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Yang B, Li X, Badran AMM, Abdel-Moneim AME. Effects of dietary incorporation of Radix rehmanniae praeparata polysaccharide on growth performance, digestive physiology, blood metabolites, meat quality, and tibia characteristics in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2023; 102:103150. [PMID: 37871491 PMCID: PMC10618489 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Radix rehmanniae preparata polysaccharide (RRPP) is recognized as the primary bioactive compound in Radix rehmanniae preparata and has been extensively utilized in traditional Chinese medicine and functional food due to its diverse biological activities. However, this study has yet to explore the application of RRPP as a feed additive in broilers. This study investigated the effects of dietary RRPP on growth performance, meat quality, and physiological responses of broiler chickens. Two hundred eighty-eight 1-day-old Cobb 500 male broilers were randomly assigned to the 4 experimental groups with 6 replications and 12 birds/replicate. The 4 groups were fed the basal diet supplemented with 4 concentrations of RRPP (0, 300, 600, and 900 mg/kg, respectively). All RRPP levels did not affect the growth performance of broilers during the starter period (1-21 d), while during the grower (22-35 d) and overall (1-35 d) periods, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and European production efficiency index were linearly improved (P < 0.05) by incorporating RRPP at 600 and 900 mg/kg. Carcass characteristics, relative weight and length of intestinal segments, and meat quality and tibia criteria were not affected by dietary incorporation of RRPP. Dietary RRPP led to a linear increase (P < 0.05) in serum alkaline phosphatase, potassium, calcium and sulfhydryl levels, while reducing concentrations of hydrogen peroxide, LDL, triglycerides and total cholesterol. The addition of RRPP decreased (P < 0.05) the pH of the ileum and cecum at 21 and 35 d of age while not changing in the remaining intestinal segments. Dietary RRPP at 600 and 900 mg/kg linearly and quadratically (P < 0.05) increased the tibia ash content in chicken at 21 and 35 d of age. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of RRPP improved broiler chicken's growth, gut physiology, and tibia ash content, particularly at 600 and 900 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Yang
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China; Longyan University & Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Longyan University, Longyan 364012, China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China.
| | - Aml M M Badran
- Poultry Breeding Department, Agricultural Research Center, Animal Production Research Institute, Egypt
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Kashung S, Bhardwaj P, Saikia M, Mazumdar-Leighton S. Midgut serine proteinases participate in dietary adaptations of the castor (Eri) silkworm Samia ricini Anderson transferred from Ricinus communis to an ancestral host, Ailanthus excelsa Roxb. Front Insect Sci 2023; 3:1169596. [PMID: 38469493 PMCID: PMC10926435 DOI: 10.3389/finsc.2023.1169596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Dietary change influenced the life-history traits, nutritional utilization, and midgut serine proteinases in the larvae of the domesticated polyphagous S. ricini, transferred from R. communis (common name: castor; family Euphorbiaceae; the host plant implicated in its domestication) to A. excelsa (common name: Indian tree of heaven; family Simaroubaceae; an ancestral host of wild Samia species). Significantly higher values for fecundity and body weight were observed in larvae feeding on R. communis (Scr diet), and they took less time to reach pupation than insects feeding on A. excelsa (Scai diet). Nevertheless, the nutritional index for efficiency of conversion of digested matter (ECD) was similar for larvae feeding on the two plant species, suggesting the physiological adaptation of S. ricini (especially older instars) to an A. excelsa diet. In vitro protease assays and gelatinolytic zymograms using diagnostic substrates and protease inhibitors revealed significantly elevated levels (p ≤ 0.05) of digestive trypsins, which may be associated with the metabolic costs influencing slow growth in larvae feeding on A. excelsa. RT-PCR with semidegenerate serine proteinase gene-specific primers, and cloning and sequencing of 3' cDNA ends identified a large gene family comprising at least two groups of putative chymotrypsins (i.e., Sr I and Sr II) resembling invertebrate brachyurins/collagenases with wide substrate specificities, and five groups of putative trypsins (i.e., Sr III, Sr IV, Sr V, Sr VII, and Sr VIII). Quantitative RT-PCR indicated that transcripts belonging to the Sr I, Sr III, Sr IV, and Sr V groups, especially the Sr IV group (resembling achelase I from Lonomia achelous), were expressed differentially in the midguts of fourth instars reared on the two plant species. Sequence similarity indicated shared lineages with lepidopteran orthologs associated with expression in the gut, protein digestion, and phytophagy. The results obtained are discussed in the context of larval serine proteinases in dietary adaptations, domestication, and exploration of new host plant species for commercial rearing of S. ricini.
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Cho JH, Park JW, Ryu YW, Kim KW, Hur SW. Morphology, Histology, and Histochemistry of the Digestive Tract of the Marbled Flounder Pseudopleuronectes yokohamae. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13. [PMID: 36899793 DOI: 10.3390/ani13050936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the morphological, histological, and histochemical characteristics of the digestive tract of the marbled flounder (Pseudopleuronectes yokohamae). The relative length of the gut of the marbled flounder digestive tract was 1.54 ± 0.10 (n = 20), and it had a simple stomach and 6-9 pyloric caeca. The mucosal folds of the marbled flounder digestive tract exhibited a general branched morphology. The thickness and mucosal fold length of the intestinal muscularis externa showed similar aspects in all areas. The thickness of the intestinal muscularis externa was the thickest in the posterior intestine portion, and the length of mucosal folds was the longest in the anterior intestine portion. It was indicated that food digested by gastric acid in the stomach moves to the anterior portion (including pyloric caeca) and mid portion of the intestine, ensuring effective stimulation of cholecystokinin (CCK)-producing cells. In addition, the distribution pattern of CCK-producing cells in the intestine was very similar to that of mucus-secreting goblet cells. The CCK-producing cells and goblet cells in the marbled flounder were well-adapted to promote optimal control of the digestive process. Based on the morphological and histochemical studies, it was concluded that the marbled flounder displays a digestive tract comparable to that of fish species with carnivorous habits.
