1
|
Salerno JA, Rehen S. Human pluripotent stem cells as a translational toolkit in psychedelic research in vitro. iScience 2024; 27:109631. [PMID: 38628967 PMCID: PMC11019282 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Psychedelics, recognized for their impact on perception, are resurging as promising treatments with rapid onset for mood and substance use disorders. Despite increasing evidence from clinical trials, questions persist about the cellular and molecular mechanisms and their precise correlation with treatment outcomes. Murine neurons and immortalized non-neural cell lines harboring overexpressed constructs have shed light on neuroplastic changes mediated by the serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2AR) as the primary mechanism. However, limitations exist in capturing human- and disease-specific traits. Here, we discuss current accomplishments and prospects for incorporating human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) to complement these models. PSCs can differentiate into various brain cell types, mirroring endogenous expression patterns and cell identities to recreate disease phenotypes. Brain organoids derived from PSCs resemble cell diversity and patterning, while region-specific organoids simulate circuit-level phenotypes. PSC-based models hold significant promise to illuminate the cellular and molecular substrates of psychedelic-induced phenotypic recovery in neuropsychiatric disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Alexandre Salerno
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Morphological Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Biomedical Institute, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Stevens Rehen
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Usona Institute, Fitchburg, WI, USA
- Promega Corporation, Madison, WI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Niemsiri V, Rosenthal SB, Nievergelt CM, Maihofer AX, Marchetto MC, Santos R, Shekhtman T, Alliey-Rodriguez N, Anand A, Balaraman Y, Berrettini WH, Bertram H, Burdick KE, Calabrese JR, Calkin CV, Conroy C, Coryell WH, DeModena A, Eyler LT, Feeder S, Fisher C, Frazier N, Frye MA, Gao K, Garnham J, Gershon ES, Goes FS, Goto T, Harrington GJ, Jakobsen P, Kamali M, Kelly M, Leckband SG, Lohoff FW, McCarthy MJ, McInnis MG, Craig D, Millett CE, Mondimore F, Morken G, Nurnberger JI, Donovan CO, Øedegaard KJ, Ryan K, Schinagle M, Shilling PD, Slaney C, Stapp EK, Stautland A, Tarwater B, Zandi PP, Alda M, Fisch KM, Gage FH, Kelsoe JR. Focal adhesion is associated with lithium response in bipolar disorder: evidence from a network-based multi-omics analysis. Mol Psychiatry 2024; 29:6-19. [PMID: 36991131 PMCID: PMC11078741 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01909-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Lithium (Li) is one of the most effective drugs for treating bipolar disorder (BD), however, there is presently no way to predict response to guide treatment. The aim of this study is to identify functional genes and pathways that distinguish BD Li responders (LR) from BD Li non-responders (NR). An initial Pharmacogenomics of Bipolar Disorder study (PGBD) GWAS of lithium response did not provide any significant results. As a result, we then employed network-based integrative analysis of transcriptomic and genomic data. In transcriptomic study of iPSC-derived neurons, 41 significantly differentially expressed (DE) genes were identified in LR vs NR regardless of lithium exposure. In the PGBD, post-GWAS gene prioritization using the GWA-boosting (GWAB) approach identified 1119 candidate genes. Following DE-derived network propagation, there was a highly significant overlap of genes between the top 500- and top 2000-proximal gene networks and the GWAB gene list (Phypergeometric = 1.28E-09 and 4.10E-18, respectively). Functional enrichment analyses of the top 500 proximal network genes identified focal adhesion and the extracellular matrix (ECM) as the most significant functions. Our findings suggest that the difference between LR and NR was a much greater effect than that of lithium. The direct impact of dysregulation of focal adhesion on axon guidance and neuronal circuits could underpin mechanisms of response to lithium, as well as underlying BD. It also highlights the power of integrative multi-omics analysis of transcriptomic and genomic profiling to gain molecular insights into lithium response in BD.
Collapse
Grants
- R01 MH095741 NIMH NIH HHS
- UL1 TR001442 NCATS NIH HHS
- U19 MH106434 NIMH NIH HHS
- U01 MH092758 NIMH NIH HHS
- T32 MH018399 NIMH NIH HHS
- U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
- Department of Veterans Affairs | Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System (VA San Diego Healthcare System)
- The Halifax group (MA, CVC, JG, CO, and CS) is supported by grants from Canadian Institutes of Health Research (#166098), ERA PerMed project PLOT-BD, Research Nova Scotia, Genome Atlantic, Nova Scotia Health Authority and Dalhousie Medical Research Foundation (Lindsay Family Fund).
