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Chaves-Filho A, Eyres C, Blöbaum L, Landwehr A, Tremblay MÈ. The emerging neuroimmune hypothesis of bipolar disorder: An updated overview of neuroimmune and microglial findings. J Neurochem 2024. [PMID: 38504593 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a severe and multifactorial disease, with onset usually in young adulthood, which follows a progressive course throughout life. Replicated epidemiological studies have suggested inflammatory mechanisms and neuroimmune risk factors as primary contributors to the onset and development of BD. While not all patients display overt markers of inflammation, significant evidence suggests that aberrant immune signaling contributes to all stages of the disease and seems to be mood phase dependent, likely explaining the heterogeneity of findings observed in this population. As the brain's immune cells, microglia orchestrate the brain's immune response and play a critical role in maintaining the brain's health across the lifespan. Microglia are also highly sensitive to environmental changes and respond to physiological and pathological events by adapting their functions, structure, and molecular expression. Recently, it has been highlighted that instead of a single population of cells, microglia comprise a heterogeneous community with specialized states adjusted according to the local molecular cues and intercellular interactions. Early evidence has highlighted the contribution of microglia to BD neuropathology, notably for severe outcomes, such as suicidality. However, the roles and diversity of microglial states in this disease are still largely undermined. This review brings an updated overview of current literature on the contribution of neuroimmune risk factors for the onset and progression of BD, the most prominent neuroimmune abnormalities (including biomarker, neuroimaging, ex vivo studies) and the most recent findings of microglial involvement in BD neuropathology. Combining these different shreds of evidence, we aim to propose a unifying hypothesis for BD pathophysiology centered on neuroimmune abnormalities and microglia. Also, we highlight the urgent need to apply novel multi-system biology approaches to characterize the diversity of microglial states and functions involved in this enigmatic disorder, which can open bright perspectives for novel biomarkers and therapeutic discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Chaves-Filho
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- Women Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Brain Health Cluster at the Institute on Aging & Lifelong Health (IALH), Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Capri Eyres
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Leonie Blöbaum
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Antonia Landwehr
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- Women Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Brain Health Cluster at the Institute on Aging & Lifelong Health (IALH), Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Related Technology (CAMTEC), University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Neurology and Neurosurgery Department, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, Quebec, Canada
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2
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Aflouk Y, Inoubli O, Kenz A, Yacoub S, Zaafrane F, Gaha L, Bel Hadj Jrad B. Association between polymorphisms of TLR2-1-6 and bipolar disorder in a tunisian population. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:8877-8888. [PMID: 37688680 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08758-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bipolar disorder (BD) is a complex neuropsychiatric disease that has been strongly linked to immune dysregulation. In particular, an abnormal inflammatory response mediated by toll-like receptor 2 - 1/6 (TLR2-1/6) was described in BD. Nevertheless, genetic factors' contribution is still unknown. Thus, we suggested that functional polymorphisms of TLR2, 1 and 6 could be involved in BD predisposition. METHODS AND RESULTS TLR2, 1 and 6 polymorphisms were genotyped by PCR-RFLP in 292 controls and 131 patients from a Tunisian population. Polymorphisms and haplotype associations were explored in BD and binary logistic regression analysis was performed for more powerful associations. In dominant model, we found a significantly higher genotype and minor allele frequencies in healthy females compared to patients for TLR2-196-174Ins/Del (p = 0.04; OR = 0.3, p = 0.04; OR = 0.3, respectively) and for TLR6-S249P only with minor allele (p = 0.03; OR = 0.2). In contrast, TLR2-R677W CT + TT and T allele frequencies were significantly higher in BD (padjusted<10- 4; ORadjusted =46.6, p < 10- 4; OR = 6.3, respectively), specifically in females (CT + TT: 100%). Similarly, TLR1-R80T showed significantly increased GC + CC and C allele frequencies in patients compared to controls (padjusted=0.04; ORadjusted=4, p = 0.009; OR = 4.3, respectively). Moreover, haplotype investigation demonstrated that InsGTCGT (p < 10- 4, OR = 275) and delGCCGT (p = 0.03, OR = 18.5) were significantly overrepresented in BD patients compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that TLR2-196-174Ins/Del and TLR6-S249P could be protective factors of females against BD. However, TLR2-R677W and TLR1-R80T could be strongly associated with higher risk of BD. Interestingly, TLR2-R677W could be a genetic marker for BD in females. However, further studies with larger groups are needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef Aflouk
- Laboratory of Genetics, Biodiversity, and Valorization of Bioresources GBVB (LR11ES41), Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir (ISBM), University of Monastir, Monastir, 5000, Tunisia.
| | - Oumaima Inoubli
- Laboratory of Genetics, Biodiversity, and Valorization of Bioresources GBVB (LR11ES41), Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir (ISBM), University of Monastir, Monastir, 5000, Tunisia
| | - Amira Kenz
- Laboratory of Genetics, Biodiversity, and Valorization of Bioresources GBVB (LR11ES41), Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir (ISBM), University of Monastir, Monastir, 5000, Tunisia
| | - Saloua Yacoub
- Regional Center of Blood Transfusion, University Hospital Farhat Hached, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Ferid Zaafrane
- Department of Psychiatry and Vulnerability to Psychoses Laboratory-CHU Fattouma Bourguiba Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Lotfi Gaha
- Department of Psychiatry and Vulnerability to Psychoses Laboratory-CHU Fattouma Bourguiba Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Besma Bel Hadj Jrad
- Laboratory of Genetics, Biodiversity, and Valorization of Bioresources GBVB (LR11ES41), Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir (ISBM), University of Monastir, Monastir, 5000, Tunisia
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3
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Kaikai NE, Ba-M'hamed S, Ghanima A, Bennis M. Exposure to metam sodium-based pesticide impaired cognitive performances in adult mice: Involvement of oxidative damage and glial activation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2023; 477:116677. [PMID: 37678439 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2023.116677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive integrity is a critical aspect of neurological function, and a decline in cognitive function is a hallmark of neurotoxicity. Oxidative stress is a significant pathological feature contributing to cognitive deficits that can arise from exposure to environmental pollutants such as pesticides. Among these, Metam sodium-based pesticides (MS-BP) are an emergent type of pesticide widely used in the agriculture and public health sectors for controlling pests and diseases. Our prior research has shown that animals exposed to MS-BP during the early stages of brain development caused cognitive impairments. In the present study, we tested whether exposure to this compound in a fully matured brain would affect cognitive performance and induce oxidative damage to the central nervous system. In this context, adult mice received chronic treatment with increasing doses of MS-BP and subjected to a set of behavioral paradigms. Following behavioral assessment, oxidative stress and glial activation were evaluated. Our main findings showed that MS-BP chronic exposure impaired recognition and short- and long-term memory. These alterations were accompanied by increased superoxide dismutase activity and malondialdehyde level and a marked decrease in catalase activity in specific brain areas. Moreover, exposure to MS-BP is associated with a significant rise in the density of astrocytic and microglial markers, indicating a possible glial cell response within the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. The present work demonstrated that MS-BP altered cognitive performance likely through oxidative damage to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour-Eddine Kaikai
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Neurobiology, Anthropology, and Environment, Cadi Ayyad University, Faculty of Sciences, Marrakech, Morocco; Department of Biology, Higher Normal School, Cadi Ayyad University, 4000 Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Saadia Ba-M'hamed
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Neurobiology, Anthropology, and Environment, Cadi Ayyad University, Faculty of Sciences, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Abderrazzak Ghanima
- Research Laboratory for Sustainable Development and Health, Cadi Ayyad University, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Bennis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Neurobiology, Anthropology, and Environment, Cadi Ayyad University, Faculty of Sciences, Marrakech, Morocco.
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4
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Korkmaz ŞA, Kızgın S. Neutrophil/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), monocyte/HDL and platelet/HDL ratios are increased in acute mania as markers of inflammation, even after controlling for confounding factors. Curr Med Res Opin 2023; 39:1383-1390. [PMID: 37725087 DOI: 10.1080/03007995.2023.2260302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent studies show that inflammation is related to the pathogenesis of acute mania of bipolar disorder. Neutrophil/high-density lipoprotein (HDL) ratio (NHR), lymphocyte/HDL ratio (LHR), monocyte/HDL ratio (MHR) and platelet/HDL ratio (PHR) have recently been investigated as novel markers of inflammation. In addition, the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) and atherogenic coefficient (AC) are the leading atherogenic indices. The study aimed to investigate these inflammation and atherogenic index markers in acute mania of bipolar disorder. Another aim was to determine whether there is a relationship between these markers and disease severity and psychotic symptoms. METHODS A total of 109 BD-M and 101 (HC) were enrolled in the study. The differences in NHR, LHR, MHR, PHR, AIP and AC and their association with illness severity and psychotic symptoms were analyzed after adjusting for age, sex, total cholesterol level, body-mass index and smoking status. Then, a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) were used to analyze these parameters' diagnostic potential. Moreover, the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) and Clinical Global Impression Scale for use in bipolar illness-Severity subscale (CGI-BP-S) were used to assess the severity of clinical symptoms. RESULTS We found higher levels of NHR, MHR, PHR and AIP, but not LHR and AC, after adjusting confounding factors in patients with BD-M compared to HCs. In logistic regression analysis, higher levels of MHR and NHR were associated with BD-M. MHR, NHR and PHR were predictors for differentiating the BD-M group from the HC group. However, the severity of the illness or the psychotic feature of the manic episode did not significantly affect the parameters. In the ROC curve analysis of BD-M, the indicators with an area under the curve (AUC) higher than 0.6 were the MHR, NHR, PHR and LHR. CONCLUSIONS These results provide information about the role of inflammation in the pathophysiology of BD-M. Even after controlling for confounding factors, MHR, NHR, PHR and AIP are potential biomarkers for BD-M. Moreover, the increase in AIP may explain the co-morbidity between BD and cardiovascular diseases. However, the severity of the illness or the psychotic feature of the manic episode did not significantly affect the levels of inflammation ratios used in our study. Due to the low cost and widespread use of lipid metabolism and related inflammation rates, it may be beneficial to know the MHR, NHR, PHR and AIP levels in BD-M patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sadice Kızgın
- Department of Psychiatry, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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5
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Dang X, Song M, Lv L, Yang Y, Luo XJ. Proteome-wide Mendelian randomization reveals the causal effects of immune-related plasma proteins on psychiatric disorders. Hum Genet 2023; 142:809-818. [PMID: 37085628 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-023-02562-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
Immune dysregulation has been consistently reported in psychiatric disorders, however, the causes and mechanisms underlying immune dysregulation in psychiatric disorders remain largely unclear. Here we conduct a Mendelian randomization study by integrating plasma proteome and GWASs of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and depression. The primate-specific immune-related protein BTN3A3 showed the most significant associations with all three psychiatric disorders. In addition, other immune-related proteins, including AIF1, FOXO3, IRF3, CFHR4, IGLON5, FKBP2, and PI3, also showed significant associations with psychiatric disorders. Our study showed that a proportion of psychiatric risk variants may contribute to disease risk by regulating immune-related plasma proteins, providing direct evidence that connect the genetic risk of psychiatric disorders to immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinglun Dang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204, Yunnan, China
| | - Meng Song
- Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453002, Henan, China
- Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453002, Henan, China
| | - Luxian Lv
- Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453002, Henan, China.
- Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453002, Henan, China.
| | - Yongfeng Yang
- Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453002, Henan, China.
- Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453002, Henan, China.
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Prevention and Treatment of Mental Disorder, Xinxiang, 453002, Henan, China.
| | - Xiong-Jian Luo
- Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Advanced Institute for Life and Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, Jiangsu, China.
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6
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Seah C, Huckins LM, Brennand KJ. Stem Cell Models for Context-Specific Modeling in Psychiatric Disorders. Biol Psychiatry 2023; 93:642-650. [PMID: 36658083 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies reveal the complex polygenic architecture underlying psychiatric disorder risk, but there is an unmet need to validate causal variants, resolve their target genes(s), and explore their functional impacts on disorder-related mechanisms. Disorder-associated loci regulate transcription of target genes in a cell type- and context-specific manner, which can be measured through expression quantitative trait loci. In this review, we discuss methods and insights from context-specific modeling of genetically and environmentally regulated expression. Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cell type and organoid models have uncovered context-specific psychiatric disorder associations by investigating tissue-, cell type-, sex-, age-, and stressor-specific genetic regulation of expression. Techniques such as massively parallel reporter assays and pooled CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) screens make it possible to functionally fine-map genome-wide association study loci and validate their target genes at scale. Integration of disorder-associated contexts with these patient-specific human induced pluripotent stem cell models makes it possible to uncover gene by environment interactions that mediate disorder risk, which will ultimately improve our ability to diagnose and treat psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Seah
- Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York
| | - Laura M Huckins
- Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
| | - Kristen J Brennand
- Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
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7
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Grewal S, McKinlay S, Kapczinski F, Pfaffenseller B, Wollenhaupt-Aguiar B. Biomarkers of neuroprogression and late staging in bipolar disorder:
A systematic review. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2023; 57:328-343. [PMID: 35403455 PMCID: PMC9950598 DOI: 10.1177/00048674221091731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bipolar disorder may undertake a progressive course in a subset of patients, and research efforts have been made to understand the biological basis underlying this process. This systematic review examined the literature available on biological markers associated with illness progression in bipolar disorder. METHODS Peer-reviewed articles were assessed using Embase, PsycINFO and PubMed, as well as from external sources. After initial screening, a total of 871 citations from databases and other sources were identified. Participants with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder were included in our systematic review; however, studies with participants younger than 15 or older than 65 were excluded. All studies were assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale assessment tool, and data pertaining to the results were extracted into tabular form using Google Sheets and Google Documents. The systematic review was registered on PROSPERO international prospective register of systematic reviews (ID Number: CRD42020154305). RESULTS A total of 35 studies were included in the systematic review. Increased ventricular size and reduction of grey matter volume were the most common brain changes associated with illness progression in bipolar disorder. Among the several biomarkers evaluated in this systematic review, findings also indicate a role of peripheral inflammatory markers in this process. DISCUSSION The studies evaluating the biological basis of the illness progression in bipolar disorder are still scarce and heterogeneous. However, current evidence supports the notion of neuroprogression, the pathophysiological process related to progressive brain changes associated with clinical progression in patients with bipolar disorder. The increase in peripheral inflammatory biomarkers and the neuroanatomical changes in bipolar disorder suggest progressive systemic and structural brain alterations, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonya Grewal
- Department of Psychiatry and
Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Stuart McKinlay
- Department of Psychiatry and
Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Flávio Kapczinski
- Department of Psychiatry and
Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada,Mood Disorders Program, St. Joseph’s
Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e
Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), Porto Alegre, Brazil,Department of Psychiatry, Universidade
Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Bianca Pfaffenseller
- Department of Psychiatry and
Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada,Mood Disorders Program, St. Joseph’s
Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Bianca Wollenhaupt-Aguiar
- Department of Psychiatry and
Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada,Mood Disorders Program, St. Joseph’s
Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada,Bianca Wollenhaupt de Aguiar, Department of
Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, 100 West 5th
Street, Suite G116, Hamilton, ON L8N 3K7, Canada.
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8
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Jeon SW, Kim YK. Neuron-Microglia Crosstalk in Neuropsychiatric Disorders. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1411:3-15. [PMID: 36949303 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-7376-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have investigated the causes and mechanisms of psychiatric disorders through postmortem examination of patients with a history of a schizophrenia, mood disorder, or neurocognitive disorder. In addition, the search for specific mechanism-based treatments for psychiatric disorders has been intensified through the use of transgenic animal models involving specific genes tightly associated with psychiatric disorders. As a result, many studies with patients or animal models have reported a close association of neuroglia with major psychiatric disorders. Recently, research has focused on the associations between microglia and major psychiatric disorders and on the role of the immune response and abnormal microglia in the onset and symptoms of psychiatric disorders, in particular. Postmortem studies of brain tissue and animal models recapitulating human mental disorders have also confirmed association between psychiatric disorders and quantitative, structural, or functional abnormalities of neuron-microglia crosstalk. This review aims to describe the relationships between microglia and major psychiatric disorders and to specifically examine studies of gene expression and function of microglia in depression, schizophrenia, and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Won Jeon
- Department of Psychiatry, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Saemunan-ro, Jongno-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Ku Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Nagayach A, Bhaskar R, Patro I. Microglia activation and inflammation in hippocampus attenuates memory and mood functions during experimentally induced diabetes in rat. J Chem Neuroanat 2022; 125:102160. [PMID: 36089179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2022.102160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Incidence of cognitive and emotional alterations are reportedly two times more in diabetic patients than in non-diabetic population with hitherto unexplained causation and mechanism. Purview of the hippocampus functional diversity sanctions the accessibility and the necessity to investigate the regional neuro-immunological aspects of neurodegeneration and related functional alterations following diabetes. We examined the possible involvement of microglia activation, macrophage response, oxidative stress and inflammatory stature in both ventral and dorsal hippocampus of rats rendered diabetic by a single injection of streptozotocin (STZ; 45 mg/ kg body weight; intraperitoneal). Cognitive and behavioural alterations were studied using open field test (locomotor activity), elevated plus maze (anxiety), Barnes maze (spatial cognition) and T maze (working memory) at 2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th, 10th and 12th week post diabetic confirmation. Oxidative stress was investigated via measuring the level of lipid peroxidation biochemically. Scenario of microglia activation, macrophage response and inflammation was gauged using qualitative and quantitative analysis. Pronounced macrophage expression and activation directed microglia phenotypic switching was prominent in both ventral and dorsal hippocampus indicating the impact of oxidative stress following diabetes in hippocampus. The resultant inflammatory response was also progressive and persistent in both ventral and dorsal hippocampus parallel to the altered cognitive, locomotor ability and anxiety behaviour in diabetic rats. Conclusively, present data not only comprehends the microglia, macrophage physiology and related immune response in functionally different hippocampal regions associated cognitive and behavioural deficits, but also offers a suggestive region-specific cellular mechanism pathway for developing an imminent therapeutic approach during particular diabetes deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Nagayach
- School of Studies in Neuroscience, Jiwaji University, Gwalior 474011, Madhya Pradesh, India; Department of Cancer Biology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
| | - Rakesh Bhaskar
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeonsang 38541, South Korea
| | - Ishan Patro
- School of Studies in Neuroscience, Jiwaji University, Gwalior 474011, Madhya Pradesh, India; School of Studies in Zoology, Jiwaji University, Gwalior 474011, Madhya Pradesh, India
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10
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Zuo C, Cao H, Feng F, Li G, Huang Y, Zhu L, Gu Z, Yang Y, Chen J, Jiang Y, Wang F. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation exerts anti-inflammatory effects via modulating glial activation in mice with chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced depression. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 109:108788. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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11
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Zou Y, Grigorian A, Karthikeyan S, Goldstein BI. Elevated C-reactive protein among symptomatic youth with bipolar disorder. J Psychopharmacol 2022; 36:645-652. [PMID: 35574908 PMCID: PMC9127784 DOI: 10.1177/02698811221093796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES Increased levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP) are associated with mood symptoms in adults with bipolar disorder (BD). The few studies on this topic in youth with BD have not included controls. We, therefore, examined CRP levels in relation to symptomatic status in youth with and without BD. METHODS Participants included 154 youth (mean age 17 years; 48 asymptomatic BD, 39 symptomatic BD, 67 healthy controls (HC)). Rank analysis of covariance test examined group differences in CRP, controlling for age and sex. Correlation between CRP and mood symptom severity was examined using Spearman's correlation within the BD group. RESULTS There were significant group differences in CRP levels (F(2,151) = 5.06, p = 0.007, ηp2=0.06); post hoc analyses showed higher CRP levels in the symptomatic BD group compared with HC (p = 0.01). In sensitivity analyses, this finding was no longer significant after controlling for body mass index (BMI). CRP was not significantly associated with symptomatic severity. CONCLUSIONS CRP levels are elevated among symptomatic youth with BD, partly related to BMI. As elevated BMI is associated with mood symptom burden, prospective studies are warranted to parse the associations among mood symptoms, BMI, and inflammation. Given the proportion of time that youth with BD are symptomatic, present findings raise concern about the long-term impact of elevated CRP on blood vessels, brain, and related clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zou
- Department of Pharmacology &
Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,Centre for Youth Bipolar Disorder,
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anahit Grigorian
- Centre for Youth Bipolar Disorder,
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sudhir Karthikeyan
- Centre for Youth Bipolar Disorder,
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Benjamin I Goldstein
- Department of Pharmacology &
Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,Centre for Youth Bipolar Disorder,
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of
Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,Benjamin I Goldstein, Centre for Youth
Bipolar Disorder, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 80 Workman Way,
Toronto, ON M6J 1H4, Canada.
