acidification of endosomal CpG DNA is coupled to the rapid generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species. The CpG DNA-induced reactive oxygen species burst is linked to the degradation of IkappaB and the activation of NFkappaB, which induces leukocyte gene transcription and cytokine secretion. These studies demonstrate a novel pathway of leukocyte activation triggered by CpG motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Yi
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City 52242, USA
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48
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Abstract
The ability of nerve cells to receive up to several thousands of synaptic inputs from other neurons provides the anatomical basis for information processing in the vertebrate brain. The formation of functional synapses involves selective clustering of neurotransmitter receptors at presumptive postsynaptic regions of the neuronal plasma membrane. Receptor-associated proteins are believed to be crucial for this process. In spinal neurons, synaptic targeting of the inhibitory glycine receptor (GlyR) depends on the expression of the anchoring protein gephyrin. Here we show that the competitive GlyR antagonist strychnine and L-type Ca2+-channel blockers inhibit the accumulation of GlyR and gephyrin at postsynaptic membrane areas in cultured rat spinal neurons. Our data are consistent with a model in which GlyR activation that results in Ca2+ influx is required for the clustering of gephyrin and GlyR at developing postsynaptic sites. Similar activity-driven mechanisms may be of general importance in synaptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kirsch
- Department of Neurochemistry, Max-Planck-Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
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49
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Abstract
Inhibitory synaptic activity is crucial for many aspects of acoustic information processing and mainly mediated by glycine and gamma-aminobutyric acid, the two principal inhibitory neurotransmitters in the auditory system. Glycine exerts its inhibitory action via binding to postsynaptic receptors existing in various isoforms. Here we have investigated the spatiotemporal distribution of adult-type, strychnine-sensitive glycine receptors (GlyRs) in the rat auditory system by using a specific antibody against the ligand-binding alpha1 GlyR subunit. In adults, alpha1 GlyRs were found at all relay stations of the auditory pathway except for the medial geniculate body and the auditory cortex. In most brainstem nuclei, labeling was characterized by dense clusters of heavily immunoreactive puncta outlining the somata and proximal dendrites, indicative of a powerful glycinergic inhibition. No alpha1 immunoreactivity was seen in the auditory system of fetal rats, consistent with results obtained by others in the spinal cord. At birth, labeling was weak and restricted to defined nuclei of the cochlear nuclear complex and the superior olivary complex. By postnatal day 8, labeling was seen in all brainstem nuclei. At the first appearance of immunoreactivity, alpha1 GlyRs were diffusely distributed on the neuronal surface, yet they became clustered with age, finally densely incrusting the somata and proximal dendrites between the 3rd and 4th postnatal week, when the mature pattern of immunoreactivity was established. We never observed an overexpression of alpha1 GlyRs or a transient appearance in areas that are devoid of the receptor in adults. The late formation of glycinergic synapses harboring the adult-type GlyRs in the auditory system, at a time when internuclear connections have already formed, indicates that alpha1 GlyRs do not participate in early synaptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Friauf
- Lehrstuhl für Tierphysiologie, Universität Tübingen, Germany.
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50
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Podschus J, Kirsch J, van Heys R, Winzer B. [Acute delusional psychosis and neuroleptic malignant syndrome after emigration of a Russian German patient]. Psychiatr Prax 1997; 24:147-9. [PMID: 9273559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Emigration is often followed by psychic disorders. The special issue of Germans from the GUS-States immigrating to Germany is presented. The modus of paranoid reaction is discussed along the biography and the criteria of ICD 10. The acute paranoid psychosis was complicated by a neuroleptic malignant syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Podschus
- Psychiatrische Klinik Intensiv- und Kriseninterventionsstation Freie Universität Berlin
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