- U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS)
- U19MH106434, part of the National Cooperative Reprogrammed Cell Research Groups (NCRCRG) to Study Mental Illness. AHA-Allen Initiative in Brain Health and Cognitive Impairment Award (19PABH134610000). The JPB Foundation, Bob and Mary Jane Engman, Annette C Merle-Smith, R01 MH095741, and Lynn and Edward Streim.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vipavee Niemsiri
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sara Brin Rosenthal
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Adam X Maihofer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Maria C Marchetto
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Renata Santos
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
- University of Paris, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1261266, Laboratory of Dynamics of Neuronal Structure in Health and Disease, Paris, France
| | - Tatyana Shekhtman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ney Alliey-Rodriguez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Amit Anand
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yokesh Balaraman
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Wade H Berrettini
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Holli Bertram
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Katherine E Burdick
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joseph R Calabrese
- Mood Disorders Program, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Mood Disorders Program, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Cynthia V Calkin
- Department of Psychiatry and Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Carla Conroy
- Mood Disorders Program, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Mood Disorders Program, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Anna DeModena
- Psychiatry Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Lisa T Eyler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Scott Feeder
- Department of Psychiatry, The Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Carrie Fisher
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Nicole Frazier
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mark A Frye
- Department of Psychiatry, The Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Keming Gao
- Mood Disorders Program, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Mood Disorders Program, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Julie Garnham
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Elliot S Gershon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Fernando S Goes
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Toyomi Goto
- Mood Disorders Program, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Petter Jakobsen
- Norment, Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital and Department of Clinical medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Masoud Kamali
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Marisa Kelly
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Susan G Leckband
- Psychiatry Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Falk W Lohoff
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael J McCarthy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Melvin G McInnis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David Craig
- Department of Translational Genomics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Caitlin E Millett
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Francis Mondimore
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gunnar Morken
- Division of Mental Health Care, St Olavs University Hospital, and Department of Mental Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - John I Nurnberger
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Medical and Molecular Genetics, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Ketil J Øedegaard
- Norment, Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital and Department of Clinical medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kelly Ryan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Martha Schinagle
- Mood Disorders Program, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Paul D Shilling
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Claire Slaney
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Emma K Stapp
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrea Stautland
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Bruce Tarwater
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Peter P Zandi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Martin Alda
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Kathleen M Fisch
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Fred H Gage
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - John R Kelsoe
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yang G, Ullah HMA, Parker E, Gorsi B, Libowitz M, Maguire C, King JB, Coon H, Lopez-Larson M, Anderson JS, Yandell M, Shcheglovitov A. Neurite outgrowth deficits caused by rare PLXNB1 mutation in pediatric bipolar disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:2525-2539. [PMID: 37032361 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02035-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Pediatric bipolar disorder (PBD) is a severe mood dysregulation condition that affects 0.5-1% of children and teens in the United States. It is associated with recurrent episodes of mania and depression and an increased risk of suicidality. However, the genetics and neuropathology of PBD are largely unknown. Here, we used a combinatorial family-based approach to characterize cellular, molecular, genetic, and network-level deficits associated with PBD. We recruited a PBD patient and three unaffected family members from a family with a history of psychiatric illnesses. Using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI), we detected altered resting-state functional connectivity in the patient as compared to an unaffected sibling. Using transcriptomic profiling of patient and control induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived telencephalic organoids, we found aberrant signaling in the molecular pathways related to neurite outgrowth. We corroborated the presence of neurite outgrowth deficits in patient iPSC-derived cortical neurons and identified a rare homozygous loss-of-function PLXNB1 variant (c.1360C>C; p.Ser454Arg) responsible for the deficits in the patient. Expression of wild-type PLXNB1, but not the variant, rescued neurite outgrowth in patient neurons, and expression of the variant caused the neurite outgrowth deficits in cortical neurons from PlxnB1 knockout mice. These results indicate that dysregulated PLXNB1 signaling may contribute to an increased risk of PBD and other mood dysregulation-related disorders by disrupting neurite outgrowth and functional brain connectivity. Overall, this study established and validated a novel family-based combinatorial approach for studying cellular and molecular deficits in psychiatric disorders and identified dysfunctional PLXNB1 signaling and neurite outgrowth as potential risk factors for PBD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guang Yang
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - H M Arif Ullah
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Ethan Parker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Bushra Gorsi
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Utah Center for Genetic Discovery, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Mark Libowitz
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Colin Maguire
- Clinical & Translational Research Core, Utah Clinical & Translational Research Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jace B King
- Department of Radiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Hilary Coon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Melissa Lopez-Larson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Lopez-Larson and Associates, Park City, UT, USA
| | | | - Mark Yandell
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Alex Shcheglovitov
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
- Clinical & Translational Research Core, Utah Clinical & Translational Research Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sitbon J, Nestvogel D, Kappeler C, Nicolas A, Maciuba S, Henrion A, Troudet R, Courtois E, Grannec G, Latapie V, Barau C, Le Corvoisier P, Pietrancosta N, Henry C, Leboyer M, Etain B, Nosten-Bertrand M, Martin TFJ, Rhee J, Jamain S. CADPS functional mutations in patients with bipolar disorder increase the sensitivity to stress. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:1145-1157. [PMID: 35169262 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01151-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder is a severe and chronic psychiatric disease resulting from a combination of genetic and environmental risk factors. Here, we identified a significant higher mutation rate in a gene encoding the calcium-dependent activator protein for secretion (CADPS) in 132 individuals with bipolar disorder, when compared to 184 unaffected controls or to 21,070 non-psychiatric and non-Finnish European subjects from the Exome Aggregation Consortium. We found that most of these variants resulted either in a lower abundance or a partial impairment in one of the basic functions of CADPS in regulating neuronal exocytosis, synaptic plasticity and vesicular transporter-dependent uptake of catecholamines. Heterozygous mutant mice for Cadps+/- revealed that a decreased level of CADPS leads to manic-like behaviours, changes in BDNF level and a hypersensitivity to stress. This was consistent with more childhood trauma reported in families with mutation in CADPS, and more specifically in mutated individuals. Furthermore, hyperactivity observed in mutant animals was rescued by the mood-stabilizing drug lithium. Overall, our results suggest that dysfunction in calcium-dependent vesicular exocytosis may increase the sensitivity to environmental stressors enhancing the risk of developing bipolar disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Sitbon
- Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, Translational Neuropsychiatry, Créteil, France.,Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
| | - Dennis Nestvogel
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Caroline Kappeler
- Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, Translational Neuropsychiatry, Créteil, France.,Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
| | - Aude Nicolas
- Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, Translational Neuropsychiatry, Créteil, France.,Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
| | - Stephanie Maciuba
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Annabelle Henrion
- Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, Translational Neuropsychiatry, Créteil, France.,Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
| | - Réjane Troudet
- Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, Translational Neuropsychiatry, Créteil, France.,Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
| | - Elisa Courtois
- Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, Translational Neuropsychiatry, Créteil, France.,Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
| | - Gaël Grannec
- INSERM U1270, Sorbonne Université, Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Violaine Latapie
- Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, Translational Neuropsychiatry, Créteil, France.,Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
| | - Caroline Barau
- AP-HP, Hôpital H. Mondor - A. Chenevier, Plateforme de Ressources Biologiques, Créteil, France
| | | | - Nicolas Pietrancosta
- Sorbonne University, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, Laboratoire des biomolécules (LBM), Paris, France.,Neuroscience Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS) INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Chantal Henry
- Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, Translational Neuropsychiatry, Créteil, France.,Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.,AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires H. Mondor, DMU IMPACT, Créteil, France
| | - Marion Leboyer
- Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, Translational Neuropsychiatry, Créteil, France.,Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.,AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires H. Mondor, DMU IMPACT, Créteil, France
| | - Bruno Etain
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.,Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, AP-HP, GH Saint-Louis - Lariboisière - F. Widal, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Inserm, UMR-S1144, Paris, France
| | | | - Thomas F J Martin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - JeongSeop Rhee
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stéphane Jamain
- Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, Translational Neuropsychiatry, Créteil, France. .,Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
McGhee C, Yang Z, Guo W, Wu Y, Lyu M, DeLong CJ, Hong S, Ma Y, McInnis MG, O’Shea KS, Lu Y. DNAzyme-Based Lithium-Selective Imaging Reveals Higher Lithium Accumulation in Bipolar Disorder Patient-Derived Neurons. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2021; 7:1809-1820. [PMID: 34841055 PMCID: PMC8614110 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.1c00843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Lithium has been a drug for bipolar disorders (BD) for over 70 years; however, its usage has been limited by its narrow therapeutic window (between 0.6 and 1.2 mM). Understanding the cellular distribution of lithium ions (Li+) in patient cells will offer deep insight into this limitation, but selective imaging of Li+ in living cells under biomedically relevant concentration ranges has not been achieved. Herein, we report in vitro selection and development of a Li+-specific DNAzyme fluorescent sensor with >100-fold selectivity over other biorelevant metal ions. This sensor allows comparative Li+ visualization in HeLa cells, human neuronal progenitor cells (NPCs), and neurons derived from BD patients and healthy controls. Strikingly, we detected enhanced accumulation of Li+ in cells derived from BD patients compared with healthy controls in differentiated neurons but not NPCs. These results establish the DNAzyme-based sensor as a novel platform for biomedical research into BD and related areas using lithium drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire
E. McGhee
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Zhenglin Yang
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Illinois
at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Weijie Guo
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Illinois
at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Yuting Wu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Mingkuan Lyu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Center
for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Cynthia J. DeLong
- Department
of Cell and Developmental Biology, The University
of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109, United States
| | - Shanni Hong
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Yuan Ma
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Melvin G. McInnis
- Department
of Psychiatry, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109, United States
| | - K. Sue O’Shea
- Department
of Cell and Developmental Biology, The University
of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109, United States
- Department
of Psychiatry, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109, United States
| | - Yi Lu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Illinois
at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Center
for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
High-content image-based analysis and proteomic profiling identifies Tau phosphorylation inhibitors in a human iPSC-derived glutamatergic neuronal model of tauopathy. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17029. [PMID: 34426604 PMCID: PMC8382845 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96227-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in MAPT (microtubule-associated protein tau) cause frontotemporal dementia (FTD). MAPT mutations are associated with abnormal tau phosphorylation levels and accumulation of misfolded tau protein that can propagate between neurons ultimately leading to cell death (tauopathy). Recently, a p.A152T tau variant was identified as a risk factor for FTD, Alzheimer's disease, and synucleinopathies. Here we used induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) from a patient carrying this p.A152T variant to create a robust, functional cellular assay system for probing pathophysiological tau accumulation and phosphorylation. Using stably transduced iPSC-derived neural progenitor cells engineered to enable inducible expression of the pro-neural transcription factor Neurogenin 2 (Ngn2), we generated disease-relevant, cortical-like glutamatergic neurons in a scalable, high-throughput screening compatible format. Utilizing automated confocal microscopy, and an advanced image-processing pipeline optimized for analysis of morphologically complex human neuronal cultures, we report quantitative, subcellular localization-specific effects of multiple kinase inhibitors on tau, including ones under clinical investigation not previously reported to affect tau phosphorylation. These results demonstrate the potential for using patient iPSC-derived ex vivo models of tauopathy as genetically accurate, disease-relevant systems to probe tau biochemistry and support the discovery of novel therapeutics for tauopathies.
Collapse
|
7
|
Deficient LEF1 expression is associated with lithium resistance and hyperexcitability in neurons derived from bipolar disorder patients. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:2440-2456. [PMID: 33398088 PMCID: PMC9129103 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-00981-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a psychiatric condition characterized by depressive and manic episodes that affect 2% of the world population. The first-line long-term treatment for mood stabilization is lithium (Li). Induced pluripotent stem cell modeling of BD using hippocampal dentate gyrus-like neurons derived from Li-responsive (LR) and Li-non-responsive (NR) patients previously showed neuronal hyperexcitability. Li treatment reversed hyperexcitability only on the LR neurons. In this study we searched for specific targets of Li resistance in NR neurons and found that the activity of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway was severely affected, with a significant decrease in expression of LEF1. Li targets the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway by inhibiting GSK-3β and releasing β-catenin that forms a nuclear complex with TCF/LEF1, activating the Wnt/β-catenin transcription program. Therefore, we propose that downregulation of LEF1 may account for Li resistance in NR neurons. Our results show that valproic acid (VPA), a drug used to treat NR patients that also acts downstream of GSK-3β, upregulated LEF1 and Wnt/β-catenin gene targets, increased transcriptional activity of complex β-catenin/TCF/LEF1, and reduced excitability in NR neurons. In addition, decreasing LEF1 expression in control neurons using shLEF1 caused hyperexcitability, confirming that the impact of VPA on excitability in NR neurons was connected to changes in LEF1 and in the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Our results suggest that LEF1 may be a useful target for the discovery of new drugs for BD treatment.
