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Benson DM, DeNardo DF. Effects of thermophily-relevant temperature variation and sex on digestive performance in pythons. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2024; 293:111636. [PMID: 38574988 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.111636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Different physiological performances are often optimized at slightly varying temperatures, which can lead to ectotherms selecting higher body temperatures during certain physiological efforts (e.g., digestion, reproduction). Such thermophilic responses can lead to temperature-based tradeoffs between two physiological activities with differing optimal temperatures or between optimizing a physiological activity and water balance, as water loss is elevated at higher temperatures. For example, ectotherms will often select a higher body temperature after consuming a meal, but the extent to which body temperature is elevated after eating is affected by its hydric state. Despite this known hydration state-based suppression of thermophily associated with digestion, the impact of this reduced body temperature on digestion performance is unknown. Accordingly, we determined whether small, thermophily-relevant changes in body temperature impact digestive efficiency or passage time and whether sex influenced the extent of the effect. Eighteen (9 female and 9 male) Children's pythons (Antaresia childreni) each consumed a meal at three temperatures (29 °C, 30 °C, and 31 °C), and gut passage time and digestive efficiency were determined. We found that neither metric was affected by temperature over the range tested. However, digestive efficiency was significantly impacted by the interaction between sex and temperature with males having significantly lower digestive efficiency than females at 31 °C, but not 29 °C or 30 °C. Our results provide insight into the effects of temperature on digestive physiology across narrow temperature ranges as well as demonstrate a sex-based difference in digestive physiology.
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2
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Das S, Kumbhakar S, Debnath R, Barik A. Life table parameters and digestive physiology of Aulacophora lewisii Baly (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on three Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb. (Cucurbitaceae) cultivars. Bull Entomol Res 2024; 114:134-148. [PMID: 38178797 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485323000688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Aulacophora lewisii Baly (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is an important pest of Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb. (Cucurbitaceae) in India. Larvae of A. lewisii feed on the roots, while adults consume leaves of L. acutangula. In the current study, effects of three L. acutangula cultivars (Abhiskar, Debsundari, and Jaipur Long) on the life table parameters by age-stage, two-sex approach, and key digestive enzymatic activities (amylolytic, proteolytic, and lipolytic) of the larvae and adults of A. lewisii were determined. Further, nutrients (total carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, amino acids, and nitrogen content) and antinutrients (total phenols, flavonols, and tannins) present in the roots and leaves of three cultivars were estimated. The development time (egg to adult emergence) was fastest and slowest on Jaipur Long (31.80 days) and Abhiskar (40.91 days), respectively. Fecundity was highest and lowest on Jaipur Long (279.91 eggs) and Abhiskar (137.18 eggs), respectively. The intrinsic rate of increase (r) was lowest on Abhiskar (0.0511 day-1) and highest on Jaipur Long (0.0872 day-1). The net reproductive rate (R0) was lowest on Abhiskar (23.32 offspring female-1). The mean generation time (T) was shortest on Jaipur Long (52.59 days) and longest on Abhiskar (61.58 days). The amylolytic, proteolytic, and lipolytic activities of larvae and adults of A. lewisii were highest and lowest on Jaipur Long and Abhiskar, respectively. The lower level of nutrients and higher level of antinutrients influenced higher larval development time and lower fecundity of A. lewisii on Abhiskar than other cultivars. Our results suggest that Abhiskar cultivar could be promoted for cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susmita Das
- Ecology Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan - 713 104, West Bengal, India
| | - Sanoj Kumbhakar
- Ecology Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan - 713 104, West Bengal, India
| | - Rahul Debnath
- Ecology Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan - 713 104, West Bengal, India
| | - Anandamay Barik
- Ecology Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan - 713 104, West Bengal, India
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3
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Yang B, Li X, Badran AMM, Abdel-Moneim AME. Effects of dietary incorporation of Radix rehmanniae praeparata polysaccharide on growth performance, digestive physiology, blood metabolites, meat quality, and tibia characteristics in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2023; 102:103150. [PMID: 37871491 PMCID: PMC10618489 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Radix rehmanniae preparata polysaccharide (RRPP) is recognized as the primary bioactive compound in Radix rehmanniae preparata and has been extensively utilized in traditional Chinese medicine and functional food due to its diverse biological activities. However, this study has yet to explore the application of RRPP as a feed additive in broilers. This study investigated the effects of dietary RRPP on growth performance, meat quality, and physiological responses of broiler chickens. Two hundred eighty-eight 1-day-old Cobb 500 male broilers were randomly assigned to the 4 experimental groups with 6 replications and 12 birds/replicate. The 4 groups were fed the basal diet supplemented with 4 concentrations of RRPP (0, 300, 600, and 900 mg/kg, respectively). All RRPP levels did not affect the growth performance of broilers during the starter period (1-21 d), while during the grower (22-35 d) and overall (1-35 d) periods, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and European production efficiency index were linearly improved (P < 0.05) by incorporating RRPP at 600 and 900 mg/kg. Carcass characteristics, relative weight and length of intestinal segments, and meat quality and tibia criteria were not affected by dietary incorporation of RRPP. Dietary RRPP led to a linear increase (P < 0.05) in serum alkaline phosphatase, potassium, calcium and sulfhydryl levels, while reducing concentrations of hydrogen peroxide, LDL, triglycerides and total cholesterol. The addition of RRPP decreased (P < 0.05) the pH of the ileum and cecum at 21 and 35 d of age while not changing in the remaining intestinal segments. Dietary RRPP at 600 and 900 mg/kg linearly and quadratically (P < 0.05) increased the tibia ash content in chicken at 21 and 35 d of age. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of RRPP improved broiler chicken's growth, gut physiology, and tibia ash content, particularly at 600 and 900 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Yang
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China; Longyan University & Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Longyan University, Longyan 364012, China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China.
| | - Aml M M Badran
- Poultry Breeding Department, Agricultural Research Center, Animal Production Research Institute, Egypt
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4
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Rankins DR, Herrera MJ, Christensen MP, Chen A, Hood NZ, Heras J, German DP. When digestive physiology doesn't match "diet": Lumpenus sagitta (Stichaeidae) is an "omnivore" with a carnivorous gut. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2023; 285:111508. [PMID: 37625480 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.111508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
What an animal ingests and what it digests can be different. Thus, we examined the nutritional physiology of Lumpenus sagitta, a member of the family Stichaeidae, to better understand whether it could digest algal components like its better studied algivorous relatives. Although L. sagitta ingests considerable algal content, we found little evidence of algal digestion. This fish species has a short gut that doesn't show positive allometry with body size, low amylolytic activity that actually decreases as the fish grow, no ontogenetic changes in digestive enzyme gene expression, elevated N-acetyl-glucosaminidase activity (indicative of chitin breakdown), and an enteric microbial community that is consistent with carnivory and differs from members of its family that consume and digest algae. Hence, we are left concluding that L. sagitta is not capable of digesting the algae it consumes, and instead, are likely targeting epibionts on the algae itself, and other invertebrates consumed with the algae. Our study expands the coverage of dietary and digestive information for the family Stichaeidae, which is becoming a model for fish digestive physiology and genomics, and shows the power of moving beyond gut content analyses to better understand what an animal can actually digest and use metabolically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Rankins
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, 321 Steinhaus Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-2525, USA.
