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De Filippis A, D'Amelia V, Folliero V, Zannella C, Franci G, Galdiero M, Di Loria A, Laezza C, Monti SM, Piccinelli AL, Celano R, Rigano MM. Cistus incanus: a natural source of antimicrobial metabolites. Nat Prod Res 2024:1-14. [PMID: 38557224 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2024.2335353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The discovery of natural molecules with antimicrobial properties has become an urgent need for the global treatment of bacterium and virus infections. Cistus incanus, a Mediterranean shrub species, represents a valuable source of phytochemicals with an interesting wide-spectrum antimicrobial potential. In this study, we analysed the spectrum of molecules composing a commercial hydroalcoholic extract of C. incanus finding ellagitannins as the most abundant. The effect of the extract and its main constituents (gallic acid, ellagic acid and punicalin) was assessed as co-treatment during viral (HSV-1, HCoV-229E, SARS-CoV-2) and bacterial infection (Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli) of cells and as pre-treatment before virus infections. The results indicated a remarkable antiviral activity of punicalin against SARS-CoV-2 by pre-treating both the viral and the host cells, and a major sensitivity of S. aureus to the C. incanus extract compared to E. coli. The present study highlights broad antimicrobial potential of C. incanus extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna De Filippis
- Department of Experimental Medicine, section of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo D'Amelia
- Institute of Bioscience and BioResources, National Research Council, Portici, Italy
- Immunoveg s.r.l. c/o, Portici, Italy
| | - Veronica Folliero
- Department of Experimental Medicine, section of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Carla Zannella
- Department of Experimental Medicine, section of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Franci
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Galdiero
- Department of Experimental Medicine, section of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Di Loria
- Immunoveg s.r.l. c/o, Portici, Italy
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Carmen Laezza
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Simona Maria Monti
- Immunoveg s.r.l. c/o, Portici, Italy
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Lisa Piccinelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
- National Biodiversity Future Center, NBFC, Palermo, Italy
| | - Rita Celano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
- National Biodiversity Future Center, NBFC, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Manuela Rigano
- Immunoveg s.r.l. c/o, Portici, Italy
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
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Gherboudj O, Boutaghane N, Kabouche Z, Djeblia L, Zerrougui L, Bekrar M. Phytochemical profiles and evaluation of the biological potential of ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions of the aerial parts of Cistus albidus L. Nat Prod Res 2024:1-7. [PMID: 38440804 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2024.2324116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
The phytochemical profiles of the ethyl acetate (EAFCA) and n-butanol (BFCA) fractions of the aerial parts of Cistus albidus L., were characterised by a developed LC-ESI-MS/MS method, using 53 fingerprint phytochemicals, revealing the presence of 26 and 22 compounds, respectively with quinic acid, gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, catechin, gentisic acid, tannic acid, ellagic acid, quercitrin, astragalin as the major compounds of the EAFCA, in very higher amounts than in the BFCA. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using six methods (DPPH•, ABTS•+, GOR•, CUPRAC, FRAP and Phenanthroline). In agreement with its highest polyphenolic content (430.12 ± 1.02 µg GAE/mg of extract) and largest amounts of identified polyphenolics, the EAFCA exhibited a higher antioxidant activity than the BFCA. Additionally, the EAFCA showed the highest acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition (IC50 of 25.1 ± 2.58 µg/mL). Moreover, both EAFCA and BFCA demonstrated high photoprotective activity, with sun protection factor (SPF) values of 36.49 and 36.52, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ouissem Gherboudj
- Université frères Mentouri-Constantine 1, Laboratoire d'Obtention de Substances Thérapeutiques (LOST), Campus Chasbet Ersas, Constantine, Algeria
- Université frères Mentouri-Constantine 1, Laboratoire de Synthèse de Molécules d'Intérêt Biologique, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Naima Boutaghane
- Université frères Mentouri-Constantine 1, Laboratoire d'Obtention de Substances Thérapeutiques (LOST), Campus Chasbet Ersas, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Zahia Kabouche
- Université frères Mentouri-Constantine 1, Laboratoire d'Obtention de Substances Thérapeutiques (LOST), Campus Chasbet Ersas, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Lamia Djeblia
- Université frères Mentouri-Constantine 1, Laboratoire d'Obtention de Substances Thérapeutiques (LOST), Campus Chasbet Ersas, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Leila Zerrougui
- Université frères Mentouri-Constantine 1, Laboratoire de Biochimie Appliquée, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Manel Bekrar
- Université frères Mentouri-Constantine 1, Laboratoire de Biochimie Appliquée, Constantine, Algeria
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Zouhri A, Bouddine T, Menyiy NE, El-Mernissi Y, Laaroussi H, Chebaibi M, Amhamdi H, Elharrak A, Nafidi HA, Sitotaw B, Jardan YAB, Bourhia M, Hajji L. Chemical composition and potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic efficacy of Cistus albidus L. ACTA PHARMACEUTICA (ZAGREB, CROATIA) 2024; 74:81-99. [PMID: 38554388 DOI: 10.2478/acph-2024-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
This study aims to assess the chemical composition of the aqueous extract of Cistus albidus L. leaves, as well as the potential of aqueous and hydroethanol extracts of the leaves and seeds as analgesic, anti--inflammatory, and antioxidant agents. The contents of phenolics and inorganic constituents were determined in C. albidus seeds and leaves; antioxidant capacity was assessed by 3 complementary and diverse tests. The carrageenan-induced paw edema technique was used to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect in vivo, and albumin denaturation to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect in vitro. The acetic acid-induced contortion test, the tail-flick test, and the plantar test were used to assess the analgesic effi cacy in vivo. Chemical analysis was performed by UPLC-MS/MS to quantify several phenolic compounds including catechin (1,627.6 mg kg-1), quercitrin (1,235.8 mg kg-1) and gallic acid (628. 2 mg kg-1). The ICP analysis revealed that potassium and calcium were the main inorganic components in the seeds and leaves of C. albidus. The hydroethanolic extract of the leaves showed the highest content of polyphenols/flavonoids, whereas the highest value of proantho cyanidins was detected in the aqueous extract of the seeds. All extracts showed potent antioxidant activity related to different phenolic compounds (quercetin, gallic acid, astragalin, catechin, and rutin). The aqueous extract of the leaves strongly inhibited paw edema (76.1 %) after 6 h of treatment and showed maximal inhibition of protein denaturation (191.0 µg mL-1 for 50 % inhibition) and analgesic activity in different nociceptive models. The presented data reveal that C. albidus extracts potentially show antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic activities that could confirm the traditional use of this plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziz Zouhri
- Bioactives and Environmental Health Laboratory Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University Meknes B.P. 11201, Morocco
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, National Agency for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Taounate 34025, Morocco
| | - Toufik Bouddine
- Bioactives and Environmental Health Laboratory Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University Meknes B.P. 11201, Morocco
| | - Naoual El Menyiy
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, National Agency for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Taounate 34025, Morocco
| | - Yahya El-Mernissi
- Research Unit in Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Techniques, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Al Hoceima 32003, Morocco
| | - Hassan Laaroussi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, University Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah of Fez, 30000, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Chebaibi
- Laboratory of Biomedical and Translational Research Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Fez, University of Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, BP 1893, Km 22 Road of Sidi Harazem, Fez, Morocco
| | - Hassan Amhamdi
- Research Unit in Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Techniques, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Al Hoceima 32003, Morocco
| | - Abdelhay Elharrak
- Bioactives and Environmental Health Laboratory Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University Meknes B.P. 11201, Morocco
| | - Hiba-Allah Nafidi
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Laval University 2325 Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Baye Sitotaw
- Department of Biology, Bahir Dar University Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Yousef A Bin Jardan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Bourhia
- Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Technical Health, Laayoune 70000, Morocco
| | - Lhoussain Hajji
- Bioactives and Environmental Health Laboratory Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University Meknes B.P. 11201, Morocco
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Ali SI, Salama A. Natural Immunomodulatory Agents as a Complementary Therapy for Poxviruses. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1451:337-354. [PMID: 38801589 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-57165-7_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Poxviruses target innate immunity mediators such as tumor necrosis factors, interleukins, interferons, complement, and chemokines. It also targets adaptive immunity such as CD4+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, and B cells. Emerging of the recent epidemic of monkeypox virus (MPXV), a zoonotic disease native to Central and Western Africa, besides the lack of permitted treatments for poxviruses infections, encouraged researchers to identify effective inhibitors to help in preventing and treating poxviruses infections. Natural bioactive components, particularly polyphenolics, are promising for creating powerful antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, immune-stimulating, and antiviral agents. As a result, they are potentially effective therapies for preventing and treating viral diseases, such as infections caused by poxviruses including the recent pandemic MPXV. Polyphenolics: rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid, resveratrol, quercitrin, myricitrin, gingerol, gallotannin, and propolis-benzofuran A, as well as isoquinoline alkaloids: galanthamine and thalimonine represent prospective antiviral agents against MPXV, they can inhibit MPXV and other poxviruses via targeting different viral elements including DNA Topoisomerase I (TOP1), Thymidine Kinase (TK), serine/threonine protein kinase (Ser/Thr kinase), and protein A48R. The bioactive extracts of different traditional plants including Guiera senegalensis, Larrea tridentata, Sarracenia purpurea, Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers., Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Quercus infectoria, Rhus chinensis, Prunella vulgaris L., Salvia rosmarinus, and Origanum vulgare also can inhibit the growth of different poxviruses including MPXV, vaccinia virus (VACV), variola virus, buffalopox virus, fowlpox virus, and cowpox virus. There is an urgent need for additional molecular studies to identify and confirm the anti-poxviruses properties of various natural bioactive components, especially those that showed potent antiviral activity against other viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami I Ali
- Plant Biochemistry Department, National Research Centre (NRC), 33 El Buhouth St. (Former El-Tahrir St.), Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt.