Collapse
|
8
|
Charvériat M, Lafon V, Mouthon F, Zimmer L. Innovative approaches in CNS drug discovery. Therapie 2021; 76:101-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.therap.2020.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
9
|
Haggarty SJ, Karmacharya R, Perlis RH. Advances toward precision medicine for bipolar disorder: mechanisms & molecules. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:168-185. [PMID: 32636474 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-0831-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Given its chronicity, contribution to disability and morbidity, and prevalence of more than 2%, the effective treatment, and prevention of bipolar disorder represents an area of significant unmet medical need. While more than half a century has passed since the introduction of lithium into widespread use at the birth of modern psychopharmacology, that medication remains a mainstay for the acute treatment and prevention of recurrent mania/hypomania and depression that characterize bipolar disorder. However, the continued limited understanding of how lithium modulates affective behavior and lack of validated cellular and animal models have resulted in obstacles to discovering more effective mood stabilizers with fewer adverse side effects. In particular, while there has been progress in developing new pharmacotherapy for mania, developing effective treatments for acute bipolar depression remain inadequate. Recent large-scale human genetic studies have confirmed the complex, polygenic nature of the risk architecture of bipolar disorder, and its overlap with other major neuropsychiatric disorders. Such discoveries have begun to shed light on the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder. Coupled with broader advances in human neurobiology, neuropharmacology, noninvasive neuromodulation, and clinical trial design, we can envision novel therapeutic strategies informed by defined molecular mechanisms and neural circuits and targeted to the root cause of the pathophysiology. Here, we review recent advances toward the goal of better treatments for bipolar disorder, and we outline major challenges for the field of translational neuroscience that necessitate continued focus on fundamental research and discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Haggarty
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Departments of Psychiatry & Neurology, Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Rakesh Karmacharya
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School Boston, Boston, MA, USA.,Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Roy H Perlis
- Center for Quantitative Health, Center for Genomic Medicine and Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gordovez FJA, McMahon FJ. The genetics of bipolar disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:544-559. [PMID: 31907381 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0634-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is one of the most heritable mental illnesses, but the elucidation of its genetic basis has proven to be a very challenging endeavor. Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) have transformed our understanding of BD, providing the first reproducible evidence of specific genetic markers and a highly polygenic architecture that overlaps with that of schizophrenia, major depression, and other disorders. Individual GWAS markers appear to confer little risk, but common variants together account for about 25% of the heritability of BD. A few higher-risk associations have also been identified, such as a rare copy number variant on chromosome 16p11.2. Large scale next-generation sequencing studies are actively searching for other alleles that confer substantial risk. As our understanding of the genetics of BD improves, there is growing optimism that some clear biological pathways will emerge, providing a basis for future studies aimed at molecular diagnosis and novel therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francis James A Gordovez
- Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, 1000, Ermita, Manila, Philippines
| | - Francis J McMahon
- Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Rossetti AC, Koch P, Ladewig J. Drug discovery in psychopharmacology: from 2D models to cerebral organoids. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2019. [PMID: 31636494 PMCID: PMC6787544 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2019.21.2/jladewig] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders are a heterogeneous group of mental illnesses associated with a high social and economic burden on patients and society. The complex symptomatology of these disorders, coupled with our limited understanding of the structural and functional abnormalities affecting the brains of neuropsychiatric patients, has made it difficult to develop effective medical treatment strategies. With the advent of reprogramming technologies and recent developments in induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell-based protocols for differentiation into defined neuronal cultures and 3-dimensional cerebral organoids, a new era of preclinical disease modeling has begun which could revolutionize drug discovery in psychiatry. This review provides an overview of iPS cell-based disease models in psychiatry and how these models contribute to our understanding of pharmacological drug action. We also propose a refined iPSC-based drug discovery pipeline, ranging from cell-based stratification of patients through improved screening and validation steps to more precise psychopharmacology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Carlo Rossetti
- Author affiliations: Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; HITBR Hector Institute for Translational Brain Research gGmbH, Mannheim, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany. Address for correspondence: Philipp Koch: ; Julia Ladewig: . All authors contributed equally to the work
| | - Philipp Koch
- Author affiliations: Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; HITBR Hector Institute for Translational Brain Research gGmbH, Mannheim, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany. Address for correspondence: Philipp Koch: ; Julia Ladewig: . All authors contributed equally to the work
| | - Julia Ladewig
- Author affiliations: Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; HITBR Hector Institute for Translational Brain Research gGmbH, Mannheim, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany. Address for correspondence: Philipp Koch: ; Julia Ladewig: . All authors contributed equally to the work
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Johnstone M, Hillary RF, St Clair D. Stem Cells to Inform the Neurobiology of Mental Illness. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2019; 40:13-43. [PMID: 30030769 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2018_57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The inception of human-induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSCs) technology has provided an exciting platform upon which the modelling and treatment of human neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders may be expedited. Although the genetic architecture of these disorders is far more complex than previously imagined, many key loci have at last been identified. This has allowed in vivo and in vitro technologies to be refined to model specific high-penetrant genetic loci involved in both disorders. Animal models of neurodevelopmental disorders, such as schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders, show limitations in recapitulating the full complexity and heterogeneity of human neurodevelopmental disease states. Indeed, patient-derived hiPSCs offer distinct advantages over classical animal models in the study of human neuropathologies. Here we have discussed the current, relative translational merit of hiPSCs in investigating human neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders with a specific emphasis on the utility of such systems to aid in the identification of biomarkers. We have highlighted the promises and pitfalls of reprogramming cell fate for the study of these disorders and provide recommendations for future directions in this field in order to overcome current limitations. Ultimately, this will aid in the development of effective clinical strategies for diverse patient populations affected by these disorders with the aim of also leading to biomarker identification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Johnstone
- Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
| | - Robert F Hillary
- Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - David St Clair
- Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Effects of GADL1 overexpression on cell migration and the associated morphological changes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5298. [PMID: 30923325 PMCID: PMC6438977 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41689-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lithium has been used for maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder, but drug response varies among patients. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in glutamate decarboxylase–like protein 1 (GADL1) are found to be associated with lithium response in Han Chinese bipolar patients. In this study, we assessed GADL1 function using a neuroblastoma cell line that stably overexpressed GADL1. Genes encoding factors involved in cell migration, such as FN1, ITGA2, ITGAV and CCL2, were downregulated in GADL1-overexpressing cells. GADL1 overexpression indeed suppressed cell migration. Cell migration speed and perimeter length exhibited similar trends, both of which were decreased under GADL1 overexpression or lithium treatment but increased upon stimulation with CCL2. Secreted GADL1 or its enzyme product, taurine, in the conditioned medium might exert only mild effects on the observed changes. Compared with SH-SY5Y cells, GADL1-overexpressing cells were much more sensitive to CCL2 treatment but less sensitive to lithium, indicating that the level of GADL1 expression can affect cell sensitivity to lithium or CCL2 treatment. Together, these results suggest that cell migration and related morphological changes might provide good indicators of the sensitivity toward lithium treatment, and the GADL1 stable overexpression cell line might serve as a useful platform to screen novel therapeutics for bipolar disorder.
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Bipolar disease (BD) is one of the major public health burdens worldwide and more people are affected every year. Comprehensive genetic studies have associated thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with BD risk; yet, very little is known about their functional roles. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are powerful tools for investigating the relationship between genotype and phenotype in disease-relevant tissues and cell types. Neural cells generated from BD-specific iPSCs are thought to capture associated genetic risk factors, known and unknown, and to allow the analysis of their effects on cellular and molecular phenotypes. Interestingly, an increasing number of studies on BD-derived iPSCs report distinct alterations in neural patterning, postmitotic calcium signaling, and neuronal excitability. Importantly, these alterations are partly normalized by lithium, a first line treatment in BD. In light of these exciting findings, we discuss current challenges to the field of iPSC-based disease modelling and future steps to be taken in order to fully exploit the potential of this approach for the investigation of BD and the development of new therapies.
Collapse
|
15
|
Miller ND, Kelsoe JR. Unraveling the biology of bipolar disorder using induced pluripotent stem-derived neurons. Bipolar Disord 2017; 19:544-551. [PMID: 29116664 PMCID: PMC6433126 DOI: 10.1111/bdi.12535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Bipolar disorder has been studied from numerous angles, from pathological studies to large-scale genomic studies, overall making moderate gains toward an understanding of the disorder. With the advancement of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell technology, in vitro models based on patient samples are now available that inherently incorporate the complex genetic variants that largely are the basis for this disorder. A number of groups are starting to apply iPS technology to the study of bipolar disorder. METHODS We selectively reviewed the literature related to understanding bipolar disorder based on using neurons derived from iPS cells. RESULTS So far, most work has used the prototypical iPS cells. However, others have been able to transdifferentiate fibroblasts directly to neurons. Others still have utilized olfactory epithelium tissue as a source of neural-like cells that do not need reprogramming. In general, iPS and related cells can be used for studies of disease pathology, drug discovery, or stem cell therapy. CONCLUSIONS Published studies have primarily focused on understanding bipolar disorder pathology, but initial work is also being done to use iPS technology for drug discovery. In terms of disease pathology, some evidence is pointing toward a differentiation defect with more ventral cell types being prominent. Additionally, there is evidence for a calcium signaling defect, a finding that builds on the genome-wide association study results. Continued work with iPS cells will certainly help us understand bipolar disorder and provide a way forward for improved treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel D. Miller
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA,Department of Psychiatry, VA Healthcare Systems, La Jolla, CA
| | - John R. Kelsoe
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA,Department of Psychiatry, VA Healthcare Systems, La Jolla, CA,Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Soliman MA, Aboharb F, Zeltner N, Studer L. Pluripotent stem cells in neuropsychiatric disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2017; 22:1241-1249. [PMID: 28322279 PMCID: PMC5582162 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders place an enormous medical burden on patients across all social and economic ranks. The current understanding of the molecular and cellular causes of neuropsychiatric disease remains limited, which leads to a lack of targeted therapies. Human-induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology offers a novel platform for modeling the genetic contribution to mental disorders and yields access to patient-specific cells for drug discovery and personalized medicine. Here, we review recent progress in using iPSC technology to model and potentially treat neuropsychiatric disorders by focusing on the most prevalent conditions in psychiatry, including depression, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A Soliman
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA,Developmental Biology and Center of Stem Cell Biology, Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA,, Developmental Biology, Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Box 256, New York, NY 10065, US. E-mail: or
| | - F Aboharb
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA,Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - N Zeltner
- Developmental Biology and Center of Stem Cell Biology, Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - L Studer
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA,Developmental Biology and Center of Stem Cell Biology, Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA,, Developmental Biology, Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Box 256, New York, NY 10065, US. E-mail: or
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Harrison PJ, Cipriani A, Harmer CJ, Nobre AC, Saunders K, Goodwin GM, Geddes JR. Innovative approaches to bipolar disorder and its treatment. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1366:76-89. [PMID: 27111134 PMCID: PMC4850752 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
All psychiatric disorders have suffered from a dearth of truly novel pharmacological interventions. In bipolar disorder, lithium remains a mainstay of treatment, six decades since its effects were serendipitously discovered. The lack of progress reflects several factors, including ignorance of the disorder's pathophysiology and the complexities of the clinical phenotype. After reviewing the current status, we discuss some ways forward. First, we highlight the need for a richer characterization of the clinical profile, facilitated by novel devices and new forms of data capture and analysis; such data are already promoting a reevaluation of the phenotype, with an emphasis on mood instability rather than on discrete clinical episodes. Second, experimental medicine can provide early indications of target engagement and therapeutic response, reducing the time, cost, and risk involved in evaluating potential mood stabilizers. Third, genomic data can inform target identification and validation, such as the increasing evidence for involvement of calcium channel genes in bipolar disorder. Finally, new methods and models relevant to bipolar disorder, including stem cells and genetically modified mice, are being used to study key pathways and drug effects. A combination of these approaches has real potential to break the impasse and deliver genuinely new treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Harrison