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Zamani A, Khajavi M, Abedian Kenari A, Haghbin Nazarpak M, Solouk A, Esmaeili M, Gisbert E. Physicochemical and Biochemical Properties of Trypsin-like Enzyme from Two Sturgeon Species. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13050853. [PMID: 36899710 PMCID: PMC10000239 DOI: 10.3390/ani13050853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This work aimed to determine the physicochemical and biochemical properties of trypsin from beluga Huso huso and sevruga Acipenser stellatus, two highly valuable sturgeon species. According to the results obtained from the methods of casein-zymogram and inhibitory activity staining, the molecular weight of trypsin for sevruga and beluga was 27.5 and 29.5 kDa, respectively. Optimum pH and temperature values for both trypsins were recorded at 8.5 and 55 °C by BAPNA (a specific substrate), respectively. The stability of both trypsins was well-preserved at pH values from 6.0 to 11.0 and temperatures up to 50 °C. TLCK and SBTI, two specific trypsin inhibitors, showed a significant inhibitory effect on the enzymatic activity of both trypsins (p < 0.05). The enzyme activity was significantly increased in the presence of Ca+2 and surfactants and decreased by oxidizing agents, Cu+2, Zn+2, and Co+2 (p < 0.05). However, univalent ions Na+ and K+ did not show any significant effect on the activity of both trypsins (p > 0.05). The results of our study show that the properties of trypsin from beluga and sevruga are in agreement with data reported in bony fish and can contribute to the clear understanding of trypsin activity in these primitive species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Zamani
- Fisheries Department, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Malayer University, 4th km of Arak Road, Malayer 6574184621, Iran
- New Technologies Research Center, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran 1591634653, Iran
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +98-81-32355330
| | - Maryam Khajavi
- Fisheries Department, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Malayer University, 4th km of Arak Road, Malayer 6574184621, Iran
| | - Abdolmohammad Abedian Kenari
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor P.O. Box 46414-356, Iran
| | | | - Atefeh Solouk
- Department of Biomaterial and Tissue Engineering, Medical Engineering Faculty, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran 1591634311, Iran
| | - Mina Esmaeili
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Fisheries, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari 4818168984, Iran
| | - Enric Gisbert
- IRTA, Centre de la Rápita, Aquaculture Program, Crta. del Poble Nou Km 5.5, 43540 la Rápita, Spain
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Fang S, Liu J, Wei S, Yang G, Chen X, Tong Y, Guo P. The integrated analysis of digestive physiology and gastrointestinal microbiota structure in Changle goose. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102588. [PMID: 36933526 PMCID: PMC10031540 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Changle goose in Fujian, China is a rare genetic resource and in urgent need to be protected. Understanding the characteristics of digestive physiology and spatial variation of gastrointestinal microbiota is crucial for developing nutritional intervention strategies to improve intestinal health and production performance of goose. Hence, histomorphological assay was used for observing development status of proventriculus, jejunum, and cecum in 70-day-old Changle geese, whereas digesta from 6 alimentary canal locations (crop, proventriculus, gizzard, jejunum, cecum, and rectum) were collected for 16S rRNA gene sequencing and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) quantitative analysis. The histomorphological observation indicated that the jejunum and cecum of Changle goose were well developed. The alpha diversity analysis revealed that, except rectum, microbiota in other noncecum sections were in high diversity as cecum. The Nonmetric MultiDimensional Scaling (NMDS) analysis showed that microbial community of proventriculus, gizzard, and jejunum formed a cluster, which distinctly discrete with the microbiota of the other gastrointestinal locations. Additionally, the proportions of Proteobacteria, Bacteroidota, and Campilobacterota at the phylum level and Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Helicobacter, and Subdoligranulum at the genus level exhibited tremendous alternations among different gastrointestinal locations. The characteristic bacterial composition in each section was further disclosed by analyzing the core and feature Amplicon Sequence Variants (ASVs) and SCFAs pattern. Importantly, 7 body-weight-associated ASVs and 2 cecum-development-related ASVs were identified via correlation analysis. In a whole, our findings provided the first insights into the specialized digestive physiology of Changle geese and distinctive regional distribution of gastrointestinal microbiota, which laid the important foundation for improving growth performance through microbiota manipulation in geese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoming Fang
- Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Suhong Wei
- College of Animal Science (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Guofeng Yang
- College of Animal Science (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xinzhu Chen
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Yuxin Tong
- College of Animal Science (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Pingting Guo
- College of Animal Science (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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Quirós-Pozo R, Moyano FJ, Bainour K, Ramírez-Bolaños S, Ventura-Castellano A, Roo J, Robaina L. Evaluation of the Effects of Two Different Feeding Frequencies on the Digestive Biochemistry of Two Mullet Species ( Chelon labrosus and Liza aurata). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13020287. [PMID: 36670827 PMCID: PMC9855105 DOI: 10.3390/ani13020287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mullets (Mugilidae) present significant potential for sustainable aquaculture diversification due to their eurythermal, euryhaline, and low-trophic nature. However, the physiological differences and optimal cultured conditions among the diverse mullet species are quite unknown. For these reasons, the present study aimed to address two main objectives: (1) to characterize the differences in digestive biochemistry, somatic indexes, and body composition between two mullet species (Liza aurata and Chelon labrosus); and (2) to evaluate the interactions of two different feeding frequencies (one against three meals per day) on the above-mentioned parameters, and also on the potential bioavailability of nutrients determined using in vitro assays. The results evidenced higher protease and amylase activities for Chelon labrosus than for Liza aurata, while the latter species presented a higher percentage of eviscerated weight and muscle lipids. Furthermore, the results from in vitro assays supported the higher enzyme activity of Chelon labrosus by an observed increase in the release of amino acids and reducing sugars measured for this species. Regarding feeding patterns, the results of the in vitro assays simulating enzyme: substrate (E:S) ratios corresponding to one or three meals per day point to a clear increase of nutrient bioavailability when the daily ration is split into several meals. The present results improve the physiological knowledge of mullet species and define criteria to develop better management protocols by producers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Quirós-Pozo
- Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura, IU-ECOAQUA, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), 35214 Las Palmas, Spain
- Correspondence: or
| | - Francisco Javier Moyano
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI-MAR), Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Khalida Bainour
- Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura, IU-ECOAQUA, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), 35214 Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Sara Ramírez-Bolaños
- Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura, IU-ECOAQUA, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), 35214 Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Anais Ventura-Castellano
- Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura, IU-ECOAQUA, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), 35214 Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Javier Roo
- Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura, IU-ECOAQUA, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), 35214 Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Lidia Robaina
- Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura, IU-ECOAQUA, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), 35214 Las Palmas, Spain
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Cai D, Liu HY, Dong H, Ahmed AA. Editorial: Integrated role of nutrition and digestive physiology for animal health, Volume II. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1109703. [PMID: 36644532 PMCID: PMC9832522 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1109703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Demin Cai
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Demin Cai ✉
| | - Hao-Yu Liu
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Haibo Dong
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - Abdelkareem A. Ahmed
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Botswana University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Gaborone, Botswana,Biomedical Research Institute, Darfur University College, Nyala, Sudan,Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Nyala, Nyala, Sudan,Abdelkareem A. Ahmed ✉
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Schwarm A, Clauss M, Ortmann S, Jensen RB. No size-dependent net particle retention in the hindgut of horses. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2022; 106:1356-1363. [PMID: 35894118 PMCID: PMC9796864 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Sieve analyses of hindgut contents of horses as well as observations in horses where plastic markers had been applied to a caecal cannula suggested that there may be a discrimination by particle size in the passage or retention of digesta. Here, we performed a similar experiment with five caecum-cannulated horses (562 ± 31 kg) fed a constant amount (6.81 kg dry matter/day) of grass hay. Passage markers representing the liquid (Co-EDTA) as well as the particulate digesta phase (Yb-undefined; Cr mordanted fibre 1-2 mm; Ce-mordanted fibre 8 mm) were given as a pulse-dose into the cannula to measure their mean retention times (MRT). The MRTs were compared by repeated-measurements analysis of variance. The MRT in the hindgut was 22.2 ± 2.4 h for Co, 25.0 ± 3.4 h for Yb, 26.2 ± 1.6 h for Cr and 26.3 ± 1.5 h for Ce. Whereas differences between the particle marker MRTs were not significant (padj. > 0.05), significant differences were observed between the solute marker Co and each of the particle markers Cr and Ce (padj. < 0.009). The results confirm the well-known significant, albeit small, difference in MRT in horses between the fluid and the particle digesta phase, and corroborate another recent study that used a combination of whole, marked hay and individual marker analysis in different particle size fractions of the faeces, which also did not detect a selective retention of any particle size class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Schwarm
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural SciencesNorwegian University of Life SciencesÅsNorway
| | - Marcus Clauss
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse FacultyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Sylvia Ortmann
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW) BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Rasmus B. Jensen
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural SciencesNorwegian University of Life SciencesÅsNorway
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Clauss M, Tschuor A, Codron D, Hummel J. Reticular contraction frequency and ruminal gas dome development in goats do not differ between grass and browse diets. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2022; 106:1208-1215. [PMID: 34791696 PMCID: PMC9788097 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In investigations of differences between ruminant species feeding on browse or grass, it is often unclear whether observed differences are animal- or forage-specific. Ruminant species have been classified as 'moose-type', with little rumen content stratification, or 'cattle-type' with a distinct rumen contents stratification, including a gas layer. To which extent putative differences in forestomach motility are involved in these patterns is unknown. Using sonography, we investigated the frequency of reticular contractions and the stratification of rumen contents in goats fed exclusively on grass hay (n = 6) or dried browse (n = 5) directly after feeding, and after another 6 and 12 h with no access to feed. The frequency of reticular contractions decreased from immediately after feeding (1.8 ± 0.3 min-1 ) to 6 h afterwards (1.2 ± 0.2 min-1 ) and then remained constant, with no difference between diets. A gas dome became more visible over time, but neither its incidence nor its extent differed between diets. The results are in accord with classifying goats as 'cattle-type' in terms of their digestive physiology, and they add to a growing body of evidence that differences in digestive physiology between ruminant species are more due to species characteristics than different kinds of ingested forages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Clauss
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and WildlifeVetsuisse FacultyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Andreas Tschuor
- Clinic for RuminantsVetsuisse FacultyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland,Present address:
Buhnstrasse 3Zürich8052Switzerland
| | - Daryl Codron
- Department of Zoology and EntomologyUniversity of the Free StateBloemfonteinSouth Africa
| | - Jürgen Hummel
- Department of Animal SciencesUniversity GoettingenGöttingenGermany
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Olukosi OA, Oluseyifunmi IW, Lin Y, Zedonek SS. Short-Term Partial Replacement of Corn and Soybean Meal with High-Fiber or High-Protein Feedstuffs during Metabolizable Energy Assay Influenced Intestinal Histomorphology, Cecal Short-Chain Fatty Acids, and Selected Nutrient Transporters in 21-Day-Old Broiler Chickens. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12. [PMID: 36077917 DOI: 10.3390/ani12172193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study was conducted to investigate the influence of short-term feeding of test diets during metabolizable energy assays on growth performance, nutrient utilization, jejunal histomorphology, cecal short-chain fatty acids, and nutrient transporters in broilers. One hundred twenty-six broiler chickens were assigned to six treatments, each with seven replicates. Experimental diets were fed between days 14 and 21. Treatments included a corn−soybean meal reference diet and five test diets with low-protein soybean meal (LPSBM), wheat bran, soy hull, corn gluten feed, or rice bran. Birds were weighed on days 14 and 21; excreta, cecal content, and jejunal tissues were collected on day 21. Seven-day weight gain was highest (p < 0.01) for birds receiving the reference diet or LPSBM, whereas FCR was lowest (p < 0.05) for birds receiving the soy hull diet. Cecal acetate and total short-chain fatty acids were higher (p < 0.05) for wheat bran compared with the soy hull test diet. Jejunal villi were longer (p < 0.05) for chickens receiving the reference diet or LPSBM test diet. Glucose transporter (GLUT1) mRNA was greater (p < 0.05) in broilers receiving rice bran compared with soy hull test diets. Therefore, when reporting energy assays, it is important that indicators of animal growth or gut health be included to help contextualize energy utilization.