| | - Abeer Salama
- Pharmacology Department, National Research Centre (NRC), 33 El Buhouth St. (Former El-Tahrir St.), Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt
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Srivastava R, Singh N, Kanda T, Yadav S, Yadav S, Choudhary P, Atri N. Promising role of Vitamin D and plant metabolites against COVID-19: Clinical trials review. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21205. [PMID: 37920525 PMCID: PMC10618788 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D possesses immunomodulatory qualities and is protective against respiratory infections. Additionally, it strengthens adaptive and cellular immunity and boosts the expression of genes involved in oxidation. Experts suggested taking vitamin D supplements to avoid and treat viral infection and also COVID-19, on the other hand, since the beginning of time, the use of plants as medicines have been vital to human wellbeing. The WHO estimates that 80 % of people worldwide use plants or herbs for therapeutic purposes. Secondary metabolites from medicinal plants are thought to be useful in lowering infections from pathogenic microorganisms due to their ability to inhibit viral protein and enzyme activity by binding with them. As a result, this manuscript seeks to describe the role of vitamin D and probable plant metabolites that have antiviral activities and may be complementary to the alternative strategy against COVID-19 in a single manuscript through reviewing various case studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nidhi Singh
- Department of Botany, M.M.V., Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Tripti Kanda
- Department of Botany, M.M.V., Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Sadhana Yadav
- Department of Botany, M.M.V., Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Shivam Yadav
- Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | | | - Neelam Atri
- Department of Botany, M.M.V., Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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Jadaun P, Harshithkumar R, Gaikwad SY, Seniya C, Borse S, Gawai AA, Chavan-Gautam P, Tillu G, Mukherjee A. Withania somnifera extracts induced attenuation of HIV-1: a mechanistic approach to restrict viral infection. Virol J 2023; 20:173. [PMID: 37537596 PMCID: PMC10401819 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02130-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several anti-retroviral drugs are available against Human immunodeficiency virus type-1, but have multiple adverse side effects. Hence, there is an incessant compulsion for effectual anti-retroviral agents with minimal or no intricacy. Traditionally, natural products have been the most successful source for the development of new medications. Withania somnifera, also known as Ashwagandha, is the utmost treasured medicinal plant used in Ayurveda, which holds the potential to give adaptogenic, immunomodulatory, and antiviral effects. However, its effect on HIV-1 replication at the cellular level has never been explored. Herein, we focused on the anti-HIV-1 activity and the probable mechanism of action of hydroalcoholic and aqueous extracts of Withania somnifera roots and its phytomolecules. METHODS The cytotoxicity of the extracts was determined through MTT assay, while the in vitro anti-HIV-1 activity was assessed in TZM-bl cells against the HIV-1 strains of X4 and R5 subtypes. Results were confirmed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, using the HIV-1 p24 antigen assay. Additionally, the mechanism of action was determined through the Time of Addition assay, which was further validated through the series of enzymatic assays, i.e. HIV-1 Integrase, Reverse transcriptase, and Protease assays. To explore the role of the identified active metabolites of Withania somnifera in antiretroviral activity, molecular docking analyses were performed against these key HIV-1 replication enzymes. RESULTS The hydroalcoholic and aqueous extracts of Withania somnifera roots were found to be safer at the sub-cytotoxic concentrations and exhibited their ability to inhibit replication of two primary isolates of HIV-1 through cell-associated and cell-free assays, in dose-dependent kinetics. Several active phytomolecules found in Withania somnifera successfully established hydrogens bonds in the active binding pocket site residues responsible for the catalytic activity of HIV replication and therefore, signifying their role in the attenuation of HIV-1 infection as implied through the in silico molecular docking studies. CONCLUSIONS Our research identified both the hydroalcoholic and aqueous extracts of Withania somnifera roots as potent inhibitors of HIV-1 infection. The in silico analyses also indicated the key components of Withania somnifera with the highest binding affinity against the HIV-1 Integrase by 12-Deoxywithastramonolide and 27-Hydroxywithanone, HIV-1 Protease by Ashwagandhanolide and Withacoagin, and HIV-1 Reverse transcriptase by Ashwagandhanolide and Withanolide B, thereby showing possible mechanisms of HIV-1 extenuation. Overall, this study classified the role of Withania somnifera extracts and their active compounds as potential agents against HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R Harshithkumar
- ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, 411026, MH, India
| | | | - Chandrabhan Seniya
- School of Biosciences, Engineering and Technology, VIT Bhopal University, Bhopal, 466114, MP, India
| | - Swapnil Borse
- CCIH-Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, AYUSH-Center of Excellence, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, MH, India
| | - Ashish A Gawai
- Anuradha College of Pharmacy, Buldana, 443201, MH, India
| | - Preeti Chavan-Gautam
- CCIH-Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, AYUSH-Center of Excellence, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, MH, India
| | - Girish Tillu
- CCIH-Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, AYUSH-Center of Excellence, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, MH, India
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Gaikwad SY, Phatak P, Mukherjee A. Cutting edge strategies for screening of novel anti-HIV drug candidates against HIV infection: A concise overview of cell based assays. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16027. [PMID: 37215829 PMCID: PMC10195898 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The advent of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy has majorly contributed towards reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with HIV infected people, thus improving the quality of their life. Still, the eradication of HIV infection has not been achieved due to some important limitations such as non-adherence to therapy, cellular toxicity, restricted bioavailability of antiretroviral drugs and emergence of drug resistant viruses. Moreover, persistence of latent HIV-reservoirs even under antiviral-drug pressure is the major obstacle in HIV cure. Currently used antiretrovirals can suppress the viral replication in activated CD4+ cells, however, it has been observed that the available antiretroviral therapy appears inadequate to reduce latent reservoirs established in resting memory CD4+ T cells. Therefore, for eradication or reduction of latent reservoirs many immunotherapeutic and pharmacologic approaches including latency reversing agents are being studied constantly. Additionally, promising therapeutic strategies including discovery of novel drugs and drug targets are continuously being explored. Therefore, preclinical testing has become an important step of drug development process, continuously demanding innovative, but less time consuming evaluation strategies. Present review attempts to gather and line-up the information on existing cell-based methodologies applied for assessing drug candidates for their antiretroviral potential. Further, we intend to outline the advanced and reliable cell based methodologies that would expedite the process of discovery and development of antiretrovirals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anupam Mukherjee
- Corresponding author. Division of Virology, ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Plot No. 73, 'G' Block, MIDC, Bhosari, Pune, 411026, Maharashtra, India.
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Jadaun P, Shah P, Harshithkumar R, Said MS, Bhoite SP, Bokuri S, Ravindran S, Mishra N, Mukherjee A. Antiviral and ROS scavenging potential of Carica papaya Linn and Psidium guajava leaves extract against HIV-1 infection. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:82. [PMID: 36934258 PMCID: PMC10024014 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-03916-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy is the only treatment option for HIV-infected patients; however, it has certain drawbacks in terms of developing multiple toxic side effects. Thus, there is a continuous need to explore safe and efficacious anti-retroviral agents. Carica papaya Linn and Psidium guajava are known for their various biological activities. In this study, we characterized the bioactive fractions of methanolic leaves extract from both plants using the High-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS) technique, followed by the investigation of their potential as anti-HIV-1 and antioxidant agents through in vitro mechanistic assays. The anti-HIV-1 activity was examined in TZM-bl cells through luciferase gene assay against two different clades of HIV-1 strains, whereas the intracellular ROS generation was analyzed by Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting. Additionally, the mechanisms of action of these phyto-extracts were determined through the Time-of-addition assay. The characterization of Carica papaya Linn and Psidium guajava leaves extract through HR-ESI-MS fragmentation showed high enrichment of various alkaloids, glycosides, lipids, phenolic compounds, terpenes, and fatty acids like bioactive constituents. Both the phyto-extracts were found to be less toxic and exhibited potent antiviral activity against HIV-1 strains. Furthermore, the phyto-extracts also showed a decreased intracellular ROS in HIV-1 infected cells due to their high antioxidant potential. Overall, our study suggests the anti-HIV-1 potential of Carica papaya Linn and Psidium guajava leaves extract due to the synergistic action of multiple bioactive constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Prachibahen Shah
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International Deemed University, Pune, 412115, MH, India
| | - R Harshithkumar
- ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, 411026, MH, India
| | | | | | - Sowmya Bokuri
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International Deemed University, Pune, 412115, MH, India
| | - Selvan Ravindran
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International Deemed University, Pune, 412115, MH, India
| | - Neetu Mishra
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International Deemed University, Pune, 412115, MH, India
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A Cistus incanus Extract Blocks Psychological Stress Signaling and Reduces Neurogenic Inflammation and Signs of Aging in Skin, as Shown in In-Vitro Models and a Randomized Clinical Trial. COSMETICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics10010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychological stress exerts its effects mainly through the release of corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), which activates inflammatory pathways in skin (inter alia), resulting in redness, extracellular matrix degradation, loss of skin elasticity and firmness, and the appearance of wrinkles—namely, accelerated skin aging. In order to propose a solution to this neurogenic aging phenomenon, we report here on studies using a myricitrin-rich extract of Cistus incanus, a Mediterranean shrub used in traditional medicine for the treatment of inflammatory and other diseases. These studies include a CRH receptor (CRH-R1) blocking assay; in vitro inflammatory cytokine reduction under CRH stimulation, and ex vivo NF-kB inhibition; and a double-blind clinical trial performed on highly stressed panelists, evaluating skin inflammation and wrinkling (active formulation vs. placebo control, applied split-face following a computer-generated randomization scheme; 36 subjects recruited and randomized, 30 analyzed; no adverse effects recorded; EMA/INFARMED registration #118505, internally funded). The results show that this extract can effectively block the CRH-R1 receptor, preventing NF-κB activation and the production of related pro-inflammatory cytokines. In a clinical setting, this same extract delivered significant anti-inflammatory and anti-aging effects. Taken together, these results demonstrate the value of this extract as a cosmetic active to counter neurogenic inflammation and skin aging.
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Berbamine Hydrochloride Inhibits African Swine Fever Virus Infection In Vitro. Molecules 2022; 28:molecules28010170. [PMID: 36615369 PMCID: PMC9822360 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes a viral disease in swine with a mortality rate of approximately 100%, threatening the global pig industry's economic development. However, vaccines are not yet commercially available, and other antiviral therapeutics, such as antiviral drugs, are urgently needed. In this study, berbamine hydrochloride, a natural bis-benzylisoquinoline alkaloid isolated from the traditional Chinese herb Berberis amurensis, showed significant antiviral activity against ASFV. The 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) of berbamine hydrochloride in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) was 27.89 μM. The antiviral activity assay demonstrated that berbamine hydrochloride inhibits ASFV in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, a 4.14 log TCID50 decrease in the viral titre resulting from non-cytotoxic berbamine hydrochloride was found. Moreover, the antiviral activity of berbamine hydrochloride was maintained for 48h and took effect at multiplicities of infection (MOI) of 0.01, 0.1, and 1. The time-of-addition analysis revealed an inhibitory effect throughout the entire virus life-cycle. A subsequent viral entry assay verified that berbamine hydrochloride blocks the early stage of ASFV infection. Moreover, similar anti-ASFV activity of berbamine hydrochloride was also found in PK-15 and 3D4/21 cells. In summary, these results indicate that berbamine hydrochloride is an effective anti-ASFV natural product and may be considered a novel antiviral drug.