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Cipriani
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine J Harmer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anna C Nobre
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kate Saunders
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Guy M Goodwin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - John R Geddes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hennig KM, Fass DM, Zhao WN, Sheridan SD, Fu T, Erdin S, Stortchevoi A, Lucente D, Cody JD, Sweetser D, Gusella JF, Talkowski ME, Haggarty SJ. WNT/β-Catenin Pathway and Epigenetic Mechanisms Regulate the Pitt-Hopkins Syndrome and Schizophrenia Risk Gene TCF4. MOLECULAR NEUROPSYCHIATRY 2017; 3:53-71. [PMID: 28879201 DOI: 10.1159/000475666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Genetic variation within the transcription factor TCF4 locus can cause the intellectual disability and developmental disorder Pitt-Hopkins syndrome (PTHS), whereas single-nucleotide polymorphisms within noncoding regions are associated with schizophrenia. These genetic findings position TCF4 as a link between transcription and cognition; however, the neurobiology of TCF4 remains poorly understood. Here, we quantitated multiple distinct TCF4 transcript levels in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural progenitors and differentiated neurons, and PTHS patient fibroblasts. We identify two classes of pharmacological treatments that regulate TCF4 expression: WNT pathway activation and inhibition of class I histone deacetylases. In PTHS fibroblasts, both of these perturbations upregulate a subset of TCF4 transcripts. Finally, using chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing in conjunction with genome-wide transcriptome analysis, we identified TCF4 target genes that may mediate the effect of TCF4 loss on neuroplasticity. Our studies identify new pharmacological assays, tools, and targets for the development of therapeutics for cognitive disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krista M Hennig
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel M Fass
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wen-Ning Zhao
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Steven D Sheridan
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ting Fu
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Serkan Erdin
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexei Stortchevoi
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Diane Lucente
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jannine D Cody
- Chromosome 18 Clinical Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,The Chromosome 18 Registry and Research Society, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - David Sweetser
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Divisions of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James F Gusella
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael E Talkowski
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stephen J Haggarty
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Cheng C, Fass DM, Folz-Donahue K, MacDonald ME, Haggarty SJ. Highly Expandable Human iPS Cell-Derived Neural Progenitor Cells (NPC) and Neurons for Central Nervous System Disease Modeling and High-Throughput Screening. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 92:21.8.1-21.8.21. [PMID: 28075486 DOI: 10.1002/cphg.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Reprogramming of human somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells has greatly expanded the set of research tools available to investigate the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Realizing the promise of iPS cell technology for the identification of novel therapeutic targets and for high-throughput drug screening requires implementation of methods for the large-scale production of defined CNS cell types. Here we describe a protocol for generating stable, highly expandable, iPS cell-derived CNS neural progenitor cells (NPC) using multi-dimensional fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) to purify NPC defined by cell surface markers. In addition, we describe a rapid, efficient, and reproducible method for generating excitatory cortical-like neurons from these NPC through inducible expression of the pro-neural transcription factor Neurogenin 2 (iNgn2-NPC). Finally, we describe methodology for the use of iNgn2-NPC for probing human neuroplasticity and mechanisms underlying CNS disorders using high-content, single-cell-level automated microscopy assays. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chialin Cheng
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Daniel M Fass
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kat Folz-Donahue
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute and Center for Regenerative Medicine Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Currently at FACS & Imaging Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marcy E MacDonald
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stephen J Haggarty
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Sauerzopf U, Sacco R, Novarino G, Niello M, Weidenauer A, Praschak‐Rieder N, Sitte H, Willeit M, Bolam P. Are reprogrammed cells a useful tool for studying dopamine dysfunction in psychotic disorders? A review of the current evidence. Eur J Neurosci 2017; 45:45-57. [PMID: 27690184 PMCID: PMC5811827 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Since 2006, reprogrammed cells have increasingly been used as a biomedical research technique in addition to neuro-psychiatric methods. These rapidly evolving techniques allow for the generation of neuronal sub-populations, and have sparked interest not only in monogenetic neuro-psychiatric diseases, but also in poly-genetic and poly-aetiological disorders such as schizophrenia (SCZ) and bipolar disorder (BPD). This review provides a summary of 19 publications on reprogrammed adult somatic cells derived from patients with SCZ, and five publications using this technique in patients with BPD. As both disorders are complex and heterogeneous, there is a plurality of hypotheses to be tested in vitro. In SCZ, data on alterations of dopaminergic transmission in vitro are sparse, despite the great explanatory power of the so-called DA hypothesis of SCZ. Some findings correspond to perturbations of cell energy metabolism, and observations in reprogrammed cells suggest neuro-developmental alterations. Some studies also report on the efficacy of medicinal compounds to revert alterations observed in cellular models. However, due to the paucity of replication studies, no comprehensive conclusions can be drawn from studies using reprogrammed cells at the present time. In the future, findings from cell culture methods need to be integrated with clinical, epidemiological, pharmacological and imaging data in order to generate a more comprehensive picture of SCZ and BPD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Sauerzopf
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyMedical University of ViennaWähringer Gürtel 18‐201090ViennaAustria
| | - Roberto Sacco
- Institute of Science and Technology AustriaKlosterneuburgAustria
| | - Gaia Novarino
- Institute of Science and Technology AustriaKlosterneuburgAustria
| | - Marco Niello
- Institute of PharmacologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Ana Weidenauer
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyMedical University of ViennaWähringer Gürtel 18‐201090ViennaAustria
| | - Nicole Praschak‐Rieder
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyMedical University of ViennaWähringer Gürtel 18‐201090ViennaAustria
| | - Harald Sitte
- Institute of PharmacologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Matthäus Willeit
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyMedical University of ViennaWähringer Gürtel 18‐201090ViennaAustria