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12
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Batchu S. Transcriptomic Deconvolution of Dorsal Striata Reveals Increased Monocyte Fractions in Bipolar Disorder. Complex Psychiatry 2021; 6:83-88. [PMID: 34883498 DOI: 10.1159/000511887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Accumulating evidence suggests a relationship between the immune system, neuroinflammation, and mood disorders such as bipolar disorder (BD). However, the immunological landscape of critical brain structures implicated with BD, such as the dorsal striatum, has yet to be characterized. This study sought to investigate the immunological composition of dorsal striata in patients with BD. Methods CIBERSORTx, an established RNA deconvolution algorithm, was applied on RNA-sequencing data developed from dorsal striata of 18 BD patients and 17 controls. A validated gene signature matrix for 22 human hematopoietic cell subsets was used to infer the relative proportions of immune cells that were present in the original brain tissue. Results Deconvolution of the bulk gene expression data showed that dorsal striata from BD subjects had a significantly greater relative abundance of monocytes compared to control samples. Conclusion Monocytes may play a role in the pathogenesis of BD in dorsal striata. Further studies are warranted to confirm the computational results presented herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Batchu
- Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, New Jersey, USA
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13
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Bellman V, Russell N, Depala K, Dellenbaugh A, Desai S, Vadukapuram R, Patel S, Srinivas S. Challenges in Treating Cancer Patients With Unstable Psychiatric Disorder. World J Oncol 2021; 12:137-148. [PMID: 34804276 PMCID: PMC8577605 DOI: 10.14740/wjon1402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we first present a case of chronic myeloid leukemia with acute psychosis, and then we will discuss the incidence of cancer in patients with psychotic disorders, the manifestations of new-onset psychosis, and the prevalence of preexisting psychosis in cancer patients, coupled with their impact on the treatment, diagnosis, and prognosis of cancer. This was a case that presented with acute psychosis and was found to have an elevated white blood cell count upon admission to an inpatient psychiatric unit. He was diagnosed with chronic myeloid leukemia and successfully managed with imatinib/dasatinib therapy. Psychiatrically, he was stabilized on two long-acting injectable medications to help maintain adherence. We were able to eliminate his active psychotic symptoms and return him to normal functioning in affect and thinking, achieving sustained compliance with treatment. We identified multiple inconsistencies in screening for cancer of all types in these patients, masking of signs and symptoms that would typically clue physicians to the presence of cancers, underreporting of symptoms, and disparate access to healthcare resources in patients with mental disorders when compared to the general population. Treatment of cancer in these patients as compared to the general population has also been shown to be incongruent, which will be elaborated upon. Psychiatric interventions, as well as supportive measures, for treating patients who are facing challenges during active cancer treatment will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Val Bellman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, 1000 E. 24th Street, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Nina Russell
- University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Kartik Depala
- University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | | | - Saral Desai
- Department of Psychiatry, Brookdale University Hospital Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Ramu Vadukapuram
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Sushma Srinivas
- A.J. Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, NH66, Kuntikan, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
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14
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Rahimian R, Wakid M, O'Leary LA, Mechawar N. The emerging tale of microglia in psychiatric disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 131:1-29. [PMID: 34536460 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
As the professional phagocytes of the brain, microglia orchestrate the immunological response and play an increasingly important role in maintaining homeostatic brain functions. Microglia are activated by pathological events or slight alterations in brain homeostasis. This activation is dependent on the context and type of stressor or pathology. Through secretion of cytokines, chemokines and growth factors, microglia can strongly influence the response to a stressor and can, therefore, determine the pathological outcome. Psychopathologies have repeatedly been associated with long-lasting priming and sensitization of cerebral microglia. This review focuses on the diversity of microglial phenotype and function in health and psychiatric disease. We first discuss the diverse homeostatic functions performed by microglia and then elaborate on context-specific spatial and temporal microglial heterogeneity. Subsequently, we summarize microglia involvement in psychopathologies, namely major depressive disorder, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, with a particular focus on post-mortem studies. Finally, we postulate microglia as a promising novel therapeutic target in psychiatry through antidepressant and antipsychotic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Rahimian
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Verdun, QC, Canada
| | - Marina Wakid
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Verdun, QC, Canada; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Liam Anuj O'Leary
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Verdun, QC, Canada; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Naguib Mechawar
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Verdun, QC, Canada; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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15
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Arora S, Dharavath RN, Bansal Y, Bishnoi M, Kondepudi KK, Chopra K. Neurobehavioral alterations in a mouse model of chronic partial sleep deprivation. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:1315-1330. [PMID: 33740181 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00693-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The night shift paradigm induces a state of chronic partial sleep deprivation (CPSD) and enhances the vulnerability to neuronal dysfunction. However, the specific neuronal impact of CPSD has not been thoroughly explored to date. In the current study, the night shift condition was mimicked in female Swiss albino mice. The classical sleep deprivation model, i.e., Modified Multiple Platform (MMP) method, was used for 8 h/day from Monday to Friday with Saturday and Sunday as a weekend off for nine weeks. Following nine weeks of night shift schedule, their neurobehavioral profile and physiological parameters were assessed along with the activity of the mitochondrial complexes, oxidative stress, serotonin levels, and inflammatory markers in the brain. Mice showed an overall hyperactive behavioral profile including hyperlocomotion, aggression, and stereotyped behavior accompanied by decreased activity of mitochondrial enzymes and serotonin levels, increased oxidative stress and inflammatory markers in whole brain homogenates. Collectively, the study points towards the occurrence of a hyperactive behavioral profile akin to mania and psychosis as a potential consequence of CPSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyana Arora
- Pharmacology Research Laboratory, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Panjab University, Sector 14, 160014, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ravinder Naik Dharavath
- Pharmacology Research Laboratory, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Panjab University, Sector 14, 160014, Chandigarh, India
| | - Yashika Bansal
- Pharmacology Research Laboratory, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Panjab University, Sector 14, 160014, Chandigarh, India
| | - Mahendra Bishnoi
- Food and Nutritional Biotechnology Laboratory, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, SAS Nagar, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Kanthi Kiran Kondepudi
- Food and Nutritional Biotechnology Laboratory, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, SAS Nagar, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Kanwaljit Chopra
- Pharmacology Research Laboratory, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Panjab University, Sector 14, 160014, Chandigarh, India.
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16
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Gammon D, Cheng C, Volkovinskaia A, Baker GB, Dursun SM. Clozapine: Why Is It So Uniquely Effective in the Treatment of a Range of Neuropsychiatric Disorders? Biomolecules 2021; 11:1030. [PMID: 34356654 PMCID: PMC8301879 DOI: 10.3390/biom11071030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Clozapine is superior to other antipsychotics as a therapy for treatment-resistant schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder with increased risk of suicidal behavior. This drug has also been used in the off-label treatment of bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder (MDD), and Parkinson's disease (PD). Although usually reserved for severe and treatment-refractory cases, it is interesting that electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has also been used in the treatment of these psychiatric disorders, suggesting some common or related mechanisms. A literature review on the applications of clozapine and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) to the disorders mentioned above was undertaken, and this narrative review was prepared. Although both treatments have multiple actions, evidence to date suggests that the ability to elicit epileptiform activity and alter EEG activity, to increase neuroplasticity and elevate brain levels of neurotrophic factors, to affect imbalances in the relationship between glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and to reduce inflammation through effects on neuron-glia interactions are common underlying mechanisms of these two treatments. This evidence may explain why clozapine is effective in a range of neuropsychiatric disorders. Future increased investigations into epigenetic and connectomic changes produced by clozapine and ECT should provide valuable information about these two treatments and the disorders they are used to treat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dara Gammon
- Saba University School of Medicine, Saba, The Netherlands; (D.G.); (A.V.)
| | - Catherine Cheng
- Neurochemical Research Unit and Bebensee Schizophrenia Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada; (C.C.); (G.B.B.)
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Anna Volkovinskaia
- Saba University School of Medicine, Saba, The Netherlands; (D.G.); (A.V.)
| | - Glen B. Baker
- Neurochemical Research Unit and Bebensee Schizophrenia Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada; (C.C.); (G.B.B.)
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Serdar M. Dursun
- Neurochemical Research Unit and Bebensee Schizophrenia Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada; (C.C.); (G.B.B.)
