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Yoshimura R, Nomura S. Co-ingestion of glutamine and leucine synergistically promotes mTORC1 activation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15870. [PMID: 36151270 PMCID: PMC9508252 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20251-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucine (Leu) regulates protein synthesis and degradation via activation of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). Glutamine (Gln) synergistically promotes mTORC1 activation with Leu via glutaminolysis and Leu absorption via an antiporter. However, Gln has also been shown to inhibit mTORC1 activity. To resolve this paradox, we aimed to elucidate the effects of Gln on Leu-mediated mTORC1 activation. We administered Leu, Gln, tryptophan, Leu + Gln, or Leu + tryptophan to mice after 24-h fasting. The mice were then administered puromycin to evaluate protein synthesis and the gastrocnemius muscle was harvested 30 min later. Phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1, 70-kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1, and Unc-51 like kinase 1 levels were the highest in the Leu + Gln group and significantly increased compared with those in the control group; however, Gln alone did not increase the levels of phosphorylated proteins. No difference in glutamate dehydrogenase activity was observed between the groups. Leu concentrations in the gastrocnemius muscle were similar in the Leu-intake groups. Our study highlights a novel mechanism underlying the promotive effect of Gln on Leu-mediated mTORC1 activation, providing insights into the pathway through which amino acids regulate muscle protein metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoji Yoshimura
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Health Management, Nagasaki International University, 2825-7 Huis Ten Bosch Machi, Sasebo City, Nagasaki, Japan.
| | - Shuichi Nomura
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Health Management, Nagasaki International University, 2825-7 Huis Ten Bosch Machi, Sasebo City, Nagasaki, Japan
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2
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Nakai N, Iida N, Kitai S, Shimomura Y, Kitaura Y, Higashida K. BDK knockout skeletal muscle satellite cells exhibit enhanced protein translation initiation signal in response to BCAA in vitro. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2022; 86:610-617. [PMID: 35108367 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbac021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effects of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and electrical pulse stimulation (EPS) on the mTORC1 pathway in muscle satellite cells (MSCs) isolated from branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase kinase (BDK) knockout (KO) mice in vitro. MSCs were isolated from BDK KO and wild-type (WT) mice, proliferated, and differentiated into myotubes. BCAA stimulation increased the phosphorylation of p70 S6 kinase (p70S6K), a marker of protein translation initiation, in MSCs from WT and BDK KO mice, but the rate of the increase was higher in MSCs isolated from BDK KO mice. Contrarily, there was no difference in the increase in p70S6K phosphorylation by EPS. Acute BDK knockdown in MSCs from WT mice using shRNA decreased p70S6K phosphorylation in response to BCAA stimulation. Collectively, the susceptibility of mTORC1 to BCAA stimulation was elevated by chronic, but not acute, enhancement of BCAA catabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Nakai
- Department of Nutrition, University of Shiga Prefecture, Hikone, Shiga, Japan
| | - Noriko Iida
- Department of Nutrition, University of Shiga Prefecture, Hikone, Shiga, Japan
| | - Saki Kitai
- Department of Nutrition, University of Shiga Prefecture, Hikone, Shiga, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Shimomura
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Kitaura
- Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Higashida
- Department of Nutrition, University of Shiga Prefecture, Hikone, Shiga, Japan
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3
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Yamane T, Kitaura Y, Iwatsuki K, Shimomura Y, Oishi Y. Branched-chain amino acids regulate hyaluronan synthesis and PPARα expression in the skin. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 85:2292-2294. [PMID: 34529047 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbab160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effects of deletion of branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase kinase (BDK), a key enzyme in branched-chain amino acid catabolism, on hyaluronan synthesis in mice. The skin levels of hyaluronan and the gene expression levels of hyaluronan synthase (Has)2, Has3, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α were significantly lower in the BDK-knockout group than in the wild-type group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Yamane
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Kitaura
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ken Iwatsuki
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Shimomura
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yuichi Oishi
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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4
