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Kumar K, Kumar S, Datta K, Fornace AJ, Suman S. High-LET-Radiation-Induced Persistent DNA Damage Response Signaling and Gastrointestinal Cancer Development. Curr Oncol 2023; 30:5497-5514. [PMID: 37366899 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol30060416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) dose, dose rate, and linear energy transfer (LET) determine cellular DNA damage quality and quantity. High-LET heavy ions are prevalent in the deep space environment and can deposit a much greater fraction of total energy in a shorter distance within a cell, causing extensive DNA damage relative to the same dose of low-LET photon radiation. Based on the DNA damage tolerance of a cell, cellular responses are initiated for recovery, cell death, senescence, or proliferation, which are determined through a concerted action of signaling networks classified as DNA damage response (DDR) signaling. The IR-induced DDR initiates cell cycle arrest to repair damaged DNA. When DNA damage is beyond the cellular repair capacity, the DDR for cell death is initiated. An alternative DDR-associated anti-proliferative pathway is the onset of cellular senescence with persistent cell cycle arrest, which is primarily a defense mechanism against oncogenesis. Ongoing DNA damage accumulation below the cell death threshold but above the senescence threshold, along with persistent SASP signaling after chronic exposure to space radiation, pose an increased risk of tumorigenesis in the proliferative gastrointestinal (GI) epithelium, where a subset of IR-induced senescent cells can acquire a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) and potentially drive oncogenic signaling in nearby bystander cells. Moreover, DDR alterations could result in both somatic gene mutations as well as activation of the pro-inflammatory, pro-oncogenic SASP signaling known to accelerate adenoma-to-carcinoma progression during radiation-induced GI cancer development. In this review, we describe the complex interplay between persistent DNA damage, DDR, cellular senescence, and SASP-associated pro-inflammatory oncogenic signaling in the context of GI carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamendra Kumar
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Kamal Datta
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology and Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Albert J Fornace
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology and Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Shubhankar Suman
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology and Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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Kumar S, Suman S, Moon BH, Fornace AJ, Datta K. Low dose radiation upregulates Ras/p38 and NADPH oxidase in mouse colon two months after exposure. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:2067-2076. [PMID: 36542238 PMCID: PMC10119992 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-08186-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to ionizing is known to cause persistent cellular oxidative stress and NADPH oxidase (Nox) is a major source of cellular oxidant production. Chronic oxidative stress is associated with a myriad of human diseases including gastrointestinal cancer. However, the roles of NADPH oxidase in relation of long-term oxidative stress in colonic epithelial cells after radiation exposure are yet to be clearly established. METHODS AND RESULTS Mice were exposed either to sham or to 0.5 Gy γ radiation, and NADPH oxidase, oxidative stress, and related signaling pathways were assessed in colon samples 60 days after exposure. Radiation exposure led to increased expression of colon-specific NADPH oxidase isoform, Nox1, as well as upregulation of its modifiers such as Noxa1 and Noxo1 at the mRNA and protein level. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments showed enhanced binding of Rac1, an activator of NADPH oxidase, to Nox1. Increased 4-hydroxynonenal, 8-oxo-dG, and γH2AX along with higher protein carbonylation levels suggest increased oxidative stress after radiation exposure. Immunoblot analysis demonstrates upregulation of Ras/p38 pathway, and Gata6 and Hif1α after irradiation. Increased staining of β-catenin, cyclinD1, and Ki67 after radiation was also observed. CONCLUSIONS In summary, data show that exposure to a low dose of radiation was associated with upregulation of NADPH oxidase and its modifiers along with increased Ras/p38/Gata6 signaling in colon. When considered along with oxidative damage and proliferative markers, our observations suggest that the NADPH oxidase pathway could be playing a critical role in propagating long-term oxidative stress after radiation with implications for colon carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumar
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Shubhankar Suman
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Bo-Hyun Moon
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Albert J Fornace
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20057, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Research Building, Room E518, 3970 Reservoir Rd., NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Kamal Datta
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20057, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Research Building, Room E518, 3970 Reservoir Rd., NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA.