| | - Michelle J Herrera
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, 321 Steinhaus Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-2525, USA
| | - Michelle P Christensen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, 321 Steinhaus Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-2525, USA
| | - Alisa Chen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, 321 Steinhaus Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-2525, USA
| | - Newton Z Hood
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, 321 Steinhaus Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-2525, USA
| | - Joseph Heras
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, 321 Steinhaus Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-2525, USA
| | - Donovan P German
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, 321 Steinhaus Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-2525, USA
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5
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Schwermann AH, Schultz JA, Fuchs E, Leha A, Hummel J, Kullmer O, Steuer P, Martin T. Does age matter?-Efficiency of mechanical food break down in Tupaia belangeri at different ages. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0274439. [PMID: 37428732 PMCID: PMC10411959 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship of food comminution and individual age in Tupaia belangeri is investigated. It is hypothesized that with increasing age the performance of the molar dentition decreases due to progressive tooth wear. While this relationship is well-documented for herbivores, age-related test series are largely lacking for insectivorous mammals. 15 individuals of Tupaia belangeri were fed exclusively with mealworms, and their faeces were analyzed for the number and size of chitin particles. The exoskeleton of a mealworm is resistant to digestive fluids in the gastrointestinal tract, and the size of individual chitin particles indicates the effectiveness of mechanical comminution that occurs in the oral cavity during mastication. It is hypothesized that a more precise occlusion of the dentition results in smaller particle size. Although individuals of all ages (juvenile, adult, and senile) were able to effectively process mealworms with their dentition prior to digestion, a larger area of very large chitin particles (98% quantile of all particles in senile animals as compared to in the same quantile in adults) in the feces of senile animals was detected. Even though the particle size of indigestible material is irrelevant for the digestive process, these findings either document somatic senescence in the functionality of the teeth, or alternatively a change in chewing behaviour with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achim H. Schwermann
- LWL-Museum of Natural History, Westphalian State Museum and Planetarium,
Münster, Germany
| | - Julia A. Schultz
- Department of Palaeontology, Institute of Geosciences, Universität Bonn,
Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Leha
- Department of Medical Statistics, University Medical Center Göttingen,
Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Hummel
- Department of Animal Sciences, Ruminant Nutrition, University of
Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ottmar Kullmer
- Department of Palaeoanthropology, Senckenberg Research Institute and
Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Department of Paleobiology and Environment, Institute of Ecology,
Evolution, and Diversity, Goethe University, Frankfurt,
Germany
| | | | - Thomas Martin
- Department of Palaeontology, Institute of Geosciences, Universität Bonn,
Bonn, Germany
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Qi G, Gu Z, Shen J, Wang C, Zeng L, Reitz SR, Cao Y. Rosa chinensis Cultivars Affect Fitness-Related Characteristics and Digestive Physiology of the Western Flower Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). J Econ Entomol 2022; 115:1620-1626. [PMID: 36053006 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toac131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Host plant species will influence the population and physiological performance of insects. Frankliniella occidentalis is a well-known invasive pest commonly found on flowering plants. Herein, the population development of F. occidentalis was investigated on the flowers of different Rosa chinensis cultivars (Ruby, Love, Parade, Pink Peace, and Mohana), and the digestive enzyme activities in thrips were measured after feeding on these flowers. The developmental times of F. occidentalis from egg to adult were 10.07, 10.37, 11.64, 10.66, and 10.90 d on Ruby, Love, Parade, Pink Peace, and Mohana, respectively. Significant differences in fecundity were also observed, with the greatest fecundity levels of F. occidentalis on Ruby (82.96) and the lowest on Mohana (63.40). F. occidentalis showed the greatest R0 on Ruby (43.57), followed by Love (36.46), Parade (33.00), Pink Peace (27.97), and Mohana (23.21). The rm showed a similar trend, with values of 0.156, 0.145, 0.141, 0.134, and 0.130, respectively. There were significant differences in digestive enzyme activities in F. occidentalis on different flowers, and different digestive enzymes showed different performance among these plants. The highest amylase and lipase activities in F. occidentalis were on Ruby, on which F. occidentalis had the fastest development rate and the highest R0, whereas the highest trypsin activity was on Pink Peace. All three digestive enzymes in thrips showed the lowest activities on Mohana. The varied population development of F. occidentalis associated with R. chinensis cultivars may be related to their digestive enzyme performance, which plays important roles in nutrient metabolism and insect growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiling Qi
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insect of the Mountainous Region, Department of Biology and Engineering of Environment, Guiyang University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhaoyang Gu
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insect of the Mountainous Region, Department of Biology and Engineering of Environment, Guiyang University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jinwu Shen
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insect of the Mountainous Region, Department of Biology and Engineering of Environment, Guiyang University, Guiyang, China
| | - Chun Wang
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insect of the Mountainous Region, Department of Biology and Engineering of Environment, Guiyang University, Guiyang, China
| | - Li Zeng
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insect of the Mountainous Region, Department of Biology and Engineering of Environment, Guiyang University, Guiyang, China
| | - Stuart R Reitz
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Malheur Experiment Station, Oregon State University, Ontario, Oregon, USA
| | - Yu Cao
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insect of the Mountainous Region, Department of Biology and Engineering of Environment, Guiyang University, Guiyang, China
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Murashita K, Takakuwa F, Matsunari H, Yoshinaga H, Yamamoto T, Oku H, Furuita H. Effect of oral administration of a single bolus of six different protein sources on digestive physiology of red seabream Pagrus major juveniles. Fish Physiol Biochem 2022; 48:939-954. [PMID: 35768739 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-022-01096-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To reveal direct effects of various protein sources on digestive physiology of red seabream, Pagrus major (38.5 ± 0.4 g), six different protein sources of fishmeal (FM), soybean meal (SBM), corn gluten meal (CGM), soy protein concentrate (SPC), poultry by-product meal (PBM), and poultry-feather meal (PFM) were orally administered to fish (2 mg protein/g body weight) and sampled at 1.5 h and 3 h after administration. Gallbladder weight of fish administered FM, PBM, and PFM decreased after administration (p < 0.0001), while no difference was observed in the other ingredients compared to a non-protein sham control group, indicating that animal protein sources could more strongly stimulate bile secretion than plant protein sources in red seabream. Trypsin and chymotrypsin activity in the intestinal content markedly increased by the FM, SBM, and PFM administration (p < 0.0001). Lipase and amylase activity was also increased by FM and SBM but also by CGM for lipase and by PBM and PFM for amylase (p < 0.0001). These indicate that stimulation effect of the secretion of digestive enzymes is largely different among the protein sources. This might be due to the absorptive capacity of the protein source since intestinal absorption parameter genes (anpep, cpa, ggt1, and atp1a2) also increased by the FM, SBM, PBM or PFM (p < 0.05). In addition to the secretion levels of bile and digestive enzymes, gene expression levels of bile related genes (cyp7a1, cyp8b1, and shp) and digestion-regulating genes (casr and cck) were increased by the FM, SBM, PFM, and/or PBM administration, suggesting that animal proteins and SBM could be potent digestive stimulants compared to CGM and SPC. This study first revealed that single protein sources directly influence digestive enzyme secretion and bile secretion in fish. Information about the direct effect of each single source on digestive physiology could help to design feed formulation with less fishmeal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Murashita
- Physiological Function Division, Aquaculture Research Department, Fisheries Technology Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 224-1 Hiruda, Tamaki, Mie, 519-0423, Japan.
| | - Fumiaki Takakuwa
- Uragami Station, Aquaculture Research Institute, Kindai University, 468-3, Uragami, Nachi-Katsuura, Higashimuro, Wakayama, 649-5145, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Matsunari
- Physiological Function Division, Aquaculture Research Department, Fisheries Technology Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 224-1 Hiruda, Tamaki, Mie, 519-0423, Japan
| | - Hazuki Yoshinaga
- Physiological Function Division, Aquaculture Research Department, Fisheries Technology Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 224-1 Hiruda, Tamaki, Mie, 519-0423, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yamamoto
- Physiological Function Division, Aquaculture Research Department, Fisheries Technology Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 224-1 Hiruda, Tamaki, Mie, 519-0423, Japan
| | - Hiromi Oku
- Physiological Function Division, Aquaculture Research Department, Fisheries Technology Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 224-1 Hiruda, Tamaki, Mie, 519-0423, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Furuita
- Physiological Function Division, Aquaculture Research Department, Fisheries Technology Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 224-1 Hiruda, Tamaki, Mie, 519-0423, Japan
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Wang JX, Ma EB, Zhang JZ, Xing SP. DEAD-Box RNA Helicase DDX47 Maintains Midgut Homeostasis in Locusta migratoria. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020586. [PMID: 35054771 PMCID: PMC8775783 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue homeostasis is critical for maintaining organ shape, size, and function. The condition is regulated by the balance between the generation of new cells and the loss of senescent cells, and it involves many factors and mechanisms. The midgut, an important part of the intestinal tract, is responsible for digestion and nutrient absorption in insects. LmDDX47, the ortholog of DEAD-box helicase 47 from Locusta migratoria, is indispensable for sustaining a normal midgut in the nymphs. However, the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms remain to be elucidated. In this study, LmDDX47 knockdown resulted in atrophy of the midgut and gastric cecum in both nymph and adult locusts. After LmDDX47 knockdown, the number of regenerative and columnar cells in the midgut was significantly reduced, and cell death was induced in columnar tissue. LmDDX47 was localized to the nucleolus; this was consistent with the reduction in 18S rRNA synthesis in the LmDDX47 knockdown group. In addition, the acetylation and crotonylation levels of midgut proteins were significantly increased. Therefore, LmDDX47 could be a key regulator of midgut homeostasis, regulating 18S rRNA synthesis as well as protein acetylation and crotonylation in the migratory locust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Xiu Wang
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; (J.-X.W.); (E.-B.M.); (J.-Z.Z.)
- College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - En-Bo Ma
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; (J.-X.W.); (E.-B.M.); (J.-Z.Z.)
| | - Jian-Zhen Zhang
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; (J.-X.W.); (E.-B.M.); (J.-Z.Z.)
| | - Shu-Ping Xing
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; (J.-X.W.); (E.-B.M.); (J.-Z.Z.)