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Fractionation and Extraction Optimization of Potentially Valuable Compounds and Their Profiling in Six Varieties of Two Nicotiana Species. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27228105. [PMID: 36432206 PMCID: PMC9694777 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27228105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
There is an increasingly urgent call to shift industrial processes from fossil fuel feedstock to sustainable bio-based resources. This change becomes of high importance considering new budget requirements for a carbon-neutral economy. Such a transformation can be driven by traditionally used plants that are able to produce large amounts of valuable biologically relevant secondary metabolites. Tobacco plants can play a leading role in providing value-added products in remote areas of the world. In this study, we propose a non-exhaustive list of compounds with potential economic interest that can be sourced from the tobacco plant. In order to optimize extraction methodologies, we first analyzed their physico-chemical properties using rapid solubility tests and high-resolution microfractionation techniques. Next, to identify an optimal extraction for a selected list of compounds, we compared 13 different extraction method-solvent combinations. We proceeded with profiling some of these compounds in a total of six varieties from Nicotiana tabacum and Nicotiana rustica species, identifying the optimal variety for each. The estimated expected yields for each of these compounds demonstrate that tobacco plants can be a superior source of valuable compounds with diverse applications beyond nicotine. Among the most interesting results, we found high variability of anatabine content between species and varieties, ranging from 287 to 1699 µg/g. In addition, we found that CGA (1305 µg/g) and rutin (7910 µg/g) content are orders of magnitude lower in the Burley variety as compared to all others.
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A Review with Updated Perspectives on the Antiviral Potentials of Traditional Medicinal Plants and Their Prospects in Antiviral Therapy. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12081287. [PMID: 36013466 PMCID: PMC9410304 DOI: 10.3390/life12081287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Exploration of the traditional medicinal plants is essential for drug discovery and development for various pharmacological targets. Various phytochemicals derived from medicinal plants were extensively studied for antiviral activity. This review aims to highlight the role of medicinal plants against viral infections that remains to be the leading cause of human death globally. Antiviral properties of phytoconstituents isolated from 45 plants were discussed for five different types of viral infections. The ability of the plants’ active compounds with antiviral effects was highlighted as well as their mechanism of action, pharmacological studies, and toxicological data on a variety of cell lines. The experimental values, such as IC50, EC50, CC50, ED50, TD50, MIC100, and SI of the active compounds, were compiled and discussed to determine their potential. Among the plants mentioned, 11 plants showed the most promising medicinal plants against viral infections. Sambucus nigra and Clinacanthus nutans manifested antiviral activity against three different types of viral infections. Echinacea purpurea, Echinacea augustofolia, Echinacea pallida, Plantago major, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Phyllanthus emblica, Camellia sinensis, and Cistus incanus exhibited antiviral activity against two different types of viral infections. Interestingly, Nicotiana benthamiana showed antiviral effects against mosquito-borne infections. The importance of phenolic acids, alkamides, alkylamides, glycyrrhizin, epicatechin gallate (ECG), epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), epigallocatechin (EGC), protein-based plant-produced ZIKV Envelope (PzE), and anti-CHIKV monoclonal antibody was also reviewed. An exploratory approach to the published literature was conducted using a variety of books and online databases, including Scopus, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and PubMed Central, with the goal of obtaining, compiling, and reconstructing information on a variety of fundamental aspects, especially regarding medicinal plants. This evaluation gathered important information from all available library databases and Internet searches from 1992 to 2022.
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Bagde H, Dhopte A. Effects of Plant Metabolites on the Growth of COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease-19) Including Omicron Strain. Cureus 2022; 14:e26549. [PMID: 35936126 PMCID: PMC9348519 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.26549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
According to recent reports out of India, a new strain of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) B1.1.529 Omicron virus has emerged. In comparison to the Wuhan (WHU) strain and the delta variant, this variant showed a far stronger effect on the angiotensin converting enzyme2 (ACE2) receptor. There are several medicinal compounds in plant metabolites, and their diverse chemical structures make them ideal for the treatment of serious illnesses. It's possible that some of these could be useful alternative pharmaceuticals, as well as a starting point for the repurposing of existing medications and new chemical discoveries. SARS-CoV-2 infection triggered a worldwide epidemic of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). There have been trials for different therapies for SARS-CoV-2 and so also there are recent announcements of extensive research into the development of viable medicines for this global health calamity. After a thorough examination of plant-derived treatments for COVID-19, investigators in the current study decided to focus on plant-derived secondary metabolites (PSMs). According to some researchers, new MDR (Multi-Drug Resistant) antibiotics may one day be developed due to the adaptability of secondary metabolites. Identifying plant metabolites that can treat a wide range of viral infections was one of the study's aims. Many natural medications that could be recommended for the treatment of COVID-19 were discovered as a result of this research, including remedies from plant families, viral candidates that are susceptible, antiviral assays, and mechanisms of therapeutic action. The findings of this study will inspire further research and speed up the development of new antiviral plant-based medications.
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Antioxidant and Antiglycation Effects of Cistus × incanus Water Infusion, Its Phenolic Components, and Respective Metabolites. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27082432. [PMID: 35458630 PMCID: PMC9032239 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27082432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen and carbonyl species promote oxidative and carbonyl stress, and the development of diabetes, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases, and others. The traditional herb Cistus × incanus is known for its antioxidant properties; therefore, the current study aimed to assess how the chemical composition of a C. incanus water infusion corresponds with its antioxidative and antiglycative effects in vitro. The composition of infusions prepared from commercial products was analyzed with UHPLC-ESI-qTOF-MS. Total phenolics, flavonoids, and non-flavonoid polyphenols were determined. Antioxidant activity of infusions and selected polyphenols was investigated using DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP. Fluorometric measurements and methylglyoxal capture were performed to investigate the antiglycation activity. PCA and PLS-DA models were applied to explore the correlation between chemical and antioxidant results. The principal flavonoids in C. incanus were flavonols. In vitro tests revealed that a stronger antioxidant effect was demonstrated by plant material from Turkey rich in flavonoids, followed by Albania and Greece. Flavonols and ellagic acid displayed stronger antiradical and reducing power than EA-derived urolithins. Hyperoside was the most potent inhibitor of glycation. The results indicate that flavonoids are primarily responsible for rock rose antioxidant and antiglycation properties. PLS-DA modeling can be used to identify the origin of plant material with sensitivity and specificity exceeding 86%.
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Carrillo JT, Borthakur D. Do Uncommon Plant Phenolic Compounds Have Uncommon Properties? A Mini Review on Novel Flavonoids. JOURNAL OF BIORESOURCES AND BIOPRODUCTS 2021. [PMCID: PMC8445810 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobab.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Unique plants and their properties, once considered synonymous to medicine, remain a potent source for new compounds in modern science. Plant polyphenols and natural products continue to be investigated for effective treatments for the most persistent of human ailments. In this review, fifty novel plant phenolic compounds have been compiled and briefly described from the previous five years. Select compounds and notable plant species from genus Morinda and Sophora are further expanded on. Traditional medicine plants often contain rich and diverse mixtures of flavonoids, from which rare compounds should receive attention. The bioactivity of crude plant extracts, purified compounds and mixtures can differ greatly, requiring that these interactions and mechanisms of action be investigated in greater detail. Novel applications of uncommon natural products, namely mimosine and juglone, are explored within this review. The 2019 coronavirus pandemic has resulted in abrupt spike of related scientific publications: speculation is made regarding plant natural products and future of antiviral drug discovery.
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Chawuke P, van den Berg N, Fouche G, Maharaj V, Shoko T, Johan van der Westhuizen C, Invernizzi L, Alexandre KB. Lobostemon trigonus (Thunb.) H. Buek, a medicinal plant from South Africa as a potential natural microbicide against HIV-1. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 277:114222. [PMID: 34033901 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE There have been different methods proposed to prevent the sexual transmission of HIV-1 and many of them have centered on the use of anti-retrovirals as microbicides. Given that a large section of the African population still relies on herbal medicine, Lobostemon trigonus (L. trigonus), a traditionally used medicinal plant in South Africa to treat HIV-1 was further investigated for its potential as a natural microbicide to prevent the sexual transmission of HIV-1. METHODS The aerial parts of L. trigonus were oven-dried at 80 °C, ground, extracted with boiling water for 30 min and then filtered. The aqueous extract produced was then bioassayed using different HIV-1 inhibition assays. The active components were purified and chemically profiled using ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-qTOF-MS). The mechanism of HIV-1 inhibition was determined by fusion arrest assay and time of addition assay. Molecular modelling and molecular dynamic simulations, using Schrödinger, were used to better understand the molecule's mechanism of entry inhibition by evaluating their docking affinity and stability against the gp120 of HIV-1. RESULTS The aqueous extract of this plant had a broad spectrum of activity against different subtypes of the virus; neutralizing subtype A, B and C in the TZM-bl cells, with IC50 values ranging from 0.10 to 7.21 μg/mL. The extract was also inhibitory to the virus induced cytopathic effects in CEM-SS cells with an EC50 of 8.9 μg/mL. In addition, it inhibited infection in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and macrophages with IC50 values of 0.97 and 4.4 μg/mL, respectively. In the presence of vaginal and seminal simulants, and in human semen it retained its inhibitory activity albeit with a decrease in efficiency, by about 3-fold. Studies of the mode of action suggested that the extract blocked HIV-1 attachment to target cells. No toxicity was observed when the Lactobacilli strains, L. acidophilus, L. jensenii, and L. crispatus that populate the female genital tract were cultured in the presence of L. trigonus extract. UPLC-qTOF-MS analyses of the purified fraction of the extract, confirmed the presence of six compounds of which four were identified as rosmarinic acid, salvianolic acids B and C and lithospermic acid. The additional molecular dynamic simulations provided further insight into the entry inhibitory characteristics of salvianolic acid B against the HIV-1 gp120, with a stable pose being found within the CD4 binding site. CONCLUSION The data suggests that the inhibitory effect of L. trigonus may be due to the presence of organic acids which are known to possess anti-HIV-1 properties. The molecules salvianolic acids B and C have been identified for the first time in L. trigonus species. Our study also showed that the L. trigonus extract blocked HIV-1 attachment to target cells, and that it has a broad spectrum of activity against different subtypes of the virus; thus, justifying further investigation as a HIV-1 microbicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phindiwe Chawuke
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa; University of Pretoria, Department of Chemistry, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | | | - Gerda Fouche
- University of Pretoria, Department of Chemistry, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Vinesh Maharaj
- University of Pretoria, Department of Chemistry, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Tinotenda Shoko
- University of Pretoria, Department of Chemistry, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | | | - Luke Invernizzi
- University of Pretoria, Department of Chemistry, Pretoria, South Africa.