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Krittanawong C, Singh NK, Scheuring RA, Urquieta E, Bershad EM, Macaulay TR, Kaplin S, Dunn C, Kry SF, Russomano T, Shepanek M, Stowe RP, Kirkpatrick AW, Broderick TJ, Sibonga JD, Lee AG, Crucian BE. Human Health during Space Travel: State-of-the-Art Review. Cells 2022; 12:cells12010040. [PMID: 36611835 PMCID: PMC9818606 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of human space travel is in the midst of a dramatic revolution. Upcoming missions are looking to push the boundaries of space travel, with plans to travel for longer distances and durations than ever before. Both the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and several commercial space companies (e.g., Blue Origin, SpaceX, Virgin Galactic) have already started the process of preparing for long-distance, long-duration space exploration and currently plan to explore inner solar planets (e.g., Mars) by the 2030s. With the emergence of space tourism, space travel has materialized as a potential new, exciting frontier of business, hospitality, medicine, and technology in the coming years. However, current evidence regarding human health in space is very limited, particularly pertaining to short-term and long-term space travel. This review synthesizes developments across the continuum of space health including prior studies and unpublished data from NASA related to each individual organ system, and medical screening prior to space travel. We categorized the extraterrestrial environment into exogenous (e.g., space radiation and microgravity) and endogenous processes (e.g., alteration of humans' natural circadian rhythm and mental health due to confinement, isolation, immobilization, and lack of social interaction) and their various effects on human health. The aim of this review is to explore the potential health challenges associated with space travel and how they may be overcome in order to enable new paradigms for space health, as well as the use of emerging Artificial Intelligence based (AI) technology to propel future space health research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chayakrit Krittanawong
- Department of Medicine and Center for Space Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Translational Research Institute for Space Health, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Correspondence: or (C.K.); (B.E.C.); Tel.: +1-713-798-4951 (C.K.); +1-281-483-0123 (B.E.C.)
| | - Nitin Kumar Singh
- Biotechnology and Planetary Protection Group, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | | | - Emmanuel Urquieta
- Translational Research Institute for Space Health, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Center for Space Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Eric M. Bershad
- Department of Neurology, Center for Space Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Scott Kaplin
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Carly Dunn
- Department of Dermatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Stephen F. Kry
- Department of Radiation Physics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Marc Shepanek
- Office of the Chief Health and Medical Officer, NASA, Washington, DC 20546, USA
| | | | - Andrew W. Kirkpatrick
- Department of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | | | - Jean D. Sibonga
- Division of Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences, NASA Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
| | - Andrew G. Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Medical Branch School of Medicine, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Blanton Eye Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Texas A and M College of Medicine, College Station, TX 77807, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Brian E. Crucian
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Johnson Space Center, Human Health and Performance Directorate, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Correspondence: or (C.K.); (B.E.C.); Tel.: +1-713-798-4951 (C.K.); +1-281-483-0123 (B.E.C.)
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Suman S, Fornace AJ. Countermeasure development against space radiation-induced gastrointestinal carcinogenesis: Current and future perspectives. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2022; 35:53-59. [PMID: 36336370 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2022.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A significantly higher probability of space radiation-induced gastrointestinal (GI) cancer incidence and mortality after a Mars mission has been projected using biophysical and statistical modeling approaches, and may exceed the current NASA mandated limit of less than 3% REID (risk of exposure-induced death). Since spacecraft shielding is not fully effective against heavy-ion space radiation, there is an unmet need to develop an effective medical countermeasure (MCM) strategy against heavy-ion space radiation-induced GI carcinogenesis to safeguard astronauts. In the past, we have successfully applied a GI cancer mouse model approach to understand space radiation-induced GI cancer risk and associated molecular signaling events. We have also tested several potential MCMs to safeguard astronauts during and after a prolonged space mission. In this review, we provide an updated summary of MCM testing using the GI cancer mouse model approach, lessons learned, and a perspective on the senescence signaling targeting approach for desirable protection against space radiation-induced GI carcinogenesis. Furthermore, we also discuss some of the advanced senotherapeutic candidates/combinations as a potential MCM for space radiation-induced GI carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhankar Suman
- Department of Oncology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Research Building, Room E504, 3970 Reservoir Rd., NW, Washington D. C. 20057, USA.