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Deschamps C, Humbert D, Zentek J, Denis S, Priymenko N, Apper E, Blanquet-Diot S. From Chihuahua to Saint-Bernard: how did digestion and microbiota evolve with dog sizes. Int J Biol Sci 2022; 18:5086-5102. [PMID: 35982892 PMCID: PMC9379419 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.72770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Health and well-being of dogs are of paramount importance to their owners. Digestion plays a key role in dog health, involving physicochemical, mechanical and microbial actors. However, decades of breeding selection led to various dog sizes associated with different digestive physiology and disease sensitivity. Developing new products requires the consideration of all the multi-faceted aspects of canine digestion, the evaluation of food digestibility, drug release and absorption in the gut. This review paper provides an exhaustive literature survey on canine digestive physiology, focusing on size effect on anatomy and digestive parameters, with graphical representation of data classified as "small", "medium" and "large" dogs. Despite the huge variability between protocols and animals, interesting size effects on gastrointestinal physiology were highlighted, mainly related to the colonic compartment. Colonic measurements, transit time permeability, fibre degradation, faecal short-chain fatty acid concentration and faecal water content increase while faecal bile acid concentration decreases with body size. A negative correlation between body weight and Proteobacteria relative abundance was observed suggesting an effect of dog body size on faecal microbiota. This paper gathers helpful in vivo data for academics and industrials and supports the development of new food and pharma products to move towards canine personalized nutrition and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Deschamps
- Université Clermont Auvergne, UMR 454 MEDIS UCA-INRAE, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Lallemand Animal Nutrition, Blagnac, France
| | | | - Jürgen Zentek
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Strasse 49, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sylvain Denis
- Université Clermont Auvergne, UMR 454 MEDIS UCA-INRAE, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Nathalie Priymenko
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), University of Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
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Liu HY, Dicksved J, Rakhshandeh A, Cai D. Editorial: Integrated Role of Nutrition and Digestive Physiology for Animal Health. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:789496. [PMID: 34869752 PMCID: PMC8634651 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.789496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Yu Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Johan Dicksved
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anoosh Rakhshandeh
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Demin Cai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Böswald L, Dobenecker B, Lücht M, Gohl C, Kienzle E. A pilot study on dietary and faecal calcium/phosphorus ratios in different types of captive ruminating herbivores. Vet Med Sci 2021; 8:349-356. [PMID: 34811966 PMCID: PMC8788990 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative differences in calcium and phosphorus metabolism between domestic species exist and can be visualised using data on calcium and phosphorus intake and faecal excretion. The parameter for analysing the results was defined as Δ = dietary calcium/phosphorus (Ca/P) ratio – faecal Ca/P ratio. In previous studies, hindgut fermenters had significantly higher Δ values than ruminants (sheep, cattle, goats), which was explained by the high calcium digestibilities in hindgut fermenters in contrast to highly efficient phosphorus recycling in ruminants. The first hypothesis of the present study was that different types of ruminants (grazer, browser, intermediate feeder) would show differences in Δ as a proxy for quantitative calcium and phosphorus metabolism. The second hypothesis was that camelids as functional, but not taxonomic ruminants would show Δ values similar to ruminants. We used herbivorous zoo animals (17 species, hindgut and foregut fermenters), which were kept on their regular diet without variation for 1 week. Then, faecal samples were obtained from the individual animals. Feed items and faecal samples were analysed for calcium and phosphorus, and dietary and faecal Ca/P ratios as well as Δ were calculated. A comparison of the species groups (one‐way ANOVA on ranks, p < 0.05) showed that zoo hindgut fermenters had significantly higher Δ values (0.67 ± 0.34) than camelids and zoo ruminants (–1.07 ± 0.35 and –1.87 ± 1.56). There was no significant difference between camelids, grazers (–1.49 ± 1.31), browsers (–1.63 ± 0.88) and intermediate feeders (–2.11 ± 1.76). The ruminant species from this study had markedly lower Δ than domestic ruminants from literature data. Especially intermediate feeders had low Δ, possibly due to more efficient phosphorus recycling than the domestic ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Böswald
- Chair for Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Britta Dobenecker
- Chair for Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Maike Lücht
- Münchener Tierpark Hellabrunn AG, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Ellen Kienzle
- Chair for Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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14
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Pizo MA, Morales JM, Ovaskainen O, Carlo TA. Frugivory Specialization in Birds and Fruit Chemistry Structure Mutualistic Networks across the Neotropics. Am Nat 2021; 197:236-249. [PMID: 33523785 DOI: 10.1086/712381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe interaction between fruit chemistry and the physiological traits of frugivores is expected to shape the structure of mutualistic seed dispersal networks, but it has been understudied compared with the role of morphological trait matching in structuring interaction patterns. For instance, highly frugivorous birds (i.e., birds that have fruits as the main component of their diets), which characteristically have fast gut passage times, are expected to avoid feeding on lipid-rich fruits because of the long gut retention times associated with lipid digestion. Here, we compiled data from 84 studies conducted in the Neotropics that used focal plant methods to record 35,815 feeding visits made by 317 bird species (155 genera in 28 families) to 165 plant species (82 genera in 48 families). We investigated the relationship between the degree of frugivory of birds (i.e., how much of their diet is composed of fruit) at the genus level and their visits to plant genera that vary in fruit lipid content. We used a hierarchical modeling of species communities approach that accounted for the effects of differences in body size, bird and plant phylogeny, and spatial location of study sites. We found that birds with a low degree of frugivory (e.g., predominantly insectivores) tend to have the highest increase in visitation rates as fruits become more lipid rich, while birds that are more frugivorous tend to increase visits at a lower rate or even decrease visitation rates as lipids increase in fruits. This balance between degree of frugivory and visitation rates to lipid-poor and lipid-rich fruits provides a mechanism to explain specialized dispersal systems and the occurrence of certain physiological nutritional filters, ultimately helping us to understand community-wide interaction patterns between birds and plants.