- Correspondence:
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Harikrishnan R, Devi G, Van Doan H, Vijay S, Balasundaram C, Ringø E, Hoseinifar SH, Jaturasithaf S. Dietary plant pigment on blood-digestive physiology, antioxidant-immune response, and inflammatory gene transcriptional regulation in spotted snakehead (Channa punctata) infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2022; 120:716-736. [PMID: 34968713 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The current study addressed to investigate the effect of lycopene (LYC) on blood physiology, digestive-antioxidant enzyme activity, specific-nonspecific immune response, and inflammatory gene transcriptional regulation (cytokines, heat shock proteins, vitellogenins) in spotted snakehead (Channa punctata) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In unchallenged and challenged fish treated with 200 mg LYC enriched diet the growth performance and digestive-antioxidant enzymes increased after 30 days, whereas with inclusion of 100 or 400 mg LYC in the diets, the increase manifested on or after 45 days. No mortality in fish treated with any LYC diet against P. aeruginosa was revealed. In the unchallenged and challenged fish the phagocytic (PC) activity in head kidney (HK) and spleen were significantly enhanced when fed the control diet or other LYC diets, whereas the respiratory burst (RB) activity and nitric oxide (NO) production significantly increased when fed the 200 mg diet for 45 and 60 days. Similarly, the lysozyme (Lyz) activity in the HK and spleen, and total Ig content in serum were significantly higher in both groups fed the 200 mg LYC diet for 15, 45, and 60 days. Heat shock protein (Hsp 70) was significantly improved in the uninfected group fed the 200 mg LYC diet for 45 and 60 days, but Hsp27 did not significantly change among the experimental groups at any time points. TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA pro-inflammatory cytokine expression significantly increased in both groups fed the 200 mg LYC diet after 45 and 60 days, while the IL-12 mRNA expression was moderate in both groups fed the same diet for 60 days. The IL-10 did not significant mRNA expression between groups at any sampling. The iNOS and NF-κB mRNA expression was pointedly high in both groups fed the 200 mg LYC diet on day 45 and 60. Vitellogenin A (VgA) mRNA was significantly higher in the uninfected fish fed the 100 and 200 mg LYC diets for 45 and 60 days, but VgB did not reveal significant difference between the treatment groups at any time points. The present results suggest that supplementation of LYC at 200 mg significantly modulate the blood physiology, digestive-antioxidant enzymes, specific-nonspecific immune parameters, and cytokines, Hsp, and vitellogenins in spotted snakehead against P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramasamy Harikrishnan
- Department of Zoology, Pachaiyappa's College for Men, Kanchipuram, 631 501, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gunapathy Devi
- Department of Zoology, Nehru Memorial College, Puthanampatti, 621 007, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Hien Van Doan
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Science and Technology Research Institute, Chiang Mai University, 239 Huay Keaw Rd, Suthep, Muang, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
| | - S Vijay
- Department of Biotechnology, Bharath College of Science and Management, Thanjavur, 613-005, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chellam Balasundaram
- Department of Herbal and Environmental Science, Tamil University, Thanjavur, 613 005, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Einar Ringø
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, 9037, Norway
| | - Seyed Hossein Hoseinifar
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Sanchai Jaturasithaf
- Science and Technology Research Institute, Chiang Mai University, 239 Huay Keaw Rd, Suthep, Muang, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
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Hafeez M, Li X, Ullah F, Zhang Z, Zhang J, Huang J, Khan MM, Chen L, Ren X, Zhou S, Fernández-Grandon GM, Zalucki MP, Lu Y. Behavioral and Physiological Plasticity Provides Insights into Molecular Based Adaptation Mechanism to Strain Shift in Spodoptera frugiperda. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10284. [PMID: 34638623 PMCID: PMC8508907 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
How herbivorous insects adapt to host plants is a key question in ecological and evolutionary biology. The fall armyworm, (FAW) Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), although polyphagous and a major pest on various crops, has been reported to have a rice and corn (maize) feeding strain in its native range in the Americas. The species is highly invasive and has recently established in China. We compared behavioral changes in larvae and adults of a corn population (Corn) when selected on rice (Rice) and the molecular basis of these adaptational changes in midgut and antennae based on a comparative transcriptome analysis. Larvae of S. frugiperda reared on rice plants continuously for 20 generations exhibited strong feeding preference for with higher larval performance and pupal weight on rice than on maize plants. Similarly, females from the rice selected population laid significantly more eggs on rice as compared to females from maize population. The most highly expressed DEGs were shown in the midgut of Rice vs. Corn. A total of 6430 DEGs were identified between the populations mostly in genes related to digestion and detoxification. These results suggest that potential adaptations for feeding on rice crops, may contribute to the current rapid spread of fall armyworm on rice crops in China and potentially elsewhere. Consistently, highly expressed DEGs were also shown in antennae; a total of 5125 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) s were identified related to the expansions of major chemosensory genes family in Rice compared to the Corn feeding population. These results not only provide valuable insight into the molecular mechanisms in host plants adaptation of S. frugiperda but may provide new gene targets for the management of this pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Hafeez
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (M.H.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (J.Z.); (J.H.); (L.C.); (X.R.); (S.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaowei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (M.H.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (J.Z.); (J.H.); (L.C.); (X.R.); (S.Z.)
| | - Farman Ullah
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (M.H.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (J.Z.); (J.H.); (L.C.); (X.R.); (S.Z.)
| | - Jinming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (M.H.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (J.Z.); (J.H.); (L.C.); (X.R.); (S.Z.)
| | - Jun Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (M.H.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (J.Z.); (J.H.); (L.C.); (X.R.); (S.Z.)
| | - Muhammad Musa Khan
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
| | - Limin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (M.H.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (J.Z.); (J.H.); (L.C.); (X.R.); (S.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Lab of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education & Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forest University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xiaoyun Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (M.H.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (J.Z.); (J.H.); (L.C.); (X.R.); (S.Z.)
| | - Shuxing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (M.H.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (J.Z.); (J.H.); (L.C.); (X.R.); (S.Z.)
| | | | - Myron P. Zalucki
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia;
| | - Yaobin Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (M.H.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (J.Z.); (J.H.); (L.C.); (X.R.); (S.Z.)
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Nguyen HP, Van Do T, Tran Thi NT, Trieu TA. Ethanol-soluble components in soybean meal influence the digestive physiology, hepatic and intestinal morphologies, and growth performance of the marine fish pompano (Trachinotus blochii). J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2021; 105:766-776. [PMID: 33368672 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the effects of ethanol-soluble components (Es) in soybean meal (SBM) on gut content transit, bile acid (BA) and pancreatic digestive enzyme secretions, nutrient apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC), liver and intestinal morphologies, and growth performance of pompano (Trachinotus blochii). The SBM was extracted with aqueous ethanol, then the supernatant and residue were separated and dried to produce ethanol-extracted SBM (ESBM) and the Es. Four experimental diets were formulated with fish meal (FM), ESBM and SBM as main dietary protein sources. The diets were denoted as follows: FMD (FM diet), SBMD (SBM diet), ESBMD (ESBM diet) and ESBM + EsD (ESBM plus Es diet). Thirty-five fingerling pompano with an initial body weight (BW) of 18.3 g were allocated to each of 12 polyvinyl chloride tanks (1000-L holding capacity), resulting in triplicate tanks per dietary treatment. For 10 weeks, the fish were hand-fed the experimental diets to apparent satiation twice daily. The results showed that the final BW, weight gain and specific growth rate were significantly lower, while the feed conversion ratio was higher in the SBMD and ESBM + EsD groups than in the ESBMD and FMD groups (p < 0.05). Fish fed SBMD and ESBM + EsD showed accelerated gastric transit, slowed intestinal mobility, and lowered secretions of BAs and pancreatic digestive enzymes as compared to those fed ESBMD and FMD. Morphological abnormalities in mucosal folds of the posterior intestine, but not the liver, were clearly observed in the SBMD and ESBM + EsD groups. These results indicated that the Es in SBM inhibited the digestive system, leading to decreased nutrient digestibility and growth performance in pompano. The findings of the present study suggested that removal of the Es would effectively improve the nutritional quality of SBM and enhance growth performance of pompano fed a SBM-based diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung Phuc Nguyen
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Hanoi National University of Education, Caugiay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thinh Van Do
- Centre for Aquaculture Biotechnology, Research Institute for Aquaculture No. 1, Tuson, Bacninh, Vietnam
| | - Nang Thu Tran Thi
- Faculty of Fisheries, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Gialam, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Trung Anh Trieu
- Department of Genetics - Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, Hanoi National University of Education, Caugiay, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Malbert CH. Vagally Mediated Gut-Brain Relationships in Appetite Control-Insights from Porcine Studies. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020467. [PMID: 33573329 PMCID: PMC7911705 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Signals arising from the upper part of the gut are essential for the regulation of food intake, particularly satiation. This information is supplied to the brain partly by vagal nervous afferents. The porcine model, because of its sizeable gyrencephalic brain, omnivorous regimen, and comparative anatomy of the proximal part of the gut to that of humans, has provided several important insights relating to the relevance of vagally mediated gut-brain relationships to the regulation of food intake. Furthermore, its large size combined with the capacity to become obese while overeating a western diet makes it a pivotal addition to existing murine models, especially for translational studies relating to obesity. How gastric, proximal intestinal, and portal information relating to meal arrival and transit are encoded by vagal afferents and their further processing by primary and secondary brain projections are reviewed. Their peripheral and central plasticities in the context of obesity are emphasized. We also present recent insights derived from chronic stimulation of the abdominal vagi with specific reference to the modulation of mesolimbic structures and their role in the restoration of insulin sensitivity in the obese miniature pig model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles-Henri Malbert
- Aniscan Unit, INRAE, Saint-Gilles, 35590 Paris, France;
- National Academy of Medicine, 75000 Paris, France
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