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
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17
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Jung YJ, Tweedie D, Scerba MT, Kim DS, Palmas MF, Pisanu A, Carta AR, Greig NH. Repurposing Immunomodulatory Imide Drugs (IMiDs) in Neuropsychiatric and Neurodegenerative Disorders. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:656921. [PMID: 33854417 PMCID: PMC8039148 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.656921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation represents a common trait in the pathology and progression of the major psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. Neuropsychiatric disorders have emerged as a global crisis, affecting 1 in 4 people, while neurological disorders are the second leading cause of death in the elderly population worldwide (WHO, 2001; GBD 2016 Neurology Collaborators, 2019). However, there remains an immense deficit in availability of effective drug treatments for most neurological disorders. In fact, for disorders such as depression, placebos and behavioral therapies have equal effectiveness as antidepressants. For neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease, drugs that can prevent, slow, or cure the disease have yet to be found. Several non-traditional avenues of drug target identification have emerged with ongoing neurological disease research to meet the need for novel and efficacious treatments. Of these novel avenues is that of neuroinflammation, which has been found to be involved in the progression and pathology of many of the leading neurological disorders. Neuroinflammation is characterized by glial inflammatory factors in certain stages of neurological disorders. Although the meta-analyses have provided evidence of genetic/proteomic upregulation of inflammatory factors in certain stages of neurological disorders. Although the mechanisms underpinning the connections between neuroinflammation and neurological disorders are unclear, and meta-analysis results have shown high sensitivity to factors such as disorder severity and sample type, there is significant evidence of neuroinflammation associations across neurological disorders. In this review, we summarize the role of neuroinflammation in psychiatric disorders such as major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and bipolar disorder, as well as in neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease, and introduce current research on the potential of immunomodulatory imide drugs (IMiDs) as a new treatment strategy for these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo Jin Jung
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Stanford Neurosciences Interdepartmental Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - David Tweedie
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Michael T. Scerba
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Dong Seok Kim
- AevisBio, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD, United States
- Aevis Bio, Inc., Daejeon, South Korea
| | | | - Augusta Pisanu
- National Research Council, Institute of Neuroscience, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Anna R. Carta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Nigel H. Greig
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
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18
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Tseng HH, Chang HH, Wei SY, Lu TH, Hsieh YT, Yang YK, Chen PS. Peripheral inflammation is associated with dysfunctional corticostriatal circuitry and executive dysfunction in bipolar disorder patients. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 91:695-702. [PMID: 32950621 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) has been linked to abnormal frontal and striatal function, and elevated inflammatory responses. However, the impact of peripheral inflammation on the corticostriatal functional connectivity (FC) remains obscure in BD. The current study aimed to explore the association between peripheral inflammation and corticostriatal connectivity in euthymic BD. We recruited 25 euthymic BD patients and 43 healthy controls (HCs) from the community. Resting state functional images were obtained using 3T magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and striatal seed-based whole-brain functional connectivity analyses were performed, with the fasting plasma high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) level entered as a regressor of interest. The participants also completed the Wisconsin Card-Sorting Test (WCST) and the Continuous Performance Test (CPT). The euthymic BD group had a similar hs-CRP level to the HC group, but a significantly poorer cognitive performance. Compared with the HC group, a higher connectivity between the right dorsal caudal putamen (dcP) and the ventral lateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC) in the BD group was significantly correlated with a higher hs-CRP level. Stronger dcP-vlPFC connectivity was correlated with a lower CPT unmasked d' in the BD group. BD patients might be particularly sensitive to the effects of inflammation on corticostriatal connectivity. The potentially greater sensitivity of BD patients to peripheral inflammation may differentially modulate the cognitive and reward related corticostriatal circuitry, which may contribute to the pathophysiology of cognitive-affective dysregulation in the euthymic state. Anti-inflammatory or other circuit-specific treatment is warranted for individualized treatment in BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huai-Hsuan Tseng
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hui Hua Chang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacy, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacy, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Dou-Liou Branch, Yunlin, Taiwan
| | - Shyh-Yuh Wei
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Hua Lu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Hsieh
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yen Kuang Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Tainan Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Po See Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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19
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Kang DH, Choi BY, Lee SH, Kho AR, Jeong JH, Hong DK, Kang BS, Park MK, Song HK, Choi HC, Lim MS, Suh SW. Effects of Cerebrolysin on Hippocampal Neuronal Death After Pilocarpine-Induced Seizure. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:568813. [PMID: 33177978 PMCID: PMC7596733 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.568813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most common and severe brain diseases. The exact cause of epilepsy is unclear. Epilepsy often occurs following brain damage, such as traumatic brain injury (TBI) and ischemia. Cerebrolysin is a porcine brain peptide that is a unique neurotropic and neuroprotective agent. Cerebrolysin has been reported to increase neuroprotective effects after TBI, ischemia, and other CNS diseases. However, the effects of cerebrolysin on seizures are not known. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of neuropeptide cerebrolysin on neuronal death in the hippocampus after a seizure. To confirm the effects of cerebrolysin, we used a pilocarpine-induced seizure animal model. Cerebrolysin (2.5 ml/kg, i.p., once per day for 7 days) was immediately injected after a seizure induction. After 1 week, we obtained brain tissues and performed staining to histologically evaluate the potentially protective effects of cerebrolysin on seizure-induced neuronal death in the hippocampus. We found that cerebrolysin decreased hippocampal neuronal death after a seizure. In addition, an increase in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was confirmed through Western blot analysis to further support our hypothesis. Therefore, the present study suggests that the administration of cerebrolysin can be a useful therapeutic tool for preventing neuronal death after a seizure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hyeon Kang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
- Neurology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Bo Young Choi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Song Hee Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - A Ra Kho
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Jeong Hyun Jeong
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Dae Ki Hong
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Beom Seok Kang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Min Kyu Park
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Hong Ki Song
- Neurology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
- Hallym Institute of Epilepsy Research, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Hui Chul Choi
- Neurology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
- Hallym Institute of Epilepsy Research, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Man-Sup Lim
- Department of Medical Education, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Sang Won Suh
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
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20
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State-of-the-Art: Inflammatory and Metabolic Markers in Mood Disorders. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:life10060082. [PMID: 32517269 PMCID: PMC7345093 DOI: 10.3390/life10060082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence highlights the involvement of inflammatory/immune systems and their relationships with neurotransmitters and different metabolic processes in mood disorders. Nevertheless, there is a general agreement that available findings are still inconclusive. Therefore, further investigations are required, aimed at deepening the role of possible alterations of biomarkers in the pathophysiology of mood disorders that might lead to more focused and tailored treatments. The present study is a comprehensive review on these topics that seem to represent intriguing avenues for the development of real innovative therapeutic strategies of mood disorders.
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21
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Efficacy of melatonin as an adjunct in the treatment of acute mania: a double-blind and placebo-controlled trial. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2020; 35:81-88. [PMID: 31743233 DOI: 10.1097/yic.0000000000000298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This is a double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-grouped clinical trial, which was designed to investigate the potential effects of melatonin add-on treatment with lithium and risperidone on acute manic episodes in patients with bipolar disorder (BD). A total of 54 patients were included and randomly assigned into two groups of melatonin and placebo. The trial group received 3 mg/day risperidone, 900 mg/day lithium, and 6 mg/day melatonin. The placebo group received the same dose of risperidone and lithium plus placebo. The participants were evaluated at four sessions, consisting of baseline, weeks 1, 4, and 6. The manic symptoms and overall clinical improvement of the patients were assessed using the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) and Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement (CGI-I), respectively. Two trial groups were matched based on all baseline characteristics. The patients in two trial groups had comparable serum lithium levels at weeks 1, 4, and 6. Our results from the general linear model repeated measures analysis showed a significant effect for time × treatment interaction on YMRS scores (P = 0.021 and F-value = 3.7). Furthermore, outcomes of the CGI-I rating scale demonstrated that patients in the melatonin group had better clinical improvements compared to the placebo group (P = 0.018). Our results provided preliminary evidence supporting melatonin as an effective adjunctive treatment leading to significant improvements in manic symptoms and overall clinical status in acute episodes of mania.
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22
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Kana V, Desland FA, Casanova-Acebes M, Ayata P, Badimon A, Nabel E, Yamamuro K, Sneeboer M, Tan IL, Flanigan ME, Rose SA, Chang C, Leader A, Le Bourhis H, Sweet ES, Tung N, Wroblewska A, Lavin Y, See P, Baccarini A, Ginhoux F, Chitu V, Stanley ER, Russo SJ, Yue Z, Brown BD, Joyner AL, De Witte LD, Morishita H, Schaefer A, Merad M. CSF-1 controls cerebellar microglia and is required for motor function and social interaction. J Exp Med 2019; 216:2265-2281. [PMID: 31350310 PMCID: PMC6781012 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20182037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the brain resident macrophages, critically shape forebrain neuronal circuits. However, their precise function in the cerebellum is unknown. Here we show that human and mouse cerebellar microglia express a unique molecular program distinct from forebrain microglia. Cerebellar microglial identity was driven by the CSF-1R ligand CSF-1, independently of the alternate CSF-1R ligand, IL-34. Accordingly, CSF-1 depletion from Nestin+ cells led to severe depletion and transcriptional alterations of cerebellar microglia, while microglia in the forebrain remained intact. Strikingly, CSF-1 deficiency and alteration of cerebellar microglia were associated with reduced Purkinje cells, altered neuronal function, and defects in motor learning and social novelty interactions. These findings reveal a novel CSF-1-CSF-1R signaling-mediated mechanism that contributes to motor function and social behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Kana
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Fiona A Desland
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Maria Casanova-Acebes
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Pinar Ayata
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Ana Badimon
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Elisa Nabel
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Kazuhiko Yamamuro
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Marjolein Sneeboer
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - I-Li Tan
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Meghan E Flanigan
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Samuel A Rose
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Christie Chang
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Andrew Leader
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Hortense Le Bourhis
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Eric S Sweet
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Navpreet Tung
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Aleksandra Wroblewska
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Yonit Lavin
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Peter See
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore
| | - Alessia Baccarini
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore
| | - Violeta Chitu
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - E Richard Stanley
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Scott J Russo
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Zhenyu Yue
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Brian D Brown
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Alexandra L Joyner
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Lotje D De Witte
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Hirofumi Morishita
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Anne Schaefer
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Miriam Merad
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY .,Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
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23
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Huang KW, Ochandarena NE, Philson AC, Hyun M, Birnbaum JE, Cicconet M, Sabatini BL. Molecular and anatomical organization of the dorsal raphe nucleus. eLife 2019; 8:e46464. [PMID: 31411560 PMCID: PMC6726424 DOI: 10.7554/elife.46464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) is an important source of neuromodulators and has been implicated in a wide variety of behavioral and neurological disorders. The DRN is subdivided into distinct anatomical subregions comprised of multiple cell types, and its complex cellular organization has impeded efforts to investigate the distinct circuit and behavioral functions of its subdomains. Here we used single-cell RNA sequencing, in situ hybridization, anatomical tracing, and spatial correlation analysis to map the transcriptional and spatial profiles of cells from the mouse DRN. Our analysis of 39,411 single-cell transcriptomes revealed at least 18 distinct neuron subtypes and 5 serotonergic neuron subtypes with distinct molecular and anatomical properties, including a serotonergic neuron subtype that preferentially innervates the basal ganglia. Our study lays out the molecular organization of distinct serotonergic and non-serotonergic subsystems, and will facilitate the design of strategies for further dissection of the DRN and its diverse functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kee Wui Huang
- Department of NeurobiologyHoward Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Nicole E Ochandarena
- Department of NeurobiologyHoward Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Adrienne C Philson
- Department of NeurobiologyHoward Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Minsuk Hyun
- Department of NeurobiologyHoward Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Jaclyn E Birnbaum
- Department of NeurobiologyHoward Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Marcelo Cicconet
- Image and Data Analysis CoreHarvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Bernardo L Sabatini
- Department of NeurobiologyHoward Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
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24
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Gigase FAJ, Snijders GJLJ, Boks MP, de Witte LD. Neurons and glial cells in bipolar disorder: A systematic review of postmortem brain studies of cell number and size. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 103:150-162. [PMID: 31163205 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a complex neurobiological disease. It is likely that both neurons and glial cells are affected in BD, yet how these cell types are changed at the structural and functional level is still largely unknown. In this review we provide an overview of postmortem studies analyzing structural cellular changes in BD, including the density, number and size of neurons and glia. We categorize the results per cell-type and validate outcome measures per brain region. Despite variations by brain region, outcome measure and methodology, several patterns could be identified. Total neuron, total glia, and cell subtypes astrocyte, microglia and oligodendrocyte presence appears unchanged in the BD brain. Interneuron density may be decreased across various cortical areas, yet findings of interneuron subpopulations show discrepancies. This structural review brings to light issues in validation and replication. Future research should therefore prioritize the validation of existing studies in order to increasingly refine the conceptual models of BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederieke A J Gigase
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (BCRM-UMCU-UU), 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Gijsje J L J Snijders
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (BCRM-UMCU-UU), 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marco P Boks
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (BCRM-UMCU-UU), 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lot D de Witte
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, USA; Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.