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15
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Ellingsen-Dalskau K, Mejdell CM, Holand T, Ottesen N, Larsen S. Estimation of minimum tolerated milk temperature for feeding dairy calves with small- and large-aperture teat bottles: A complementary dose-response study. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:10651-10657. [PMID: 32896411 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
At birth, calves are functionally monogastric and remain so for the first weeks of life. Milk in the rumen may cause indigestion, diarrhea, and reduced growth. Calves are often fed cold milk from a large-aperture teat, but warm milk and sucking behavior are believed to trigger the esophageal reflex. The aim of this study was to use radiography to estimate the lowest milk temperature that can be given to dairy calves at high and low intake rates without causing milk in the rumen. Our hypothesis was that cold milk drunk at high speed would cause insufficient closure of the esophageal groove and hence milk in the rumen. Fifteen Norwegian Red calves, 9 to 27 d of age, weighing between 45.5 and 71.0 kg, were tested according to the response surface pathway design. Each calf was offered 4 L of milk from both a small- (2 mm) and a large-aperture (19 mm) teat. The milk contained barium sulfate, and radiography was applied before, during, and after the milk meal. Following radiography, the calves were returned to a group pen and observed for 2 h using continuous live behavioral observation to detect signs of abdominal pain or discomfort. Starting with a low number of subjects and increasing this number with increasing design levels reduces the sample size without reducing the statistical power. The minimum milk temperature was estimated to be 8°C. No behavioral signs of pain or discomfort were observed, but shivering was noted in several calves drinking 8°C milk. These results strengthen the argument that calves can be fed large milk meals without risk of causing milk in the rumen, even cold milk drunk at high speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ellingsen-Dalskau
- Department of Animal Health and Food Safety, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Adamstuen, N-0106 Oslo, Norway.
| | - C M Mejdell
- Department of Animal Health and Food Safety, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Adamstuen, N-0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - T Holand
- Center for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Adamstuen, N-0102 Oslo, Norway
| | - N Ottesen
- Institute of Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Adamstuen, N-0102 Oslo, Norway
| | - S Larsen
- Center for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Adamstuen, N-0102 Oslo, Norway
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16
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de Campos RP, Viero VP, Medeiros NM, Marcondes FK, Montrezor LH, Porawski M, Gutierrez LLP. The "Gut Game": an active methodology to teach digestive physiology. Adv Physiol Educ 2020; 44:444-447. [PMID: 32697150 DOI: 10.1152/advan.00007.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Paschoal de Campos
- Biomedicine Undergraduate Program, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre-UFCSPA, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Victória Pereira Viero
- Biomedicine Undergraduate Program, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre-UFCSPA, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Natascha Monteiro Medeiros
- Biomedicine Undergraduate Program, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre-UFCSPA, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Klein Marcondes
- Department of Biosciences, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luís Henrique Montrezor
- Department of Biological Science and Health-Biotechnology and Medicine, University of Araraquara-UNIARA, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marilene Porawski
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre-UFCSPA, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Lucila Ludmila Paula Gutierrez
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre-UFCSPA, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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17
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Guillem-Amat A, López-Errasquín E, Sánchez L, González-Guzmán M, Ortego F. Inheritance, Fitness Cost, and Management of Lambda-Cyhalothrin Resistance in a Laboratory-Selected Strain of Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). Insects 2020; 11:insects11090551. [PMID: 32825143 PMCID: PMC7565299 DOI: 10.3390/insects11090551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The management of the medfly, Ceratitis capitata, in Spanish citrus crops relies mainly on the use of insecticides and the release of sterile males. However, the development of resistance to different insecticides in field populations, including lambda-cyhalothrin, implies a threat for the sustainable control of this pest. The inheritance, fitness cost, and management of lambda-cyhalothrin resistance were examined in the laboratory-selected W-1Kλ strain. We have demonstrated that lambda-cyhalothrin resistance in W-1Kλ is autosomic, completely dominant, and polygenic. In addition, individuals from W-1Kλ showed a lower embryo to pupal viability, a slower developmental time from egg to pupae, and an increase in adults' weight and longevity. We did not find significant trade-offs in the activity of digestive hydrolytic enzymes, with the exception of higher α-amylase activity in W-1Kλ females. A comparative study with different insecticide treatment strategies showed that lambda-cyhalothrin resistance increased when several consecutive treatments with this insecticide were applied. However, the alternation of this insecticide with spinosad was enough to delay the development of resistance. Our results indicate that the rotation of lambda-cyhalothrin with spinosad-a practice already used in some fields-may contribute to prevent the development of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Guillem-Amat
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana y de Plantas, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.G.-A.); (E.L.-E.); (M.G.-G.)
| | - Elena López-Errasquín
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana y de Plantas, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.G.-A.); (E.L.-E.); (M.G.-G.)
| | - Lucas Sánchez
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Miguel González-Guzmán
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana y de Plantas, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.G.-A.); (E.L.-E.); (M.G.-G.)
| | - Félix Ortego
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana y de Plantas, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.G.-A.); (E.L.-E.); (M.G.-G.)
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18
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Borges RM, Nogueira-Filho SLG, Cairo PLG, Nogueira SSC, Mendes A, Aldrigui LG, Vandenheede M, Bindelle J. Individual differences in behavior affect total tract fiber digestibility: the example of collared peccary. Animal 2020; 14:2570-9. [PMID: 32594953 DOI: 10.1017/S1751731120001354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Differences in how individuals cope with stressful conditions (e.g. novel/unfamiliar environment, social isolation and increases in human contact) can explain the variability in data collection from nutrient digestibility trials. We used the collared peccary (Pecari tajacu), which is under process of domestication and shows high individual behavioral distinctiveness in reactions toward humans, to test the hypothesis that behavioral differences play a role in nutrient digestibility. We assessed the individual behavioral traits of 24 adult male collared peccaries using both the 'behavioral coding' and the 'subjective ratings' approaches. For the behavioral coding assessment, we recorded the hourly frequency of behaviors potentially indicative of stress during the 30-day habituation period to the experimental housing conditions. The subjective ratings were performed based on the individuals' reactions to three short-term challenge tests (novel environment, novel object and threat from a capture net) over a period of 56 days. During the last 26 days, the collared peccaries were fed diets either high (n = 12) or low (n = 12) in dietary fiber levels, and we determined the total tract apparent digestibility of nutrients. The individual subjective ratings showed consistency in the correlated measures of 'relaxedness', 'quietness' and 'satisfaction' across the three challenge tests, which were combined to produce z score ratings of one derived variable ('calmness'). Individual frequency of BPIS/h and calmness scores were negatively correlated and both predicted the total tract digestibility of acid detergent fiber (ADF), which ranged from 0.41 to 0.79. The greater the calmness z scores (i.e. calmer individuals), the greater the total tract digestibility of ADF. In contrast, the higher the frequency of BPIS/h, the lower the total tract digestibility of ADF. Therefore, our results provide evidence that by selecting calmer collared peccaries, there will be an increase in their capacity to digest dietary fiber.