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Blanchard V, Nyangoh-Timoh K, Fritel X, Fauconnier A, Pizzoferrato AC. Importance of a pelvic floor lifestyle program in women with pelvic floor dysfunctions: A pilot study. J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod 2020; 50:102032. [PMID: 33278657 DOI: 10.1016/j.jogoh.2020.102032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to assess the impact of an educational program on the symptoms and quality of life of patients undergoing supervised pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT). Secondary objectives included: baseline assessment of patients' knowledge of the pelvic floor; and patient satisfaction and symptom improvement after the entire PFMT program. MATERIAL AND METHODS An observational questionnaire-based study in women attending a PFMT program consisting of four educational sessions, one visual feedback session, and five personalized training sessions. The patients completed the questionnaire at baseline, after the four educational sessions and then after completion of program. The questionnaires included the ICIQ-SF, USP, Contilife, PFDI 20, Kess and Wexner scores. Additional questions were added before treatment about the patient's knowledge of the pelvic floor. RESULTS Seventy-nine women were included. Improvement in symptoms was significant after the four educational sessions: mean PFDI-20 score decreased from 68.5-29.5 (p < 0.05); ICIQ-SF score from 8.0-3.1 (p < 0.05), Wexner and Kess scores from 8.2-6.5 and from 13.3-10 (p < 0.05). Symptom scores were also all significantly improved on completion of the program. After the four educational sessions, 50 of the 68 patients (73.5 %) with complete questionnaires reported feeling better or much better. Only 12 (15.2 %) women overall located the pelvic floor across the entire bottom of the pelvis. CONCLUSION This preliminary study suggests that four educational sessions can improve symptoms and quality of life before PFM reinforcement itself. If confirmed by larger prospective studies, a solid educational element should be systematically integrated in all PFMT programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Krystel Nyangoh-Timoh
- Rennes University, Anatomy Laboratory, University Hospital of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Xavier Fritel
- Poitiers University, INSERM CIC1402, University Hospital of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Arnaud Fauconnier
- Paris-Saclay University, UVSQ, Research Unit 7285 "Risk and Safety in Clinical Medicine for Women and Perinatal Health", Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Intercommunal Hospital Center of Poissy-Saint-Germain-en-Laye, 10 rue du Champ Gaillard, 78103 Poissy, France
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Debnath R, Mobarak SH, Mitra P, Barik A. Comparative performance and digestive physiology of Diaphania indica (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) on Trichosanthes anguina (Cucurbitaceae) cultivars. Bull Entomol Res 2020; 110:756-766. [PMID: 32484147 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485320000255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Diaphania indica (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is an important phytophagous pest of Trichosanthes anguina L. in India. We studied life table parameters by age-stage, two-sex, amylolytic and proteolytic activities, and food utilization parameters of D. indica on the leaves of three T. anguina cultivars (Baruipur Long, Polo No. 1 and MNSR-1). Further, nutrients (total carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, amino acids and nitrogen) and antinutrients (total phenols, flavonols and tannins) in leaves were determined. The development time (egg to adult emergence) was the shortest on MNSR-1 (19.79 d) and the longest on Polo No. 1 (25.72 d). Fecundity was the highest and lowest on MNSR-1 (259 eggs) and Polo No. 1 (151.22 eggs), respectively. The lowest intrinsic rate of increase (rm) and net reproductive rate (R0) of D. indica on Polo No. 1 were 0.1112 d-1 and 27.22 offspring individual-1, respectively. The mean generation time (T) was the shortest on MNSR-1 (23.99 days) and the longest on Polo No. 1 (29.70 d). The larvae of D. indica fed with MNSR-1 had the highest level of amylolytic and proteolytic activities, and the lowest activities were in the larvae fed with Polo No. 1. The fifth-instar larvae fed with Polo No. 1 had the lowest consumption index and growth rate. The higher larval development time and lower fecundity of D. indica on Polo No. 1 were due to the lower level of nutrients and a higher level of antinutrients than other cultivars. Our results concluded that Polo No. 1 cultivar could be suggested for cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Debnath
- Ecology Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan - 713 104, West Bengal, India
| | - Syed Husne Mobarak
- Ecology Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan - 713 104, West Bengal, India
| | - Paroma Mitra
- Ecology Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan - 713 104, West Bengal, India
| | - Anandamay Barik
- Ecology Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan - 713 104, West Bengal, India
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15
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Singh D, Kesavan AK, Sohal SK. Deterioration of digestive physiology of Bactrocera cucurbitae larvae by trypsin inhibitor purified from seeds of Mucuna pruriens. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2020; 169:104647. [PMID: 32828366 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2020.104647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Peptidase inhibitors (PIs) are plant proteins that are found to be effective against various digestive peptidases of insects. The present study isolated and characterized a trypsin inhibitor from mature dry seeds of Mucuna pruriens and investigated its effect against Bactrocera cucurbitae larvae, a major pest of cucurbitaceae crops, for its inhibitory activity. The purified trypsin inhibitor from M. pruriens seeds gave a molecular weight of ~11 kDa on SDS-PAGE. M. pruriens trypsin inhibitor (MPTI) exhibited inhibitory effect on growth of melon fruit fly larvae (64-72 h old) as it resulted in prolongation of larval, pupal and total development period. There was a significant increase in larval mortality with increase in concentration of MPTI. Nutritional indices decreased significantly at all the concentrations of MPTI. Quantitative RT- PCR revealed that the mRNA expression level of trypsin and chymotrypsin genes was reduced while that of GST, esterases, AP, SOD and catalase were enhanced. It can therefore be inferred that MPTI can serve as a promising agent for biocontrol that can reduce the problems caused by fruit fly and other similar catastrophic pests. This study provides the fundamental information for future successful strategies for pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drishtant Singh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Anup Kumar Kesavan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Satwinder Kaur Sohal
- Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India.
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de Campos RP, Viero VP, Medeiros NM, Marcondes FK, Montrezor LH, Porawski M, Gutierrez LLP. The "Gut Game": an active methodology to teach digestive physiology. Adv Physiol Educ 2020; 44:444-447. [PMID: 32697150 DOI: 10.1152/advan.00007.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Paschoal de Campos
- Biomedicine Undergraduate Program, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre-UFCSPA, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Victória Pereira Viero
- Biomedicine Undergraduate Program, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre-UFCSPA, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Natascha Monteiro Medeiros
- Biomedicine Undergraduate Program, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre-UFCSPA, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Klein Marcondes
- Department of Biosciences, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luís Henrique Montrezor
- Department of Biological Science and Health-Biotechnology and Medicine, University of Araraquara-UNIARA, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marilene Porawski
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre-UFCSPA, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Lucila Ludmila Paula Gutierrez
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre-UFCSPA, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Rastelli M, Van Hul M, Terrasi R, Lefort C, Régnier M, Beiroa D, Delzenne NM, Everard A, Nogueiras R, Luquet S, Muccioli GG, Cani PD. Intestinal NAPE-PLD contributes to short-term regulation of food intake via gut-to-brain axis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 319:E647-E657. [PMID: 32776827 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00146.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to explore the physiological role of the intestinal endocannabinoids in the regulation of appetite upon short-term exposure to high-fat-diet (HFD) and understand the mechanisms responsible for aberrant gut-brain signaling leading to hyperphagia in mice lacking Napepld in the intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). We generated a murine model harboring an inducible NAPE-PLD deletion in IECs (NapepldΔIEC). After an overnight fast, we exposed wild-type (WT) and NapepldΔIEC mice to different forms of lipid challenge (HFD or gavage), and we compared the modification occurring in the hypothalamus, in the vagus nerve, and at endocrine level 30 and 60 min after the stimulation. NapepldΔIEC mice displayed lower hypothalamic levels of N-oleoylethanolamine (OEA) in response to HFD. Lower mRNA expression of anorexigenic Pomc occurred in the hypothalamus of NapepldΔIEC mice after lipid challenge. This early hypothalamic alteration was not the consequence of impaired vagal signaling in NapepldΔIEC mice. Following lipid administration, WT and NapepldΔIEC mice had similar portal levels of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and similar rates of GLP-1 inactivation. Administration of exendin-4, a full agonist of GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R), prevented the hyperphagia of NapepldΔIEC mice upon HFD. We conclude that in response to lipid, NapepldΔIEC mice displayed reduced OEA in brain and intestine, suggesting an impairment of the gut-brain axis in this model. We speculated that decreased levels of OEA likely contributes to reduce GLP-1R activation, explaining the observed hyperphagia in this model. Altogether, we elucidated novel physiological mechanisms regarding the gut-brain axis by which intestinal NAPE-PLD regulates appetite rapidly after lipid exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marialetizia Rastelli
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Walloon Excellence in Life sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Matthias Van Hul
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Walloon Excellence in Life sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Romano Terrasi
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Lefort
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Walloon Excellence in Life sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Marion Régnier
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Walloon Excellence in Life sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Daniel Beiroa
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Nathalie M Delzenne
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Walloon Excellence in Life sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Amandine Everard
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Walloon Excellence in Life sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Rubén Nogueiras
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Serge Luquet
- Université de Paris, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Giulio G Muccioli
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Patrice D Cani
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Walloon Excellence in Life sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgium
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Serna-Duque JA, Esteban MÁ. Effects of inflammation and/or infection on the neuroendocrine control of fish intestinal motility: A review. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2020; 103:342-356. [PMID: 32454211 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Food is the largest expense in fish farms. On the other hand, the fish health and wellbeing are determining factors in aquaculture production where nutrition is a vital process for growing animals. In fact, it is important to remember that digestion and nutrition are crucial for animals' physiology. However, digestion is a very complex process in which food is processed to obtain necessary nutrients and central mechanisms of this process require both endocrine and neuronal regulation. In this context, intestinal motility is essential for the absorption of the nutrients (digestive process determining nutrition). An imbalance in the intestinal motility due to an inadequate diet or an infectious process could result in a lower use of the food and inefficiency in obtaining nutrients from food. Very frequently, farmed fish are infected with different pathogenic microorganism and this situation could alter gastrointestinal physiology and, indirectly reduce fish growth. For these reasons, the present review focuses on analysing how different inflammatory molecules or infections can alter conventional modulators of fish intestinal motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhon A Serna-Duque
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus of International Excellence, Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - M Ángeles Esteban
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus of International Excellence, Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
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19
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Germano C. The Role of Endocannabinoid System in Sports Nutrition and Digestive Health. Altern Ther Health Med 2020; 26:10-13. [PMID: 32706761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
No Abstract Available.
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20
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Johnson J, Balliett M. Case Approach to Support Digestion. Altern Ther Health Med 2020; 26:28-31. [PMID: 32706766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
No Abstract Available.