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Supruniuk E, Żebrowska E, Chabowski A. Branched chain amino acids-friend or foe in the control of energy substrate turnover and insulin sensitivity? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 63:2559-2597. [PMID: 34542351 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1977910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Branched chain amino acids (BCAA) and their derivatives are bioactive molecules with pleiotropic functions in the human body. Elevated fasting blood BCAA concentrations are considered as a metabolic hallmark of obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. However, since increased BCAA amount is observed both in metabolically healthy and obese subjects, a question whether BCAA are mechanistic drivers of insulin resistance and its morbidities or only markers of metabolic dysregulation, still remains open. The beneficial effects of BCAA on body weight and composition, aerobic capacity, insulin secretion and sensitivity demand high catabolic potential toward amino acids and/or adequate BCAA intake. On the opposite, BCAA-related inhibition of lipogenesis and lipolysis enhancement may preclude impairment in insulin sensitivity. Thereby, the following review addresses various strategies pertaining to the modulation of BCAA catabolism and the possible roles of BCAA in energy homeostasis. We also aim to elucidate mechanisms behind the heterogeneity of ramifications associated with BCAA modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Supruniuk
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Ewa Żebrowska
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Adrian Chabowski
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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5
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Mann G, Mora S, Madu G, Adegoke OAJ. Branched-chain Amino Acids: Catabolism in Skeletal Muscle and Implications for Muscle and Whole-body Metabolism. Front Physiol 2021; 12:702826. [PMID: 34354601 PMCID: PMC8329528 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.702826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are critical for skeletal muscle and whole-body anabolism and energy homeostasis. They also serve as signaling molecules, for example, being able to activate mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). This has implication for macronutrient metabolism. However, elevated circulating levels of BCAAs and of their ketoacids as well as impaired catabolism of these amino acids (AAs) are implicated in the development of insulin resistance and its sequelae, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and of some cancers, although other studies indicate supplements of these AAs may help in the management of some chronic diseases. Here, we first reviewed the catabolism of these AAs especially in skeletal muscle as this tissue contributes the most to whole body disposal of the BCAA. We then reviewed emerging mechanisms of control of enzymes involved in regulating BCAA catabolism. Such mechanisms include regulation of their abundance by microRNA and by post translational modifications such as phosphorylation, acetylation, and ubiquitination. We also reviewed implications of impaired metabolism of BCAA for muscle and whole-body metabolism. We comment on outstanding questions in the regulation of catabolism of these AAs, including regulation of the abundance and post-transcriptional/post-translational modification of enzymes that regulate BCAA catabolism, as well the impact of circadian rhythm, age and mTORC1 on these enzymes. Answers to such questions may facilitate emergence of treatment/management options that can help patients suffering from chronic diseases linked to impaired metabolism of the BCAAs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Olasunkanmi A. J. Adegoke
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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White JP. Amino Acid Trafficking and Skeletal Muscle Protein Synthesis: A Case of Supply and Demand. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:656604. [PMID: 34136478 PMCID: PMC8201612 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.656604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle protein synthesis is a highly complex process, influenced by nutritional status, mechanical stimuli, repair programs, hormones, and growth factors. The molecular aspects of protein synthesis are centered around the mTORC1 complex. However, the intricacies of mTORC1 regulation, both up and downstream, have expanded overtime. Moreover, the plastic nature of skeletal muscle makes it a unique tissue, having to coordinate between temporal changes in myofiber metabolism and hypertrophy/atrophy stimuli within a tissue with considerable protein content. Skeletal muscle manages the push and pull between anabolic and catabolic pathways through key regulatory proteins to promote energy production in times of nutrient deprivation or activate anabolic pathways in times of nutrient availability and anabolic stimuli. Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) can be used for both energy production and signaling to induce protein synthesis. The metabolism of BCAAs occur in tandem with energetic and anabolic processes, converging at several points along their respective pathways. The fate of intramuscular BCAAs adds another layer of regulation, which has consequences to promote or inhibit muscle fiber protein anabolism. This review will outline the general mechanisms of muscle protein synthesis and describe how metabolic pathways can regulate this process. Lastly, we will discuss how BCAA availability and demand coordinate with synthesis mechanisms and identify key factors involved in intramuscular BCAA trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P White