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19
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Janiak MC, Pinto SL, Duytschaever G, Carrigan MA, Melin AD. Genetic evidence of widespread variation in ethanol metabolism among mammals: revisiting the 'myth' of natural intoxication. Biol Lett 2020; 16:20200070. [PMID: 32343936 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2020.0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans have a long evolutionary relationship with ethanol, pre-dating anthropogenic sources, and possess unusually efficient ethanol metabolism, through a mutation that evolved in our last common ancestor with African great apes. Increased exposure to dietary ethanol through fermenting fruits and nectars is hypothesized to have selected for this in our lineage. Yet, other mammals have frugivorous and nectarivorous diets, raising the possibility of natural ethanol exposure and adaptation in other taxa. We conduct a comparative genetic analysis of alcohol dehydrogenase class IV (ADH IV) across mammals to provide insight into their evolutionary history with ethanol. We find genetic variation and multiple pseudogenization events in ADH IV, indicating the ability to metabolize ethanol is variable. We suggest that ADH enzymes are evolutionarily plastic and show promise for revealing dietary adaptation. We further highlight the derived condition of humans and draw attention to problems with modelling the physiological responses of other mammals on them, a practice that has led to potentially erroneous conclusions about the likelihood of natural intoxication in wild animals. It is a fallacy to assume that other animals share our metabolic adaptations, rather than taking into consideration each species' unique physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike C Janiak
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary AB T2N 1N4, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Swellan L Pinto
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Gwen Duytschaever
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | | | - Amanda D Melin
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary AB T2N 1N4, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, AB, Canada
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20
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Heras J, Chakraborty M, Emerson JJ, German DP. Genomic and biochemical evidence of dietary adaptation in a marine herbivorous fish. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20192327. [PMID: 32070255 PMCID: PMC7062031 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.2327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Adopting a new diet is a significant evolutionary change, and can profoundly affect an animal's physiology, biochemistry, ecology and genome. To study this evolutionary transition, we investigated the physiology and genomics of digestion of a derived herbivorous fish, Cebidichthys violaceus. We sequenced and assembled its genome (N50 = 6.7 Mb) and digestive transcriptome, and revealed the molecular changes related to digestive enzymes (carbohydrases, proteases and lipases), finding abundant evidence of molecular adaptation. Specifically, two gene families experienced expansion in copy number and adaptive amino acid substitutions: amylase and carboxyl ester lipase (cel), which are involved in the digestion of carbohydrates and lipids, respectively. Both show elevated levels of gene expression and increased enzyme activity. Because carbohydrates are abundant in the prickleback's diet and lipids are rare, these findings suggest that such dietary specialization involves both exploiting abundant resources and scavenging rare ones, especially essential nutrients, like essential fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Heras
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2525, USA
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21
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Cowieson AJ, Bhuiyan MM, Sorbara JOB, Pappenberger G, Pedersen MB, Choct M. Contribution of individual broilers to variation in amino acid digestibility in soybean meal and the efficacy of an exogenous monocomponent protease. Poult Sci 2020; 99:1075-1083. [PMID: 32036962 PMCID: PMC7587858 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 72 male Ross 308 broilers were reared to day 34 on a standard wheat and soy-based diet and then offered one of the four semisynthetic experimental diets, comprising two different soybean meal sources either without or with exogenous protease (treatments therefore offered in a 2*2 factorial arrangement). Each experimental diet was fed to 18 individually housed birds from 34 to 37 D after which ileal digesta were collected and digestibility coefficients were calculated. The two soybean meal sources were found to be nutritionally divergent (P < 0.01), with one having the apparent ileal amino acid digestibility coefficient of 0.80 and the other 0.71. Exogenous protease increased (P < 0.01) apparent ileal amino acid digestibility coefficients from 0.74 to 0.77. There were no interactions between soybean meal origin and protease effect. On an individual bird level, there were substantial differences in the capacity to digest amino acids with the mean total amino acid digestibility coefficients from 0.54 to 0.80 for one of the soybean meal samples. Exogenous protease addition reduced the coefficient of variation for total amino acids from 11.4 to 9.1% in one soybean meal and from 7.7 to 6.3% in the other. It can be concluded that soybean meal digestibility varies and that some of this variance is associated with heterogeneity in the digestive capacity of broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Cowieson
- DSM Nutritional Products, 4303 Kaiseraugst, Switzerland.
| | - M M Bhuiyan
- School of Environmental and Rural Sciences, University of New England, NSW, Australia
| | - J O B Sorbara
- DSM Nutritional Products, 4303 Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | | | | | - M Choct
- School of Environmental and Rural Sciences, University of New England, NSW, Australia
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22
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Ye L, Mueller O, Bagwell J, Bagnat M, Liddle RA, Rawls JF. High fat diet induces microbiota-dependent silencing of enteroendocrine cells. eLife 2019; 8:48479. [PMID: 31793875 PMCID: PMC6937151 DOI: 10.7554/elife.48479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroendocrine cells (EECs) are specialized sensory cells in the intestinal epithelium that sense and transduce nutrient information. Consumption of dietary fat contributes to metabolic disorders, but EEC adaptations to high fat feeding were unknown. Here, we established a new experimental system to directly investigate EEC activity in vivo using a zebrafish reporter of EEC calcium signaling. Our results reveal that high fat feeding alters EEC morphology and converts them into a nutrient insensitive state that is coupled to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. We called this novel adaptation 'EEC silencing'. Gnotobiotic studies revealed that germ-free zebrafish are resistant to high fat diet induced EEC silencing. High fat feeding altered gut microbiota composition including enrichment of Acinetobacter bacteria, and we identified an Acinetobacter strain sufficient to induce EEC silencing. These results establish a new mechanism by which dietary fat and gut microbiota modulate EEC nutrient sensing and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Ye
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, United States.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, United States
| | - Olaf Mueller
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, United States
| | - Jennifer Bagwell
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, United States
| | - Michel Bagnat
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, United States
| | - Rodger A Liddle
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, United States
| | - John F Rawls
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, United States.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, United States
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23
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Li R, Hou G, Song Z, Wu C, Zhao J, Sun X, Xiang X, Fan Z, Hou DX, He X. Effects of different protein sources completely replacing fish meal in low-protein diet on growth performance, intestinal digestive physiology, and nitrogen digestion and metabolism in nursery pigs. Anim Sci J 2019; 90:977-989. [PMID: 31199032 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The study compared the effects of selected proteins replacing fish meal in low-protein diets on piglets' growth performance, intestinal digestive physiology, and nitrogen digestion and metabolism. Five reduced CP, amino acid (AA)-supplemented diets containing 4% of either S50, HP300, concentrated degossypolized cottonseed protein (CDCP), P50, or fish meal were assigned to six pens with 11 pigs for a 28-day study period. Compared with fish meal, dietary proteins did not affect growth performance, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients, serum hormone levels and biochemical parameters, apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of CP and most AA, colonic short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) contents, duodenal and ileal morphology, digestive enzyme activity, and pH in small intestine of piglets. However, HP300, CDCP, and P50 decreased (p < 0.05) fecal N excretion per weight gain. AID of Ile in S50 and HP300 and Glu in P50 were improved (p < 0.05), and AID of Gly in other proteins was reduced (p < 0.05). S50 and P50 lowered (p < 0.05) the contents of colonic isobutyric and isovaleric. S50 and HP300 reduced (p < 0.05) jejunal villus height. CDCP increased (p < 0.05) the pepsin activity in stomach. S50, HP300, and CDCP decreased (p < 0.05) pH in the proximal colon. Overall, the selected proteins could completely replace fish meal in low-protein diet without impairing piglets' growth via maintaining intestinal digestive physiology, and nitrogen digestion and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Gaifeng Hou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Zehe Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Cong Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Jianfei Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Xingdong Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Xuxiang Xiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiyong Fan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
| | - De-Xing Hou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Xi He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
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24
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Idalan N, Martin LF, Clauss M. Physical characteristics of gastrointestinal content of llama (Lama glama). J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2019; 103:1015-1022. [PMID: 31050031 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Changes in digesta dry matter (DM) and mean digesta particle size (MPS) along the gastrointestinal tract are well known in ruminants, but not in camelids. We collected digesta from the dorsal (d) and ventral (v) first forestomach compartment (C1), the second forestomach compartment (C2), three proximal segments and the subsequent glandular part of the third compartment (C3A-D), the caecum and the faeces twelve llamas (Lama glama). DM analysis indicates the presence of digesta stratification in the C1, the presence of fluid in the C2 to facilitate the sorting function of this compartment, the fluid-absorbing function of the proximal parts of the C3, the secretion of enzymes and digestive acids in the C3D, and the water-resorbing function of the lower intestinal tract. These findings illustrate the functional resemblance between the gastrointestinal tract of camelids and cattle-like ruminants (C1 equivalent to the rumen with stratified contents, C2 to the reticulum, C3A/B/C to the omasum and C3D to the abomasum). MPS analysis revealed a progressive reduction in MPS from the C1 to the distal C3. This gradual transition is different from the clear-cut threshold in ruminants between the reticulum and the omasum and had so far only been described in dromedaries (Camelus dromedarius). These findings indicate that regardless of the convergent property of rumination and resemblance of general mechanisms involved in contents stratification and particle sorting, differences between ruminants and camelids exist that could be interpreted as a more efficient functionality of the ruminant forestomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Idalan