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25
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Oral E, Halici Z, Cinar I, Ozcan E, Kutlu Z. Evaluation of Endothelial Dysfunction in Bipolar Affective Disorders: Serum Endocan and Urotensin-II Levels. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2019; 17:211-221. [PMID: 30905121 PMCID: PMC6478082 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2019.17.2.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Objective This study investigated changes in urotensin-II (U-II) and endocan levels which can be used as an early biological marker of endothelial injury in the episode and remission phases of bipolar affective disorder (BAD). Methods We compared endocan and U-II levels, which has been shown to be closely associated with neurotransmitter systems in addition to continuity of endothelial structure and inflammatory response, in patients with BAD in remission for at least one year (n=42) and in patients still in manic or depressive episodes (n=16) with healthy controls (n=30). Results Both endocan and U-II levels were significantly higher in the bipolar patients than in the controls. Endocan and U-II levels were also significantly correlated with one another (p=0.000, r=0.833). Both endocan (p=0.000) and U-II levels (p=0.000) were significantly higher in the bipolar attack group compared to the subjects in remission, and in the remission group compared to the controls. Conclusion In this study we determined significantly higher endocan and U-II levels in BAD compared to the controls, while serum endocan and U-II levels of patients undergoing attacks were also significantly higher than those of the controls and also those of patients in remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Oral
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Izmir Katip Çelebi University
| | - Zekai Halici
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University
| | - Irfan Cinar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ataturk University
| | - Elif Ozcan
- Department of Psychiatry, Erzurum Regional Education and Research Hospital
| | - Zerrin Kutlu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ataturk University
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Microglia in post-mortem brain tissue of patients with bipolar disorder are not immune activated. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:153. [PMID: 31127084 PMCID: PMC6534632 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0490-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic, epidemiological, and biomarker studies suggest that the immune system is involved in the pathogenesis of bipolar disorder (BD). It has therefore been hypothesized that immune activation of microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain, is associated with the disease. Only a few studies have addressed the involvement of microglia in BD so far and a more detailed immune profiling of microglial activation is lacking. Here, we applied a multi-level approach to determine the activation state of microglia in BD post-mortem brain tissue. We did not find differences in microglial density, and mRNA expression of microglial markers in the medial frontal gyrus (MFG) of patients with BD. Furthermore, we performed in-depth characterization of human primary microglia isolated from fresh brain tissue of the MFG, superior temporal gyrus (STG), and thalamus (THA). Similarly, these ex vivo isolated microglia did not show elevated expression of inflammatory markers. Finally, challenging the isolated microglia with LPS did not result in an increased immune response in patients with BD compared to controls. In conclusion, our study shows that microglia in post-mortem brain tissue of patients with BD are not immune activated.
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27
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The Role of Chemokines in the Pathophysiology of Major Depressive Disorder. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092283. [PMID: 31075818 PMCID: PMC6539240 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a debilitating condition, whose high prevalence and multisymptomatic nature set its standing as a leading contributor to global disability. To better understand this psychiatric disease, various pathophysiological mechanisms have been proposed, including changes in monoaminergic neurotransmission, imbalance of excitatory and inhibitory signaling in the brain, hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and abnormalities in normal neurogenesis. While previous findings led to a deeper understanding of the disease, the pathogenesis of MDD has not yet been elucidated. Accumulating evidence has confirmed the association between chronic inflammation and MDD, which is manifested by increased levels of the C-reactive protein, as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as Interleukin 1 beta, Interleukin 6, and the Tumor necrosis factor alpha. Furthermore, recent findings have implicated a related family of cytokines with chemotactic properties, known collectively as chemokines, in many neuroimmune processes relevant to psychiatric disorders. Chemokines are small (8–12 kDa) chemotactic cytokines, which are known to play roles in direct chemotaxis induction, leukocyte and macrophage migration, and inflammatory response propagation. The inflammatory chemokines possess the ability to induce migration of immune cells to the infection site, whereas their homeostatic chemokine counterparts are responsible for recruiting cells for their repair and maintenance. To further support the role of chemokines as central elements to healthy bodily function, recent studies suggest that these proteins demonstrate novel, brain-specific mechanisms including the modulation of neuroendocrine functions, chemotaxis, cell adhesion, and neuroinflammation. Elevated levels of chemokines in patient-derived serum have been detected in individuals diagnosed with major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. Furthermore, despite the considerable heterogeneity of experimental samples and methodologies, existing biomarker studies have clearly demonstrated the important role of chemokines in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders. The purpose of this review is to summarize the data from contemporary experimental and clinical studies, and to evaluate available evidence for the role of chemokines in the central nervous system (CNS) under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. In light of recent results, chemokines could be considered as possible peripheral markers of psychiatric disorders, and/or targets for treating depressive disorders.
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Zhou YQ, Liu DQ, Chen SP, Sun J, Zhou XR, Xing C, Ye DW, Tian YK. The Role of CXCR3 in Neurological Diseases. Curr Neuropharmacol 2019; 17:142-150. [PMID: 29119926 PMCID: PMC6343204 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666171109161140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurological diseases have become an obvious challenge due to insufficient therapeutic intervention. Therefore, novel drugs for various neurological disorders are in desperate need. Recently, compelling evidence has demonstrated that chemokine receptor CXCR3, which is a G protein-coupled receptor in the CXC chemokine receptor family, may play a pivotal role in the development of neurological diseases. The aim of this review is to provide evidence for the potential of CXCR3 as a therapeutic target for neurological diseases. METHODS English journal articles that focused on the invovlement of CXCR3 in neurological diseases were searched via PubMed up to May 2017. Moreover, reference lists from identified articles were included for overviews. RESULTS The expression level of CXCR3 in T cells was significantly elevated in several neurological diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS), glioma, Alzheimer's disease (AD), chronic pain, human T-lymphotropic virus type 1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and bipolar disorder. CXCR3 antagonists showed therapeutic effects in these neurological diseases. CONCLUSION These studies provided hard evidence that CXCR3 plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of MS, glioma, AD, chronic pain, HAM/TSP and bipolar disorder. CXCR3 is a crucial molecule in neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. It regulates the activation of infiltrating cells and resident immune cells. However, the exact functions of CXCR3 in neurological diseases are inconclusive. Thus, it is important to understand the topic of chemokines and the scope of their activity in neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Qun Zhou
- Anesthesiology Institute, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dai-Qiang Liu
- Anesthesiology Institute, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shu-Ping Chen
- Anesthesiology Institute, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia Sun
- Anesthesiology Institute, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xue-Rong Zhou
- Cancer Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Cui Xing
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Da-Wei Ye
- Cancer Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu-Ke Tian
- Anesthesiology Institute, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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29
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Peter F, Andrea S, Nancy A. Forty years of structural brain imaging in mental disorders: is it clinically useful or not? DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2019. [PMID: 30581287 PMCID: PMC6296397 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2018.20.3/pfalkai] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Structural brain imaging was introduced into routine clinical practice more than 40 years ago with the hope that it would support the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders. It is now widely used to exclude organic brain disease (eg, brain tumors, cardiovascular, and inflammatory processes) in mental disorders. However, questions have been raised about whether structural brain imaging is still needed today and whether it could also be clinically useful to apply new biostatistical methods, such as machine learning. Therefore, the current paper not only reviews structural findings in Alzheimer disease, depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia but also discusses the role of structural imaging in supporting diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic processes in mental disorders. Thus, it attempts to answer the questions whether, after four decades of use, structural brain imaging is clinically useful in mental disorders or whether it will become so in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falkai Peter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Schmitt Andrea
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreasen Nancy
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA
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30
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Hu S, Fang Y, Ng CH, Mann JJ. Editorial: Involvement of Neuro-Immune Mechanism and Brain-Gut Axis in Pathophysiology of Mood Disorders. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:403. [PMID: 31244696 PMCID: PMC6581066 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Hu
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder Management of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiru Fang
- Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chee H Ng
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - J John Mann
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
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31
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Basic Concept of Microglia Biology and Neuroinflammation in Relation to Psychiatry. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2019; 44:9-34. [PMID: 30739307 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2018_83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The hypothesis that the neuroimmune system plays a role in the pathogenesis of different psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, depression, and bipolar disease, has attained increasing interest over the past years. Previously thought to have the sole purpose of protecting the central nervous system (CNS) from harmful stimuli, it is now known that the central immune system is critically involved in regulating physiological processes including neurodevelopment, synaptic plasticity, and circuit maintenance. Hence, alterations in microglia - the main immune cell of the CNS - and/or inflammatory factors do not unequivocally connote ongoing neuroinflammation or neuroinflammatory processes per se but rather might signify changes in brain homoeostasis. Despite this, psychiatric research tends to equate functional changes in microglia or alterations in other immune mediators with neuroinflammation. It is the main impetus of this chapter to overcome some of the current misconceptions and possible oversimplifications with respect to neuroinflammation and microglia activity in psychiatry. In order to do so, we will first provide an overview of the basic concepts of neuroinflammation and neuroinflammatory processes. We will then focus on microglia with respect to their ontogeny and immunological and non-immunological functions presenting novel insights on how microglia communicate with other cell types of the central nervous system to ensure proper brain functioning. And lastly, we will delineate the non-immunological functions of inflammatory cytokines in order to address the possible misconception of equating alterations in central cytokine levels with ongoing central inflammation. We hereby hope to help unravel the functional relevance of neuroimmune dysfunctions in psychiatric illnesses and provide future research directions in the field of psychoneuroimmunology.
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32
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Lu Y, Xu X, Jiang T, Jin L, Zhao XD, Cheng JH, Jin XJ, Ma J, Piao HN, Piao LX. Sertraline ameliorates inflammation in CUMS mice and inhibits TNF-α-induced inflammation in microglia cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 67:119-128. [PMID: 30544065 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Evidence indicates that inflammation plays a crucial role in depression. Therefore, new antidepressants might be identified by screening drugs for their anti-inflammatory actions. Sertraline hydrochloride (SERT), a widely used antidepressant, has anti-inflammatory effects in clinical studies, but the mechanism involved is unclear. In this study, we used cell and molecular biology to determine the possible anti-inflammatory mechanism of SERT in vivo and in vitro. Experimental data from the in vivo study showed that mice exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) had significantly higher levels of major inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF-α], interleukin-1β [IL-1β] and inducible nitric oxide synthase [iNOS]) in peripheral and central tissues compared with the control group. Treatment of CUMS mice with SERT significantly reduced the levels of these inflammatory cytokines and inhibited the phosphorylation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκB-α). Moreover, SERT reduced serum levels of transaminase in CUMS mice. Our in vitro study revealed that SERT suppressed TNF-α-induced NF-κB activation in a dose-dependent manner. SERT also inhibited the TNF-α-induced nuclear translocation of NF-κB by inhibiting IκB-α phosphorylation. Furthermore, SERT inhibited TNF-α-induced inflammatory cytokines in BV2 microglia cells. SERT directly bound to TNF-α and TNF-α receptor 1 (TNFR1) to potently block TNF-α/TNFR1-triggered signaling. These results indicate that SERT might treat depression by inhibiting the activation of microglia via the NF-κB signaling pathway. This study provides a basis for the research and development of antidepressants that act to reduce inflammation and the expression of inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lu
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin, China
| | - Xiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin, China
| | - Tong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin, China
| | - Lan Jin
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin, China
| | - Xu-Dong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin, China
| | - Jia-Hui Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin, China
| | - Xue-Jun Jin
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin, China
| | - Juan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin, China
| | - Hu-Nan Piao
- Department of Neurology, Affliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji 133000, Jilin, China.
| | - Lian-Xun Piao
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin, China.