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States.,Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States.,Duke Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
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Katada C, Fukazawa S, Sugawara M, Sakamoto Y, Takahashi K, Takahashi A, Watanabe A, Wada T, Ishido K, Furue Y, Harada H, Hosoda K, Yamashita K, Hiki N, Sato T, Ichikawa T, Shichiri M, Tanabe S, Koizumi W. Randomized study of prevention of gastrointestinal toxicities by nutritional support using an amino acid-rich elemental diet during chemotherapy in patients with esophageal cancer (KDOG 1101). Esophagus 2021; 18:296-305. [PMID: 33009977 DOI: 10.1007/s10388-020-00787-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This randomized study was designed to evaluate the clinical effect of an elemental diet during chemotherapy in patients with esophageal cancer. METHODS The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, (2) stage IB-IV, (3) schedule to receive docetaxel, cisplatin, and 5-fluorouracil (DCF chemotherapy), (4) 20-80 years old, (5) performance status of 0-2, (6) oral intake ability, and (7) written informed consent. Patients were divided into two groups: the elemental supplementary group and the non-supplementary group. Patients received ELENTAL® (160 g/day) orally 9 weeks after the start of chemotherapy. Primary endpoint was the incidence of grade 2 or higher gastrointestinal toxicity according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, version 4.0. Secondary endpoints were the incidence of all adverse events and the evaluation of nutritional status. RESULTS Thirty-six patients in the elemental supplementary group and 35 patients in the non-supplementary group were included in the analysis. The incidence of grade 2 or higher gastrointestinal toxicity and all grade 3 or 4 adverse events did not differ significantly between the groups. In the elemental supplementary group, the body weight (p = 0.057), muscle mass (p = 0.056), and blood levels of transferrin (p = 0.009), total amino acids (p = 0.019), and essential amino acids (p = 0.006) tended to be maintained after chemotherapy. CONCLUSION Nutritional support provided by an amino acid-rich elemental diet was ineffective for reducing the incidence of adverse events caused by DCF chemotherapy in patients with esophageal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikatoshi Katada
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato Minami, Sagamihara, 252-0374, Japan.
| | - Saeko Fukazawa
- Department of Nutrition, Kitasato University Hospital, 1-15-1 Kitasato Minami, Sagamihara, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Sugawara
- Department of Pharmacy, Kitasato University Hospital, 1-15-1 Kitasato Minami, Sagamihara, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Yasutoshi Sakamoto
- Kitasato Clinical Research Center, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato Minami, Sagamihara, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Kaoru Takahashi
- Department of Nursing, Kitasato University Hospital, 1-15-1 Kitasato Minami, Sagamihara, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Akiko Takahashi
- Department of Nursing, Kitasato University Hospital, 1-15-1 Kitasato Minami, Sagamihara, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Akinori Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato Minami, Sagamihara, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Takuya Wada
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato Minami, Sagamihara, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Kenji Ishido
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato Minami, Sagamihara, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Furue
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato Minami, Sagamihara, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Hiroki Harada
- Department of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato Minami, Sagamihara, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Kei Hosoda
- Department of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato Minami, Sagamihara, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Keishi Yamashita
- Department of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato Minami, Sagamihara, 252-0374, Japan
- Division of Advanced Surgical Oncology, Research and Development Center for New Medical Frontiers, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato Minami, Sagamihara, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Naoki Hiki
- Department of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato Minami, Sagamihara, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Teruko Sato
- Department of Nutrition, Kitasato University Hospital, 1-15-1 Kitasato Minami, Sagamihara, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Takafumi Ichikawa
- Department of Pathological Biochemistry, School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato Minami, Sagamihara, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Shichiri