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Głowacka U, Brzozowski T, Magierowski M. Synergisms, Discrepancies and Interactions between Hydrogen Sulfide and Carbon Monoxide in the Gastrointestinal and Digestive System Physiology, Pathophysiology and Pharmacology. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10030445. [PMID: 32183095 PMCID: PMC7175135 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Endogenous gas transmitters, hydrogen sulfide (H2S), carbon monoxide (CO) and nitric oxide (NO) are important signaling molecules known to exert multiple biological functions. In recent years, the role of H2S, CO and NO in regulation of cardiovascular, neuronal and digestive systems physiology and pathophysiology has been emphasized. Possible link between these gaseous mediators and multiple diseases as well as potential therapeutic applications has attracted great attention from biomedical scientists working in many fields of biomedicine. Thus, various pharmacological tools with ability to release CO or H2S were developed and implemented in experimental animal in vivo and in vitro models of many disorders and preliminary human studies. This review was designed to review signaling functions, similarities, dissimilarities and a possible cross-talk between H2S and CO produced endogenously or released from chemical donors, with special emphasis on gastrointestinal digestive system pathologies prevention and treatment.
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Kemmerer M, Bonning BC. Transcytosis of Junonia coenia densovirus VP4 across the gut epithelium of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Insect Sci 2020; 27:22-32. [PMID: 29704325 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The Junonia coenia densovirus rapidly traverses the gut epithelium of the host lepidopteran without replicating in the gut cells. The ability of this virus to transcytose across the gut epithelium is of interest for the potential use of virus structural proteins as delivery vehicles for insecticidal peptides that act within the insect hemocoel, rather than in the gut. In this study, we used fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda to examine the binding of the virus to brush border membrane vesicle proteins by two-dimensional ligand blot analysis. We also assessed the rate of flux of the primary viral structural protein, VP4 fused to eGFP with a proline-rich linker (VP4-P-eGFP) through the gut epithelium ex vivo in an Ussing chamber. The mechanisms involved with transcytosis of VP4-P-eGFP were assessed by use of inhibitors. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) and eGFP were used as positive and negative control proteins, respectively. In contrast to BSA, which binds to multiple proteins on the brush border membrane, VP4-P-eGFP binding was specific to a protein of high molecular mass. Protein flux was significantly higher for VP4-P-eGFP after 2 h than for albumin or eGFP, with rapid transcytosis of VP4-P-eGFP within the first 30 min. In contrast to BSA which transcytosed following clathrin-mediated endocytosis, the movement of VP4-P-eGFP was vesicle-mediated but clathrin-independent. The specificity of binding combined with the efficiency of transport across the gut epithelium suggest that VP4 will provide a useful carrier for insecticidal peptides active within the hemocoel of key lepidopteran pests including S. frugiperda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariah Kemmerer
- Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Bryony C Bonning
- Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
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Svoboda J, Fischer D, Kozubíková-Balcarová E, Šťástková A, Brůčková M, Kouba A, Petrusek A. Experimental evaluation of the potential for crayfish plague transmission through the digestive system of warm-blooded predators. J Fish Dis 2020; 43:129-138. [PMID: 31724193 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The crayfish plague pathogen (Aphanomyces astaci) can be transmitted through the digestive system of fish, but its dispersal through mammalian and bird digestive tracts has been considered unlikely, and direct experimental evidence remains scarce. We present a small-scale transmission experiment with European otter and American mink fed with infected crayfish, and experiments testing survival of cultures of five A. astaci strains at temperatures corresponding to those inside mammal and bird bodies. The pathogen was neither isolated from predator excrements nor transmitted to susceptible crayfish exposed to excrements. In agar-based artificial media, it occasionally survived for 15 min at 40.5°C and for 45 min at 37.5°C, but not so when incubated at those temperatures for 45 min and 75 min, respectively. The five tested strains differed in resistance to high temperatures, two (of genotype groups E and D) being more susceptible than other three (of groups A, B and D). Their survival to some extent varied when exposed to the same temperature after several weeks or months, suggesting that some yet-unknown factors may influence A. astaci resistance to temperature stress. Overall, we support the notion that passage through the digestive tract of warm-blooded predators makes A. astaci transmission unlikely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Svoboda
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | | | | | | | | | - Antonín Kouba
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, CENAKVA, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Vodňany, Czechia
| | - Adam Petrusek
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
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Kigerl KA, Zane K, Adams K, Sullivan MB, Popovich PG. The spinal cord-gut-immune axis as a master regulator of health and neurological function after spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol 2020; 323:113085. [PMID: 31654639 PMCID: PMC6918675 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.113085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Most spinal cord injury (SCI) research programs focus only on the injured spinal cord with the goal of restoring locomotor function by overcoming mechanisms of cell death or axon regeneration failure. Given the importance of the spinal cord as a locomotor control center and the public perception that paralysis is the defining feature of SCI, this "spinal-centric" focus is logical. Unfortunately, such a focus likely will not yield new discoveries that reverse other devastating consequences of SCI including cardiovascular and metabolic disease, bladder/bowel dysfunction and infection. The current review considers how SCI changes the physiological interplay between the spinal cord, the gut and the immune system. A suspected culprit in causing many of the pathological manifestations of impaired spinal cord-gut-immune axis homeostasis is the gut microbiota. After SCI, the composition of the gut microbiota changes, creating a chronic state of gut "dysbiosis". To date, much of what we know about gut dysbiosis was learned from 16S-based taxonomic profiling studies that reveal changes in the composition and abundance of various bacteria. However, this approach has limitations and creates taxonomic "blindspots". Notably, only bacteria can be analyzed. Thus, in this review we also discuss how the application of emerging sequencing technologies can improve our understanding of how the broader ecosystem in the gut is affected by SCI. Specifically, metagenomics will provide researchers with a more comprehensive look at post-injury changes in the gut virome (and mycome). Metagenomics also allows changes in microbe population dynamics to be linked to specific microbial functions that can affect the development and progression of metabolic disease, immune dysfunction and affective disorders after SCI. As these new tools become more readily available and used across the research community, the development of an "ecogenomic" toolbox will facilitate an Eco-Systems Biology approach to study the complex interplay along the spinal cord-gut-immune axis after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina A Kigerl
- The Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, the Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, USA
| | - Kylie Zane
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, USA
| | - Kia Adams
- The Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, the Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, USA
| | - Matthew B Sullivan
- Departments of Microbiology, Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering at The Ohio State University, USA
| | - Phillip G Popovich
- The Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, the Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, USA.
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Oliveira AH, Fernandes KM, Gonçalves WG, Zanuncio JC, Serrão JE. A peritrophin mediates the peritrophic matrix permeability in the workers of the bees Melipona quadrifasciata and Apis mellifera. Arthropod Struct Dev 2019; 53:100885. [PMID: 31614307 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2019.100885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The permeability of the peritrophic matrix, essential for its function, depends on its chemical composition. The objective was to determine if the permeability of the peritrophic matrix varies along the midgut and in the presence of anti-peritrophin-55 antibody in Melipona quadrifasciata and Apis mellifera bees. The thickness of the peritrophic matrix in both species varies between the anterior and posterior midgut regions in workers. In A. mellifera dextran molecules with 40 kDa cross the peritrophic matrix, whereas those ≥70 kDa are retained in the endoperitrophic space. In M. quadrifasciata the peritrophic matrix permeability was for molecules <40 kDa. Bees fed on anti-peritrophin-55 antibody showed an increase in peritrophic matrix permeability, but survival was not affected. In the bees studied, the peritrophic matrices have morphological differences between midgut regions, but there is no difference in their permeability along the midgut, which is affected by peritrophin 55.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Henrique Oliveira
- Department of General Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
| | - Kenner Morais Fernandes
- Department of General Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
| | | | - José Cola Zanuncio
- Department of Entomology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
| | - José Eduardo Serrão
- Department of General Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
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26
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Raka F, Farr S, Kelly J, Stoianov A, Adeli K. Metabolic control via nutrient-sensing mechanisms: role of taste receptors and the gut-brain neuroendocrine axis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 317:E559-E572. [PMID: 31310579 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00036.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Nutrient sensing plays an important role in ensuring that appropriate digestive or hormonal responses are elicited following the ingestion of fuel substrates. Mechanisms of nutrient sensing in the oral cavity have been fairly well characterized and involve lingual taste receptors. These include heterodimers of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) of the taste receptor type 1 (T1R) family for sensing sweet (T1R2-T1R3) and umami (T1R1-T1R3) stimuli, the T2R family for sensing bitter stimuli, and ion channels for conferring sour and salty tastes. In recent years, several studies have revealed the existence of additional nutrient-sensing mechanisms along the gastrointestinal tract. Glucose sensing is achieved by the T1R2-T1R3 heterodimer on enteroendocrine cells, which plays a role in triggering the secretion of incretin hormones for improved glycemic and lipemic control. Protein hydrolysates are detected by Ca2+-sensing receptor, the T1R1-T1R3 heterodimer, and G protein-coupled receptor 92/93 (GPR92/93), which leads to the release of the gut-derived satiety factor cholecystokinin. Furthermore, several GPCRs have been implicated in fatty acid sensing: GPR40 and GPR120 respond to medium- and long-chain fatty acids, GPR41 and GPR43 to short-chain fatty acids, and GPR119 to endogenous lipid derivatives. Aside from the recognition of fuel substrates, both the oral cavity and the gastrointestinal tract also possess T2R-mediated mechanisms of recognizing nonnutrients such as environmental contaminants, bacterial toxins, and secondary plant metabolites that evoke a bitter taste. These gastrointestinal sensing mechanisms result in the transmission of neuronal signals to the brain through the release of gastrointestinal hormones that act on vagal and enteric afferents to modulate the physiological response to nutrients, particularly satiety and energy homeostasis. Modulating these orally accessible nutrient-sensing pathways using particular foods, dietary supplements, or pharmaceutical compounds may have therapeutic potential for treating obesity and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fitore Raka
- Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah Farr
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jacalyn Kelly
- Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexandra Stoianov
- Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Khosrow Adeli
- Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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27
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Uscanga-Domínguez LF, Orozco-García IJ, Vázquez-Frias R, Aceves-Tavares GR, Albrecht-Junnghans RE, Amieva-Balmori M, Bazaldua-Merino LA, Bernal-Reyes R, Camacho-de León ME, Campos-Gutiérrez JA, Carmona-Sánchez RI, Castro-Marín LV, Coss-Adame E, Cuevas-Estrada AJ, Escobedo-Martínez JA, González-Franco LR, Huerta-Iga FM, Lozano-Lozano R, Martínez-Vázquez SE, Milke García MP, Nogueira-de Rojas JR, Padilla-González M, Pérez Y López N, Silva-Campechano F, Treviño-Mejía MC, Velázquez-Alva MC. Technical position on milk and its derivatives in adult health and disease from the Asociación Mexicana de Gastroenterología and the Asociación Mexicana de Gerontología y Geriatría. Rev Gastroenterol Mex (Engl Ed) 2019; 84:357-371. [PMID: 31167744 DOI: 10.1016/j.rgmx.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Milk is a liquid food that possesses an important quantity of highly bioavailable macronutrients. In addition, it is readily accessible, as well as relatively inexpensive. Given that the knowledge of physicians about nutrition and food composition is deficient, in general, many of the dietary interventions recommended in diverse clinical settings lack a scientific basis. The aim of the present review was to produce a technical opinion that serves as a frame of reference to best sustain recommendations for consuming milk and dairy products as daily nutrition in the adult and older adult. The effects of milk and dairy products during the pediatric stage are not addressed in the present work. The Asociación Mexicana de Gastroenterología and the Asociación Mexicana de Gerontología y Geriatría jointly discussed and analyzed topics dealing with the legal designation of milk, the classification and nutritional profile of cow's milk, its nutritional characteristics, its consumption in the adult, intolerance to cow's milk, and associations of milk consumption with digestive tract alterations and other conditions. Finally, certain aspects of milk consumption in the older adult and its relation to overall health are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F Uscanga-Domínguez
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México, México
| | | | - R Vázquez-Frias
- Departamento de Gastroenterología y Nutrición, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Ciudad de México, México.