| | - Albert J Fornace
- Department of Oncology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Research Building, Room E504, 3970 Reservoir Rd., NW, Washington D. C. 20057, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington D. C. 20057, USA
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Ewing LE, Pathak R, Landes RD, Skinner CM, Binz R, Young SG, Riklon S, Stahr S, Su J, Boerma M, McElfish PA, Hauer-Jensen M, Koturbash I. Cytogenetic and epigenetic aberrations in peripheral lymphocytes of northwest Arkansas Marshallese. Int J Radiat Biol 2022; 99:644-655. [PMID: 35939319 PMCID: PMC9929030 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2022.2110319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Nuclear weapons testing in the northern Marshall Islands between 1946 and 1958 resulted in ionizing radiation (IR) exposure of the thousands of Marshallese. Furthermore, numerous islands were contaminated by radioactive fallout. Significant increases in cancer and metabolic syndrome incidences have been reported among Marshallese, and potential for further increases looms due to the latency of radiation-induced health effects. The purpose of this study was to investigate the genetic and epigenetic effects of exposure to IR that could be associated with radiation-induced disease among the Northwest Arkansas (NWA) Marshallese. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed analysis of chromosomal aberrations and DNA methylation based on residential and exposure history of NWA Marshallese. RESULTS Analysis of chromosomal aberrations demonstrated higher incidence of genetic rearrangements in women with self-reported history of radiation exposure (95% CI: 0.10, 1.22; p=.022). Further clustering of study participants based on their residential history demonstrated that participants who spent substantial amounts of time (≥6 months) in the northern atolls (thus, in the proximity of nuclear tests) before 1980 had more chromosomal aberrations than their peers who lived only in the southern atolls (95% CI: 0.08, -0.95; p=.021), and that this difference was driven by women. A relationship between the time spent in the northern atolls and increase in chromosomal aberrations was observed: 0.31 increase in chromosomal aberrations for every 10 years spent at northern atolls (95% CI: 0.06, 0.57; p=.020). Finally, significant inverse correlations between the chromosomal aberrations and the extent of DNA methylation of four LINE-1 elements L1PA2, L1PA16, L1PREC1, and L1P4B were identified. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study provide first evidence of the presence of stable genetic and epigenetic rearrangements in peripheral lymphocytes of NWA Marshallese and warrant further studies to analyze the role of radiation exposure in health disparities experienced by this Pacific Island nation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E. Ewing
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W Markham Str, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W Markham Str, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Rupak Pathak
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W Markham Str, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Reid D. Landes
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W Markham Str, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Charles M. Skinner
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W Markham Str, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W Markham Str, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Regina Binz
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W Markham Str, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Sean G. Young
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W Markham Str, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Sheldon Riklon
- College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Northwest, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Shelbie Stahr
- Department of Epidemiology, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W Markham Str, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Joseph Su
- Department of Epidemiology, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W Markham Str, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Marjan Boerma
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W Markham Str, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Pearl A. McElfish
- College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Northwest, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Martin Hauer-Jensen
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W Markham Str, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Igor Koturbash