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato Minami, Sagamihara, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tanabe
- Department of Advanced Medicine Research and Development Center for New Medical Frontiers, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato Minami, Sagamihara, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Wasaburo Koizumi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato Minami, Sagamihara, 252-0374, Japan
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8
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Kitaura Y, Shindo D, Ogawa T, Sato A, Shimomura Y. Antihypertensive drug valsartan as a novel BDK inhibitor. Pharmacol Res 2021; 167:105518. [PMID: 33636353 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Catabolism of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) is affected by various physiological conditions and its abnormality is associated with glucose metabolism, heart disease, and neurological dysfunction. The first two steps of the BCAA metabolic pathway are common to the three BCAAs (leucine, isoleucine, and valine). The second step is an irreversible rate-limited reaction catalyzed by branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase (BCKDH), which is bound to a specific kinase, BCKDH kinase (BDK), and inactivated by phosphorylation. Here, we investigated potential new BDK inhibitors and discovered valsartan, an angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) blocker, as a new BDK inhibitor. BCKDH phosphorylation and the BCKDH-BDK interaction were inhibited by valsartan in vitro. Valsartan administration in rats resulted in increased BCKDH activity by decreasing the dephosphorylated level of BCKDH complex, bound forms of BDK from BCKDH complex as well as decreased plasma BCAA concentrations. Valsartan is a novel BDK inhibitor that competes with ATP, via a different mechanism from allosteric inhibitors. The BDK inhibitor has been shown to preserve cardiac function in pressure overload-induced heart failure mice and to attenuate insulin resistance in obese mice. Our findings suggest that valsartan is a potent seed compound for developing a powerful BDK inhibitor and useful medication for treating heart failure and metabolic diseases with suppressed BCAA catabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Kitaura
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Department of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.
| | - Daichi Shindo
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Department of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Ogawa
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Department of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ayato Sato
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Shimomura
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
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Mizusawa A, Watanabe A, Yamada M, Kamei R, Shimomura Y, Kitaura Y. BDK Deficiency in Cerebral Cortex Neurons Causes Neurological Abnormalities and Affects Endurance Capacity. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12082267. [PMID: 32751134 PMCID: PMC7469005 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) catabolism is regulated by its rate-limiting enzyme, branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase (BCKDH), which is negatively regulated by BCKDH kinase (BDK). Loss of BDK function in mice and humans leads to dysregulated BCAA catabolism accompanied by neurological symptoms such as autism; however, which tissues or cell types are responsible for the phenotype has not been determined. Since BDK is highly expressed in neurons compared to astrocytes, we hypothesized that neurons are the cell type responsible for determining the neurological features of BDK deficiency. To test this hypothesis, we generated mice in which BDK deletion is restricted to neurons of the cerebral cortex (BDKEmx1-KO mice). Although BDKEmx1-KO mice were born and grew up normally, they showed clasped hind limbs when held by the tail and lower brain BCAA concentrations compared to control mice. Furthermore, these mice showed a marked increase in endurance capacity after training compared to control mice. We conclude that BDK in neurons of the cerebral cortex is essential for maintaining normal neurological functions in mice, and that accelerated BCAA catabolism in that region may enhance performance in running endurance following training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mizusawa
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Department of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan; (A.M.); (A.W.); (M.Y.); (R.K.)
| | - Ayako Watanabe
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Department of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan; (A.M.); (A.W.); (M.Y.); (R.K.)
| | - Minori Yamada
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Department of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan; (A.M.); (A.W.); (M.Y.); (R.K.)
| | - Rina Kamei
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Department of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan; (A.M.); (A.W.); (M.Y.); (R.K.)
| | - Yoshiharu Shimomura
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan;
| | - Yasuyuki Kitaura
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Department of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan; (A.M.); (A.W.); (M.Y.); (R.K.)