| | - G R Aceves-Tavares
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Hospital General del Estado Dr. Ernesto Ramos Bours, Hermosillo, Sonora, México
| | | | - M Amieva-Balmori
- Instituto de Investigaciones Médico Biológicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, México
| | - L A Bazaldua-Merino
- Sistema Nacional DIF, CNMACIG «Vicente García Torres», Ciudad de México, México
| | - R Bernal-Reyes
- Sociedad Española de Beneficencia, Pachuca, Hidalgo, México
| | | | - J A Campos-Gutiérrez
- Casa de Retiro Teresa de Calcuta S.C., San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México
| | | | - L V Castro-Marín
- Hospital Adolfo López Mateos ISSSTESON, Ciudad Obregón, Sonora, México
| | - E Coss-Adame
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México, México
| | | | | | - L R González-Franco
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | | | | | - S E Martínez-Vázquez
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México, México
| | - M P Milke García
- Dirección de Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México, México
| | | | | | - N Pérez Y López
- Servicio de Gastroenterología, Hospital Juárez de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | | | - M C Treviño-Mejía
- Universidad Iberoamericana Tijuana, Tijuana, Baja California, México
| | - M C Velázquez-Alva
- Departamento de Atención a la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Xochimilco, Ciudad de México, México
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28
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Engelen MPKJ, Pichard C. Editorial: Crosstalk between organs and multimodal therapeutic approaches: new insights. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2019; 22:183-184. [PMID: 30883469 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariëlle P K J Engelen
- Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity, Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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29
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Bowman CE. The gut epithelium from feeding to fasting in the predatory soil mite Pergamasus longicornis (Mesostigmata: Parasitidae): one tissue, two roles. Exp Appl Acarol 2019; 77:253-357. [PMID: 30895556 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-019-00356-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A review of acarine gut physiology based on published narratives dispersed over the historical international literature is given. Then, in an experimental study of the free-living predatory soil mite Pergamasus longicornis (Berlese), quantitative micro-anatomical changes in the gut epithelium are critically assessed from a temporal series of histological sections during and after feeding on larval dipteran prey. An argued functional synthesis based upon comparative kinetics is offered for verification in other mesostigmatids. Mid- and hind-gut epithelia cell types interconvert in a rational way dependent upon the physical consequences of ingestion, absorption and egestion. The fasted transitional pseudo-stratified epithelium rapidly becomes first squamous on prey ingestion (by stretching), then columnar during digestion before confirmed partial disintegration (gut 'lumenation') during egestion back to a pseudo-stratified state. Exponential processes within the mid- and endodermic hind-gut exhibit 'stiff' dynamics. Cells expand rapidly ([Formula: see text] 22.9-49.5 min) and vacuolate quickly ([Formula: see text] 1.1 h). Cells shrink very slowly ([Formula: see text] 4.9 days) and devacuolate gently ([Formula: see text] 1.0-1.7 days). Egestive cellular degeneration has an initial [Formula: see text] 7.7 h. Digestion appears to be triggered by maximum gut expansion-estimated at 10 min post start of feeding. Synchrony with changes in gut lumen contents suggests common changes in physiological function over time for the cells as a whole tightly-coupled epithelium. Distinct in architecture as a tissue over time the various constituent cell types appear functionally the same. Functional phases are: early fluid transportation (0-1 h) and extracellular activity (10-90 min); through rising food absorption (10 min to [Formula: see text] day); to slow intracellular meal processing and degenerative egestive waste material production (1 to [Formula: see text] days) much as in ticks. The same epithelium is both absorptive and degenerative in role. The switch in predominant physiology begins 4 h after the start of feeding. Two separate pulses of clavate cells appear to be a mechanism to facilitate transport by increasing epithelial surface area in contact with the lumen. Free-floating cells may augment early extracellular lumenal digestion. Possible evidence for salivary enzyme alkaline-related extra-corporeal digestion was found. Giant mycetome-like cells were found embedded in the mid-gut wall. Anteriorly, the mid-gut behaves like a temporally expendable food processing tissue and minor long-term resistive store. Posteriorly the mid-gut behaves like a major assimilative/catabolic tissue and 'last-out' food depot (i.e., a 'hepatopancreas' function) allowing the mite to resist starvation for up to 3.5 weeks after a single meal. A 'conveyor-belt' wave of physiology (i.e., feeding and digestion, then egestion and excretion) sweeps posteriorly but not necessarily pygidially over time. Assimilation efficiency is estimated at 82%. The total feeding cycle time histologically from a single meal allowing for the bulk of intracellular digestion and egestive release is not 52.5 h but of the order of 6 days ([Formula: see text] total gut emptyings per day), plus typically a further 3 days for subsequent excretion to occur. Final complete gut system clearance in this cryptozooid may take much longer ([Formula: see text] days). A common physiology across the anactinotrichid acarines is proposed. A look to the future of this field is included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clive E Bowman
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX2 6GG, United Kingdom.
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30
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Liao QS, Du Q, Lou J, Xu JY, Xie R. Roles of Na +/Ca 2+ exchanger 1 in digestive system physiology and pathophysiology. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:287-299. [PMID: 30686898 PMCID: PMC6343099 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i3.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) protein family is a part of the cation/Ca2+ exchanger superfamily and participates in the regulation of cellular Ca2+ homeostasis. NCX1, the most important subtype in the NCX family, is expressed widely in various organs and tissues in mammals and plays an especially important role in the physiological and pathological processes of nerves and the cardiovascular system. In the past few years, the function of NCX1 in the digestive system has received increasing attention; NCX1 not only participates in the healing process of gastric ulcer and gastric mucosal injury but also mediates the development of digestive cancer, acute pancreatitis, and intestinal absorption. This review aims to explore the roles of NCX1 in digestive system physiology and pathophysiology in order to guide clinical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Shi Liao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital to Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Qian Du
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital to Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Jun Lou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital to Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Jing-Yu Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital to Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Rui Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital to Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou Province, China
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31
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Zhang J. Modulation of growth performance and nonspecific immunity of red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkia upon dietary fulvic acid supplementation. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2018; 83:158-161. [PMID: 30195902 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
An eight-week experiment was conducted to determine the effects of dietary fulvic acids (FAs) on the growth performance, digestive enzymes and nonspecific immunity of red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkia. Three diets supplemented with three different levels of FAs (0.1, 0.5 and 1 g kg-1) were formulated and tested for the growth performance, digestive enzymes and nonspecific immunity of the crayfish, and a diet without FAs served as control. After eight weeks of feeding, survival rate, phenoloxidase activity, superoxide dismutase activity, glutathione peroxidase level, total haemocyte count and number of hyaline cells, semigranular cells and granular cells and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila of crayfishes fed with FA-containing diets were higher than those of the control. Moreover, based on the efficiency of FAs on the growth performance and nonspecific immunity of crayfish, the optimum dose of FAs was found to be 0.5 g (kg diet)-1. A high level of FA administration (1 g kg-1) did not further increase the efficiency of FAs compared with those in the moderate group (0.5 g kg-1, p > 0.05). Results indicated that oral administration of FA-containing diets can enhance the growth performance, intestinal digestive enzymes, immune responses and resistance of crayfish to infection by A. hydrophila. Thus, FAs may be utilized as a diet supplement for crayfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingmin Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Huaihai Institute of Technology, 59 Cangwu Road, Haizhou, 222005, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, 59 Cangwu Road, Haizhou, 222005, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, 59 Cangwu Road, Haizhou, 222005, China.