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Polyphenolic Herbal Extract of Cistus incanus as Natural Preservatives for Sausages Enriched with Natural Colors. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9091556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluates the effects of polyphenolic extract of Cistus incanus, lycopene dye from tomatoes, and betanin dye from red beet on selected parameters of model meat products with reduced nitrate contents. The polyphenolic composition and activity of the C. incanus extract was analyzed, revealing the presence of elagotannins, flavanols, and glycosylated flavanols. We studied the effects of the extract and dyes as well as of mixtures of the extract and dyes on the growth of bacteria characteristic of the meat environment: E. coli, S. enterica, P. fragi, L. monocytogenes, B. thermosphacta, and L. sakei. We studied the effects of the extract and dyes on the lipid oxidation, color, and microbiological quality of pork sausages with reduced nitrate content over 28 days of storage. During storage, the amounts of malon dialdehyde reduced, which indicates that the extract and dyes exhibited antioxidant activity and slowed lipid oxidation in the sausages. An increase in red color was also observed in the sausages with natural additives, despite their decreased nitrate content. It was found that the C. incanus extract combined with coloring agents positively influenced the selected parameters of the analyzed pork sausages.
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Zalegh I, Akssira M, Bourhia M, Mellouki F, Rhallabi N, Salamatullah AM, Alkaltham MS, Khalil Alyahya H, Mhand RA. A Review on Cistus sp.: Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Activities. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1214. [PMID: 34203720 PMCID: PMC8232106 DOI: 10.3390/plants10061214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to drugs is reaching alarming levels and is placing human health at risk. With the lack of new antimicrobials drugs, infectious diseases are becoming harder to treat. Hence, there is an increasing awareness of active phytochemicals with therapeutic functions. The tremendous research interest on the Cistus L. genus includes numerous plants used in traditional medicine by people living around the Mediterranean Sea, also resulted in some interesting discoveries and written literature. This review aimed at gathering scientific literature about Cistus species, describing phytochemical profiles and the various pharmacological activities. We also extensively reviewed the antimicrobial activities, including antiviral, antiparasitic, antifungal, and antibacterial potentials of Essential Oils (EO), raw extracts as well as isolated compounds. Mechanisms of action along with methods used are also investigated in this review. Considering the findings of the Cistus species extracts, this genus offers an adequate reserve of active phytochemicals since many have been used to create drugs. Therefore, this review work can serve society by providing a global view on Cistus L. sp. regarding pharmacological potentials and their chemical profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imane Zalegh
- Research Unit Microbiology, Hygiene & Biomolecule, Laboratory of Virology, Microbiology, Quality & Biotechnology/Ecotoxicology and Biodiversity, FSTM, University Hassan II Casablanca, Casablanca 20000, Morocco; (F.M.); (N.R.); (R.A.M.)
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry & Bioorganic Chemistry, Research Unit Associated CNRST (URAC 22), FSTM, University Hassan II Casablanca, Casablanca 20000, Morocco;
| | - Mohamed Akssira
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry & Bioorganic Chemistry, Research Unit Associated CNRST (URAC 22), FSTM, University Hassan II Casablanca, Casablanca 20000, Morocco;
| | - Mohammed Bourhia
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Biochemistry, Nutrition, and Environment, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Hassan II, Casablanca 20000, Morocco;
| | - Fouad Mellouki
- Research Unit Microbiology, Hygiene & Biomolecule, Laboratory of Virology, Microbiology, Quality & Biotechnology/Ecotoxicology and Biodiversity, FSTM, University Hassan II Casablanca, Casablanca 20000, Morocco; (F.M.); (N.R.); (R.A.M.)
| | - Naima Rhallabi
- Research Unit Microbiology, Hygiene & Biomolecule, Laboratory of Virology, Microbiology, Quality & Biotechnology/Ecotoxicology and Biodiversity, FSTM, University Hassan II Casablanca, Casablanca 20000, Morocco; (F.M.); (N.R.); (R.A.M.)
| | - Ahmad Mohammad Salamatullah
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.S.); (M.S.A.); (H.K.A.)
| | - Mohammed Saeed Alkaltham
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.S.); (M.S.A.); (H.K.A.)
| | - Heba Khalil Alyahya
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.S.); (M.S.A.); (H.K.A.)
| | - Rajaa Ait Mhand
- Research Unit Microbiology, Hygiene & Biomolecule, Laboratory of Virology, Microbiology, Quality & Biotechnology/Ecotoxicology and Biodiversity, FSTM, University Hassan II Casablanca, Casablanca 20000, Morocco; (F.M.); (N.R.); (R.A.M.)
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Das A, Pandita D, Jain GK, Agarwal P, Grewal AS, Khar RK, Lather V. Role of phytoconstituents in the management of COVID-19. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 341:109449. [PMID: 33798507 PMCID: PMC8008820 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19, a severe global pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has emerged as one of the most threatening transmissible disease. As a great threat to global public health, the development of treatment options has become vital, and a rush to find a cure has mobilized researchers globally from all areas. SCOPE AND APPROACH This review focuses on deciphering the potential of different secondary metabolites from medicinal plants as therapeutic options either as inhibitors of therapeutic targets of SARS-CoV-2 or as blockers of viral particles entry through host cell receptors. The use of medicinal plants containing specific phytomoieties could be seen in providing a safer and long-term solution for the population with lesser side effects. Key Findings and Conclusions: Considering the high cost and time-consuming drug discovery process, therapeutic repositioning of existing drugs was explored as treatment option in COVID-19, however several molecules have been retracted as therapeutics either due to no positive outcomes or the severe side effects. These effects call for exploring the alternate treatment options which are therapeutically effective as well as safe. Keeping this in mind, phytopharmaceuticals derived from medicinal plants could be explored as important resources in the development of COVID-19 treatment, as their role in the past for treatment of viral diseases like HIV, MERS-CoV, and influenza has been well reported. Considering this fact, different phytoconstituents such as flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins and glycosides etc. Possessing antiviral properties against coronaviruses and possessing potential against SARS-CoV-2 have been reviewed in the present work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amiya Das
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine & Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida, 201313, India
| | - Deepti Pandita
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, Pushp Vihar, New Delhi, 110017, India.
| | - Gaurav Kumar Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, Pushp Vihar, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - Pallavi Agarwal
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine & Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida, 201313, India
| | | | - Roop K. Khar
- BS Anangpuria Institute of Pharmacy, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Viney Lather
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida, 201313, India.
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Aničić N, Patelou E, Papanikolaou A, Kanioura A, Valdesturli C, Arapitsas P, Skorić M, Dragićević M, Gašić U, Koukounaras A, Kostas S, Sarrou E, Martens S, Mišić D, Kanellis A. Comparative Metabolite and Gene Expression Analyses in Combination With Gene Characterization Revealed the Patterns of Flavonoid Accumulation During Cistus creticus subsp. creticus Fruit Development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:619634. [PMID: 33841455 PMCID: PMC8034662 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.619634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cistus creticus L. subsp. creticus (rockrose) is a shrub widespread in Greece and the Mediterranean basin and has been used in traditional medicine as herb tea for colds, for healing and digestive hitches, for the treatment of maladies, as perfumes, and for other purposes. Compounds from its flavonoid fraction have recently drawn attention due to antiviral action against influenza virus and HIV. Although several bioactive metabolites belonging to this group have been chemically characterized in the leaves, the genes involved in their biosynthesis in Cistus remain largely unknown. Flavonoid metabolism during C. creticus fruit development was studied by adopting comparative metabolomic and transcriptomic approaches. The present study highlights the fruit of C. creticus subsp. creticus as a rich source of flavonols, flavan-3-ols, and proanthocyanidins, all of which displayed a decreasing trend during fruit development. The majority of proanthocyanidins recorded in Cistus fruit are B-type procyanidins and prodelphinidins, while gallocatechin and catechin are the dominant flavan-3-ols. The expression patterns of biosynthetic genes and transcription factors were analyzed in flowers and throughout three fruit development stages. Flavonoid biosynthetic genes were developmentally regulated, showing a decrease in transcript levels during fruit maturation. A high degree of positive correlations between the content of targeted metabolites and the expression of biosynthetic genes indicated the transcriptional regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis during C. creticus fruit development. This is further supported by the high degree of significant positive correlations between the expression of biosynthetic genes and transcription factors. The results suggest that leucoanthocyanidin reductase predominates the biosynthetic pathway in the control of flavan-3-ol formation, which results in catechin and gallocatechin as two of the major building blocks for Cistus proanthocyanidins. Additionally, there is a decline in ethylene production rates during non-climacteric Cistus fruit maturation, which coincides with the downregulation of the majority of flavonoid- and ethylene-related biosynthetic genes and corresponding transcription factors as well as with the decline in flavonoid content. Finally, functional characterization of a Cistus flavonoid hydroxylase (F3'5'H) was performed for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Aničić
- Group of Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Plants, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Efstathia Patelou
- Group of Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Plants, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Antigoni Papanikolaou
- Group of Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Plants, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anthi Kanioura
- Group of Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Plants, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Camilla Valdesturli
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Panagiotis Arapitsas
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Marijana Skorić
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milan Dragićević
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Uroš Gašić
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Athanasios Koukounaras
- Department of Horticulture, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stefanos Kostas
- Department of Horticulture, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eirini Sarrou
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization - DEMETER, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stefan Martens
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Danijela Mišić
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Angelos Kanellis
- Group of Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Plants, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Polyphenol Diversity and Antioxidant Activity of European Cistus creticus L. (Cistaceae) Compared to Six Further, Partly Sympatric Cistus Species. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10040615. [PMID: 33804933 PMCID: PMC8063833 DOI: 10.3390/plants10040615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This investigation focused on the qualitative and quantitative composition of polyphenolic compounds of Mediterranean northern shore Cistus creticus and six further, partly sympatric Cistus species (C. albidus, C. crispus, C. ladanifer, C. monspeliensis, C. parviflorus, C. salviifolius). Aqueous extracts of 1153 individual plants from 13 countries were analyzed via high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The extracts of C. creticus were primarily composed of two ellagitannins (punicalagin and punicalagin gallate) and nine flavonol glycosides (myricetin and quercetin glycosides, with m-3-O-rhamnoside as the dominant main compound). Differences in the proportions of punicalagin derivatives and flavonol glycosides allowed the classification into two chemovariants. Plants containing punicalagin derivatives and flavonol glycosides were especially abundant in the western and central Mediterranean areas and in Cyprus. From Albania eastwards, punicalagin and punicalagin gallate were of much lesser importance and the predominant chemovariant there was a nearly pure flavonol type. With its two chemovariants, C. creticus takes a central position between the flavonol-rich, purple-flowered clade (besides C. creticus, here represented by C. albidus and C. crispus) and the more ellagitannin-rich, white- or whitish-pink-flowered clade (here represented by C. ladanifer, C. monspeliensis, C. parviflorus and C. salviifolius). The median antioxidative capacity of C. creticus plant material was, with 166 mg Trolox equivalents/g dry wt, about half of the antioxidative capacity of C. ladanifer (301 mg te/g dry wt), the species with the highest antioxidative potential.