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W Markham Str, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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Rashed ER, Abdel-Rafei MK, Thabet NM. Roles of Simvastatin and Sildenafil in Modulation of Cranial Irradiation-Induced Bystander Multiple Organs Injury in Rats. Inflammation 2021; 44:2554-2579. [PMID: 34420155 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-021-01524-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In radiobiology and radiation oncology fields, the observation of a phenomenon called radiation-induced bystander effect (RIBE) has introduced the prospect of remotely located tissues' affection. This phenomenon has been broadly developed to involve the concept of RIBE, which are relevant to the radiation-induced response of a distant tissue other than the irradiated one. The current study aimed at investigating each of the RIBE of cranial irradiation on oxidative and inflammatory status in different organs such as liver, kidney, heart, lung, and spleen. Being a vital target of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory response to an inflammatory stimulus, the splenic α-7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α-7nAchR) was evaluated and the hepatic contents of thioredoxin, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha and paraoxinase-1 (Trx/PPAR-α/PON) were also assessed as indicators for the liver oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. Being reported to act as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents, simvastatin (SV) and/or sildenafil (SD) were investigated for their effects against RIBE on these organs. These objectives were achieved via the biochemical assessments and the histopathological tissues examinations. Five experimental groups, one sham irradiated and four irradiated groups, were exposed to cranial irradiation at dose level of 25 Gy using an experimental irradiator with a Cobalt (Co60) source, RIBE, RIBE + SV (20 mg.(kg.bw)-1 day-1), RIBE + SD (75 mg.(kg.bw)-1 day-1), and RIBE + SV + SD. Cranial irradiation induced structural, biochemical, and functional dys-regulations in non-targeted organs. RIBE-induced organs' injuries have been significantly corrected by the administration of SV and/or SD. Our results suggest the possibility of a potentiated interaction between SV and SD in the modulation of the RIBE associated with head and neck radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Engy Refaat Rashed
- Drug Radiation Research Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Khairy Abdel-Rafei
- Radiation Biology Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt.
- Radiation Biology Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Noura Magdy Thabet
- Radiation Biology Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
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Suman S, Kumar S, Moon BH, Angdisen J, Kallakury BVS, Datta K, Fornace AJ. Effects of dietary aspirin on high-LET radiation-induced prostaglandin E2 levels and gastrointestinal tumorigenesis in Apc 1638N/+ mice. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2021; 31:85-91. [PMID: 34689954 PMCID: PMC9808916 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Inevitable exposure to high-LET ionizing radiation (IR) present in galactic cosmic radiation (GCR) could enhance gastrointestinal (GI) cancer incidence among astronauts undertaking deep space exploration and GI-cancer mortality has been predicted to far exceed NASA's limit of < 3% REID (Radiation exposure-induced death) from cancer. Therefore, the development of countermeasure agents against high-LET radiation-induced GI cancer is needed to safeguard astronauts during and after an outer space mission. The cyclooxygenase-2/prostaglandin E2 (COX2/PGE2) mediated activation of pro-inflammatory and oncogenic signaling has been reported to play an important role in persistent inflammation and GI-tumorigenesis after high-LET radiation exposure. Therefore, aspirin, a well-known inhibitor of the COX/PGE2 pathway, was evaluated as a potential countermeasure against 28Si-induced PGE2 and tumorigenesis in Apc1638N/+, a murine model of human GI-cancer. Animals were fed either standard or aspirin supplemented diet (75, 150, or 300 mg/day of human equivalent dose) starting at the age of 4 weeks and continued till the end of the study, while mice were exposed to 28Si-ions (300 MeV/n; 69 keV/μm) at the age of 8 weeks. Serum PGE2 level, GI tumor size (>2mm2), number, and cluster (>5 adjoining tumors) were analyzed at 150 days post-exposure. Aspirin led to a significant reduction in PGE2 in a dose-dependent manner but did not reduce 28Si-induced GI tumorigenesis even at the highest (300 mg/day) dose. In summary, this study suggests that aspirin could reduce high-LET IR-induced pro-inflammatory PGE2 levels, however, lacks the ability to reduce high-LET IR-induced GI tumorigenesis in Apc1638N/+ mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhankar Suman
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Bo-Hyun Moon
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Jerry Angdisen
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | | | - Kamal Datta
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology and Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Albert J Fornace
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology and Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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Cheng Y, Li W, Gui R, Wang C, Song J, Wang Z, Wang X, Shen Y, Wang Z, Hao L. Dual Characters of GH-IGF1 Signaling Pathways in Radiotherapy and Post-radiotherapy Repair of Cancers. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:671247. [PMID: 34178997 PMCID: PMC8220142 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.671247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy remains one of the most important cancer treatment modalities. In the course of radiotherapy for tumor treatment, the incidental irradiation of adjacent tissues could not be completely avoided. DNA damage is one of the main factors of cell death caused by ionizing radiation, including single-strand (SSBs) and double-strand breaks (DSBs). The growth hormone-Insulin-like growth factor 1 (GH-IGF1) axis plays numerous roles in various systems by promoting cell proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis, supporting its effects in inducing the development of multiple cancers. Meanwhile, the GH-IGF1 signaling involved in DNA damage response (DDR) and DNA damage repair determines the radio-resistance of cancer cells subjected to radiotherapy and repair of adjacent tissues damaged by radiotherapy. In the present review, we firstly summarized the studies on GH-IGF1 signaling in the development of cancers. Then we discussed the adverse effect of GH-IGF1 signaling in radiotherapy to cancer cells and the favorable impact of GH-IGF1 signaling on radiation damage repair to adjacent tissues after irradiation. This review further summarized recent advances on research into the molecular mechanism of GH-IGF1 signaling pathway in these effects, expecting to specify the dual characters of GH-IGF1 signaling pathways in radiotherapy and post-radiotherapy repair of cancers, subsequently providing theoretical basis of their roles in increasing radiation sensitivity during cancer radiotherapy and repairing damage after radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Cheng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wanqiao Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ruirui Gui
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chunli Wang
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jie Song
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhaoguo Wang
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xue Wang
- The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yannan Shen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhicheng Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Linlin Hao
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Adipocytes protect fibroblasts from radiation-induced damage by adiponectin secretion. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12616. [PMID: 32724116 PMCID: PMC7387543 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69352-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate and colon cancers are among the most common cancers diagnosed annually, and both often require treatment with radiation therapy. Advancement in radiation delivery techniques has led to highly accurate targeting of tumor and sparing of normal tissue; however, in the pelvic region it is anatomically difficult to avoid off-target radiation exposure to other organs. Chronically the effects of normal urogenital tissue exposure can lead to urinary frequency, urinary incontinence, proctitis, and erectile dysfunction. Most of these symptoms are caused by radiation-induced fibrosis and reduce the quality of life for cancer survivors. We have observed in animal models that the severity of radiation-induced fibrosis in normal tissue correlates to damaged fat reservoirs in the pelvic region. We hypothesize that adipocytes may secrete a factor that prevents the induction of radiation-associated fibrosis in normal tissues. In these studies we show that the adipokine, adiponectin, is secreted by primary mouse adipocytes and protects fibroblasts from radiation-induced cell death, myofibroblast formation, and senescence. Further, we demonstrated that adiponectin does not protect colorectal or prostate cancer cells from radiation-induced death. Thus, we propose that adiponectin, or its downstream pathway, would provide a novel target for adjuvant therapy when treating pelvic cancers with radiation therapy.
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Kumar S, Suman S, Fornace AJ, Datta K. Intestinal stem cells acquire premature senescence and senescence associated secretory phenotype concurrent with persistent DNA damage after heavy ion radiation in mice. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 11:4145-4158. [PMID: 31239406 PMCID: PMC6629005 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Heavy ion radiation, prevalent in outer space and relevant for radiotherapy, is densely ionizing and poses risk to stem cells that are key to intestinal homeostasis. Currently, the molecular spectrum of heavy ion radiation-induced perturbations in intestinal stem cells (ISCs), that could trigger intestinal pathologies, remains largely unexplored. The Lgr5-EGFP-IRES-creERT mice were exposed to 50 cGy of iron radiation. Mice were euthanized 60 d after exposure and ISCs were sorted using fluorescence activated cell sorting. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial superoxide were measured using fluorescent probes. Since DNA damage is linked to senescence and senescent cells acquire senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), we stained ISCs for both senescence markers p16, p21, and p19 as well as SASP markers IL6, IL8, and VEGF. Due to potential positive effects of SASP on proliferation, we also stained for PCNA. Data show increased ROS and ongoing DNA damage, by staining for γH2AX, and 53BP1, along with accumulation of senescence markers. Results also showed increased SASP markers in senescent cells. Collectively, our data suggest that heavy-ion-induced chronic stress and ongoing DNA damage is promoting SASP in a fraction of the ISCs, which has implications for gastrointestinal function, inflammation, and carcinogenesis in astronauts and patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Shubhankar Suman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Albert J Fornace
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Kamal Datta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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11