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Louise F Martin
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marcus Clauss
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Feng GD, He J, Ao X, Chen DW. Effects of maize naturally contaminated with aflatoxin B1 on growth performance, intestinal morphology, and digestive physiology in ducks. Poult Sci 2018; 96:1948-1955. [PMID: 27920189 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the effects of maize naturally contaminated with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) on growth performance, intestinal morphology, relative digestive organs weight, digestive enzymes activities, and biochemical index of intestinal development in ducks. A total of 640 ducks was blocked on the basis of sex and body weight, and then allocated randomly to 2 treatments with 20 pens per treatment and 16 ducks per pen. The experiment lasted for 5 wk, and dietary treatments included basal diet (CON) and diets with 100% of normal maize replaced by AFB1 contaminated maize. Detectable levels of other toxins were present but only AFB1 exceeded limits and the level of AFB1 was 195.4 ug/kg in the contaminated maize, and ranged from 2.91 to 120.02 ug/kg in the starter diet and 2.03 to 153.12 ug/kg in the grower diet. Feeding AFB1 contaminated diets decreased (P < 0.05) ADG and ADFI during the whole experiment, whereas F/G during d 15 to 35 and d zero to 35 was reduced (P < 0.05). The mortality of ducks fed AFB1 contaminated diets increased (P < 0.05). Ducks fed AFB1 contaminated diets had greater (P < 0.05) relative weights of proventriculus and gizzard on d 14 as well as the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum on d 14 and 35. Feeding AFB1 contaminated diets increased (P < 0.05) crypt depth, villus width, and surface area in the duodenum on d 35 and villus height, villus width, and surface area in the jejunum on d 14. The activities of alkaline phosphatase and leucine aminopeptidase in the jejunum brush border together with chymotrypsin and trypsin in the pancreas increased (P < 0.05) on d 14 with the inclusion of AFB1 contaminated maize. The jejunum villus became long and wide in ducks fed AFB1 contaminated diets. Taken together, the feeding of maize naturally contaminated with AFB1 caused adverse effects on growth performance and intestinal morphology, and altered digestive physiology and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Feng
- Tie Qi Li Shi Group. Co., Mianyang, Sichuan, 621006, P. R. China
| | - J He
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan, 621010, P. R. China
| | - X Ao
- Tie Qi Li Shi Group. Co., Mianyang, Sichuan, 621006, P. R. China
| | - D W Chen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, 625014, P. R. China
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Tejada-Lara JV, MacFadden BJ, Bermudez L, Rojas G, Salas-Gismondi R, Flynn JJ. Body mass predicts isotope enrichment in herbivorous mammals. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 285:rspb.2018.1020. [PMID: 30051854 PMCID: PMC6030519 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.1020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon isotopic signatures recorded in vertebrate tissues derive from ingested food and thus reflect ecologies and ecosystems. For almost two decades, most carbon isotope-based ecological interpretations of extant and extinct herbivorous mammals have used a single diet–bioapatite enrichment value (14‰). Assuming this single value applies to all herbivorous mammals, from tiny monkeys to giant elephants, it overlooks potential effects of distinct physiological and metabolic processes on carbon fractionation. By analysing a never before assessed herbivorous group spanning a broad range of body masses—sloths—we discovered considerable variation in diet–bioapatite δ13C enrichment among mammals. Statistical tests (ordinary least squares, quantile, robust regressions, Akaike information criterion model tests) document independence from phylogeny, and a previously unrecognized strong and significant correlation of δ13C enrichment with body mass for all mammalian herbivores. A single-factor body mass model outperforms all other single-factor or more complex combinatorial models evaluated, including for physiological variables (metabolic rate and body temperature proxies), and indicates that body mass alone predicts δ13C enrichment. These analyses, spanning more than 5 orders of magnitude of body sizes, yield a size-dependent prediction of isotopic enrichment across Mammalia and for distinct digestive physiologies, permitting reconstruction of foregut versus hindgut fermentation for fossils and refined mean annual palaeoprecipitation estimates based on δ13C of mammalian bioapatite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia V Tejada-Lara
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA .,Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA.,Departamento de Paleontología de Vertebrados, Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú
| | - Bruce J MacFadden
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | | | - Rodolfo Salas-Gismondi
- Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA.,Departamento de Paleontología de Vertebrados, Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú.,BioGeoCiencias Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía/CIDIS, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - John J Flynn
- Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA
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Nemati-Kalkhoran M, Razmjou J, Borzoui E, Naseri B. Comparison of Life Table Parameters and Digestive Physiology of Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) Fed on Various Barley Cultivars. J Insect Sci 2018; 18:4942356. [PMID: 29718493 PMCID: PMC5861404 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iey022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the effect of 20 barley cultivars were evaluated on the life table parameters and digestive enzymatic activity of the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) under laboratory conditions (28 ± 1°C, 60 ± 5% RH, and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) h). Among barley cultivars tested developmental time of R. dominica immature stages was longest on cultivar Bahman (61.00) and shortest on Mahoor (46.60 d). The lowest realized fecundities were recorded for insects reared on cultivar Bahman (217.60); and the highest ones were observed for insects reared on Sahra (348.05 eggs/female). The net reproductive rate (R0) was significantly affected by various barley cultivars being lowest on cultivar Bahman (53.98) and highest on Mahoor (146.79 offspring/female). Records for intrinsic rates of increase (rm) were lowest on cultivar Dasht (0.043) and the highest on Mahoor (0.066 day-1). The highest levels of amylolytic and proteolytic activity were recorded on cultivars Mahoor and EBYT-92-10, respectively. By contrast, the insects reared on cultivars Dasht had the lowest levels of α-amylase and general protease activity. Correlation analyses showed that high correlations existed between the immature period, adult longevity, fecundity, and life table parameters on one side and protein content and particle size index on the other. The results of our experiments showed that cultivar Mahoor was a relatively susceptible and cultivars Bahman and Dasht were relatively resistant to R. dominica which could be useful in the development of IPM programs for this pest in store.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Nemati-Kalkhoran
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Jabraeil Razmjou
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Ehsan Borzoui
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Bahram Naseri
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
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Silva C, Wanderley-Teixeira V, Cunha FM, Oliveira JV, Dutra KA, Navarro DF, Teixeira A. Effects of citronella oil (Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt ex Bor) on Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) midgut and fat body. Biotech Histochem 2017; 93:36-48. [PMID: 29205073 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2017.1379612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, is the principal pest of corn in Brazil. Control is achieved primarily by synthetic insecticides, which cause problems for the agro-ecosystem. Alternative methods of control are under investigation and citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus) essential oil appears to be a promising agent. We investigated the effects of citronella oil using histological, histochemical and immunohistochemical methods. The midgut of larvae treated with citronella exhibited altered epithelium including cytoplasmic protrusions, columnar cell extrusion, pyknotic nuclei, and increased periodic acid-Schiff positive granules. Regenerative cells in the epithelium of the midgut increased in number, which facilitated subsequent regeneration of this tissue. After exposure to citronella, trophocytes, the principal cell type of the fat body, possessed enlarged vacuoles and mitotic bodies, and contained reduced amounts of glycogen, lipid, and protein. Citronella oil caused morphological changes of the midgut and reduction of stored resources in the fat body, which may adversely affect insect reproduction and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cts Silva
- a Departments of 1Agronomy-Entomology
| | - V Wanderley-Teixeira
- a Departments of 1Agronomy-Entomology.,b Morphology and Animal Physiology , Rural Federal University of Pernambuco , Dois Irmãos
| | - F M Cunha
- c Frassinetti Faculty of Recife , Boa Vista
| | | | - K A Dutra
- a Departments of 1Agronomy-Entomology
| | - Dma Ferraz Navarro
- d Chemical Ecology Laboratory, Department of Fundamental Chemistry , Federal University of Pernambuco, Cidade Universitária , Recife , Brazil
| | - Aac Teixeira
- b Morphology and Animal Physiology , Rural Federal University of Pernambuco , Dois Irmãos
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Weary TE, Wrangham RW, Clauss M. Applying wet sieving fecal particle size measurement to frugivores: A case study of the eastern chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii). Am J Phys Anthropol 2017; 163:510-518. [PMID: 28374441 PMCID: PMC5493990 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Fecal particle size (FPS) as quantified by wet sieving analysis is a measure of chewing efficiency relevant for the understanding of physiological adaptations and constraints in herbivores. FPS has not been investigated systematically in frugivores, and important methodological problems remain. In particular, food items that are not chewed may skew estimates of FPS. We address such methodological issues and also assess the influence of diet type and age on FPS in wild chimpanzees. MATERIALS AND METHODS About 130 fecal samples of 38 individual chimpanzees (aged from 1.3 to ∼55 years) from the Kanyawara community of Kibale National Park (Uganda) were collected during three fruit seasons and analyzed using standardized wet sieves (pores from 16 to 0.025 mm). The effects of using different sieve series and excluding large seeds were investigated. We also assessed the relationship between FPS and sex, age, and fruit season. RESULTS The treatment of seeds during the sieving process had a large influence on the results. FPS was not influenced by chimpanzee sex or age, but was smaller during a fig season (0.88 ± 0.31 mm) than during two drupe-fruit seasons (1.68 ± 0.37 mm) (0.025-4 mm sieves, excluding seeds). DISCUSSION The absence of an age effect on FPS suggests that dental senescence might be less critical in chimpanzees, or in frugivores in general, than in folivorous herbivores. To increase the value of FPS studies for understanding frugivore and hominoid dietary evolution we propose modifications to prior herbivore protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor E. Weary