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Comparison of Osmotic Resistance, Shape and Transmembrane Potential of Erythrocytes Collected from Healthy and Fed with High Fat-Carbohydrates Diet (HF-CD) Pigs-Protective Effect of Cistus incanus L. Extracts. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14041050. [PMID: 33672388 PMCID: PMC7927095 DOI: 10.3390/ma14041050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Long-term high fat-carbohydrates diet (HF-CD) contributes to the formation of irreversible changes in the organism that lead to the emergence of civilization diseases. In this study, the impact of three-month high-fat diet on the physical properties of erythrocytes (RBCs) was studied. Furthermore, the biological activity of Cistus incanus L. extracts, plant known with high pro-health potential, in relation to normal and HF-CD RBCs, was determined. Obtained results have shown that, applied HF-CD modified shape, membrane potential and osmotic resistance of erythrocytes causing changes in membrane lipid composition and the distribution of lipids. The impact of HF-CD on physical properties of RBCs along with atherosclerotic lesions of the artery was visible, despite the lack of statistically significant changes in blood morphology and plasma lipid profile. This suggests that erythrocytes may be good markers of obesity-related diseases. The studies of biological activity of Cistus incanus L. extracts have demonstrated that they may ameliorate the effect of HF-CD on erythrocytes through the membrane-modifying and antioxidant activity.
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Ali SI, Sheikh WM, Rather MA, Venkatesalu V, Muzamil Bashir S, Nabi SU. Medicinal plants: Treasure for antiviral drug discovery. Phytother Res 2021; 35:3447-3483. [PMID: 33590931 PMCID: PMC8013762 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The pandemic of viral diseases like novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) prompted the scientific world to examine antiviral bioactive compounds rather than nucleic acid analogous, protease inhibitors, or other toxic synthetic molecules. The emerging viral infections significantly associated with 2019-nCoV have challenged humanity's survival. Further, there is a constant emergence of new resistant viral strains that demand novel antiviral agents with fewer side effects and cell toxicity. Despite significant progress made in immunization and regenerative medicine, numerous viruses still lack prophylactic vaccines and specific antiviral treatments that are so often influenced by the generation of viral escape mutants. Of importance, medicinal herbs offer a wide variety of therapeutic antiviral chemotypes that can inhibit viral replication by preventing viral adsorption, adhering to cell receptors, inhibiting virus penetration in the host cell, and competing for pathways of activation of intracellular signals. The present review will comprehensively summarize the promising antiviral activities of medicinal plants and their bioactive molecules. Furthermore, it will elucidate their mechanism of action and possible implications in the treatment/prevention of viral diseases even when their mechanism of action is not fully understood, which could serve as the base for the future development of novel or complementary antiviral treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofi Imtiyaz Ali
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Lab, Division of veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-K, Srinagar, India
| | - Wajid Mohammad Sheikh
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Lab, Division of veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-K, Srinagar, India
| | - Muzafar Ahmad Rather
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Lab, Division of veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-K, Srinagar, India
| | | | - Showkeen Muzamil Bashir
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Lab, Division of veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-K, Srinagar, India
| | - Showkat Ul Nabi
- Large Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ethics & Jurisprudence, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-K, Srinagar, India
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Ben-Shabat S, Yarmolinsky L, Porat D, Dahan A. Antiviral effect of phytochemicals from medicinal plants: Applications and drug delivery strategies. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2020; 10:354-367. [PMID: 31788762 PMCID: PMC7097340 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-019-00691-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Viral infections affect three to five million patients annually. While commonly used antivirals often show limited efficacy and serious adverse effects, herbal extracts have been in use for medicinal purposes since ancient times and are known for their antiviral properties and more tolerable side effects. Thus, naturally based pharmacotherapy may be a proper alternative for treating viral diseases. With that in mind, various pharmaceutical formulations and delivery systems including micelles, nanoparticles, nanosuspensions, solid dispersions, microspheres and crystals, self-nanoemulsifying and self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS and SMEDDS) have been developed and used for antiviral delivery of natural products. These diverse technologies offer effective and reliable delivery of medicinal phytochemicals. Given the challenges and possibilities of antiviral treatment, this review provides the verified data on the medicinal plants and related herbal substances with antiviral activity, as well as applied strategies for the delivery of these plant extracts and biologically active phytochemicals. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimon Ben-Shabat
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 8410501, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
| | | | - Daniel Porat
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 8410501, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Arik Dahan
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 8410501, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
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Adhikari B, Marasini BP, Rayamajhee B, Bhattarai BR, Lamichhane G, Khadayat K, Adhikari A, Khanal S, Parajuli N. Potential roles of medicinal plants for the treatment of viral diseases focusing on COVID-19: A review. Phytother Res 2020; 35:1298-1312. [PMID: 33037698 PMCID: PMC7675695 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The whole world is entangled by the coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), people are dying in thousands each day, and without an actual medication, it seems not possible for the bringing this global health crisis to a stop. Natural products have been in constant use since ancient times and are proven by time to be effective. Crude extract or pure compounds isolated from medicinal plants and/or herbs such as Artemisia annua, Agastache rugosa, Astragalus membranaceus, Cassia alata, Ecklonia cava, Gymnema sylvestre, Glycyrrhizae uralensis, Houttuynia cordata, Lindera aggregata, Lycoris radiata, Mollugo cerviana, Polygonum multiflorum, Pyrrosia lingua, Saposhnikoviae divaricate, Tinospora cordifolia etc. have shown promising inhibitory effect against coronavirus. Several molecules, including acacetin, amentoflavone, allicin, blancoxanthone, curcumin, daidzein, diosmin, epigallocatechin‐gallate, emodin, hesperidin, herbacetin, hirsutenone, iguesterin, jubanine G, kaempferol, lycorine, pectolinarin, phloroeckol, silvestrol, tanshinone I, taxifolin, rhoifolin, xanthoangelol E, zingerol etc. isolated from plants could also be potential drug candidates against COVID‐19. Moreover, these could also show promising inhibitory effects against influenza‐parainfluenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS‐CoV). Here, we have reported 93 antiviral drug candidates which could be a potential area of research in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikash Adhikari
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal
| | - Bishnu P Marasini
- Department of Biotechnology, National College, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal
| | - Binod Rayamajhee
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia.,Department of Infection and Immunology, Kathmandu Research Institute for Biological Sciences (KRIBS), Lalitpur, Nepal
| | | | - Ganesh Lamichhane
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal
| | - Karan Khadayat
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal.,Department of Biotechnology, National College, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal
| | - Achyut Adhikari
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal
| | - Santosh Khanal
- Department of Biotechnology, National College, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal
| | - Niranjan Parajuli
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal
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D'Ambrosio M, Bigagli E, Cinci L, Gori A, Brunetti C, Ferrini F, Luceri C. Ethyl acetate extract from Cistus x incanus L. leaves enriched in myricetin and quercetin derivatives, inhibits inflammatory mediators and activates Nrf2/HO-1 pathway in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 76:79-86. [PMID: 33027057 DOI: 10.1515/znc-2020-0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cistus x incanus L. is a Mediterranean evergreen shrub used in folk medicine for the treatment of inflammatory disorders but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. We therefore investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of an ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) from C. x incanus L. leaves on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activated RAW 264.7 macrophages. HPLC analysis revealed myricetin and quercetin derivatives to be the major compounds in EAF; EAF up to 1 µM of total phenolic content, was not cytotoxic and inhibited the mRNA expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) (p < 0.05) and the production of prostaglandins E2 (PGE2) (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, EAF triggered the mRNA expression of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and elicited the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), as well as the expression of its main target gene, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) (p < 0.05). These data indicate that EAF attenuates experimental inflammation via the inhibition of proinflammatory mediators and at least in part, by the activation of Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. These effects are likely due to myricetin and quercetin derivatives but the role of other, less abundant components cannot be excluded. Further studies to confirm the relevance of our findings in animal models and to highlight the relative contribution of each component to the anti-inflammatory activity of EAF should be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario D'Ambrosio
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Bigagli
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Cinci
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Antonella Gori
- Department of Agriculture, Environment, Food and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, Piazzale delle Cascine 18, 50144, Florence, Italy.,Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019Florence, Italy
| | - Cecilia Brunetti
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Ferrini
- Department of Agriculture, Environment, Food and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, Piazzale delle Cascine 18, 50144, Florence, Italy
| | - Cristina Luceri
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
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Moosmang S, Sturm S, Novak J, Lukas B, Stuppner H. Differentiation between Cistus L. (Sub-) Species (Cistaceae) Using NMR Metabolic Fingerprinting. PLANTA MEDICA 2020; 86:1148-1155. [PMID: 32492718 DOI: 10.1055/a-1176-1937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The genus Cistus is taxonomically complex, as taxonomic classification of individual species based on morphological criteria is often difficult and ambiguous. However, specific species contain valuable natural products, especially terpenoids and polyphenols, which exert various biological effects and might therefore be used for treatment of a broad array of disorders. Hence, a fast and reliable method for clear identification of different Cistus (sub-) species is required. Approaches for analysis of secondary metabolite profiles, e.g., with NMR, might remedy the challenging classification of Cistus (sub-) species and help to identify specific markers for differentiation between them. In the present study, 678 samples from wild-growing Cistus populations, including 7 species and 6 subspecies/varieties thereof, were collected in 3 years from populations in 11 countries all over the Mediterranean basin. Samples were extracted with buffered aqueous methanol and analysed with NMR. From the resulting 1D-1H-NOESY and J-Res profile spectra, marker signals or spectral regions for the individual (sub-) species were identified with multivariate statistical tools. By examining the NMR profiles of these extracts, we were able to identify discriminators and specific markers for the investigated Cistus (sub-) species. Various influencing factors, like (sub-) species, wild harvestings of different populations from several countries, numerous collection sites, different years, and cultivation in greenhouses have been considered in this work. As the here identified markers are independent from these influencing factors, the results can be considered a robust model and might be used for future differentiation between Cistus (sub-) species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Moosmang
- University of Innsbruck, Institute for Pharmacy/Department of Pharmacognosy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sonja Sturm
- University of Innsbruck, Institute for Pharmacy/Department of Pharmacognosy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johannes Novak
- University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Institute for Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Vienna, Austria
| | - Brigitte Lukas
- University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Institute for Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hermann Stuppner