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Kaur A, Ten Have GAM, Hritzo B, Deutz NEP, Olsen C, Moroni M. Morphological and functional impairment in the gut in a partial body irradiation minipig model of GI-ARS. Int J Radiat Biol 2019; 96:112-128. [PMID: 30475652 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2018.1552377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Göttingen minipig (G-MP) displays classic gastrointestinal acute radiation syndrome (GI-ARS) following total body irradiation (TBI) at GI doses which are lethal by 10-14 days. In collaboration with BARDA, we are developing a hemi-body/partial body irradiation (PBI) model by exposing only the abdomen and lower extremities to study GI structure/function impairment, natural history of injury and recovery, as well as correlative biomarkers out to 30 days.Materials and methods: Twenty-four G-MP were exposed to either 12 or 16 Gy (LINAC Elekta); head, forelimbs, and thorax were outside the irradiation field, sparing ∼50% of the bone marrow. Animals were followed for 30 days with euthanasia scheduled at pre-set intervals to study the time course of GI injury and recovery. Hematological profiles, clinical symptoms, gross- and histo-pathology including markers of proliferation and apoptosis in the small intestines, gut function parameters (food tolerance, digestion, absorption, citrulline production), and levels of two biomarkers, CRP and IGF-1, were evaluated.Results: PBI at 16 Gy yielded higher lethality than 12 Gy. Unlike TBI, PBI did not cause severe pancytopenia or external hemorrhage, as expected, and allowed to focus the injury on GI organs while sparing the radiation sensitive heart and lung. Compromised animals showed inactivity, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, and weight loss. Histology revealed that in 12 Gy irradiated animals, lesions recovered overtime. In 16 Gy irradiated animals, lesions were more pronounced and persistent. BrdU and Ki67 labelling demonstrated dose-dependent loss of crypts and subsequent mucosal ulceration which recovered over time. Minimal apoptosis was observed at both doses. Reductions in food tolerance, digestion, absorption, and citrulline production were time and dose-dependent. Loss of citrulline reached a nadir between 6-12 days and then recovered partially. CRP and IGF-1 were upregulated following PBI at GI doses.Conclusions: This lower hemi-body irradiation model allowed for extended survival at GI-specific ARS doses and development of a well-controlled GI syndrome with minimal hematopoietic injury or confounding mortality from cardiopulmonary damage. A dose-dependent impairment in the intestinal structure resulted in overall decreased gut functionality followed by a partial recovery. However, while the structure appeared to be recovered, not all functionality was attained. PBI induced systemic inflammation and altered the IGF-1 hormone indicating that these can be used as biomarkers in the minipig even under partial body conditions. This PBI model aligns with other minipig models under BARDA's large animal consortium to test medical countermeasure efficacy against a less complex GI-specific ARS injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandeep Kaur
- Radiation Countermeasure program, Scientific Research Department, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gabriëlla A M Ten Have
- Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Bernadette Hritzo
- Radiation Countermeasure program, Scientific Research Department, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nicolaas E P Deutz
- Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Cara Olsen
- Biostatistics Consulting Center, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Maria Moroni
- Radiation Countermeasure program, Scientific Research Department, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
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12
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Suman S, Kumar S, Fornace AJ, Datta K. The effect of carbon irradiation is associated with greater oxidative stress in mouse intestine and colon relative to γ-rays. Free Radic Res 2018; 52:556-567. [PMID: 29544379 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2018.1452204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Carbon irradiation due to its higher biological effectiveness relative to photon radiation is a concern for toxicity to proliferative normal gastrointestinal (GI) tissue after radiotherapy and long-duration space missions such as mission to Mars. Although radiation-induced oxidative stress is linked to chronic diseases such as cancer, effects of carbon irradiation on normal GI tissue have not been fully understood. This study assessed and compared chronic oxidative stress in mouse intestine and colon after different doses of carbon and γ radiation, which are qualitatively different. Mice (C57BL/6J) were exposed to 0.5 or 1.3 Gy of γ or carbon irradiation, and intestinal and colonic tissues were collected 2 months after irradiation. While part of the tissues was used for isolating epithelial cells, tissue samples were also fixed and paraffin embedded for 4 µm thick sections as well as frozen for biochemical assays. In isolated epithelial cells, reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial status were studied using fluorescent probes and flow cytometry. We assessed antioxidant enzymes and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase activity in tissues and formalin-fixed tissue sections were stained for 4-hydroxynonenal, a lipid peroxidation marker. Data show that mitochondrial deregulation, increased NADPH oxidase activity, and decreased antioxidant activity were major contributors to carbon radiation-induced oxidative stress in mouse intestinal and colonic cells. When considered along with higher lipid peroxidation after carbon irradiation relative to γ-rays, our data have implications for functional changes in intestine and carcinogenesis in colon after carbon radiotherapy as well as space travel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhankar Suman
