Response of rhizosphere soil microbial to Deyeuxia angustifolia encroaching in two different vegetation communities in alpine tundra

Biodiversity in mountain soils above the treeline

Biological diversity in mountain ecosystems has been increasingly studied over the last decade. This is also the case for mountain soils, but no study to date has provided an overall synthesis of the current state of knowledge. Here we fill this gap with a first global analysis of published research on cryptogams, microorganisms, and fauna in mountain soils above the treeline, and a structured synthesis of current knowledge. Based on a corpus of almost 1400 publications and the expertise of 37 mountain soil scientists worldwide, we summarise what is known about the diversity and distribution patterns of each of these organismal groups, specifically along elevation, and provide an overview of available knowledge on the drivers explaining these patterns and their changes. In particular, we document an elevation-dependent decrease in faunal diversity above the treeline, while for cryptogams there is an initial increase above the treeline, followed by a decrease towards the nival belt. Thus, our data confirm the key role that elevation plays in shaping the biodiversity and distribution of these organisms in mountain soils. The response of prokaryote diversity to elevation, in turn, was more diverse, whereas fungal diversity appeared to be substantially influenced by plants. As far as available, we describe key characteristics, adaptations, and functions of mountain soil species, and despite a lack of ecological information about the uncultivated majority of prokaryotes, fungi, and protists, we illustrate the remarkable and unique diversity of life forms and life histories encountered in alpine mountain soils. By applying rule- as well as pattern-based literature-mining approaches and semi-quantitative analyses, we identified hotspots of mountain soil research in the European Alps and Central Asia and revealed significant gaps in taxonomic coverage, particularly among biocrusts, soil protists, and soil fauna. We further report thematic priorities for research on mountain soil biodiversity above the treeline and identify unanswered research questions. Building upon the outcomes of this synthesis, we conclude with a set of research opportunities for mountain soil biodiversity research worldwide. Soils in mountain ecosystems above the treeline fulfil critical functions and make essential contributions to life on land. Accordingly, seizing these opportunities and closing knowledge gaps appears crucial to enable science-based decision making in mountain regions and formulating laws and guidelines in support of mountain soil biodiversity conservation targets.

Soil nutrient content dominates short-term vegetation changes in alpine tundra of Changbai Mountains

Alpine tundra, covering 3% of the Earth's land surface, harbors approximately 4% of higher plant species. Changes in this vegetation significantly impact biodiversity and ecosystem services. Recent studies have primarily focused on large-scale and long-term vegetation changes in polar and high-latitude regions. However, the study of short-term vegetation changes and their primary drivers has received insufficient attention in alpine tundra. This study aimed to investigate vegetation changes and their dominant drivers in the alpine tundra of Changbai Mountains-located at the southern edge of the alpine tundra distribution in Eastern Eurasia-over a short period by re-surveying permanent plots in 2019 and comparing them with data from 2014. The results showed that significant changes were observed in alpine tundra vegetation during the study period. The importance values of typical alpine tundra plants such as Rhododendron chrysanthum, Vaccinium uliginosum, and Dryas octopetala decreased noticeably, while those of herbaceous species such as Deyeuxia angustifolia and Sanguisorba sitchensis increased significantly. Species richness, diversity, and evenness at different altitudinal gradients showed varying degrees of increase. A distinct expansion trend of herbaceous species was observed in the alpine tundra, contributing to a shift in plant community composition toward herbaceous dominance. This shift might result in the meadowization of the dwarf shrub tundra. Our findings further revealed that soil nutrients rather than climate factors, dominated the changes of plant communities over a short period. These findings provide scientific references for the conservation and management of biodiversity, as well as for projecting future vegetation dynamics in alpine tundra.

Effect of elevation on composition and diversity of fungi in the rhizosphere of a population of Deyeuxia angustifolia on Changbai Mountain, northeastern China

Soil fungi are a key component of terrestrial ecosystems and play a major role in soil biogeochemical cycling. Although the diversity and composition of fungal communities are regulated by many abiotic and biotic factors, the effect of elevation on soil fungal community diversity and composition remains largely unknown. In this study, the soil fungal composition and diversity in Deyeuxia angustifolia populations along an elevational gradient (1,690 m to 2020 m a.s.l.) were assessed, using Illumina MiSeq sequencing, on the north-facing slope of the Changbai Mountain, northeastern China. Our results showed that soil physicochemical parameters changed significantly along with the elevational gradients. The Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were the most dominant phyla along with the gradient. Alpha diversity of soil fungi decreased significantly with elevation. Soil nitrate nitrogen (NO₃^--N) was positively correlated with fungal richness and phylogenetic diversity (PD), indicating that soil nitrate nitrogen (NO₃^--N) is a key soil property determining fungal community diversity. In addition to soil nitrate content, soil pH and soil moisture were the most important environmental properties determining the soil fungal diversity. Our results suggest that the elevational changes in soil physicochemical properties play a key role in shaping the community composition and diversity of soil fungi. This study will allow us to better understand the biodiversity distribution patterns of soil microorganisms in mountain ecosystems.