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ferensztajn-Rochowiak E, Rybakowski JK. The effect of lithium on hematopoietic, mesenchymal and neural stem cells. Pharmacol Rep 2016; 68:224-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
22
|
Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Harrison
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, and Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Warneford Hospital, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK
| | - M Zameel Cader
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - John R Geddes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, and Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Warneford Hospital, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Harrison PJ. Molecular neurobiological clues to the pathogenesis of bipolar disorder. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2016; 36:1-6. [PMID: 26210959 PMCID: PMC4779149 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder is a serious psychiatric disorder, with a high heritability and unknown pathogenesis. Recent genome-wide association studies have identified the first loci, implicating genes such as CACNA1C and ANK3. The genes highlight several pathways, notably calcium signalling, as being of importance. Molecular studies suggest that the risk variants impact on gene regulation and expression. Preliminary studies using reprogrammed patient-derived cells report alterations in the transcriptome and in cellular adhesion and differentiation. Mouse models show that genes involved in circadian biology, acting via dopaminergic effects, reproduce aspects of the bipolar phenotype. These findings together represent significant advances in identification of the genetic and molecular basis of bipolar disorder, yet we are still far from an integrated, evidence-based understanding of its aetiopathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Harrison
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford OX3 7JX, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Advancing drug discovery for neuropsychiatric disorders using patient-specific stem cell models. Mol Cell Neurosci 2016; 73:104-15. [PMID: 26826498 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Compelling clinical, social, and economic reasons exist to innovate in the process of drug discovery for neuropsychiatric disorders. The use of patient-specific, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) now affords the ability to generate neuronal cell-based models that recapitulate key aspects of human disease. In the context of neuropsychiatric disorders, where access to physiologically active and relevant cell types of the central nervous system for research is extremely limiting, iPSC-derived in vitro culture of human neurons and glial cells is transformative. Potential applications relevant to early stage drug discovery, include support of quantitative biochemistry, functional genomics, proteomics, and perhaps most notably, high-throughput and high-content chemical screening. While many phenotypes in human iPSC-derived culture systems may prove adaptable to screening formats, addressing the question of which in vitro phenotypes are ultimately relevant to disease pathophysiology and therefore more likely to yield effective pharmacological agents that are disease-modifying treatments requires careful consideration. Here, we review recent examples of studies of neuropsychiatric disorders using human stem cell models where cellular phenotypes linked to disease and functional assays have been reported. We also highlight technical advances using genome-editing technologies in iPSCs to support drug discovery efforts, including the interpretation of the functional significance of rare genetic variants of unknown significance and for the purpose of creating cell type- and pathway-selective functional reporter assays. Additionally, we evaluate the potential of in vitro stem cell models to investigate early events of disease pathogenesis, in an effort to understand the underlying molecular mechanism, including the basis of selective cell-type vulnerability, and the potential to create new cell-based diagnostics to aid in the classification of patients and subsequent selection for clinical trials. A number of key challenges remain, including the scaling of iPSC models to larger cohorts and integration with rich clinicopathological information and translation of phenotypes. Still, the overall use of iPSC-based human cell models with functional cellular and biochemical assays holds promise for supporting the discovery of next-generation neuropharmacological agents for the treatment and ultimately prevention of a range of severe mental illnesses.
Collapse
|
25
|
Barr CL, Misener VL. Decoding the non-coding genome: elucidating genetic risk outside the coding genome. GENES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR 2016; 15:187-204. [PMID: 26515765 PMCID: PMC4833497 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Current evidence emerging from genome-wide association studies indicates that the genetic underpinnings of complex traits are likely attributable to genetic variation that changes gene expression, rather than (or in combination with) variation that changes protein-coding sequences. This is particularly compelling with respect to psychiatric disorders, as genetic changes in regulatory regions may result in differential transcriptional responses to developmental cues and environmental/psychosocial stressors. Until recently, however, the link between transcriptional regulation and psychiatric genetic risk has been understudied. Multiple obstacles have contributed to the paucity of research in this area, including challenges in identifying the positions of remote (distal from the promoter) regulatory elements (e.g. enhancers) and their target genes and the underrepresentation of neural cell types and brain tissues in epigenome projects - the availability of high-quality brain tissues for epigenetic and transcriptome profiling, particularly for the adolescent and developing brain, has been limited. Further challenges have arisen in the prediction and testing of the functional impact of DNA variation with respect to multiple aspects of transcriptional control, including regulatory-element interaction (e.g. between enhancers and promoters), transcription factor binding and DNA methylation. Further, the brain has uncommon DNA-methylation marks with unique genomic distributions not found in other tissues - current evidence suggests the involvement of non-CG methylation and 5-hydroxymethylation in neurodevelopmental processes but much remains unknown. We review here knowledge gaps as well as both technological and resource obstacles that will need to be overcome in order to elucidate the involvement of brain-relevant gene-regulatory variants in genetic risk for psychiatric disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C. L. Barr
- Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - V. L. Misener
- Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
A Dishful of a Troubled Mind: Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in Psychiatric Research. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2016:7909176. [PMID: 26839567 PMCID: PMC4709917 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7909176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells and direct reprogramming represent powerful methods for modeling the development of neurons in vitro. Moreover, this approach is also a means for comparing various cellular phenotypes between cell lines originating from healthy and diseased individuals or isogenic cell lines engineered to differ at only one or a few genomic loci. Despite methodological constraints and initial skepticism regarding this approach, the field is expanding at a fast pace. The improvements include the development of new differentiation protocols resulting in selected neuronal populations (e.g., dopaminergic, GABAergic, hippocampal, and cortical), the widespread use of genome editing methods, and single-cell techniques. A major challenge awaiting in vitro disease modeling is the integration of clinical data in the models, by selection of well characterized clinical populations. Ideally, these models will also demonstrate how different diagnostic categories share overlapping molecular disease mechanisms, but also have unique characteristics. In this review we evaluate studies with regard to the described developments, to demonstrate how differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells and direct reprogramming can contribute to psychiatry.