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32
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Oliveira AC, Wanderley-Teixeira V, Silva CT, Teixeira ÁA, Siqueira HA, Cruz GS, Neto CJCL, Lima AL, Correia MT. Labeling membrane receptors with lectins and evaluation of the midgut histochemistry of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) populations with different levels of susceptibility to formulated Bt. Pest Manag Sci 2018; 74:2608-2617. [PMID: 29700928 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies show that insects can adapt to the toxins of Bacillus thuringiensis under field and laboratory conditions through the development of resistance to the bacterium and its formulations. This has been demonstrated in the failure to control Tuta absoluta populations in Brazil. This study evaluated membrane receptors using peroxidase-labeled lectins and the midgut histochemistry of T. absoluta populations to assess susceptibility to the insecticides Bt fomulations. The histochemistry analysis used Periodic Acid-Schiff for glycogen and Ponceau Xylidine for total proteins. The presence of glucose/mannose and N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) was analyzed using specific lectins. One susceptible and one tolerant population were used in the study; insects were exposed to the insecticide concentrations recommended by the manufacturers. The midgut was collected after an interval of 20 min and analyzed using optical microscopy. RESULTS Bt fomulation interferes with the glycogen content, whereas XenTari® interferes with the protein content, irrespective of the level of susceptibility. High expression of GalNAc residues was observed using soybean lectin labeling, indicating a direct relationship between the glycosylation pattern and susceptibility to Bt fomulation in the Pelotas population. CONCLUSION The use of Bt fomulation caused greater alterations in the larval intestinal histophysiology compared to the use of XenTari® . © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andresa Cb Oliveira
- Department of Agronomy-Entomology, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | | | - Cristiane Ts Silva
- Department of Agronomy-Entomology, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Álvaro Ac Teixeira
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Herbert Aa Siqueira
- Department of Agronomy-Entomology, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Glauciane S Cruz
- Department of Agronomy-Entomology, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Clovis J C Lapa Neto
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Amanda Lr Lima
- Departament of Biochemistry, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Maria Ts Correia
- Departament of Biochemistry, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
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Huang CH, Yu X, Liao WB. The Expensive-Tissue Hypothesis in Vertebrates: Gut Microbiota Effect, a Review. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1792. [PMID: 29914188 PMCID: PMC6032294 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is integral to an organism’s digestive structure and has been shown to play an important role in producing substrates for gluconeogenesis and energy production, vasodilator, and gut motility. Numerous studies have demonstrated that variation in diet types is associated with the abundance and diversity of the gut microbiota, a relationship that plays a significant role in nutrient absorption and affects gut size. The Expensive-Tissue Hypothesis states (ETH) that the metabolic requirement of relatively large brains is offset by a corresponding reduction of the other tissues, such as gut size. However, how the trade-off between gut size and brain size in vertebrates is associated with the gut microbiota through metabolic requirements still remains unexplored. Here, we review research relating to and discuss the potential influence of gut microbiota on the ETH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Hua Huang
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, Sichuan, China.
- Institute of Eco-adaptation in Amphibians and Reptiles, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, Sichuan, China.
| | - Xin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, Sichuan, China.
- Institute of Eco-adaptation in Amphibians and Reptiles, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, Sichuan, China.
| | - Wen Bo Liao
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, Sichuan, China.
- Institute of Eco-adaptation in Amphibians and Reptiles, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, Sichuan, China.
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Kleyheeg E, Claessens M, Soons MB. Interactions between seed traits and digestive processes determine the germinability of bird-dispersed seeds. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195026. [PMID: 29614085 PMCID: PMC5882138 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Waterbirds disperse a wide range of plant seeds via their guts, promoting biotic connectivity between isolated habitat patches. However, the intensity of digestive forces encountered by seeds, and therefore their potential to survive digestive tract passage, varies within and between waterbird species. Here, we investigate under controlled conditions how the interaction between seed traits and digestive strategies affect the germinability of seeds following waterbird-mediated dispersal. We exposed seeds of 30 wetland plant species to the main digestive processes in the dabbling duck digestive system: mechanical, chemical and intestinal digestion. These were simulated by 1) a pressure test and scarification treatment, 2) incubation in simulated gastric juice, and 3) incubation in intestinal contents of culled mallards (Anas platyrhynchos). We evaluated their separate and combined effects on seed germination, and identified the role of seed size and seed coat traits in resisting the digestive forces. Seeds were generally resistant to separate digestive processes, but highly sensitive to a combination. Resistance to mechanical break-down was reduced by up to 80% by chemical pre-treatment, especially for seeds with permeable coats. Scarified seeds were 12–17% more vulnerable to chemical and intestinal digestive processes than undamaged seeds. Large seeds and seeds with thin, permeable coats were particularly sensitive to chemical and intestinal digestion. These results indicate that efficient digestion of seeds requires multiple digestive processes. The gizzard, responsible for mechanical digestion, plays a key role in seed survival. Omnivorous birds, which have relatively light gizzards compared to pure herbivores or granivores, are thus most likely to disperse seeds successfully. Regardless of digestive strategy, small seeds with tough seed coats are most resistant to digestion and may be adapted to endozoochorous dispersal by waterbirds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Kleyheeg
- Ecology & Biodiversity Group, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Mascha Claessens
- Ecology & Biodiversity Group, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Merel B. Soons
- Ecology & Biodiversity Group, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Loftus TJ, Stelton S, Efaw BW, Bloomstone J. A System-Wide Enhanced Recovery Program Focusing on Two Key Process Steps Reduces Complications and Readmissions in Patients Undergoing Bowel Surgery. J Healthc Qual 2018; 39:129-135. [PMID: 28481841 DOI: 10.1111/jhq.12068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Enhanced recovery programs (ERPs) can improve outcomes following bowel surgery, but implementing an ERP across a large healthcare system remains challenging. In this study, a simplified ERP that focused on two process steps, early and frequent ambulation and early alimentation, was evaluated to determine its impact on outcomes. Data were collected on 5,000 adult patients undergoing elective small and large bowel operations over a 3-year period. Complication, readmission, and mortality rates were evaluated before and after ERP implementation. A composite score was calculated based on the successful completion of the two process steps. Following implementation, there was a 35.1% increase in the composite score, which was associated with significant (p < .05) reductions in overall complications, gastrointestinal complications, pulmonary complications, and readmissions. A system-wide ERP focusing on early and frequent ambulation and early alimentation is associated with decreased complications and readmissions in adult patients admitted for elective small or large bowel operations.
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Uribe RA, Hong SS, Bronner ME. Retinoic acid temporally orchestrates colonization of the gut by vagal neural crest cells. Dev Biol 2017; 433:17-32. [PMID: 29108781 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The enteric nervous system arises from neural crest cells that migrate as chains into and along the primitive gut, subsequently differentiating into enteric neurons and glia. Little is known about the mechanisms governing neural crest migration en route to and along the gut in vivo. Here, we report that Retinoic Acid (RA) temporally controls zebrafish enteric neural crest cell chain migration. In vivo imaging reveals that RA loss severely compromises the integrity and migration of the chain of neural crest cells during the window of time window when they are moving along the foregut. After loss of RA, enteric progenitors accumulate in the foregut and differentiate into enteric neurons, but subsequently undergo apoptosis resulting in a striking neuronal deficit. Moreover, ectopic expression of the transcription factor meis3 and/or the receptor ret, partially rescues enteric neuron colonization after RA attenuation. Collectively, our findings suggest that retinoic acid plays a critical temporal role in promoting enteric neural crest chain migration and neuronal survival upstream of Meis3 and RET in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa A Uribe
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA.
| | - Stephanie S Hong
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Marianne E Bronner
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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Javan-Khoskholgh A, Abukhalaf Z, Miller LS, Kiani M, Farajidavar A. An inductive narrow-pulse RFID telemetry system for gastric slow waves monitoring. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2017; 2016:4820-4823. [PMID: 28269349 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2016.7591806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We present a passive data telemetry system for real-time monitoring of gastric electrical activity of a living subject. The system is composed of three subsystems: an implantable unit (IU), a wearable unit (WU), and a stationary unit (SU). Data communication between the IU and WU is based on a radio-frequency identification (RFID) link operating at 13.56 MHz. Since wireless power transmission and reverse data telemetry system share the same inductive interface, a load shift keying (LSK)-based differential pulse position (DPP) coding data communication with only 6.25% duty cycle is developed to guarantee consistent wireless downlink power transmission and uplink high data transfer rate, simultaneously. The clock and data are encoded into one signal by an MSP430 microcontroller (MCU) at the IU side. This signal is sent to the WU through the inductive link, where decoded by an MSP432 MCU. Finally, the retrieved data at the WU are transmitted to the SU connected to a PC via a 2.4 GHz transceiver for real-time display and analysis. The results of the measurements on the implemented test bench, demonstrate IU-WU 125 kb/s and WU-SU 2 Mb/s data transmission rate with no observed mismatch, while the data stream was randomly generated, and matching between the transmitted data by the IU and received by the SU verified by a custom-made automated software.