- University of Innsbruck, Institute for Pharmacy/Department of Pharmacognosy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Innsbruck, Austria
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Bhuiyan FR, Howlader S, Raihan T, Hasan M. Plants Metabolites: Possibility of Natural Therapeutics Against the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:444. [PMID: 32850918 PMCID: PMC7427128 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19, a disease induced by SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2), has been the cause of a worldwide pandemic. Though extensive research works have been reported in recent days on the development of effective therapeutics against this global health crisis, there is still no approved therapy against SARS-CoV-2. In the present study, plant-synthesized secondary metabolites (PSMs) have been prioritized to make a review focusing on the efficacy of plant-originated therapeutics for the treatment of COVID-19. Plant metabolites are a source of countless medicinal compounds, while the diversity of multidimensional chemical structures has made them superior to treat serious diseases. Some have already been reported as promising alternative medicines and lead compounds for drug repurposing and discovery. The versatility of secondary metabolites may provide novel antibiotics to tackle MDR (Multi-Drug Resistant) microbes too. This review attempted to find out plant metabolites that have the therapeutic potential to treat a wide range of viral pathogens. The study includes the search of remedies belonging to plant families, susceptible viral candidates, antiviral assays, and the mode of therapeutic action; this attempt resulted in the collection of an enormous number of natural therapeutics that might be suggested for the treatment of COVID-19. About 219 plants from 83 families were found to have antiviral activity. Among them, 149 plants from 71 families were screened for the identification of the major plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) that might be effective for this pandemic. Our investigation revealed that the proposed plant metabolites can serve as potential anti- SARS-CoV-2 lead molecules for further optimization and drug development processes to combat COVID-19 and future pandemics caused by viruses. This review will stimulate further analysis by the scientific community and boost antiviral plant-based research followed by novel drug designing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhana Rumzum Bhuiyan
- Department of Botany, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Department of Botany, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Sabbir Howlader
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Topu Raihan
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Mahmudul Hasan
- Department of Pharmaceuticals and Industrial Biotechnology, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh
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Kuchta K, Tung NH, Ohta T, Uto T, Raekiansyah M, Grötzinger K, Rausch H, Shoyama Y, Rauwald HW, Morita K. The old pharmaceutical oleoresin labdanum of Cistus creticus L. exerts pronounced in vitro anti-dengue virus activity. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 257:112316. [PMID: 31669444 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The haemorrhagic dengue fever affects up to 500 million patients, annually causing 20.000 deaths, with no chemotherapeutic agent available. The oleoresin labdanum of Cistus creticus L. has been established as an anti-infective agent since antiquity in Mediterranean ethnopharmacology. MATERIALS AND METHODS We tested several extracts and fractions of labdanum - standardised on labdane-type diterpenes via GC-MS - on their activity against the dengue virus (DENV-2 strain 00st-22A) in in vitro Vero cell cultures (96-well-plates, 5 days). Preliminary experiments with a labdanum diethyl ether raw-extract did not yield measureable results due to cytotoxic effects against Vero cells. In all following experiments, cell viability was constantly checked using the MTT-test. Fractionation of this raw-extract by liquid-liquid-extraction and column-chromatography on silica-gel (gradient elution with hexane, EtOAc, CHCl3, MeOH) succeeded in separating the anti-viral activity of labdanum from its cytotoxic effect. RESULTS In the most active fraction GS5 at 30 μg/ml, dengue virus proliferation was 100% suppressed and cell viability was over 90%. Structural elucidation of major constituents of GS5 is currently ongoing, but thin-layer chromatography showed that this fraction is mainly dominated by manoyloxides, a class of labdane-type diterpenes with known antimicrobial activity. Claims concerning the antiviral activity of above ground parts of C. creticus have been made previously, but these generally ascribe this activity to hot water soluble polyphenols and propose an unspecific tanning effect of the viral surface proteins as the mechanism of action. However, the water soluble fraction enhanced viral proliferation. CONCLUSION We therefore describe a direct, pharmacological, antiviral activity of a diethyl ether extract of labdanum against a virulent haemorrhagic fever like dengue for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenny Kuchta
- Clinic for Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, Göttingen University, Germany; Zhejiang Institute of TCM and Natural Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Nguyen Huu Tung
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University, Japan
| | - Tomoe Ohta
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University, Japan
| | - Takuhiro Uto
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University, Japan
| | - Muhareva Raekiansyah
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Japan
| | | | - Hans Rausch
- Phytochem Referenzsubstanzen, Neu-Ulm, Germany
| | - Yukihiro Shoyama
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University, Japan
| | | | - Kouichi Morita
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Japan
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Carev I, Maravić A, Ilić N, Čikeš Čulić V, Politeo O, Zorić Z, Radan M. UPLC-MS/MS Phytochemical Analysis of Two Croatian Cistus Species and Their Biological Activity. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:life10070112. [PMID: 32674268 PMCID: PMC7399921 DOI: 10.3390/life10070112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aqueous extracts of two Cistus species wild growing in Croatia-Cistus creticus (CC) and Cistus salviifolius (CS)-have been assessed with UPLC-MS/MS, showing 43 different phytochemicals, with flavonol glycosides: myricetin-3-hexoside and myricetin-rhamnoside, predominate ones in CC and myricetin-3-hexoside in CS. Antioxidant potential tested with the FRAP method showed no difference between CS and CC aqueous extracts, while higher phenolic content of CC comparing to CS, determined with a Folin-Cicolateu reagent correlated to its higher antioxidant capacity observed by the DPPH method. Both extracts were assessed for antimicrobial activity, using disc-diffusion and broth microdilution assays, targeting the opportunistic pathogens, associated with food poisoning, urinary, respiratory tract, blood stream and wound infections in humans. Antimicrobial assays revealed that fungi were in general more sensitive to both Cistus aqueous extracts, comparing to the bacteria where two extracts showed very similar activity. The most potent activity was observed against A. baumannii for both extracts. The extracts were tested on human lung cancer (A549) cell line using the MTT assay, showing very similar antiproliferative activity. After 72 h treatment with CC and CS aqueous extracts in concentration of 0.5 g/L, the viability of the cells were 37% and 50% respectively, compared to non-treated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Carev
- Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia; (I.C.); (O.P.)
| | - Ana Maravić
- Faculty of Science, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia; (A.M.); (N.I.)
| | - Nada Ilić
- Faculty of Science, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia; (A.M.); (N.I.)
| | | | - Olivera Politeo
- Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia; (I.C.); (O.P.)
| | - Zoran Zorić
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Mila Radan
- Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia; (I.C.); (O.P.)
- Correspondence:
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31
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Cirne-Santos CC, de Souza Barros C, de Oliveira MC, Rabelo VWH, Azevedo RC, Teixeira VL, Ferreira DF, de Palmer Paixão ICN. In vitro Studies on The Inhibition of Replication of Zika and Chikungunya Viruses by Dolastane Isolated from Seaweed Canistrocarpus cervicornis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8263. [PMID: 32427940 PMCID: PMC7237426 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65357-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of vaccines and antiviral treatment, along with the increasing number of cases of Zika virus (ZIKV) and Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infections, emphasize the need for searching for new therapeutic strategies. In this context, the marine brown seaweed Canistrocarpus cervicornis has been proved to hold great antiviral potential. Hence, the aim of this work was to evaluate the anti-ZIKV and anti-CHIKV activity of a marine dolastane isolated from brown seaweed C. cervicornis and its crude extract. Vero cells were used in antiviral assays, submitted to ZIKV and CHIKV, and treated with different concentrations of C. cervicornis extract or dolastane. The crude extract of C. cervicornis showed inhibitory activities for both ZIKV and CHIKV, with EC50 values of 3.3 μg/mL and 3.1 μg/mL, respectively. However, the isolated dolastane showed a more significant and promising inhibitory effect (EC50 = 0.95 µM for ZIKV and 1.3 µM for CHIKV) when compared to both the crude extract and ribavirin, which was used as control. Also, the dolastane showed a very potent virucidal activity against CHIKV and was able to inhibit around 90% of the virus infectivity at 10 μM. For the ZIKV, the effects were somewhat lower, although interesting, at approximately 64% in this same concentration. Further, we observed that both the extract and the dolastane were able to inhibit the replication of ZIKV and CHIKV at different times of addition post-infection, remaining efficient even if added after 8 hours post-infection, but declining soon after. A synergistic effect using sub-doses of the extract and isolates was associated with ribavirin, inhibiting above 80% replication even at the lowest concentrations. Therefore, this work has unveiled the anti-ZIKV and CHIKV potential of C. cervicornis crude extract and an isolated dolastane, which, in turn, can be used as a preventive or therapeutic strategy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Cesar Cirne-Santos
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular e Biotecnologia Marinha, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil.
| | - Caroline de Souza Barros
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular e Biotecnologia Marinha, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
- Laboratório Produtos Naturais de Algas Marinhas (ALGAMAR), Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Mariana Cavalcante de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular e Biotecnologia Marinha, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Vitor Won-Held Rabelo
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular e Biotecnologia Marinha, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Renata Campos Azevedo
- Instituto de Microbiologia, Departamento de Virologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Valeria Laneuville Teixeira
- Laboratório Produtos Naturais de Algas Marinhas (ALGAMAR), Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biologia e Taxonomia de Algas (LABIOTAL), Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade Neotropical, Instituto de Biociencias, universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Davis Fernandes Ferreira
- Instituto de Microbiologia, Departamento de Virologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Izabel Christina Nunes de Palmer Paixão
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular e Biotecnologia Marinha, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil.
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Gori A, Nascimento LB, Ferrini F, Centritto M, Brunetti C. Seasonal and Diurnal Variation in Leaf Phenolics of Three Medicinal Mediterranean Wild Species: What Is the Best Harvesting Moment to Obtain the Richest and the Most Antioxidant Extracts? Molecules 2020; 25:E956. [PMID: 32093396 PMCID: PMC7071013 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25040956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mediterranean plants biosynthesize high amounts of polyphenols, which are important health-promoting compounds. Leaf polyphenolic composition changes according to environmental conditions. Therefore, it is crucial to know the temporal variation in their production. This study aimed to: i) evaluate the monthly and daily changes in polyphenols of Phyllirea latifolia, Cistus incanus, and Pistacia lentiscus to identify their best harvesting moment, ii) verify the possible correlations between phenolic production and temperature and irradiation, iii) evaluate their antioxidant capacity using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydroxyl radical (OH)scavenging assays. The extracts of leaves harvested at 8:00, 13:00 and 18:00, in May, July, and October for two years were analysed by HPLC-DAD. Both "month" and "time of the day" affected the polyphenolic content in all species. July at 13:00 was the best harvesting moment for all polyphenolic classes of P. latifolia and only for some classes of C. incanus and P. lentiscus. Environmental parameters positively correlated with the polyphenols of C. incanus and P. latifolia, while the antioxidant capacity only varied in this last species, reaching the highest value in July. Results of the study allow to determine the balsamic time for each species. Moreover, the relationship between polyphenols and environmental data can be useful for the cultivation of these plants under controlled conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Gori
- University of Florence, Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forest (DAGRI), Section Woody Plants, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy; (A.G.); (L.B.N.); (F.F.)