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center , Georgetown University , Washington , DC , USA
| | - Santosh Kumar
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center , Georgetown University , Washington , DC , USA
| | - Albert J Fornace
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center , Georgetown University , Washington , DC , USA
| | - Kamal Datta
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center , Georgetown University , Washington , DC , USA
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13
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Zhang SB, Yang S, Zhang Z, Zhang A, Zhang M, Yin L, Casey-Sawicki K, Swarts S, Vidyasagar S, Zhang L, Okunieff P. Thoracic gamma irradiation-induced obesity in C57BL/6 female mice. Int J Radiat Biol 2017; 93:1334-1342. [DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2017.1385871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven B. Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Shanmin Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Zhenhuan Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Amy Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Mei Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Liangjie Yin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Katherine Casey-Sawicki
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Steven Swarts
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sadasivan Vidyasagar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Lurong Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Paul Okunieff
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Licursi V, Cestelli Guidi M, Del Vecchio G, Mannironi C, Presutti C, Amendola R, Negri R. Leptin induction following irradiation is a conserved feature in mammalian epithelial cells and tissues. Int J Radiat Biol 2017; 93:947-957. [DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2017.1339918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Licursi
- CNR, Institute for Systems Analysis and Computer Science “Antonio Ruberti”, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Giorgia Del Vecchio
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie C. Darwin, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Carlo Presutti
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie C. Darwin, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Amendola
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare – Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati, Italy
- ENEA National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, SSPT, TECS, Rome, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Negri
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie C. Darwin, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
- CNR, Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari, Rome, Italy
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15
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Lumniczky K, Szatmári T, Sáfrány G. Ionizing Radiation-Induced Immune and Inflammatory Reactions in the Brain. Front Immunol 2017; 8:517. [PMID: 28529513 PMCID: PMC5418235 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiation-induced late brain injury consisting of vascular abnormalities, demyelination, white matter necrosis, and cognitive impairment has been described in patients subjected to cranial radiotherapy for brain tumors. Accumulating evidence suggests that various degrees of cognitive deficit can develop after much lower doses of ionizing radiation, as well. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying these alterations are not elucidated so far. A permanent deficit in neurogenesis, chronic microvascular alterations, and blood–brain barrier dysfunctionality are considered among the main causative factors. Chronic neuroinflammation and altered immune reactions in the brain, which are inherent complications of brain irradiation, have also been directly implicated in the development of cognitive decline after radiation. This review aims to give a comprehensive overview on radiation-induced immune alterations and inflammatory reactions in the brain and summarizes how these processes can influence cognitive performance. The available data on the risk of low-dose radiation exposure in the development of cognitive impairment and the underlying mechanisms are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Lumniczky
- Division of Radiation Medicine, National Public Health Centre, National Research Directorate for Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tünde Szatmári
- Division of Radiation Medicine, National Public Health Centre, National Research Directorate for Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Géza Sáfrány
- Division of Radiation Medicine, National Public Health Centre, National Research Directorate for Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, Budapest, Hungary
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