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Hammad SF, Abdallah IA, Bedair A, Mansour FR. Homogeneous liquid-liquid extraction as an alternative sample preparation technique for biomedical analysis. J Sep Sci 2021; 45:185-209. [PMID: 34472701 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Liquid-liquid extraction is a widely used technique of sample preparation in biomedical analysis. In spite of the high pre-concentration capacities of liquid-liquid extraction, it suffers from a number of limitations including time and effort consumption, large organic solvent utilization, and poor performance in highly polar analytes. Homogeneous liquid-liquid extraction is an alternative sample preparation technique that overcomes some drawbacks of conventional liquid-liquid extraction, and allows employing greener organic solvents in sample treatment. In homogeneous liquid-liquid extraction, a homogeneous phase is formed between the aqueous sample and the water-miscible extractant, followed by chemically or physically induced phase separation. To form the homogeneous phase, aqueous samples are mixed with water-miscible organic solvents, water-immiscible solvents/cosolvents, surfactants, or smart polymers. Then, phase separation is induced chemically (adding salt, sugar, or buffer) or physically (changing temperature or pH). This mode is rapid, sustainable, and cost-effective in comparison with other sample preparation techniques. Moreover, homogeneous liquid-liquid extraction is more suitable for the extraction of delicate macromolecules such as enzymes, hormones, and proteins and it is more compatible with liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry, which is a vital technique in metabolomics and proteomics. In this review, the principle, types, applications, automation, and technical aspects of homogeneous liquid-liquid extraction are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherin F Hammad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Inas A Abdallah
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Alaa Bedair
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Fotouh R Mansour
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.,Pharmaceutical Services Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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Chen H, Luo J, Wang Q, Zhang D, Jiang R. Psoralen and Isopsoralen’s Cloud-Point Extraction from Psoralea corylifolia L.. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2014.908217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Wang H, Jiang H, Song N, Liu X, Jia Q. Application of cloud point methodology to the determination of nitroanilines in natural water. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-014-0182-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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5
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Migration levels of PVC plasticisers: Effect of ionising radiation treatment. Food Chem 2011; 128:106-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Revised: 01/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Determination of triazole fungicides in environmental water samples by high performance liquid chromatography with cloud point extraction using polyethylene glycol 600 monooleate. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 680:26-31. [PMID: 20969987 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Revised: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 09/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A preconcentration technique known as cloud point extraction was developed for the determination of trace levels of triazole fungicides tricyclazole, triadimefon, tebuconazole and diniconazole in environmental waters. The triazole fungicides were extracted and preconcentrated using polyethylene glycol 600 monooleate (PEG600MO) as a low toxic and environmentally benign nonionic surfactant, and determined by high performance liquid chromatography/ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV). The extraction conditions were optimized for the four triazole fungicides as follows: 2.0 wt% PEG600MO, 2.5 wt% Na(2)SO(4), equilibration at 45°C for 10 min, and centrifugation at 2000 rpm (533 × g) for 5 min. The triazole fungicides were well separated on a reversed-phase kromasil ODS C(18) column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) with gradient elution at ambient temperature and detected at 225 nm. The calibration range was 0.05-20 μg L(-1) for tricyclazole and 0.5-20 μg L(-1) for the other three classes of analytes with the correlation coefficients over 0.9992. Preconcentration factors were higher than 60-fold for the four selected fungicides. The limits of detection were 6.8-34.5 ng L(-1) (S/N=3) and the recoveries were 82.0-96.0% with the relative standard deviations of 2.8-7.8%.
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Separation and preconcentration of persistent organic pollutants by cloud point extraction. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:2306-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.11.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Revised: 11/23/2009] [Accepted: 11/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Cloud point extraction and preconcentration of gold in geological matrices prior to flame atomic absorption determination. OPEN CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.2478/s11532-009-0093-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractBrilliant green was used as a complexing agent in cloud point extraction (CPE) and applied for selective preconcentration of trace amounts of gold in geological matrices. The analyte in the initial aqueous solution was acidified with hydrochloric acid (0.1 M) and octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol (Triton X-114) was added as a surfactant. After phase separation, based on the cloud point separation of the mixture, the surfactant rich phase was diluted with methanol and the analyte determined in the surfactant rich phase by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). After optimization of the complexation and extraction conditions, a preconcentration factor of 31 was obtained for only 10 mL of sample. The analytical curve was linear in the range of 3–1000 ng mL−1 and the limit of detection was 1.5 ng mL−1. The proposed method was applied to the determination of gold in geological samples.
