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Miri HH, Fazeli P, Ali-Hassanzadeh M, Bemani P, Kabelitz D, Kalantar K. Correlation between IL-28 polymorphism and spontaneous clearance in HCV patients: systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Virol 2021; 166:2469-2478. [PMID: 34216268 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05141-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a serious global health issue. Nearly 20% of HCV patients spontaneously clear the virus. While some studies have shown an association of spontaneous clearance (SC) of the virus with interleukin (IL) 28B single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), others did not show such a relationship. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the association of IL28B polymorphisms (12979860 SNP) with SC of HCV infection. Upon initial screening of the databases, a total of 545 articles were retrieved, of which 22 studies that met predefined eligibility criteria were entered into the meta-analysis. Odds ratios (ORs) with confidence intervals (95% CI), heterogeneity, publication bias, and sensitivity analysis were assessed. According to the meta-analysis results, a significant association was observed between the rs12979860 SNP and SC of HCV infection. The results indicated that the ORs of SC from hepatitis C virus infection were 2.75 times higher in those with cytokine gene polymorphisms (95% CI, 2.23 to 3.38). Moreover, it was found that the prevalence of rs12979860 CC was 0.33 with 95 CI 0.28-0.38 in genotype 1 and was 0.40 with 95 CI 0.34-0.47 in other genotypes. Our meta-analysis results suggest that IL28B rs12979860 CC is a strong predictor for SC of hepatitis C infection in PEG IFN-a/RBV-treated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Heidarian Miri
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Pooria Fazeli
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, 7134845794, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali-Hassanzadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Peyman Bemani
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Kurosh Kalantar
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, 7134845794, Shiraz, Iran.
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2
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Salum GM, Dawood RM, Abd El-Meguid M, Ibrahim NE, Abdel Aziz AO, El Awady MK. Correlation between IL28B/TLR4 genetic variants and HCC development with/without DAAs treatment in chronic HCV patients. Genes Dis 2019; 7:392-400. [PMID: 32884993 PMCID: PMC7452484 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In Egypt, Sofosbuvir (SOF) in combination with Dataclasvir (DCV) is the broadly used DAAs with excellent therapeutic profile. This study is designed to explore the relation between IL28B/TLR4 genetic variants and each of the followings; HCC development post SOF/DCV treatment, progression to HCC in naïve patients and SOF/DCV therapy outcome. A total of 493 blood samples were collected (controls (n = 70); HCV patients treated with SOF/DCV (n = 252) of whom 65 patients developed HCC, 187 patients didn't develop HCC (125 responders, 62 relapsers); naïve HCV patients (n = 171) had early (n = 48), late liver fibrosis (n = 21) and HCC (n = 102)). Both SNPs were genotyped using a TaqMan 5′ allelic discrimination assay. At IL28B rs12979860 SNP, the C allele was significantly correlating with the response rate more than T allele (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.29–2.9, p = 0.004), while at TLR4 rs4986791 SNP, no association was found (OR 6.5, 95% 0.57–75.28, p = 0.09). Both SNPs couldn't detect the probability for HCC emergence after treatment. In naïve patients, the protective alleles were detected in their lowest frequency in HCC patients (p = 0.1, for rs12979860 and, p = 0.001 for rs4986791). SOF/DCV combination improved SVR rates in HCV genotype 4a infected patients regardless of IL28B genotype, with the best rates in those lacking the T allele.