- Correspondence:
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Yamanashi K, Kinugawa S, Fukushima A, Kakutani N, Takada S, Obata Y, Nakano I, Yokota T, Kitaura Y, Shimomura Y, Anzai T. Branched-chain amino acid supplementation ameliorates angiotensin II-induced skeletal muscle atrophy. Life Sci 2020; 250:117593. [PMID: 32234320 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Sarcopenia is characterized by muscle mass and strength loss and reduced physical activity. Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) were recently described as an activator of protein synthesis via mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling for muscle atrophy. In cardiovascular diseases, excessive activation of the renin-angiotensin system may induce an imbalance of protein synthesis and degradation, and this plays a crucial role in muscle atrophy. We investigated the effects of BCAAs on angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced muscle atrophy in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS We administered Ang II (1000 ng/kg/min) or vehicle to 10-12-week-old male C57BL/6J mice via subcutaneous osmotic minipumps for 4 weeks with or without BCAA supplementation (3% BCAA in tap water). KEY FINDINGS The skeletal muscle weight/tibial length and cross-sectional area were smaller in the Ang II mice than the vehicle mice; these changes were induced by an imbalance of protein synthesis and degradation signaling such as Akt/mTOR and MuRF-1/Atrogin-1. Compared to the Ang II mice, the mTOR signaling was significantly activated and Ang II-induced muscle atrophy was ameliorated in the Ang II + BCAA mice, and this attenuated the reduction of exercise capacity. Notably, the decrease of muscle weight/tibial length in the fast-twitch dominant muscles (e.g., the extensor digitorum longus) was significantly ameliorated compared to that in the slow-twitch dominant muscles (e.g., soleus). Histologically, the effect of BCAA was larger in fast-twitch than slow-twitch fibers, which may be related to the difference in BCAA catabolism. SIGNIFICANCE BCAA supplementation could contribute to the prevention of skeletal muscle atrophy induced by Ang II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuma Yamanashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 0608638, Japan
| | - Shintaro Kinugawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 0608638, Japan.
| | - Arata Fukushima
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 0608638, Japan
| | - Naoya Kakutani
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 0608638, Japan; Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Japan
| | - Shingo Takada
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 0608638, Japan; Faculty of Lifelong Sport, Department of Sports Education, Hokusho University, Ebetsu 0698511, Japan
| | - Yoshikuni Obata
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 0608638, Japan
| | - Ippei Nakano
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 0608638, Japan
| | - Takashi Yokota
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 0608638, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Kitaura
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 4648601, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Shimomura
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 4648601, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Anzai
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 0608638, Japan
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11
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Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Function by Amino Acids. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12010261. [PMID: 31963899 PMCID: PMC7019684 DOI: 10.3390/nu12010261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Amino acids are components of proteins that also exist free-form in the body; their functions can be divided into (1) nutritional, (2) sensory, and (3) biological regulatory roles. The skeletal muscle, which is the largest organ in the human body, representing ~40% of the total body weight, plays important roles in exercise, energy expenditure, and glucose/amino acid usage—processes that are modulated by various amino acids and their metabolites. In this review, we address the metabolism and function of amino acids in the skeletal muscle. The expression of PGC1α, a transcriptional coactivator, is increased in the skeletal muscle during exercise. PGC1α activates branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) metabolism and is used for energy in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Leucine, a BCAA, and its metabolite, β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB), both activate mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and increase protein synthesis, but the mechanisms of activation appear to be different. The metabolite of valine (another BCAA), β-aminoisobutyric acid (BAIBA), is increased by exercise, is secreted by the skeletal muscle, and acts on other tissues, such as white adipose tissue, to increase energy expenditure. In addition, several amino acid-related molecules reportedly activate skeletal muscle function. Oral 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) supplementation can protect against mild hyperglycemia and help prevent type 2 diabetes. β-alanine levels are decreased in the skeletal muscles of aged mice. β-alanine supplementation increased the physical performance and improved the executive function induced by endurance exercise in middle-aged individuals. Further studies focusing on the effects of amino acids and their metabolites on skeletal muscle function will provide data essential for the production of food supplements for older adults, athletes, and individuals with metabolic diseases.