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Duarte JA, Massuda R, Goi PD, Vianna-Sulzbach M, Colombo R, Kapczinski F, Gama CS. White matter volume is decreased in bipolar disorder at early and late stages. TRENDS IN PSYCHIATRY AND PSYCHOTHERAPY 2018; 40:277-284. [DOI: 10.1590/2237-6089-2017-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Introduction: Bipolar disorder (BD) is a debilitating mood condition that affects approximately 1.3% of people worldwide, although some studies report up to 3.9% lifetime prevalence and 4-6% in adults when broad diagnostic criteria are applied. Objective: To compare differences in total white matter (WM), corpus callosum (CC) and total gray matter (GM) volumes in patients with type I BD at early and late stages compared with controls. Methods: Fifty-five subjects were enrolled in this study protocol. The double case-control design included 14 patients with BD at early stage; 15 patients at late stage; and their respective matched controls (14 and 12 subjects). Results: CC and total WM volumes were significantly smaller in patients with BD at early and late stages vs. controls. There was no difference for total GM volume in the early stage group, but in patients at late stage total GM volume was significantly smaller than in controls. The total GM volume reduction in patients at late stage is in agreement with the neuroprogression theory of BD. The reduction of WM volumes in total WM and in the CC at early and late stages supports the possibility that an early demyelination process could occur underlying the clinical manifestation of BD. Conclusion: Our findings may direct to the investigation of WM abnormalities in populations at high risk to develop BD, perhaps as early biomarkers before the overt syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana A. Duarte
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil; Tomoclínica, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Raffael Massuda
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Paraná, Brazil
| | - Pedro D. Goi
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Rafael Colombo
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Paraná, Brazil; Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Brazil
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Morris G, Fernandes BS, Puri BK, Walker AJ, Carvalho AF, Berk M. Leaky brain in neurological and psychiatric disorders: Drivers and consequences. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2018; 52:924-948. [PMID: 30231628 DOI: 10.1177/0004867418796955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The blood-brain barrier acts as a highly regulated interface; its dysfunction may exacerbate, and perhaps initiate, neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. METHODS In this narrative review, focussing on redox, inflammatory and mitochondrial pathways and their effects on the blood-brain barrier, a model is proposed detailing mechanisms which might explain how increases in blood-brain barrier permeability occur and can be maintained with increasing inflammatory and oxidative and nitrosative stress being the initial drivers. RESULTS Peripheral inflammation, which is causatively implicated in the pathogenesis of major psychiatric disorders, is associated with elevated peripheral pro-inflammatory cytokines, which in turn cause increased blood-brain barrier permeability. Reactive oxygen species, such as superoxide radicals and hydrogen peroxide, and reactive nitrogen species, such as nitric oxide and peroxynitrite, play essential roles in normal brain capillary endothelial cell functioning; however, chronically elevated oxidative and nitrosative stress can lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and damage to the blood-brain barrier. Activated microglia, redox control of which is mediated by nitric oxide synthases and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases, secrete neurotoxic molecules such as reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, prostaglandin, cyclooxygenase-2, quinolinic acid, several chemokines (including monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 [MCP-1], C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1 [CXCL-1] and macrophage inflammatory protein 1α [MIP-1α]) and the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6, tumour necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β, which can exert a detrimental effect on blood-brain barrier integrity and function. Similarly, reactive astrocytes produce neurotoxic molecules such as prostaglandin E2 and pro-inflammatory cytokines, which can cause a 'leaky brain'. CONCLUSION Chronic inflammatory and oxidative and nitrosative stress is associated with the development of a 'leaky gut'. The following evidence-based approaches, which address the leaky gut and blood-brain barrier dysfunction, are suggested as potential therapeutic interventions for neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders: melatonin, statins, probiotics containing Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli, N-acetylcysteine, and prebiotics containing fructo-oligosaccharides and galacto-oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerwyn Morris
- 1 IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University School of Medicine, and Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Brisa S Fernandes
- 1 IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University School of Medicine, and Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC, Australia.,2 Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Basant K Puri
- 3 Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Adam J Walker
- 1 IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University School of Medicine, and Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Andre F Carvalho
- 2 Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Berk
- 1 IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University School of Medicine, and Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC, Australia.,4 Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, The Department of Psychiatry and The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Abstract
Genetic, dietary, and inflammatory factors contribute to the etiology of major mood disorders (MMD), thus impeding the identification of specific biomarkers to assist in diagnosis and treatment. We tested association of vitamin D and inflammatory markers in 36 adolescents with bipolar disorder (BD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) forms of MMD and without MMD (non-mood control). We also assessed the overall level of inflammation using a cell-based reporter assay for nuclear factor kappa-B (NFκB) activation and measuring antibodies to oxidized LDL. We found that these factors were similar between non-mood and MMD youth. To identify potential biomarkers, we developed a screening immunoprecipitation-sequencing approach based on inflammatory brain glia maturation factor beta (GMFβ). We discovered that a homolog of GMFβ in human plasma is vitamin D-binding protein (DBP) and validated this finding using immunoprecipitation with anti-DBP antibodies and mass spectrometry/sequencing analysis. We quantified DBP levels in participants by western blot. DBP levels in BD participants were significantly higher (136%) than in participants without MMD (100%). The increase in DBP levels in MDD participants (121.1%) was not statistically different from these groups. The DBP responds early to cellular damage by binding of structural proteins and activating inflammatory cells. A product of enzymatic cleavage of DBP has been described as macrophage-activating factor. Circulating DBP is comprised of heterogenous high and low molecular fractions that are only partially recognized by mono- and polyclonal ELISA and are not suitable for the quantitative comparison of DBP in non-mood and MDD participants. Our data suggest DBP as a marker candidate of BD warranting its validation in a larger cohort of adolescent and adult MMD patients.
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Corrêa-Velloso JC, Gonçalves MC, Naaldijk Y, Oliveira-Giacomelli Á, Pillat MM, Ulrich H. Pathophysiology in the comorbidity of Bipolar Disorder and Alzheimer's Disease: pharmacological and stem cell approaches. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 80:34-53. [PMID: 28476640 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders involve various pathological mechanisms, resulting in neurodegeneration and brain atrophy. Neurodevelopmental processes have shown to be critical for the progression of those disorders, which are based on genetic and epigenetic mechanisms as well as on extrinsic factors. We review here common mechanisms underlying the comorbidity of Bipolar Disorders and Alzheimer's Disease, such as aberrant neurogenesis and neurotoxicity, reporting current therapeutic approaches. The understanding of these mechanisms precedes stem cell-based strategies as a new therapeutic possibility for treatment and prevention of Bipolar and Alzheimer's Disease progression. Taking into account the difficulty of studying the molecular basis of disease progression directly in patients, we also discuss the importance of stem cells for effective drug screening, modeling and treating psychiatric diseases, once in vitro differentiation of patient-induced pluripotent stem cells provides relevant information about embryonic origins, intracellular pathways and molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana C Corrêa-Velloso
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Maria Cb Gonçalves
- Departamento de Neurologia e Neurociências, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo 669, São Paulo, SP 04039-032, Brazil
| | - Yahaira Naaldijk
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Ágatha Oliveira-Giacomelli
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Micheli M Pillat
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Henning Ulrich
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil.