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Key Words
- DAAs
- DAAs, Direct acting antiviral agents
- DCV
- DCV, Dataclasvir
- HCC
- HCC, Hepatocellular carcinoma
- HCV
- HCV, hepatitis C virus
- IFNλ, Type III IFNs
- IL28B
- ISGs, interferon-stimulated genes
- JAK/STAT, Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription
- PAMPs/DAMPs, pathogen/damage associated molecular patterns
- SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism
- SOF
- SOF, Sofosbuvir
- SVR, sustained virological response
- TLR4
- TLRs, toll like receptors
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada M Salum
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering Division, National Research Centre, 33 EL Bohouth St.(former El Tahrir St.), Dokki, Giza, P.O. 12622, Egypt
| | - Reham M Dawood
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering Division, National Research Centre, 33 EL Bohouth St.(former El Tahrir St.), Dokki, Giza, P.O. 12622, Egypt
| | - Mai Abd El-Meguid
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering Division, National Research Centre, 33 EL Bohouth St.(former El Tahrir St.), Dokki, Giza, P.O. 12622, Egypt
| | - Noha E Ibrahim
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering Division, National Research Centre, 33 EL Bohouth St.(former El Tahrir St.), Dokki, Giza, P.O. 12622, Egypt
| | - Ashraf O Abdel Aziz
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, P.O. 12622, Egypt
| | - Mostafa K El Awady
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering Division, National Research Centre, 33 EL Bohouth St.(former El Tahrir St.), Dokki, Giza, P.O. 12622, Egypt
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Duffy D, Mottez E, Ainsworth S, Buivan TP, Baudin A, Vray M, Reed B, Fontanet A, Rohel A, Petrov-Sanchez V, Abel L, Theodorou I, Miele G, Pol S, Albert ML. An in vitro diagnostic certified point of care single nucleotide test for IL28B polymorphisms. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183084. [PMID: 28877177 PMCID: PMC5587232 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous genetic polymorphisms have been identified as associated with disease or treatment outcome, but the routine implementation of genotyping into actionable medical care remains limited. Point-of-care (PoC) technologies enable rapid and real-time treatment decisions, with great potential for extending molecular diagnostic approaches to settings with limited medical infrastructure (e.g., CLIA certified diagnostic laboratories). With respect to resource-limited settings, there is a need for simple devices to implement biomarker guided treatment strategies. One relevant example is chronic hepatitis C infection, for which several treatment options are now approved. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the IL-28B / IFNL3 locus have been well described to predict both spontaneous clearance and response to interferon based therapies. We utilized the Genedrive® platform to develop an assay for the SNP rs12979860 variants (CC, CT and TT). The assay utilizes a hybrid thermal engine, permitting rapid heating and cooling, enabling an amplification based assay with genetic variants reported using endpoint differential melting cure analysis in less than 60 minutes. We validated this assay using non-invasive buccal swab sampling in a prospective study of 246 chronic HCV patients, achieving 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity (95% exact CI: 98.8-100%)) in 50 minutes as compared to conventional lab based PCR testing. Our results provide proof of concept that precision medicine is feasible in resource-limited settings, offering the first CE-IVD (in vitro diagnostics) validated PoC SNP test. We propose that IL-28B genotyping may be useful for directing patients towards lower cost therapies, and rationing use of costly direct antivirals for use in those individuals showing genetic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darragh Duffy
- Immunobiology of Dendritic Cells, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Inserm U1223, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Centre for Translational Research, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Estelle Mottez
- Centre for Translational Research, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Inserm UMS20, Institut Pasteur Paris, France
| | | | - Tan-Phuc Buivan
- Centre for Translational Research, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Inserm UMS20, Institut Pasteur Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes et Département d'hépatologie, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin Hôtel- Dieu, Paris, France
| | - Aurelie Baudin
- Université Paris Descartes et Département d'hépatologie, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin Hôtel- Dieu, Paris, France
| | - Muriel Vray
- Emerging Disease Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- PARCI Unit, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris, France
- Unit of epidemiology of infectious diseases, Institut Pasteur, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Ben Reed
- Genedrive plc, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Arnaud Fontanet
- Emerging Disease Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- PARCI Unit, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris, France
| | - Alexandra Rohel
- ANRS (France REcherche Nord&Sud Sida-hiv Hépatites), Paris, France
| | | | - Laurent Abel
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Inserm U1163, Paris, France
- Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ioannis Theodorou
- Department of Immunology, AP-HP, La Pitie Salpetriere, Paris, France
| | - Gino Miele
- Genedrive plc, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Stanislas Pol
- Immunobiology of Dendritic Cells, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Inserm U1223, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Centre for Translational Research, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Inserm UMS20, Institut Pasteur Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes et Département d'hépatologie, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin Hôtel- Dieu, Paris, France