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Dhanani ZN, Mann G, Adegoke OAJ. Depletion of branched-chain aminotransferase 2 (BCAT2) enzyme impairs myoblast survival and myotube formation. Physiol Rep 2019; 7:e14299. [PMID: 31833233 PMCID: PMC6908738 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Much is known about the positive effects of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) in regulating muscle protein metabolism. Comparatively much less is known about the effects of these amino acids and their metabolites in regulating myotube formation. Using cultured myoblasts, we showed that although leucine is required for myotube formation, this requirement is easily met by α-ketoisocaproic acid, the ketoacid of leucine. We then demonstrated increases in the expression of the first two enzymes in the catabolism of the three BCAA, branched-chain amino transferase (BCAT2) and branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase (BCKD), with ~3× increase in BCKD protein expression (p < .05) during differentiation. Furthermore, depletion of BCAT2 abolished myoblast differentiation, as indicated by reduction in the levels of myosin heavy chain-1, troponin and myogenin. Supplementation of incubation medium with branched-chain α-ketoacids or related metabolites derivable from BCAT2 functions did not rescue the defects. However, co-depletion of BCKD kinase partially rescued the defects. Collectively, our data indicate a requirement for BCAA catabolism during myotube formation and that this requirement for BCAT2 likely goes beyond the need for this enzyme to generate the α-ketoacids of the BCAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zameer N. Dhanani
- School of Kinesiology and Health ScienceMuscle Health Research CentreYork UniversityTorontoONCanada
| | - Gagandeep Mann
- School of Kinesiology and Health ScienceMuscle Health Research CentreYork UniversityTorontoONCanada
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Metabolic Fingerprint of Acromegaly and its Potential Usefulness in Clinical Practice. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8101549. [PMID: 31561638 PMCID: PMC6832216 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8101549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and growth hormone (GH) levels are the main targets for monitoring acromegaly activity, but they are not in close relationship with the clinical course of the disease and the associated comorbidities. The present study was aimed at identifying metabolites that could be used as biomarkers for a better disease phenotyping. For this purpose, metabolic fingerprint using an untargeted metabolomic approach was examined in serum from 30 patients with acromegaly and 30 age-matched controls. Patients with acromegaly presented fewer branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) compared to the control group (valine: 4.75 ± 0.87 vs. 5.20 ± 1.06 arbitrary units (AUs), p < 0.05; isoleucine: 2.54 ± 0.41 vs. 2.80 ± 0.51 AUs; p < 0.05). BCAAs were also lower in patients with active disease compared to patients with normal levels of IGF-1 with or without medical treatment. GH, but not IGF-1, serum levels were inversely correlated with both valine and isoleucine. These findings indicate that low levels of BCAAs represent the main metabolic fingerprint of acromegaly and that GH, rather than IGF-1, might be the primary mediator. In addition, our results suggest that the assessment of BCAAs could help to identify active disease and to monitor the response to therapeutic strategies.