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP), 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy;
| | - Luana Beatriz Nascimento
- University of Florence, Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forest (DAGRI), Section Woody Plants, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy; (A.G.); (L.B.N.); (F.F.)
| | - Francesco Ferrini
- University of Florence, Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forest (DAGRI), Section Woody Plants, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy; (A.G.); (L.B.N.); (F.F.)
| | - Mauro Centritto
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP), 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy;
| | - Cecilia Brunetti
- University of Florence, Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forest (DAGRI), Section Woody Plants, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy; (A.G.); (L.B.N.); (F.F.)
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP), 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy;
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Potent inhibition of HIV replication in primary human cells by novel synthetic polyketides inspired by Aureothin. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1326. [PMID: 31992748 PMCID: PMC6987146 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57843-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Overcoming the global health threat of HIV infection requires continuous pipelines of novel drug candidates. We identified the γ-pyrone polyketides Aureothin/Neoaureothin as potent hits by anti-HIV screening of an extensive natural compound collection. Total synthesis of a structurally diverse group of Aureothin-derivatives successfully identified a lead compound (#7) superior to Aureothin that combines strong anti-HIV activity (IC90<45 nM), photostability and improved cell safety. Compound #7 inhibited de novo virus production from integrated proviruses by blocking the accumulation of HIV RNAs that encode the structural components of virions and include viral genomic RNAs. Thus, the mode-of-action displayed by compound #7 is different from those of all current clinical drugs. Proteomic analysis indicated that compound #7 does not affect global protein expression in primary blood cells and may modulate cellular pathways linked to HIV infection. Compound #7 inhibited multiple HIV genotypes, including HIV-type 1 and 2 and synergistically inhibited HIV in combination with clinical reverse transcriptase and integrase inhibitors. We conclude that compound #7 represents a promising new class of HIV inhibitors that will facilitate the identification of new virus-host interactions exploitable for antiviral attack and holds promise for further drug development.
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Advanced identification of global bioactivity hotspots via screening of the metabolic fingerprint of entire ecosystems. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1319. [PMID: 31992728 PMCID: PMC6987164 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57709-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products (NP) are a valuable drug resource. However, NP-inspired drug leads are declining, among other reasons due to high re-discovery rates. We developed a conceptual framework using the metabolic fingerprint of entire ecosystems (MeE) to facilitate the discovery of global bioactivity hotspots. We assessed the MeE of 305 sites of diverse aquatic ecosystems, worldwide. All samples were tested for antiviral effects against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), followed by a comprehensive screening for cell-modulatory activity by High-Content Screening (HCS). We discovered a very strong HIV-1 inhibition mainly in samples taken from fjords with a strong terrestrial input. Multivariate data integration demonstrated an association of a set of polyphenols with specific biological alterations (endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, and NFkB) caused by these samples. Moreover, we found strong HIV-1 inhibition in one unrelated oceanic sample closely matching to HIV-1-inhibitory drugs on a cytological and a chemical level. Taken together, we demonstrate that even without physical purification, a sophisticated strategy of differential filtering, correlation analysis, and multivariate statistics can be employed to guide chemical analysis, to improve de-replication, and to identify ecosystems with promising characteristics as sources for NP discovery.
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35
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Mikulec A, Kowalski S, Makarewicz M, Skoczylas Ł, Tabaszewska M. Cistus extract as a valuable component for enriching wheat bread. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.108713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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36
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Denaro M, Smeriglio A, Barreca D, De Francesco C, Occhiuto C, Milano G, Trombetta D. Antiviral activity of plants and their isolated bioactive compounds: An update. Phytother Res 2019; 34:742-768. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Denaro
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Messina Messina Italy
| | - Antonella Smeriglio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Messina Messina Italy
| | - Davide Barreca
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Messina Messina Italy
| | - Clara De Francesco
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Messina Messina Italy
| | - Cristina Occhiuto
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Messina Messina Italy
| | - Giada Milano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Messina Messina Italy
| | - Domenico Trombetta
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Messina Messina Italy
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37
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Biological evaluation of molecules of the azaBINOL class as antiviral agents: Inhibition of HIV-1 RNase H activity by 7-isopropoxy-8-(naphth-1-yl)quinoline. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:3595-3604. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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38
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Shaikh F, Zhao Y, Alvarez L, Iliopoulou M, Lohans C, Schofield CJ, Padilla-Parra S, Siu SWI, Fry EE, Ren J, Stuart DI. Structure-Based in Silico Screening Identifies a Potent Ebolavirus Inhibitor from a Traditional Chinese Medicine Library. J Med Chem 2019; 62:2928-2937. [PMID: 30785281 PMCID: PMC6441942 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Potent Ebolavirus (EBOV) inhibitors
will help to curtail outbreaks
such as that which occurred in 2014–16 in West Africa. EBOV
has on its surface a single glycoprotein (GP) critical for viral entry
and membrane fusion. Recent high-resolution complexes of EBOV GP with
a variety of approved drugs revealed that binding to a common cavity
prevented fusion of the virus and endosomal membranes, inhibiting
virus infection. We performed docking experiments, screening a database
of natural compounds to identify those likely to bind at this site.
Using both inhibition assays of HIV-1-derived pseudovirus cell entry
and structural analyses of the complexes of the compounds with GP,
we show here that two of these compounds attach in the common binding
cavity, out of eight tested. In both cases, two molecules bind in
the cavity. The two compounds are chemically similar, but the tighter
binder has an additional chlorine atom that forms good halogen bonds
to the protein and achieves an IC50 of 50 nM, making it
the most potent GP-binding EBOV inhibitor yet identified, validating
our screening approach for the discovery of novel antiviral compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faraz Shaikh
- Department of Computer and Information Science, Faculty of Science and Technology , University of Macau , E11, Macau 999078 , China.,Division of Structural Biology , University of Oxford , The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine , Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN , U.K
| | - Yuguang Zhao
- Division of Structural Biology , University of Oxford , The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine , Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN , U.K
| | - Luis Alvarez
- Division of Structural Biology , University of Oxford , The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine , Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN , U.K
| | - Maria Iliopoulou
- Division of Structural Biology , University of Oxford , The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine , Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN , U.K
| | - Christopher Lohans
- Department of Chemistry , University of Oxford , Mansfield Road , Oxford OX1 3TA , U.K
| | | | - Sergi Padilla-Parra
- Division of Structural Biology , University of Oxford , The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine , Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN , U.K.,Biocruces-Bizkaia Health Research Institute , Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science , Bilbao 48011 , Spain
| | - Shirley W I Siu
- Department of Computer and Information Science, Faculty of Science and Technology , University of Macau , E11, Macau 999078 , China
| | - Elizabeth E Fry
- Division of Structural Biology , University of Oxford , The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine , Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN , U.K
| | - Jingshan Ren
- Division of Structural Biology , University of Oxford , The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine , Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN , U.K
| | - David I Stuart
- Division of Structural Biology , University of Oxford , The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine , Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN , U.K.,Diamond Light Source Limited , Harwell Science & Innovation Campus , Didcot OX11 0DE , U.K
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Abstract
Ebolaviruses have gained much attention recently due to the outbreak from 2014 through 2016. The related marburgviruses also have been responsible for large outbreaks with high case fatality rates. The purpose of this article is to provide the clinical laboratory scientist with a review of the most current developments in marburgvirus research. The PubMed database was reviewed using the keywords "Marburg virus," "Ravn virus," and "marburgviruses," with publication dates from January 1, 2015 through June 20, 2017. The search yielded 345 articles. In total, 52 articles met the inclusion criteria and were reviewed. Advances have been made in the areas of ecology and host reservoir studies, seroprevalence studies, pathology and pathogenesis studies, laboratory assay development, and treatment and vaccine development. Marburgviruses are highly lethal viruses that pose a significant threat to the human population. Although numerous advances have been made, there are still large gaps in knowledge, and it is imperative that scientists gain more information to fully understand virus/host interactions. An approved vaccine and treatment remain elusive.
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40
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Pereira E, Pimenta AI, Barros L, Calhelha RC, Antonio AL, Cabo Verde S, Ferreira ICFR. Effects of gamma radiation on the bioactivity of medicinal and aromatic plants: Mentha × piperita L., Thymus vulgaris L. and Aloysia citrodora Paláu as case studies. Food Funct 2018; 9:5150-5161. [PMID: 30209463 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo01558a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Irradiation is a feasible and safe decontamination technique, being applied to several types of foods including edible and medicinal plants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different gamma radiation doses (1, 5 and 10 kGy) on the individual profile of phenolic compounds determined by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS, and the bioactive potential (cytotoxic, virucidal, and antimicrobial activities) of Aloysia citrodora Paláu (lemon verbena), Mentha × piperita L. (peppermint) and Thymus vulgaris L. (thyme). The observed cytotoxic activity varied with the plant and with the applied dose, being higher in Thymus vulgaris irradiated with 10 kGy. The virucidal activity was also dependent on the radiation dose, but was preserved with irradiation treatment. Gamma rays had no effect on the antimicrobial activity of the studied plants. Otherwise, the effects of gamma radiation on the phenolic profile were heterogeneous, with an increase in some compounds and decrease in others, depending on the species and on the radiation dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Pereira
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal.