| | - Matthew L. Albert
- Immunobiology of Dendritic Cells, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Inserm U1223, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Centre for Translational Research, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Inserm UMS20, Institut Pasteur Paris, France
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Asnavandi M, Zargar M, Vaziri F, Jamnani FR, Gharibzadeh S, Fateh A, Siadat SD. EGFR rs11506105 and IFNL3 SNPs but not rs8099917 are strongly associated with treatment responses in Iranian patients with chronic hepatitis C. Genes Immun 2017; 18:144-151. [PMID: 28703131 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2017.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Interferon lambda 3 (IFNL3) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) may play a key role in the spontaneous clearance of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and treatment responses. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of IFNL3 SNPs and EGFR rs11506105 on treatment outcomes in patients with chronic HCV (CHC). IFNL3 SNPs and EGFR rs11506105 were genotyped by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism and PCR-sequencing, respectively, in 235 naïve patients with CHC infection. The frequency of rapid virologic response (RVR), complete early virologic response (cEVR) and sustained virologic response (SVR) were 52.3%, 76.2% and 64.7% respectively. The results of this study showed that RVR was associated with ALT (P=0.015), AST (P=0.020), IFNL3 rs12979860 (CC) (P=0.043), rs12980275 (AA) (P=1 × 10-4), and EGFR rs11506105 (AA) (P=0.010), and IFNL3 rs12979860 (CC) (P=0.048), rs12980275 (AA) (P=0.022), and EGFR rs11506105 (AA) (P=0.006) were correlated with cEVR. HCV genotype (P=0.007), IFNL3 rs12979860 (CC) (P=0.023), IFNL3 rs12980275 (AA) (P=1 × 10-4), EGFR rs11506105 (AA) (P=0.005), RVR (P=1 × 10-4), and cEVR (P=0.003) were significant predictors for SVR. These results, for the first time, revealed that beside IFNL3 SNPs, EGFR rs11506105 is strongly associated with RVR, cEVR and SVR. EGFR rs11506105 besides IFNL3 SNPs could predict treatment responses in CHC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Asnavandi
- Department of microbiology, Qom branch, Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran
| | - M Zargar
- Department of microbiology, Qom branch, Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran
| | - F Vaziri
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - F R Jamnani
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Gharibzadeh
- Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging infectious diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - A Fateh
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - S D Siadat
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Meanwell NA. 2015 Philip S. Portoghese Medicinal Chemistry Lectureship. Curing Hepatitis C Virus Infection with Direct-Acting Antiviral Agents: The Arc of a Medicinal Chemistry Triumph. J Med Chem 2016; 59:7311-51. [PMID: 27501244 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of direct-acting antiviral agents that can cure a chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection after 8-12 weeks of daily, well-tolerated therapy has revolutionized the treatment of this insidious disease. In this article, three of Bristol-Myers Squibb's HCV programs are summarized, each of which produced a clinical candidate: the NS3 protease inhibitor asunaprevir (64), marketed as Sunvepra, the NS5A replication complex inhibitor daclatasvir (117), marketed as Daklinza, and the allosteric NS5B polymerase inhibitor beclabuvir (142), which is in late stage clinical studies. A clinical study with 64 and 117 established for the first time that a chronic HCV infection could be cured by treatment with direct-acting antiviral agents alone in the absence of interferon. The development of small molecule HCV therapeutics, designed by medicinal chemists, has been hailed as "the arc of a medical triumph" but may equally well be described as "the arc of a medicinal chemistry triumph".
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Meanwell
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development , Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
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Pecoraro V, Cariani E, Villa E, Trenti T. Optimisation of triple therapy for patients with chronic hepatitis C: a systematic review. Eur J Clin Invest 2016; 46:737-48. [PMID: 27376688 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triple therapy with Pegylated-Interferon α (PEG-IFNα)/Ribavirin (RBV) and Boceprevir (Boc) or Telaprevir (Tel) significantly improved sustained virological response (SVR) rates for patients with genotype 1 HCV infection compared to PEG-IFNα/RBV alone (dual therapy). However, less is known about factors associated with rates of SVR and of adverse events (AEs). MATERIAL AND METHODS The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the evidence regarding the factors affecting response and rate of AEs associated with triple therapy. We performed systematic electronic searches in Medline, Embase, Scopus and Central as well as a list of reference literature. We included randomised controlled trials examining triple therapy compared with dual therapy and reporting data according to patients features and about AEs. Odds ratios (OR) were pooled using either fixed or random effect model, as appropriate. RESULTS We included data from 14 studies. Treatment with triple therapy increased SVR rate compared to dual therapy especially in patients previously treated with PEG-IFNα/RBV and with increased pretreatment alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels. Higher rate of serious AEs and treatment discontinuation due to AEs was also observed particularly in treatment-experienced patients. CONCLUSIONS The present study shows how improved results of triple therapy are mainly observed in some patients' subsets and are accompanied by increased risk of AEs compared to dual therapy. These results might be useful for optimising treatment of chronic hepatitis C when IFN-free regimens are unavailable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Pecoraro