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Richard W. Wrangham
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Marcus Clauss
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Gallardo P, Olivares A, Martínez-Yáñez R, Caamal-Monsreal C, Domingues PM, Mascaró M, Sánchez A, Pascual C, Rosas C. Digestive Physiology of Octopus maya and O. mimus: Temporality of Digestion and Assimilation Processes. Front Physiol 2017; 8:355. [PMID: 28620313 PMCID: PMC5450419 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Digestive physiology is one of the bottlenecks of octopus aquaculture. Although, there are successful experimentally formulated feeds, knowledge of the digestive physiology of cephalopods is fragmented, and focused mainly on Octopus vulgaris. Considering that the digestive physiology could vary in tropical and sub-tropical species through temperature modulations of the digestive dynamics and nutritional requirements of different organisms, the present review was focused on the digestive physiology timing of Octopus maya and Octopus mimus, two promising aquaculture species living in tropical (22-30°C) and sub-tropical (15-24°C) ecosystems, respectively. We provide a detailed description of how soluble and complex nutrients are digested, absorbed, and assimilated in these species, describing the digestive process and providing insight into how the environment can modulate the digestion and final use of nutrients for these and presumably other octopus species. To date, research on these octopus species has demonstrated that soluble protein and other nutrients flow through the digestive tract to the digestive gland in a similar manner in both species. However, differences in the use of nutrients were noted: in O. mimus, lipids were mobilized faster than protein, while in O. maya, the inverse process was observed, suggesting that lipid mobilization in species that live in relatively colder environments occurs differently to those in tropical ecosystems. Those differences are related to the particular adaptations of animals to their habitat, and indicate that this knowledge is important when formulating feed for octopus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Gallardo
- Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoSisal, Mexico
| | - Alberto Olivares
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de AntofagastaAntofagasta, Chile
| | - Rosario Martínez-Yáñez
- División de Ciencias de la Vida, Departamento de Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad de GuanajuatoIrapuato, Mexico
| | - Claudia Caamal-Monsreal
- Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoSisal, Mexico
| | - Pedro M Domingues
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de VigoVigo, Spain
| | - Maite Mascaró
- Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoSisal, Mexico
| | - Ariadna Sánchez
- Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoSisal, Mexico
| | - Cristina Pascual
- Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoSisal, Mexico
| | - Carlos Rosas
- Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoSisal, Mexico
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Alborzi Z, Zibaee A, Sendi JJ, Ramzi S. Effects of the Agglutinins Extracted From Rhizoctonia solani (Cantharellales: Ceratobasidiaceae) on Pieris brassicae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). J Econ Entomol 2016; 109:1132-1140. [PMID: 27034115 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tow043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Lectins are widespread proteins found in plants, fungi, bacteria, and vertebrates, and they play the critical roles in many physiological functions. Two lectin molecules (namely, RSAI and RSAII) were extracted from Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn and their effects on Pieris brassicae L. larvae were determined by larval survival rate, body mass, nutritional indices, digestive enzyme activities, and caspase-3 gene expression. The highest mortality caused by RSA treatment was recorded up to 80%, the larval weight decreased to 0.05 g and Similarly, RSAs significantly decreased nutritional indices including conversion efficiency of ingested food (ECI), conversion efficiency of digested food (ECD), approximate digestibility (AD), relative consumption rate (RCR), and relative growth rate (RGR) in a dose-dependent manner. Activities of α-amylase and α- and β-glucosidases significantly decreased in the larvae fed with RSA-treated diets. Also, activities of TAG-lipase and proteases significantly reduced after feeding with different concentrations of RSAs. Gene expression analysis of caspase-3 in control and treated larvae revealed significant increment of its expression in the larvae fed with RSAI and RSAII, respectively, 9.52- and 1.47-fold compared to control. These results clearly demonstrated insecticidal effects of R. solani lectins on P. brassicae via several physiological pathways, thus rendering RSA as a good target for furthering our knowledge and suggesting new strategies to overcome pesticide side effects.
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Borzoui E, Naseri B, Mohammadzadeh-Bidarani M. Adaptation of Habrobracon hebetor (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) to Rearing on Ephestia kuehniella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). J Insect Sci 2016; 16:iew001. [PMID: 26839317 PMCID: PMC4738603 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iew001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Food characteristics strongly regulate digestive enzymatic activity of insects through direct influences on their midgut mechanisms. Insect performance is better on diets that contain nutrients in proportions that fit its digestive enzymes. Little is known about the influences of rearing history on parasitism success of Habrobracon hebetor Say. This research focused on the effect of nutrient regulation on survival, development, and parasitism of H. hebetor. Life history and digestive enzyme activity of fourth-stage larvae of H. hebetor were studied when reared on Ephestia kuehniella Zeller. This parasitoid was then introduced to Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), and above-mentioned parameters were also studied in the first and fourth generations after transfer. In term of parasitism success, H. hebetor preferred E. kuehniella over He. armigera. When the first and fourth generations of He. armigera-reared H. hebetor were compared, the rearing history affected the life history and enzymatic activity of the parasitoid. A better performance of H. hebetor was achieved after it was reared on He. armigera for the four generations. Because, digestive α-amylase and general protease of the parasitoid were matched with the new host, it used reserve energy for a better performance. Thus, a better performance of H. hebetor could be obtained when the parasitoid was reared on its original host for at least four generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Borzoui
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, 56199-11367, Iran (; ),
| | - Bahram Naseri
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, 56199-11367, Iran (; ),
| | - Mozhgan Mohammadzadeh-Bidarani
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Vali-e-Asr Rafsanjan, Kerman, 7614666935, Iran
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Kumar R, Bhardwaj U, Kumar P, Mazumdar-Leighton S. Midgut serine proteases and alternative host plant utilization in Pieris brassicae L. Front Physiol 2015; 6:95. [PMID: 25873901 PMCID: PMC4379908 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pieris brassicae L. is a serious pest of cultivated crucifers in several parts of the world. Larvae of P. brassicae also feed prolifically on garden nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus L., of the family Tropaeolaceae). Proteolytic digestion was studied in larvae feeding on multiple hosts. Fourth instars were collected from cauliflower fields before transfer onto detached, aerial tissues of selected host plants in the lab. Variable levels of midgut proteases were detected in larvae fed on different hosts using protein substrates (casein and recombinant RBCL cloned from cauliflower) and diagnostic, synthetic substrates. Qualitative changes in midgut trypsin activities and quantitative changes in midgut chymotrypsin activities were implicated in physiological adaptation of larvae transferred to T. majus. Midgut proteolytic activities were inhibited to different extents by serine protease inhibitors, including putative trypsin inhibitors isolated from herbivore-attacked and herbivore-free leaves of cauliflower (CfTI) and T. majus (TpTI). Transfer of larvae to T. majus significantly influenced feeding parameters but not necessarily when transferred to different tissues of the same host. Results obtained are relevant for devising sustainable pest management strategies, including transgenic approaches using genes encoding plant protease inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar
- Insect-Plant Interactions Group, Department of Botany, Delhi University Delhi, India
| | - Usha Bhardwaj
- Insect-Plant Interactions Group, Department of Botany, Delhi University Delhi, India
| | - Pawan Kumar
- Insect-Plant Interactions Group, Department of Botany, Delhi University Delhi, India
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Abstract
Microorganisms represent the largest component of biodiversity in our world. For millions of years, prokaryotic microorganisms have functioned as a major selective force shaping eukaryotic evolution. Microbes that live inside and on animals outnumber the animals' actual somatic and germ cells by an estimated 10-fold. Collectively, the intestinal microbiome represents a "forgotten organ," functioning as an organ inside another that can execute many physiological responsibilities. The nature of primitive eukaryotes was drastically changed due to the association with symbiotic prokaryotes facilitating mutual coevolution of host and microbe. Phytophagous insects have long been used to test theories of evolutionary diversification; moreover, the diversification of a number of phytophagous insect lineages has been linked to mutualisms with microbes. From termites and honey bees to ruminants and mammals, depending on novel biochemistries provided by the prokaryotic microbiome, the association helps to metabolize several nutrients that the host cannot digest and converting these into useful end products (such as short-chain fatty acids), a process, which has huge impact on the biology and homeostasis of metazoans. More importantly, in a direct and/or indirect way, the intestinal microbiota influences the assembly of gut-associated lymphoid tissue, helps to educate immune system, affects the integrity of the intestinal mucosal barrier, modulates proliferation and differentiation of its epithelial lineages, regulates angiogenesis, and modifies the activity of enteric as well as the central nervous system. Despite these important effects, the mechanisms by which the gut microbial community influences the host's biology remain almost entirely unknown. Our aim here is to encourage empirical inquiry into the relationship between mutualism and evolutionary diversification between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, which encourage us to postulate: who is hosting whom?