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41
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Kunze C, Börner K, Kienle E, Orschmann T, Rusha E, Schneider M, Radivojkov-Blagojevic M, Drukker M, Desbordes S, Grimm D, Brack-Werner R. Synthetic AAV/CRISPR vectors for blocking HIV-1 expression in persistently infected astrocytes. Glia 2017; 66:413-427. [PMID: 29119608 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes, the most abundant cells in the mammalian brain, perform key functions and are involved in several neurodegenerative diseases. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can persist in astrocytes, contributing to the HIV burden and neurological dysfunctions in infected individuals. While a comprehensive approach to HIV cure must include the targeting of HIV-1 in astrocytes, dedicated tools for this purpose are still lacking. Here we report a novel Adeno-associated virus-based vector (AAV9P1) with a synthetic surface peptide for transduction of astrocytes. Analysis of AAV9P1 transduction efficiencies with single brain cell populations, including primary human brain cells, as well as human brain organoids demonstrated that AAV9P1 targeted terminally differentiated human astrocytes much more efficiently than neurons. We then investigated whether AAV9P1 can be used to deliver HIV-inhibitory genes to astrocytes. To this end we generated AAV9P1 vectors containing genes for HIV-1 proviral editing by CRISPR/Cas9. Latently HIV-1 infected astrocytes transduced with these vectors showed significantly diminished reactivation of proviruses, compared with untransduced cultures. Sequence analysis identified mutations/deletions in key HIV-1 transcriptional control regions. We conclude that AAV9P1 is a promising tool for gene delivery to astrocytes and may facilitate inactivation/destruction of persisting HIV-1 proviruses in astrocyte reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Kunze
- Institute of Virology, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Kathleen Börner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany.,BioQuant Center and Cluster of Excellence CellNetworks at Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Eike Kienle
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany.,BioQuant Center and Cluster of Excellence CellNetworks at Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Tanja Orschmann
- SCADEV, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Ejona Rusha
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Martha Schneider
- Institute of Virology, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | | | - Micha Drukker
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Sabrina Desbordes
- SCADEV, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Dirk Grimm
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany.,BioQuant Center and Cluster of Excellence CellNetworks at Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Ruth Brack-Werner
- Institute of Virology, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
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Atsalakis E, Chinou I, Makropoulou M, Karabournioti S, Graikou K. Evaluation of Phenolic Compounds in Cistus creticus Bee Pollen from Greece. Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties. Nat Prod Commun 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1701201141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was carried out to evaluate the antioxidant properties of Greek endemic Cistus creticus L. (rock rose) bee pollen and define its phenolic compounds. In the framework of our scientific studies on Greek bee keeping products, we report herein our research on three Greek bee pollen samples from Cistus. Their pollinic spectra were obtained by Louveaux's quantitative microscopical analysis and it showed that one of them had Cistus sp. (Cistaceae) as abundant pollen (together with low percentage of Brassica sp. (Cruciferae). Throughout the chemical analysis of the extracts, several secondary metabolites of flavonoid structure have been identified as major components. Specifically, quercetin-7-rhamnoside (1), quercetin-3-neohesperidoside (2), kaempferol-3-neohesperidoside (3), myricetin-3-neohesperidoside (4), kaempferol-3-glucoside (5) and quercetin-3-glucoside (6) have been isolated and their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectral evidence. Moreover, the total phenolic and flavonoid content was estimated and the free radical scavenging activity was determined by DPPH and ABTS assays. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts was tested against six Gram-positive and -negative bacteria and three pathogenic fungi, and the butanol extract showed a very interesting broad antimicrobial profile (MIC 1.98•10−3 - 2.98•10−3 mg/ml) against all the assayed microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Atsalakis
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis-Zografou, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Ioanna Chinou
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis-Zografou, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Maria Makropoulou
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis-Zografou, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Sofia Karabournioti
- ATTIKI Bee Culturing Co., Alexandros Pittas S.A., 12132 Peristeri, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantia Graikou
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis-Zografou, Athens 15771, Greece
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43
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Shawky E. In-silico profiling of the biological activities of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids. J Pharm Pharmacol 2017; 69:1592-1605. [PMID: 28809439 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The large number of publications about Amaryllidaceae alkaloids reflects the abundance and variety in biological activity of these alkaloids. An in-silico approach was implemented in this work to rationalize the individual alkaloids to molecular biological activity. METHODS A database was generated containing 313 Amaryllidaceae alkaloids which were then subjected to in-silico-validated structure-based virtual screening using extra precision (XP) approach of Glide docking program. Further pharmacophore detection of the high scorers resulted in a hybrid model considering the structural and spatial characteristics of the molecules. The focus was laid on representative targets against viral infections, acetylcholinesterase and cancer. BEDROC studies were used for validation of the accuracy of docking methods. KEY FINDINGS As expected, galanthamine-type alkaloids were the most active against hACHE; yet, lycorenine- and tazettine-type alkaloids contributed significantly, while lycorine-type alkaloids dominated the hit list against HIV-1 PR target protein and were significantly active against HIV-1 RT and influenza NA. Surprisingly, belladine-type alkaloids showed the highest number of hits against HDAC2, while lycorine- and narciclasine-type alkaloids dominated the hit lists against Aurora kinase A and VEGFR2. CONCLUSIONS This report provides useful information on Amaryllidaceae alkaloids and serves as a starting point to access their undiscovered biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Shawky
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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44
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Frederico ÉHFF, Cardoso ALBD, Moreira-Marconi E, de Sá-Caputo DDC, Guimarães CAS, Dionello CDF, Morel DS, Paineiras-Domingos LL, de Souza PL, Brandão-Sobrinho-Neto S, Carvalho-Lima RP, Guedes-Aguiar EDO, Costa-Cavalcanti RG, Kutter CR, Bernardo-Filho M. ANTI-VIRAL EFFECTS OF MEDICINAL PLANTS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF DENGUE: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL, COMPLEMENTARY, AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINES : AJTCAM 2017; 14:33-40. [PMID: 28740942 PMCID: PMC5514443 DOI: 10.21010/ajtcam.v14i4s.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dengue is considered as an important arboviral disease. Safe, low-cost, and effective drugs that possess inhibitory activity against dengue virus (DENV) are mostly needed to try to combat the dengue infection worldwide. Medicinal plants have been considered as an important alternative to manage several diseases, such as dengue. As authors have demonstrated the antiviral effect of medicinal plants against DENV, the aim of this study was to review systematically the published research concerning the use of medicinal plants in the management of dengue using the PubMed database. MATERIALS AND METHODS Search and selection of publications were made using the PubMed database following the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA statement). RESULTS Six publications met the inclusion criteria and were included in the final selection after thorough analysis. CONCLUSION It is suggested that medicinal plants' products could be used as potential anti-DENV agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éric Heleno Freira Ferreira Frederico
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biociências, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 20551-030, RJ, Brasil
- Corresponding Author E-mail Address:
| | - André Luiz Bandeira Dionísio Cardoso
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 20551-030, RJ, Brasil
| | - Eloá Moreira-Marconi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Fisiopatologia Clínica e Experimental, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 20551-030, RJ, Brasil
| | - Danúbia da Cunha de Sá-Caputo
- Laboratório de Vibrações Mecânicas e Práticas Integrativas e Complementares, Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 20551-030, RJ, Brasil
| | - Carlos Alberto Sampaio Guimarães
- Laboratório de Vibrações Mecânicas e Práticas Integrativas e Complementares, Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 20551-030, RJ, Brasil
| | - Carla da Fontoura Dionello
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 20551-030, RJ, Brasil
| | - Danielle Soares Morel
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 20551-030, RJ, Brasil
| | - Laisa Liane Paineiras-Domingos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 20551-030, RJ, Brasil
| | - Patricia Lopes de Souza
- Laboratório de Vibrações Mecânicas e Práticas Integrativas e Complementares, Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 20551-030, RJ, Brasil
| | - Samuel Brandão-Sobrinho-Neto
- Mestrado Profissional em Saúde, Medicina Laboratorial e Tecnologia Forense, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Av. Marechal Rondon, Rio de Janeiro, 20950-003, RJ, Brasil
| | - Rafaelle Pacheco Carvalho-Lima
- Mestrado Profissional em Saúde, Medicina Laboratorial e Tecnologia Forense, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Av. Marechal Rondon, Rio de Janeiro, 20950-003, RJ, Brasil
| | - Eliane de Oliveira Guedes-Aguiar
- Laboratório de Vibrações Mecânicas e Práticas Integrativas e Complementares, Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 20551-030, RJ, Brasil
| | - Rebeca Graça Costa-Cavalcanti
- Laboratório de Vibrações Mecânicas e Práticas Integrativas e Complementares, Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 20551-030, RJ, Brasil
| | - Cristiane Ribeiro Kutter
- Mestrado Profissional em Saúde, Medicina Laboratorial e Tecnologia Forense, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Av. Marechal Rondon, Rio de Janeiro, 20950-003, RJ, Brasil
| | - Mario Bernardo-Filho
- Laboratório de Vibrações Mecânicas e Práticas Integrativas e Complementares, Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 20551-030, RJ, Brasil
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Gori A, Ferrini F, Marzano MC, Tattini M, Centritto M, Baratto MC, Pogni R, Brunetti C. Characterisation and Antioxidant Activity of Crude Extract and Polyphenolic Rich Fractions from C. incanus Leaves. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17081344. [PMID: 27548139 PMCID: PMC5000740 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17081344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cistus incanus (Cistaceae) is a Mediterranean evergreen shrub. Cistus incanus herbal teas have been used as a general remedy in traditional medicine since ancient times. Recent studies on the antioxidant properties of its aqueous extracts have indicated polyphenols to be the most active compounds. However, a whole chemical characterisation of polyphenolic compounds in leaves of Cistus incanus (C. incanus) is still lacking. Moreover, limited data is available on the contribution of different polyphenolic compounds towards the total antioxidant capacity of its extracts. The purpose of this study was to characterise the major polyphenolic compounds present in a crude ethanolic leaf extract (CEE) of C. incanus and develop a method for their fractionation. Superoxide anion, hydroxyl and DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging assays were also performed to evaluate the antioxidant properties of the obtained fractions. Three different polyphenolic enriched extracts, namely EAC (Ethyl Acetate Fraction), AF1 and AF2 (Aqueos Fractions), were obtained from CEE. Our results indicated that the EAC, enriched in flavonols, exhibited a higher antiradical activity compared to the tannin enriched fractions (AF1 and AF2). These findings provide new perspectives for the use of the EAC as a source of antioxidant compounds with potential uses in pharmaceutical preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Gori
- Department of Agrifood Production and Environmental Sciences (DiSPAA), University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy.
- Trees and Timber Institute (IVALSA), The National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy.
| | - Francesco Ferrini
- Department of Agrifood Production and Environmental Sciences (DiSPAA), University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy.
| | - Maria Cristina Marzano
- Department of Agrifood Production and Environmental Sciences (DiSPAA), University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy.
| | - Massimiliano Tattini
- Institute for Plant Protection (IPSP), The National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy.
| | - Mauro Centritto
- Trees and Timber Institute (IVALSA), The National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy.
| | - Maria Camilla Baratto
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Rebecca Pogni
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Cecilia Brunetti
- Department of Agrifood Production and Environmental Sciences (DiSPAA), University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy.
- Trees and Timber Institute (IVALSA), The National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy.
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