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Biswas D, Duffley L, Pulinilkunnil T. Role of branched‐chain amino acid–catabolizing enzymes in intertissue signaling, metabolic remodeling, and energy homeostasis. FASEB J 2019; 33:8711-8731. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802842rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dipsikha Biswas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Faculty of Medicine Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick Dalhousie University Saint John New Brunswick Canada
| | - Luke Duffley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Faculty of Medicine Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick Dalhousie University Saint John New Brunswick Canada
| | - Thomas Pulinilkunnil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Faculty of Medicine Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick Dalhousie University Saint John New Brunswick Canada
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Noguchi S, Kondo Y, Ito R, Katayama T, Kazama S, Kadota Y, Kitaura Y, Harris RA, Shimomura Y. Ca2+-dependent inhibition of branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase kinase by thiamine pyrophosphate. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 504:916-920. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Yamane T, Morioka Y, Kitaura Y, Iwatsuki K, Shimomura Y, Oishi Y. Branched-chain amino acids regulate type I tropocollagen and type III tropocollagen syntheses via modulation of mTOR in the skin. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2018; 82:611-615. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2017.1386084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) exhibit many physiological functions. However, the potential link and mechanism between BCAA and skin function are unknown. We examined the effects of deletion of branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase kinase (BDK), a key enzyme in BCAA catabolism, on type I and III tropocollagen syntheses in mice. Leucine and isoleucine levels were significantly lower in the skin of BDK-KO mice compared with wild-type mice. No changes in valine concentrations were observed. The levels of type I and III tropocollagen proteins and mRNAs (COL1A1 and COL3A1) were significantly lower in the skin of BDK-KO mice compared with wild-type mice. The phosphorylation of p70 S6 kinase, which indicates mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activation, was reduced in the skin of BDK-KO mice compared with wild-type mice. These findings suggest that deficiencies of leucine and isoleucine reduce type I and III tropocollagen syntheses in skin by suppressing the action of mTOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Yamane
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuka Morioka
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Kitaura
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ken Iwatsuki
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Shimomura
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuichi Oishi
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
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Xu M, Kitaura Y, Shindo D, Shimomura Y. Branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) supplementation enhances adaptability to exercise training of mice with a muscle-specific defect in the control of BCAA catabolism. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2018; 82:1-4. [PMID: 29490580 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2018.1440174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase (BCKDH) kinase (BDK) suppresses the branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) catabolism by inactivation of the BCKDH complex. The muscle-specific BDK-deficient (BDK-mKO) mice showed accelerated BCAA oxidation in muscle and decreased endurance capacity after training (Xu et al. PLoS One. 12 (2017) e0180989). We here report that BCAA supplementation overcompensated endurance capacity in BDK-mKO mice after training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjun Xu
- a Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences , Nagoya University , Nagoya , Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Kitaura
- a Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences , Nagoya University , Nagoya , Japan
| | - Daichi Shindo
- a Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences , Nagoya University , Nagoya , Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Shimomura
- a Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences , Nagoya University , Nagoya , Japan
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Xu M, Kitaura Y, Ishikawa T, Kadota Y, Terai C, Shindo D, Morioka T, Ota M, Morishita Y, Ishihara K, Shimomura Y. Endurance performance and energy metabolism during exercise in mice with a muscle-specific defect in the control of branched-chain amino acid catabolism. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180989. [PMID: 28719620 PMCID: PMC5515431 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
It is known that the catabolism of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) in skeletal muscle is suppressed under normal and sedentary conditions but is promoted by exercise. BCAA catabolism in muscle tissues is regulated by the branched-chain α-keto acid (BCKA) dehydrogenase complex, which is inactivated by phosphorylation by BCKA dehydrogenase kinase (BDK). In the present study, we used muscle-specific BDK deficient mice (BDK-mKO mice) to examine the effect of uncontrolled BCAA catabolism on endurance exercise performance and skeletal muscle energy metabolism. Untrained control and BDK-mKO mice showed the same performance; however, the endurance performance enhanced by 2 weeks of running training was somewhat, but significantly less in BDK-mKO mice than in control mice. Skeletal muscle of BDK-mKO mice had low levels of glycogen. Metabolome analysis showed that BCAA catabolism was greatly enhanced in the muscle of BDK-mKO mice and produced branched-chain acyl-carnitine, which induced perturbation of energy metabolism in the muscle. These results suggest that the tight regulation of BCAA catabolism in muscles is important for homeostasis of muscle energy metabolism and, at least in part, for adaptation to exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjun Xu
- Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Kitaura
- Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takuya Ishikawa
- Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kadota
- Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Chihaya Terai
- Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Daichi Shindo
- Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takashi Morioka
- Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Miki Ota
- Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yukako Morishita
- Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kengo Ishihara
- Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Shimomura
- Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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