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Pinto JV, Passos IC, Librenza-Garcia D, Marcon G, Schneider MA, Conte JH, Abreu da Silva JP, Lima LP, Quincozes-Santos A, Kauer-Sant’Anna M, Kapczinski F. Neuron-glia Interaction as a Possible Pathophysiological Mechanism of Bipolar Disorder. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:519-532. [PMID: 28847296 PMCID: PMC5997869 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666170828170921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has shown the importance of glial cells in the neurobiology of bipolar disorder. Activated microglia and inflammatory cytokines have been pointed out as potential biomarkers of bipolar disorder. Indeed, recent studies have shown that bipolar disorder involves microglial activation in the hippocampus and alterations in peripheral cytokines, suggesting a potential link between neuroinflammation and peripheral toxicity. These abnormalities may also be the biological underpinnings of outcomes related to neuroprogression, such as cognitive impairment and brain changes. Additionally, astrocytes may have a role in the progression of bipolar disorder, as these cells amplify inflammatory response and maintain glutamate homeostasis, preventing excitotoxicity. The present review aims to discuss neuron-glia interactions and their role in the pathophysiology and treatment of bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Flávio Kapczinski
- Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton-ON, Canada; Tel: +55 512 101 8845; E-mails: ,
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38
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Notter T, Coughlin JM, Sawa A, Meyer U. Reconceptualization of translocator protein as a biomarker of neuroinflammation in psychiatry. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:36-47. [PMID: 29203847 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A great deal of interest in psychiatric research is currently centered upon the pathogenic role of inflammatory processes. Positron emission tomography (PET) using radiolabeled ligands selective for the 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) has become the most widely used technique to assess putative neuroimmune abnormalities in vivo. Originally used to detect discrete neurotoxic damages, TSPO has generally turned into a biomarker of 'neuroinflammation' or 'microglial activation'. Psychiatric research has mostly accepted these denotations of TSPO, even if they may be inadequate and misleading under many pathological conditions. A reliable and neurobiologically meaningful diagnosis of 'neuroinflammation' or 'microglial activation' is unlikely to be achieved by the sole use of TSPO PET imaging. It is also very likely that the pathological meanings of altered TSPO binding or expression are disease-specific, and therefore, not easily generalizable across different neuropathologies or inflammatory conditions. This difficulty is intricately linked to the varying (and still ill-defined) physiological functions and cellular expression patterns of TSPO in health and disease. While altered TSPO binding or expression may indeed mirror ongoing neuroinflammatory processes in some cases, it may reflect other pathophysiological processes such as abnormalities in cell metabolism, energy production and oxidative stress in others. Hence, the increasing popularity of TSPO PET imaging has paradoxically introduced substantial uncertainty regarding the nature and meaning of neuroinflammatory processes and microglial activation in psychiatry, and likely in other neuropathological conditions as well. The ambiguity of conceiving TSPO simply as a biomarker of 'neuroinflammation' or 'microglial activation' calls for alternative interpretations and complimentary approaches. Without the latter, the ongoing scientific efforts and excitement surrounding the role of the neuroimmune system in psychiatry may not turn into therapeutic hope for affected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Notter
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich-Vetsuisse, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - J M Coughlin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - A Sawa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - U Meyer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich-Vetsuisse, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Chang HH, Chen PS, Wang TY, Lee SY, Chen SL, Huang SY, Hong JS, Yang YK, Lu RB. Effect of memantine on C-reactive protein and lipid profiles in bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2017; 221. [PMID: 28646711 PMCID: PMC7241092 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Balance in the immune system plays roles in bipolar disorder (BD) and its metabolic co-morbidities. Memantine is an NMDA receptor antagonist with anti-inflammatory effects. However, the effects of memantine adjunct treatment on metabolic status of BD are unclear. METHODS During the 12 weeks period, a total of 191 BD patients were enrolled and split into valproate (VPA) + placebo and VPA + memantine (5mg/day) arms. The fasting plasma levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP) and metabolic indices were assessed. BD patients were stratified according to their initial CRP level. RESULTS A cut-off value of initial CRP level of 2322ng/mL discriminated the waist circumference in these BD patients after 12-week VPA treatment. In the high CRP (> 2322ng/mL) group, patients in the VPA + memantine arm had a significantly decreased in their CRP (p= 0.009), total cholesterol (p= 0.002), LDL (p= 0.002) levels, BMI (p= 0.001), and waist circumference (p< 0.001), compared to those in the VPA + placebo arm. However, analysis of the low CRP group did not showed the effect. LIMITATIONS We recruited BD patients in depressed states and the sample size was relative small. The effects of the fixed dose of memantine on metabolic indices were 12-week follow up in BD patients treated with VPA. CONCLUSIONS BD patients with high initial CRP levels receiving memantine adjunct treatment have a reduced risk of inflammation and metabolic imbalance. Prospective studies are needed to confirm the long-term outcome for memantine adjunct therapy in BD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Hua Chang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan,School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Po See Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Addiction Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Tzu-Yun Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan,Addiction Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Yu Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shiou-Lan Chen
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - San-Yuan Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jau-Shyong Hong
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemistry, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Yen Kuang Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan,Addiction Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan,Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Dou-Liou Branch, Yunlin, Taiwan,Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ru-Band Lu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan,Addiction Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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40
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Elevated Choline-Containing Compound Levels in Rapid Cycling Bipolar Disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2017; 42:2252-2258. [PMID: 28220797 PMCID: PMC5603812 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2017.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have found increased levels of choline-containing compounds (ie, glycerophosphocholine plus phosphocholine (GPC+PC)) in bipolar disorder using in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS), especially in bipolar I disorder (BD-I). Increased levels of GPC+PC suggest alterations in the membrane phospholipids metabolism in bipolar disorder. Rapid cycling (RC) bipolar disorder is considered as a severe course of bipolar disorder, but it is unclear whether rapid cycling bipolar disorder is linked to highly altered membrane phospholipid metabolism. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the regional extent of elevated GPC+PC were greater in BD-I patients with rapid cycling compared to BD-I patients without rapid cycling and healthy controls. Using a multi-voxel 1H MRS approach at 3 Tesla with high spatial resolution and absolute quantification, GPC+PC levels from the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), caudate and putamen of 16 RC BD-I, 34 non-RC BD-I and 44 healthy controls were assessed. We found significantly elevated GPC+PC levels in ACC, putamen and caudate of RC BD-I patients compared to healthy controls (P<0.005) and in ACC compared to non-RC BD-I patients (P<0.05). These results suggest greater alteration of membrane phospholipid metabolisms in rapid cycling BD-I compared to non-rapid-cycling BD-I.
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Liu YM, Niu L, Wang LL, Bai L, Fang XY, Li YC, Yi LT. Berberine attenuates depressive-like behaviors by suppressing neuro-inflammation in stressed mice. Brain Res Bull 2017; 134:220-227. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The exact pathophysiology of bipolar disorder (BD) is not yet fully understood, and there are many questions in this area which should be answered. This review aims to discuss the roles of glial cells in the pathophysiology of BD and their contribution to the mechanism of action of mood-stabilising drugs. METHODS We critically reviewed the most recent advances regarding glial cell roles in the pathophysiology and treatment of BD and the neuroprotective and neurotrophic effects of these cells. RESULTS Postmortem studies revealed a decrease in the glial cell number or density in the specific layers of prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex in the patients with BD, whereas there was no difference in other brain regions, such as entorhinal cortex, amygdala and hippocampus. Astrocytes and oligodendrocytes were the most important glial types that were responsible for the glial reduction, but microglia activation rather than loss may be implicated in BD. The decreased number or density of glial cells may contribute to the pathological changes observed in neurons in the patients with BD. Alteration of specific neurotrophic factors such as glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and S100B may be an important feature of BD. Glial cells mediate the therapeutic effects of mood-stabilising agents in the treatment of BD. CONCLUSION Recent studies provide important evidence on the impairment of glial cells in the pathophysiology and treatment of BD. However, future controlled studies are necessary to elucidate different aspects of glial cells contribution to BD, and the mechanism of action of mood-stabilising drugs.
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Yahata N, Kasai K, Kawato M. Computational neuroscience approach to biomarkers and treatments for mental disorders. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2017; 71:215-237. [PMID: 28032396 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Psychiatry research has long experienced a stagnation stemming from a lack of understanding of the neurobiological underpinnings of phenomenologically defined mental disorders. Recently, the application of computational neuroscience to psychiatry research has shown great promise in establishing a link between phenomenological and pathophysiological aspects of mental disorders, thereby recasting current nosology in more biologically meaningful dimensions. In this review, we highlight recent investigations into computational neuroscience that have undertaken either theory- or data-driven approaches to quantitatively delineate the mechanisms of mental disorders. The theory-driven approach, including reinforcement learning models, plays an integrative role in this process by enabling correspondence between behavior and disorder-specific alterations at multiple levels of brain organization, ranging from molecules to cells to circuits. Previous studies have explicated a plethora of defining symptoms of mental disorders, including anhedonia, inattention, and poor executive function. The data-driven approach, on the other hand, is an emerging field in computational neuroscience seeking to identify disorder-specific features among high-dimensional big data. Remarkably, various machine-learning techniques have been applied to neuroimaging data, and the extracted disorder-specific features have been used for automatic case-control classification. For many disorders, the reported accuracies have reached 90% or more. However, we note that rigorous tests on independent cohorts are critically required to translate this research into clinical applications. Finally, we discuss the utility of the disorder-specific features found by the data-driven approach to psychiatric therapies, including neurofeedback. Such developments will allow simultaneous diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders using neuroimaging, thereby establishing 'theranostics' for the first time in clinical psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriaki Yahata
- Department of Youth Mental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan.,ATR Brain Information Communication Research Laboratory Group, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kiyoto Kasai
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Kawato
- ATR Brain Information Communication Research Laboratory Group, Kyoto, Japan
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Chang HH, Wang TY, Lee IH, Lee SY, Chen KC, Huang SY, Yang YK, Lu RB, Chen PS. C-reactive protein: A differential biomarker for major depressive disorder and bipolar II disorder. World J Biol Psychiatry 2017; 18:63-70. [PMID: 26895280 DOI: 10.3109/15622975.2016.1155746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Objectives We aimed to examine whether the C-reactive protein (CRP) level could be used to differentiate between major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar II disorder (BD II). Methods Ninety-six healthy controls, 88 BD II and 72 MDD drug-naïve patients in their major depressive episodes were enrolled. The fasting plasma level of high-sensitivity CRP was assessed at baseline and after treatment. Results The BD II patients presented significantly higher 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) scores and CRP levels at baseline when adjustment for age, gender, and body mass index (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). After treatment the CRP levels remained significantly different (P < 0.001), although the HDRS score was not significantly different between the BD II and MDD patients. A receiver-operating characteristic analysis showed that a baseline CRP level of 621.6 ng/mL could discriminate between BD II and MDD, with an area under the curve of 0.816 and a sensitivity and specificity of 0.699 and 0.882, respectively. Furthermore, the baseline CRP level greater than 621.6 ng/ml had 28.2 higher odds of a diagnosis of BD II (P < 0.001, 95% confidence interval: 10.96-72.35). Conclusions The level of CRP plays a role of biomarker to differentiate between MDD and BD II depression in both their depressed and euthymic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Hua Chang
- a Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan , Taiwan.,b School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine , National Cheng Kung University , Tainan , Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Yun Wang
- c Department of Psychiatry , National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan , Taiwan
| | - I Hui Lee
- c Department of Psychiatry , National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan , Taiwan.,d Addiction Research Center, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan , Taiwan.,e Department of Psychiatry , National Cheng Kung University Hospital , Dou-Liou Branch , Yunlin, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Yu Lee
- f Department of Psychiatry , Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
| | - Kao Chin Chen
- c Department of Psychiatry , National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan , Taiwan.,d Addiction Research Center, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan , Taiwan