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Moshonkina TR, Stolbkov YK, Kozlovskaya IB, Gerasimenko YP. [Mehanisms of Influences of Electrical Spinal Cord Stimulation on Autonomic Functions.]. Fiziol Cheloveka 2016; 42:124-135. [PMID: 29932535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Recently transcutateous electrical spinal cord stimulation began to be used both for experimental studies of motor functions regulation and for rehabilitation of motor functions in patients with spinal cord injury. The spinal cord is a very important center of vital functions regulation and the spinal cord stimulation directed to the activation of spinal locomotor related networks will affect visceral systems as well. This circumstance is necessary to take into account when this new method will be used for rehabilitation as well as for the studies on healthy subjects. Here the review of publications related to effects of electrical spinal cord stimulation on peripheral and cerebral circulation, on the cardiovascular, respiratory, excretory, and digestive systems of mammals is presented.
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Holland J, Clarke E, Glynn M. Out of sight, out of mind: Do repeating students overlook online course components? Anat Sci Educ 2016; 9:555-564. [PMID: 27096280 DOI: 10.1002/ase.1613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
E-Learning is becoming an integral part of undergraduate medicine, with many curricula incorporating a number of online activities and resources, in addition to more traditional teaching methods. This study examines physical attendance, online activity, and examination outcomes in a first-year undergraduate medical program. All 358 students who completed the Alimentary System module within the first semester of the program were included, 30 of whom were repeating the year, and thus the module. This systems-based, multidisciplinary module incorporated didactic lectures, cadaveric small group tutorials and additional e-Learning resources such as online histology tutorials. Significant differences were demonstrated in physical attendance and utilization of online resources between repeating students and those participating in the module for the first time. Subsequent analyses confirmed that physical attendance, access of online lecture resources, and utilization of online histology tutorials were all significantly correlated. In addition, both physical attendance and utilization of online resources significantly correlated with summative examination performance. While nonattendance may be due to a variety of factors, our data confirm that significant differences exist in both physical attendance and online activity between new entrants and repeating students, such that all students repeating a module or academic year should be routinely interviewed and offered appropriate supports to ensure that they continue to engage with the program. While the development of complex algorithmic models may be resource intensive, using readily available indices from virtual learning environments is a straightforward, albeit less powerful, means to identify struggling students prior to summative examinations. Anat Sci Educ 9: 555-564. © 2016 American Association of Anatomists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Holland
- Department of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Eric Clarke
- Health Professions Education Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mark Glynn
- Teaching Enhancement Unit, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Ireland, Dublin
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40
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Chilvers A. The first 1,000 days. The impact of microbes on health outcomes. J Fam Health 2016; 26:25-26. [PMID: 29746734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
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Zungu MM, Downs CT. Digestive efficiencies of Cape white-eyes (Zosterops virens), red-winged starlings (Onychognathus morio) and speckled mousebirds (Colius striatus) fed varying concentrations of equicaloric glucose or sucrose artificial fruit diets. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2016; 199:28-37. [PMID: 27174647 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Digestive physiology is important for understanding the feeding behaviour of organisms. Specifically, studies on the digestive physiology of frugivorous and nectarivorous birds are important for elucidating their preference patterns in the wild and the selective pressures they exert on fruit pulp and nectar. In this study, digesta transit times and digestive efficiencies of three species of birds, the Cape white-eyes (Zosterops virens), red-winged starlings (Onychognathus morio) and speckled mousebirds (Colius striatus) were investigated on equicaloric glucose or sucrose artificial fruit diets. Three concentrations, approximating the natural range of sugar concentrations in sugary, bird-dispersed fruits were used: low (6.6%), medium (12.4%) and high (22%). Digesta transit times of birds increased with an increase in concentration for all diets but were generally higher on glucose diets. Intake rates, on the other hand, decreased with an increase in sugar concentration. All species of birds failed to maintain a constant assimilated energy intake on glucose diets but mousebirds and white-eyes maintained it on sucrose diets. Apparent assimilation efficiencies of glucose diets for all species were comparable and typical of those found in other frugivorous birds. However, assimilation efficiencies for sucrose diets differed widely with red-winged starlings displaying very low assimilation efficiencies and as a consequence; they lost significant body mass on all sucrose diets. These results demonstrate the importance of digestive physiology in explaining fruit selection patterns in frugivorous birds and how a seemingly trivial physiological trait can have dire ecological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manqoba M Zungu
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa
| | - Colleen T Downs
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa.
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Li JY, Chassaing B, Tyagi AM, Vaccaro C, Luo T, Adams J, Darby TM, Weitzmann MN, Mulle JG, Gewirtz AT, Jones RM, Pacifici R. Sex steroid deficiency-associated bone loss is microbiota dependent and prevented by probiotics. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:2049-63. [PMID: 27111232 DOI: 10.1172/jci86062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A eubiotic microbiota influences many physiological processes in the metazoan host, including development and intestinal homeostasis. Here, we have shown that the intestinal microbiota modulates inflammatory responses caused by sex steroid deficiency, leading to trabecular bone loss. In murine models, sex steroid deficiency increased gut permeability, expanded Th17 cells, and upregulated the osteoclastogenic cytokines TNFα (TNF), RANKL, and IL-17 in the small intestine and the BM. In germ-free (GF) mice, sex steroid deficiency failed to increase osteoclastogenic cytokine production, stimulate bone resorption, and cause trabecular bone loss, demonstrating that the gut microbiota is central in sex steroid deficiency-induced trabecular bone loss. Furthermore, we demonstrated that twice-weekly treatment of sex steroid-deficient mice with the probiotics Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) or the commercially available probiotic supplement VSL#3 reduces gut permeability, dampens intestinal and BM inflammation, and completely protects against bone loss. In contrast, supplementation with a nonprobiotic strain of E. coli or a mutant LGG was not protective. Together, these data highlight the role that the gut luminal microbiota and increased gut permeability play in triggering inflammatory pathways that are critical for inducing bone loss in sex steroid-deficient mice. Our data further suggest that probiotics that decrease gut permeability have potential as a therapeutic strategy for postmenopausal osteoporosis.
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Yang X, Wu S, Wu Y, Liu Y, Qian Y, Jiao F. Lack of Connection Between Midgut Cell Autophagy Gene Expression and BmCPV Infection in the Midgut of Bombyx mori. J Insect Sci 2015; 15:iev047. [PMID: 26163666 PMCID: PMC4677490 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iev047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is associated with multiple biological processes and has protective and defensive functions with respect to immunity, inflammation, and resistance to microbial infection. In this experiment, we wished to investigate whether autophagy is a factor in the midgut cell response of Bombyx mori to infection by the B. mori cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (BmCPV). Our results indicated that the expression of three autophagy-related genes (BmAtg8, BmAtg5, and BmAtg7) in the midgut did not change greatly after BmCPV infection in B. mori. Basal ATG8/ATG8PE protein expression was detected in different B. mori tissues by using western blot analysis. Immunohistochemistry showed that the ATG8/ATG8PE proteins were located mainly in the cytoplasm. ATG8/ATG8PE protein levels decreased at 12 and 16 h after BmCPV infection. Our results indicate that autophagy responded slightly to BmCPV infection, but could not prevent the invasion and replication of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobing Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest Agriculture and Forest University, Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Suli Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest Agriculture and Forest University, Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yongpeng Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest Agriculture and Forest University, Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest Agriculture and Forest University, Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yonghua Qian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest Agriculture and Forest University, Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Feng Jiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest Agriculture and Forest University, Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
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Maes M, Cogliati B, Crespo Yanguas S, Willebrords J, Vinken M. Roles of connexins and pannexins in digestive homeostasis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:2809-21. [PMID: 26084872 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1961-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Connexin proteins are abundantly present in the digestive system. They primarily form gap junctions, which control the intercellular exchange of critical homeostasis regulators. By doing so, gap junctions drive a plethora of gastrointestinal and hepatic functional features, including gastric and gut motility, gastric acid secretion, intestinal innate immune defense, xenobiotic biotransformation, glycogenolysis, bile secretion, ammonia detoxification and plasma protein synthesis. In the last decade, it has become clear that connexin hemichannels, which are the structural precursors of gap junctions, also provide a pathway for cellular communication, namely between the cytosol and the extracellular environment. Although merely pathological functions have been described, some physiological roles have been attributed to connexin hemichannels, in particular in the modulation of colonic motility. This equally holds true for cellular channels composed of pannexins, connexin-like proteins recently identified in the intestine and the liver, which have become acknowledged key players in inflammatory processes and that have been proposed to control colonic motility, secretion and blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaël Maes
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
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Nau JY. [A german view of digestive physiology and intestines in humans]. Rev Med Suisse 2015; 11:1092-1093. [PMID: 26118237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
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Abstract
Our previous studies have shown PTH to be an effective relaxant of smooth muscle throughout the mammalian tract. Recently, we found PTHrP to be equally as potent and effective on the gut as PTH, and we hypothesized that PTHrP, rather than PTH, might be the natural ligand for the gut receptors which mediate GI smooth muscle relaxation. To approach this question, we asked whether rat GI tissue expresses mRNA for PTHrP. Using selective reverse transcription and PCR we have found PTHrP mRNA in smooth muscle throughout the rat GI tract and in gastric and colonic mucosa as well. Our findings support the idea that PTHrP can be produced by GI tissues and that it may function there as an autocrine or paracrine factor. One of its actions may involve regulation of GI muscle tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Cooper
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
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Combe E, Demarne Y, Gueguen L, Ivorec-Szylit O, Meslin JC, Sacquet E. Some aspects of the relationships between gastrointestinal flora and host nutrition. World Rev Nutr Diet 2015; 24:1-57. [PMID: 790780 DOI: 10.1159/000399403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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48
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Corring T. Possible role of hydrolysis products of the dietary components in the mechanisms of the exocrine pancreatic adaptation to the diet. World Rev Nutr Diet 2015; 27:132-44. [PMID: 333788 DOI: 10.1159/000399733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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