- Clinical Pathology - Toxicology, Ospedale Civile Sant'Agostino Estense, Modena, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Cariani
- Clinical Pathology - Toxicology, Ospedale Civile Sant'Agostino Estense, Modena, Italy
| | - Erica Villa
- Division of Gastroenterology, AOU Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Tommaso Trenti
- Clinical Pathology - Toxicology, Ospedale Civile Sant'Agostino Estense, Modena, Italy
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Kadjbaf D, Keshvari M, Alavian SM, Pouryasin A, Behnava B, Salimi S, Mehrnoush L, Karimi Elizee P, Sharafi H. The Prevalence of Hepatitis C Virus Core Amino Acid 70 Substitution and Genotypes of Polymorphisms Near the IFNL3 Gene in Iranian Patients With Chronic Hepatitis C. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2016; 16:e37011. [PMID: 27630727 PMCID: PMC5010881 DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.37011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Molecular studies have demonstrated that the hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype and host genetics play predictive roles in the management of patients infected with HCV. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the HCV genotype, core amino acid (aa) 70 substitution, and polymorphisms near the IFNL3 gene (including rs12979860 and rs8099917) among Iranian patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC). PATIENTS AND METHODS In this cross-sectional study, the molecular profiles of the HCV genotype, core aa 70 substitution, and rs12979860 and rs8099917 polymorphisms and plasma HCV RNA levels were determined in 429 CHC patients including 141 hemophilic, 84 thalassemic, and 204 non-hemophilic, non-thalassemic patients. RESULTS The hepatitis C virus subtype 1a was the most common subtype in the study population. Core aa substitution Arg70Gln was strongly associated with cirrhosis (OR = 2.49; 95% CI = 1.13 - 5.50; P = 0.020). Core aa 70 substitutions were more frequently observed in patients with the HCV subtype 1b than in patients with any other HCV subtypes (P < 0.001). Core aa 70 substitutions were also more common in patients with the rs12979860 TT genotype than in patients with non-TT genotypes (17.3% vs. 8.5%, P = 0.022) and also in rs8099917 non-TT genotypes than in the TT genotype (14.0% vs. 7.0%, P = 0.026). The HCV genotypes and rs8099917 polymorphisms were correlated in which HCV subtype 1b was in favor of rs8099917 GG and HCV subtype 3a favored rs8099917 TT (P = 0.021). Furthermore, the rs12979860 TT and rs8099917 GG genotypes showed significantly lower HCV RNA levels than the other genotypes (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS There is an as yet unexplained association between HCV and host parameters with unknown mechanisms in patients with chronic HCV infection. The assessments of core aa 70 substitution and polymorphisms near the IFNL3 gene could offer promising steps to improve the management of patients with HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danesh Kadjbaf
- Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Maryam Keshvari
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Seyed Moayed Alavian
- Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Middle East Liver Disease (MELD) Center, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Ali Pouryasin
- Armin Pathobiology Laboratory, Tehran, IR Iran
- Department of Biology, Arsanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arsanjan, IR Iran
| | - Bita Behnava
- Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Middle East Liver Disease (MELD) Center, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Shima Salimi
- Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Middle East Liver Disease (MELD) Center, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Leila Mehrnoush
- Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Middle East Liver Disease (MELD) Center, Tehran, IR Iran
| | | | - Heidar Sharafi
- Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Middle East Liver Disease (MELD) Center, Tehran, IR Iran
- Armin Pathobiology Laboratory, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding Author: Heidar Sharafi, Middle East Liver Disease (MELD) Center, P. O. Box: 14155-3651, Tehran, IR Iran. Tel: +98-2188945186, Fax: +98-2188945188, E-mail:
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Gondeau C, Pageaux GP, Larrey D. Hepatitis C virus infection: Are there still specific problems with genotype 3? World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:12101-13. [PMID: 26576095 PMCID: PMC4641128 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i42.12101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is one of the most common causes of chronic liver disease and the main indication for liver transplantation worldwide. As promising specific treatments have been introduced for genotype 1, clinicians and researchers are now focusing on patients infected by non-genotype 1 HCV, particularly genotype 3. Indeed, in the golden era of direct-acting antiviral drugs, genotype 3 infections are no longer considered as easy to treat and are associated with higher risk of developing severe liver injuries, such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Moreover, HCV genotype 3 accounts for 40% of all HCV infections in Asia and is the most frequent genotype among HCV-positive injecting drug users in several countries. Here, we review recent data on HCV genotype 3 infection/treatment, including clinical aspects and the underlying genotype-specific molecular mechanisms.
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