Collapse
|
27
|
O'Shea KS, McInnis MG. Neurodevelopmental origins of bipolar disorder: iPSC models. Mol Cell Neurosci 2015; 73:63-83. [PMID: 26608002 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BP) is a chronic neuropsychiatric condition characterized by pathological fluctuations in mood from mania to depression. Adoption, twin and family studies have consistently identified a significant hereditary component to BP, yet there is no clear genetic event or consistent neuropathology. BP has been suggested to have a developmental origin, although this hypothesis has been difficult to test since there are no viable neurons or glial cells to analyze, and research has relied largely on postmortem brain, behavioral and imaging studies, or has examined proxy tissues including saliva, olfactory epithelium and blood cells. Neurodevelopmental factors, particularly pathways related to nervous system development, cell migration, extracellular matrix, H3K4 methylation, and calcium signaling have been identified in large gene expression and GWAS studies as altered in BP. Recent advances in stem cell biology, particularly the ability to reprogram adult somatic tissues to a pluripotent state, now make it possible to interrogate these pathways in viable cell models. A number of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines from BP patient and healthy control (C) individuals have been derived in several laboratories, and their ability to form cortical neurons examined. Early studies suggest differences in activity, calcium signaling, blocks to neuronal differentiation, and changes in neuronal, and possibly glial, lineage specification. Initial observations suggest that differentiation of BP patient-derived neurons to dorsal telencephalic derivatives may be impaired, possibly due to alterations in WNT, Hedgehog or Nodal pathway signaling. These investigations strongly support a developmental contribution to BP and identify novel pathways, mechanisms and opportunities for improved treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Sue O'Shea
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 3051 BSRB, 109 Zina Pitcher PL, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, 4250 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5765, United States.
| | - Melvin G McInnis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, 4250 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5765, United States
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Cellular models to study bipolar disorder: A systematic review. J Affect Disord 2015; 184:36-50. [PMID: 26070045 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is an emerging interest in the use of cellular models to study psychiatric disorders. We have systematically reviewed the application of cellular models to understand the biological basis of bipolar disorder (BD). METHOD Published scientific literature in MEDLINE, PsychINFO and SCOPUS databases were identified with the following search strategy: [(Lymphoblastoid OR Lymphoblast OR Fibroblast OR Pluripotent OR Olfactory epithelium OR Olfactory mucosa) AND (Bipolar disorder OR Lithium OR Valproate OR Mania)]. Studies were included if they had used cell cultures derived from BD patients. RESULTS There were 65 articles on lymphoblastoid cell lines, 14 articles on fibroblasts, 4 articles on olfactory neuronal epithelium (ONE) and 2 articles on neurons reprogrammed from induced pluripotent stem cell lines (IPSC). Several parameters have been studied, and the most replicated findings are abnormalities in calcium signaling, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response, mitochondrial oxidative pathway, membrane ion channels, circadian system and apoptosis related genes. These, although present in basal state, seem to be accentuated in the presence of cellular stressors (e.g. oxidative stress--rotenone; ER stress--thapsigargin), and are often reversed with in-vitro lithium. CONCLUSION Cellular modeling has proven useful in BD, and potential pathways, especially in cellular resilience related mechanisms have been identified. These findings show consistency with other study designs (genome-wide association, brain-imaging, and post-mortem brain expression). ONE cells and IPSC reprogrammed neurons represent the next generation of cell models in BD. Future studies should focus on family-based study designs and combine cell models with deep sequencing and genetic manipulations.
Collapse
|
29
|
Harrison PJ. Molecular neurobiological clues to the pathogenesis of bipolar disorder. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2015. [PMID: 26210959 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2015.07.002.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2022]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder is a serious psychiatric disorder, with a high heritability and unknown pathogenesis. Recent genome-wide association studies have identified the first loci, implicating genes such as CACNA1C and ANK3. The genes highlight several pathways, notably calcium signalling, as being of importance. Molecular studies suggest that the risk variants impact on gene regulation and expression. Preliminary studies using reprogrammed patient-derived cells report alterations in the transcriptome and in cellular adhesion and differentiation. Mouse models show that genes involved in circadian biology, acting via dopaminergic effects, reproduce aspects of the bipolar phenotype. These findings together represent significant advances in identification of the genetic and molecular basis of bipolar disorder, yet we are still far from an integrated, evidence-based understanding of its aetiopathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Harrison
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford OX3 7JX, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|