| | - San-Yuan Huang
- g Department of Psychiatry , Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Yen Kuang Yang
- c Department of Psychiatry , National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan , Taiwan.,d Addiction Research Center, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan , Taiwan.,e Department of Psychiatry , National Cheng Kung University Hospital , Dou-Liou Branch , Yunlin, Taiwan.,h Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine , National Cheng Kung University , Tainan , Taiwan
| | - Ru-Band Lu
- c Department of Psychiatry , National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan , Taiwan.,d Addiction Research Center, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan , Taiwan
| | - Po See Chen
- c Department of Psychiatry , National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan , Taiwan.,d Addiction Research Center, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan , Taiwan
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Abstract
As the immune-competent cells of the brain, microglia play an increasingly important role in maintaining normal brain function. They invade the brain early in development, transform into a highly ramified phenotype, and constantly screen their environment. Microglia are activated by any type of pathologic event or change in brain homeostasis. This activation process is highly diverse and depends on the context and type of the stressor or pathology. Microglia can strongly influence the pathologic outcome or response to a stressor due to the release of a plethora of substances, including cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors. They are the professional phagocytes of the brain and help orchestrate the immunological response by interacting with infiltrating immune cells. We describe here the diversity of microglia phenotypes and their responses in health, aging, and disease. We also review the current literature about the impact of lifestyle on microglia responses and discuss treatment options that modulate microglial phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne A Wolf
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max Delbrück Centre for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin 13092, Germany;
| | - H W G M Boddeke
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713, The Netherlands
| | - Helmut Kettenmann
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max Delbrück Centre for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin 13092, Germany;
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Tanaka T, Matsuda T, Hayes LN, Yang S, Rodriguez K, Severance EG, Yolken RH, Sawa A, Eaton WW. Infection and inflammation in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Neurosci Res 2016; 115:59-63. [PMID: 27856235 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the relationship between exposure to infectious agents and inflammation markers in individuals with schizophrenia (SZ), bipolar disorder (BP), and controls without a psychiatric disorder. We measured plasma levels of antibodies and innate immune markers and correlated them with clinical symptoms and cognitive function. In both SZ and BP, we found an increase in soluble CD14, and in BP an increase in C-reactive protein, IgM class antibodies against cytomegalovirus (CMV), and IgG class antibodies against herpes simplex virus 2. Furthermore in BP, we observed a negative relationship between IgG antibodies against CMV and scores for cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teppei Tanaka
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Taro Matsuda
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Lindsay N Hayes
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Shuojia Yang
- Stanley Laboratory of Developmental Neurovirology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Katrina Rodriguez
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Emily G Severance
- Stanley Laboratory of Developmental Neurovirology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Robert H Yolken
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Stanley Laboratory of Developmental Neurovirology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Akira Sawa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
| | - William W Eaton
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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Cao B, Stanley JA, Selvaraj S, Mwangi B, Passos IC, Zunta-Soares GB, Soares JC. Evidence of altered membrane phospholipid metabolism in the anterior cingulate cortex and striatum of patients with bipolar disorder I: A multi-voxel (1)H MRS study. J Psychiatr Res 2016; 81:48-55. [PMID: 27376506 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H MRS) studies have reported elevated glycerophosphocholine plus phosphocholine (GPC+PC) in the basal ganglia of patients with bipolar disorders (BD), which implicates an imbalance between synthesis and degradation activity of neuronal and glia membrane phospholipids (MPLs). However, the full extent of altered metabolites of MPLs in subareas within the basal ganglia, such as caudate and putamen, as well as anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) of BD patients is poorly understood. METHODS Multi-voxel (1)H MRS measurements were acquired in 50 type-one BD (BD-I) and 44 healthy controls (HC) on a 3-T MRI scanner. Four different anatomically defined voxels covering ACC, caudate and putamen were systematically extracted and quantified using LCModel. Group differences in absolute GPC+PC and other metabolites were tested with age and gender as covariates. RESULTS BD-I patients had higher GPC+PC levels in the anterior-dorsal ACC (p = 0.037), caudate (p = 0.005) and putamen (p = 0.004) compared to HC. GPC+PC levels in the caudate were elevated most significantly in currently unmediated BD-I patients (p = 0.022) and were positively correlated with HAM-D scores (r = 0.51, p = 0.005). PCr+Cr and myo-inositol levels were also significantly higher in the caudate head (F(1,45) = 6.010, p = 0.018) of patients compared to HC. NAA and glutamate levels were not significantly different between BD-I and HC in these regions (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION The increased GPC+PC in BD-I patients may reflect an imbalance in the MPL metabolism. Caudate GPC+PC levels may be a potential biomarker for depressive symptoms in BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Cao
- UT Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX 77054, USA.
| | - Jeffrey A Stanley
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Sudhakar Selvaraj
- UT Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Benson Mwangi
- UT Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Ives Cavalcante Passos
- UT Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Giovana B Zunta-Soares
- UT Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Jair C Soares
- UT Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX 77054, USA
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Watkins CC, Andrews SR. Clinical studies of neuroinflammatory mechanisms in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2016; 176:14-22. [PMID: 26235751 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a pervasive neurodevelopmental disorder that appears to result from genetic and environmental factors. Although the dopamine hypothesis is the driving theory behind the majority of translation research in schizophrenia, emerging evidence suggests that aberrant immune mechanisms in the peripheral and central nervous system influence the etiology of schizophrenia and the pathophysiology of psychotic symptoms that define the illness. The initial interest in inflammatory processes comes from epidemiological data and historical observations, dating back several decades. A growing body of research on developmental exposure to infection, stress-induced inflammatory response, glial cell signaling, structural and functional brain changes and therapeutic trials demonstrates the impact that inflammation has on the onset and progression of schizophrenia. Research in animal models of psychosis has helped to advance clinical and basic science investigations of the immune mechanisms disrupted in schizophrenia. However, they are limited by the inability to recapitulate the human experience of hallucinations, delusions and thought disorder that define psychosis. To date, translational studies of inflammatory mechanisms in human subjects have not been reviewed in great detail. Here, we critically review clinical studies that focus on inflammatory mechanisms in schizophrenia. Understanding the neuroinflammatory mechanisms involved in schizophrenia may be essential in identifying potential therapeutic targets to minimize the morbidity and mortality of schizophrenia by interrupting disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal C Watkins
- Memory Center in Neuropsychiatry, Sheppard Pratt Health Systems, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Psychiatry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States.
| | - Sarah Ramsay Andrews
- Department of Psychiatry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
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Walker RM, Sussmann JE, Whalley HC, Ryan NM, Porteous DJ, McIntosh AM, Evans KL. Preliminary assessment of pre-morbid DNA methylation in individuals at high genetic risk of mood disorders. Bipolar Disord 2016; 18:410-22. [PMID: 27440233 PMCID: PMC5006843 DOI: 10.1111/bdi.12415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Accumulating evidence implicates altered DNA methylation in psychiatric disorders, including bipolar disorder (BD) and major depressive disorder (MDD). It is not clear, however, whether these changes are causative or result from illness progression or treatment. To disentangle these possibilities we profiled genome-wide DNA methylation in well, unrelated individuals at high familial risk of mood disorder. DNA methylation was compared between individuals who subsequently developed BD or MDD [ill later (IL)] and those who remained well [well later (WL)]. METHODS DNA methylation profiles were obtained from whole-blood samples from 22 IL and 23 WL individuals using the Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip. Differential methylation was assessed on a single-locus and regional basis. Pathway analysis was performed to assess enrichment for particular biological processes amongst nominally significantly differentially methylated loci. RESULTS Although no locus withstood correction for multiple testing, uncorrected P-values provided suggestive evidence for altered methylation at sites within genes previously implicated in neuropsychiatric conditions, such as Transcription Factor 4 (TCF4) and Interleukin 1 Receptor Accessory Protein-Like 1 ([IL1RAPL1]; P≤3.11×10(-5) ). Pathway analysis revealed significant enrichment for several neurologically relevant pathways and functions, including Nervous System Development and Function and Behavior; these findings withstood multiple testing correction (q≤0.05). Analysis of differentially methylated regions identified several within the major histocompatibility complex (P≤.000 479), a region previously implicated in schizophrenia and BD. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide provisional evidence for the involvement of altered whole-blood DNA methylation in neurologically relevant genes in the aetiology of mood disorders. These findings are convergent with the findings of genome-wide association studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosie May Walker
- Medical Genetics SectionCentre for Genomic and Experimental MedicineInstitute of Genetics and Molecular MedicineThe University of EdinburghWestern General HospitalEdinburghUK
| | - Jessika Elizabeth Sussmann
- Division of PsychiatryThe University of EdinburghRoyal Edinburgh HospitalUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Heather Clare Whalley
- Division of PsychiatryThe University of EdinburghRoyal Edinburgh HospitalUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Niamh Margaret Ryan
- Medical Genetics SectionCentre for Genomic and Experimental MedicineInstitute of Genetics and Molecular MedicineThe University of EdinburghWestern General HospitalEdinburghUK
| | - David John Porteous
- Medical Genetics SectionCentre for Genomic and Experimental MedicineInstitute of Genetics and Molecular MedicineThe University of EdinburghWestern General HospitalEdinburghUK,Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive EpidemiologyThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Andrew Mark McIntosh
- Division of PsychiatryThe University of EdinburghRoyal Edinburgh HospitalUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK,Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive EpidemiologyThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Kathryn Louise Evans
- Medical Genetics SectionCentre for Genomic and Experimental MedicineInstitute of Genetics and Molecular MedicineThe University of EdinburghWestern General HospitalEdinburghUK,Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive EpidemiologyThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
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Ascoli BM, Géa LP, Colombo R, Barbé-Tuana FM, Kapczinski F, Rosa AR. The role of macrophage polarization on bipolar disorder: Identifying new therapeutic targets. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2016; 50:618-30. [PMID: 27091850 DOI: 10.1177/0004867416642846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bipolar disorder is a chronic, severe and disabling disease; however, its pathophysiology remains poorly understood. Recent evidence has suggested that inflammation and immune dysregulation play a significant role in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder. This review is aimed to highlight the importance of systemic inflammation in modulating the inflammatory response of microglia and hence its potential involvement with bipolar disorder. We also discuss novel therapeutic strategies that emerge from this new research. METHOD This article presents a theoretical synthesis of the effects of systemic inflammation on the immune response of the central nervous system in bipolar disorder. The complex relationship between stress, pro-inflammatory cytokines and microglial dysfunction is summarized, emphasizing the role of the kynurenine pathway in this process and, consequently, their effects on neuronal plasticity. RESULTS Bipolar patients demonstrate increased serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α) and lower hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis sensitivity. This imbalance in the immune system promotes a change in blood-brain barrier permeability, leading to an inflammatory signal spread in the central nervous system from the periphery, through macrophages activation (M1 polarization). Chronic microglial activation can result in neuronal apoptosis, neurogenesis inhibition, hippocampal volume reduction, lower neurotransmitters synthesis and cytotoxicity, by increasing glutamate production and kynurenine metabolism. CONCLUSIONS This review provides an overview of the mechanisms involved in the immune system imbalance and its potential involvement in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder. Consequently, new strategies that normalize the immune-inflammatory pathways may provide a valuable therapeutic target for the treatment of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna M Ascoli
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil Postgraduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luiza P Géa
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil Postgraduate Program in Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rafael Colombo
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil Laboratory of Pharmacology and Physiology, Universidade de Caxias do Sul (UCS), Caxias do Sul, Brazil
| | - Florência M Barbé-Tuana
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Flávio Kapczinski
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil Postgraduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Adriane Ribeiro Rosa
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil Postgraduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil Postgraduate Program in Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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