Composition and diversity of soil bacterial communities under identical vegetation along an elevational gradient in Changbai Mountains, China

Soil bacteria play important roles in biogeochemical cycling and biodiversity in mountain ecosystems. Past studies have investigated the bacterial community composition and diversity in elevation gradations covered by different vegetation types, but for a better assessment of elevation effects, here we studied bacterial communities in soil under identical vegetation cover. High-throughput amplicon sequencing of the V3-V4 region of bacterial 16S rDNA was used to investigate the diversity and composition bacterial communities in soil from 700 to 1,000 m above sea level collected on the north slope of Changbai Mountains, Northeast China. Obviously differences (p < 0.05) in soil physicochemical parameters (i.e., total nitrogen, nitrate and ammonium nitrogen, soil moisture content, available potassium, microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen) were observed at different elevations. Soil bacterial abundance indices (Richness, Chao1, ACE) differed significantly along the elevation gradient, whereas the Shannon index remained unchanged. Principal Coordinates Analysis indicated separated soil bacterial communities of the different elevations. The dominant phyla in all soil samples were Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, and Bacteroidetes, which in combination reached 80%–85%. Soil pH to some extend related to soil bacterial community along altitude gradations. The relative abundance of a multiple phyla was negatively affected by the soil nutrients, such as ammonium and nitrate nitrogen, available potassium, soil moisture content, available phosphorus, microbial biomass nitrogen and soil organic C. The strongest effects were seen for Proteobacteria. The pH either positively or negatively correlated with specific genera. The soil bacterial function differed significantly among four elevations. The chemoheterotrophy, aerobic chemoheterotrophy and nitrification were the most dominant functions of soil bacteria among four elevations. Overall, the changes in soil physicochemical properties with elevation are important in shaping the bacterial diversity, composition and function in soil with the same above-ground vegetation of Changbai Mountains.

Fungus-originated glucanase and monooxygenase genes in creeping bent grass (Agrostis stolonifera L.)

Recent studies have revealed presence of fungus-originated genes in genomes of cool-season grasses, suggesting occurrence of multiple ancestral gene transfer events between the two distant lineages. The current article describes identification of glucanase-like and monooxygenase-like genes from creeping bent grass, as lateral gene transfer candidates. An in silico analysis suggested presence of the glucanase-like gene in Agrostis, Deyeuxia, and Polypogon genera, but not in other species belonging to the clade 1 of the Poeae tribe. Similarly, the monooxygenase-like gene was confined to Agrostis and Deyeuxia genera. A consistent result was obtained from PCR-based screening. The glucanase-like gene was revealed to be ubiquitously expressed in young seedlings of creeping bent grass. Although expression of the monooxygenase-like gene was suggested in plant tissues, the levels were considerably lower than those of the glucanase-like gene. A phylogenetic analysis revealed close relationships of the two genes between the corresponding genes in fungal endophyte species of the Epichloë genus, suggesting that the genes originated from the Epichloë lineage.

Genetic and Epigenetic Changes during the Upward Expansion of Deyeuxia angustifolia Kom. in the Alpine Tundra of the Changbai Mountains, China

Ecological adaptation plays an important role in the process of plant expansion, and genetics and epigenetics are important in the process of plant adaptation. In this study, genetic and epigenetic analyses and soil properties were performed on D. angustifolia of 17 populations, which were selected in the tundra zone on the western slope of the Changbai Mountains. Our results showed that the levels of genetic and epigenetic diversity of D. angustifolia were relatively low, and the main variation occurred among different populations (amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP): 95%, methylation sensitive amplification polymorphism (MSAP): 87%). In addition, DNA methylation levels varied from 23.36% to 35.70%. Principal component analysis (PCA) results showed that soil properties of different populations were heterogeneous. Correlation analyses showed that soil moisture, pH and total nitrogen were significantly correlated with genetic diversity of D. angustifolia, and soil temperature and pH were closely related to epigenetic diversity. Simple Mantel tests and partial Mantel tests showed that genetic variation significantly correlated with habitat or geographical distance. However, the correlation between epigenetic variation and habitat or geographical distance was not significant. Our results showed that, in the case of low genetic variation and genetic diversity, epigenetic variation and DNA methylation may provide a basis for the adaptation of D. angustifolia.