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Tellez
- The John Kirkpatrick Skeeles Poultry Health Laboratory, Department of Poultry Science, The Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas , Fayetteville, AR , USA
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Ramzi S, Sahragard A, Sendi JJ, Aalami A. Effects of an extracted lectin from Citrullus colocynthis L. (Cucurbitaceae) on survival, digestion and energy reserves of Ectomyelois ceratoniae Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Front Physiol 2013; 4:328. [PMID: 24273515 PMCID: PMC3824156 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lectins are the heterogeneous proteins in plants that serve as storage proteins via defensive mechanisms against herbivores. In the current study, a lectin was extracted and purified from seeds of Citrullus colocynthis by Sepharose 4B-Galactose and DEAE-cellulose fast flow chromatographies. Different concentrations of the lectin were added to artificial diet of Ectomyelois ceratoniae larvae finding out its effect on some biological parameters, digestive physiology and amount of storage macromolecules. It was found that CCA (C. colocynthis Agglutinin) increased life span from 23.44 days in control to 28.59 days in the treated individuals. Survival of larvae on control and CCA diets were 93.3 and 66.6%, respectively. Different concentrations of CCA significantly affected α-amylase and general proteolytic activities except for TAG-lipase activity. Activities of all specific proteases decreased when larvae were fed on different concentrations of CCA except for aminopeptidase. Meanwhile, amount of storage macromolecules in the larvae fed on different concentrations of CCA statistically decreased vs. control. These results demonstrated that CCA could intervene in physiology of E. ceratoniae and survival of larvae. Therefore, it can be taken into consideration in IPM of the pest through plant breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar Ramzi
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Science, University of Guilan Rasht, Iran
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Rathore RM, Angotzi AR, Jordal AEO, Rønnestad I. Cholecystokinin receptors in Atlantic salmon: molecular cloning, gene expression, and structural basis. Physiol Rep 2013; 1:e00069. [PMID: 24303160 PMCID: PMC3841022 DOI: 10.1002/phy2.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The peptide hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) exerts a wide range of digestive and CNS-related physiological signaling via CCK receptors in brain and gut. There is very limited information available on these receptors in Atlantic salmon. The aim of this study was to characterize CCK receptors in gut and brain of salmon. We have identified and cloned one CCK-1 receptor and duplicates of CCK-2 receptor in salmon. The phylogenetic analysis indicates the existence of one common ancestor gene for all CCK receptors. CCK-1R mRNA is highly expressed in pancreas followed by midgut, hindgut, gallbladder, and stomach indicating an involvement in pancreatic regulation and gallbladder contractions. CCK-2R1/gastrin mRNA is expressed at high levels in midgut and at relatively low levels in stomach, gallbladder, and pancreas. We postulate CCK-2R1/gastrin receptor to have gastrin-related functions because of its distribution and abundance in gastro-intestinal (GI) tissues. CCK-2R2 is relatively abundant in brain but has low expression levels in gut tissues supporting the hypothesis for involvement in the gut-brain signaling. Major functional motifs and ligand interaction sites in salmon are conserved with that of mammals. This information will be instrumental for comparative studies and further targeting receptor activation and selectivity of biological responses of CCK in salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja M Rathore
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen N-5020, Bergen, Norway
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Abstract
At a time when plant species are experiencing increasing challenges from climate change, land-use change, harvesting and invasive species, dispersal has become a very important aspect of plant conservation. Seed dispersal by animals is particularly important because some animals disperse seeds to suitable sites in a directed fashion. Our review has two aims: (i) to highlight the various ways plant dispersal by animals can be affected by current anthropogenic change and (ii) to show the important role of plant and (particularly) animal physiology in shaping seed-dispersal interactions. We argue that large-bodied seed dispersers may be particularly important for plant conservation because seed dispersal of large-seeded plants is often more specialized and because large-bodied animals are targeted by human exploitation and have smaller population sizes. We further argue that more specialized seed-dispersal systems on island ecosystems might be particularly at risk from climate change both owing to small population sizes involved but also owing to the likely thermal specialization, particularly on tropical islands. More generally, the inherent vulnerability of seed-dispersal mutualisms to disruption driven by environmental change (as well as their ubiquity) demands that we continue to improve our understanding of their conservation physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme D Ruxton
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
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Huang Q, Kong Y, Liu M, Feng J, Liu Y. Effect of oxadiazolyl 3(2H)-pyridazinone on the larval growth and digestive physiology of the armyworm, Pseudaletia separata. J Insect Sci 2008; 8:19. [PMID: 20337556 PMCID: PMC3061593 DOI: 10.1673/031.008.1901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2007] [Accepted: 05/20/2007] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The effect of oxadiazolyl 3(2H)-pyridazinone (ODP), a new insect growth regulator, on growth of larvae of the armyworm, Pseudaletia separata Walker (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) was evaluated in comparison to the insecticide, toosendanin, a tetranortriterpenoid extracted from the bark of Melia toosendan that has multiple effects on insects. The digestive physiological properties of these compounds on insects were investigated by feeding them maize leaves dipped in these compounds. The results showed that ODP inhibited the growth of P. separata significantly, causing a slowed development and a prolonged larval period, smaller body size and sluggish behavior, delayed pupation and a reduced eclosion rate of pupae and adults. Moreover, ODP strongly inhibited the activities of weak alkaline trypsin-like enzyme, chymotrypsin-like enzyme and alpha amylase in the midguts of fifth instar P. separata larvae, in vivo, and inhibited the activity of alpha amylase, in vitro. These data suggest that ODP has severe consequences on the larval carbohydrate assimilation and/or nutrient intake and thereby causes inhibition of larval growth. The regulatory action of ODP on larval growth development was similar to that of toosendanin; both could be used to decrease the growth of insect populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingchun Huang
- Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yuping Kong
- Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Manhui Liu
- Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jun Feng
- Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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