Soil Mesofauna Respond to the Upward Expansion of Deyeuxia purpurea in the Alpine Tundra of the Changbai Mountains, China

Deyeuxia purpurea, a low-altitude species, has been expanding upwards into alpine tundra, and this upward expansion is causing serious ecological consequences. However, few studies have been performed regarding its effects on soil faunal communities. We examine how the upward expansion of D. purpurea affects the abundance, richness, and diversity of soil mesofauna, and evaluate how different taxa of soil mesofauna respond to the upward expansion of D. purpurea in the alpine tundra of Changbai Mountains, northeast China. A total of 128 soil mesofaunal samples were collected from four treatments, namely high upward expansion (HU), medium upward expansion (MU), low upward expansion (LU), and native plant habitats (NP). The results revealed that the abundance of soil mesofauna was increased with the rise of D. purpurea upward expansion, and the taxonomic composition varied with the different levels of D. purpurea upward expansion in the alpine tundra of the Changbai Mountains. No unique taxa were collected in the native plant habitats, and the upward expansion of D. purpurea promoted the colonization of predatory invertebrates. Isotomidae and Gamasida responded positively to the herbaceous plant upward expansion, and thus they were considered to be a positive indicator of upward expansion. Hypogastruridae and Enchytraeidae responded relatively negatively, while Oribatida, Actinedida, and Pseudachorutidae had ambivalent responses to the upward expansion. Overall, the abundance of soil mesofauna can indicate the levels of the upward expansion of D. purpurea. Soil mesofaunal guild characteristics were altered by the upward expansion. The different taxa of soil mesofauna responded to herbaceous plants’ upward expansion to various degrees. Therefore, this study provide evidence supporting the fact that the abundance of soil mesofauna can indicate the levels of upward expansion of D. purpurea, but the responses of soil mesofauna to the upward expansion of D. purpurea differ among their taxa.

Greenhouse gas emissions from intact riparian wetland soil columns continuously loaded with nitrate solution: a laboratory microcosm study

In this study, we aimed at determining greenhouse gas (GHG) (CO₂, CH₄, and N₂O) fluxes exchange between the soil collected from sites dominated by different vegetation types (Calamagrostis epigeios, Phragmites australis, and Carex schnimdtii) in nitrogenous loaded riparian wetland and the atmosphere. The intact soil columns collected from the wetland were incubated in laboratory and continuously treated with [Formula: see text]-enriched water simulating downward surface water percolating through the soil to become groundwater in a natural system. This study revealed that the soil collected from the site dominated by C. epigeios was net CO₂ and N₂O sources, whereas the soil from P. australis and C. schnimdtii were net sinks of CO₂ and N₂O, respectively. The soil from the site dominated by C. schnimdtii had the highest climate impact, as it had the highest global warming potential (GWP) compared with the other sites. Our study indicates that total organic carbon and [Formula: see text] concentration in the soil water has great influence on GHG fluxes. Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and N₂O fluxes were accelerated by the availability of higher [Formula: see text] concentration in soil water. On the other hand, higher [Formula: see text] concentration in soil water favors CH₄ oxidation, hence the low CH₄ production. Temporally, CO₂ fluxes were relatively higher in the first 15 days and reduced gradually likely due to a decline in organic carbon. The finding of this study implies that higher [Formula: see text] concentration in wetland soil, caused by human activities, could increase N₂O and CO₂ emissions from the soil. This therefore stresses the importance of controls of [Formula: see text] leaching in the mitigation of anthropogenic N₂O and CO₂ emissions.

Potential Distribution Shifts of Plant Species under Climate Change in Changbai Mountains, China

Shifts in alpine tundra plant species have important consequences for biodiversity and ecosystem services. However, recent research on upward species shifts have focused mainly on polar and high-latitude regions and it therefore remains unclear whether such vegetation change trends also are applicable to the alpine tundra at the southern edges of alpine tundra species distribution. This study evaluated an alpine tundra region within the Changbai Mountains, China, that is part of the southernmost alpine tundra in eastern Eurasia. We investigated plant species shifts in alpine tundra within the Changbai Mountains over the last three decades (1984–2015) by comparing contemporary survey results with historical ones and evaluated potential changes in the distribution of dwarf shrub and herbaceous species over the next three decades (2016–2045) using a combination of observations and simulations. The results of this study revealed that the encroachment of herbaceous plants had altered tundra vegetation to a significant extent over the last three decades, especially within low and middle alpine tundra regions in Changbai Mountains, China. The herbaceous species would continue shifting upward and expanding while their dwarf shrub counterparts would continue shifting upward and shrinking over the next three decades under the RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios. The upward shifts of plant species would not keep up with the rate of climate warming under the RCP 8.5 scenarios. The dominant plant tundra species may transform from dwarf shrubs to herbaceous varieties. The results of this study provide a scientific basis for biodiversity protection under climate change and a reference data set for additional research on alpine vegetation dynamics.