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Stege PW, Sombra LL, Messina GA, Martinez LD, Silva MF. Environmental monitoring of phenolic pollutants in water by cloud point extraction prior to micellar electrokinetic chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 394:567-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2719-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2008] [Revised: 02/06/2009] [Accepted: 02/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Development of efficient method for preconcentration and determination of copper, nickel, zinc and iron ions in environmental samples by combination of cloud point extraction and flame atomic absorption spectrometry. OPEN CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.2478/s11532-008-0102-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractA cloud point extraction procedure for the preconcentration of copper, nickel, iron and zinc ions in various samples has been described. Analyte ions in aqueous phase are complexed with 3-((indolin-3-yl)(phenyl)methyl)indoline (IYPMI) and following centrifugation quantitatively extracted to the aqueous phase rich in Triton X-114. The surfactant-rich phase was dissolved in 2.0 mol L−1 HNO3 in methanol prior to metal content determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The effects of some parameters including, the concentrations of IYPMI, Triton X-114 and HNO3, bath temperature, centrifuge rate and time were investigated on the recoveries of analyte ions. At optimum conditions, the detection limits of (3 SDb m−1) of 1.6, 2.8, 2.1 and 1.1 ng mL−1 for Cu2+, Fe3+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ along with preconcentration factors of 30 and enrichment factor of 48, 39, 34 and 52 for Cu2+, Ni2+, Fe3+ and Zn2+ respectively, were obtained. The proposed cloud point extraction has been successfully applied for the determination of metal ions in real samples with complicated matrix such as biological, soil and blood samples with high efficiency.
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Kushchevskaya NF, Gorbachevskii AN, Doroshchuk VA, Kulichenko SA. Micellar extraction concentration of microcomponents by phases of nonionic SAS at the cloud point. J WATER CHEM TECHNO+ 2008. [DOI: 10.3103/s1063455x08050068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Sang H, Liang P, Du D. Determination of trace aluminum in biological and water samples by cloud point extraction preconcentration and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry detection. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2008; 154:1127-1132. [PMID: 18082326 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2007] [Revised: 11/07/2007] [Accepted: 11/07/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A cloud point extraction (CPE) method for the preconcentration of trace aluminum prior to its determination by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) has been developed. The CPE method is based on the complex of Al(III) with 1-phenyl-3-methyl-4-benzoyl-5-pyrazolone (PMBP), and then entrapped in non-ionic surfactant Triton X-114. PMBP was used not only as chelating reagent in CPE preconcentration, but also as chemical modifier in GFAAS determination. The main factors affecting CPE efficiency, such as pH of sample solution, concentration of PMBP and Triton X-114, equilibration temperature and time, were investigated in detail. An enrichment factor of 37 was obtained for the preconcentration of Al(III) with 10 mL solution. Under the optimal conditions, the detection limit of this method for Al(III) is 0.09 ng mL(-1), and the relative standard deviation is 4.7% at 10 ng mL(-1) Al(III) level (n=7). The proposed method has been applied for determination of trace amount of aluminum in biological and water samples with satisfactory results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Sang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
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Santana Rodríguez JJ, Sosa Ferrera Z, Vega Moreno D, Torres Padrón ME, Mahugo Santana C. Recent trends in the use of organized molecular systems combined with chromatographic techniques in environmental analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 391:725-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-1838-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2007] [Revised: 12/18/2007] [Accepted: 01/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Sun Z, Liang P, Ding Q, Cao J. Cloud point extraction preconcentration of manganese(II) from natural water samples using 1-phenyl-3-methyl-4-benzoyl-5-pyrazolone and triton X-100 and determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. ANAL SCI 2007; 22:911-3. [PMID: 16772696 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.22.911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The possibility was investigated by using 1-phenyl-3-methyl-4-benzoyl-5-pyrazolone (PMBP) as the chelating reagent for separation and preconcentration of manganese(II) by cloud point extraction (CPE) and subsequent determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The effects of experimental conditions such as pH, concentration of chelating agent and surfactant, equilibration temperature and time on cloud point extraction were studied. Under the optimum conditions, preconcentration of 10 ml of sample solution permitted the detection of 1.45 ng mL(-1) of manganese with an enrichment factor of 20. The proposed method was applied to the determination of trace manganese in water samples with satisfactory results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, P. R. China
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Ahmad T, Kumar S, Khan ZA, Kabir-ud-Din. Additives as CP modifiers in an anionic micellar solution. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2006.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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16
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Wang L, Jiang GB, Cai YQ, He B, Wang YW, Shen DZ. Cloud point extraction coupled with HPLC-UV for the determination of phthalate esters in environmental water samples. J Environ Sci (China) 2007; 19:874-878. [PMID: 17966877 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(07)60145-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A method based on cloud point extraction was developed to determine phthalate esters including di-ethyl-phthalate (DEP), di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP) and di-cyclohexyl-phthalate (DCP) in environmental water samples using high-performance liquid chromatography separation and ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV). The non-ionic surfactant Triton X-114 was chosen as extraction solvent. The parameters affecting extraction efficiency, such as concentrations of Triton X-114 and Na2SO4, equilibration temperature, equilibration time and centrifugation time were evaluated and optimized. Under the optimum conditions, the method can achieve preconcentration factors of 35, 88, 111 and detection of limits of 2.0, 3.8, 1.0 ng/ml for DEP, DEHP and DCP in 10-ml water sample, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of trace amount of phathalate esters in effluent water of the wastewater treatment plant and the lixivium of plastic fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shan Dong University, Jinan 250100, China.
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Liang P, Sang H, Sun Z. Cloud point extraction and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry determination of manganese(II) and iron(III) in water samples. J Colloid Interface Sci 2006; 304:486-90. [PMID: 17010364 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2006.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2006] [Revised: 08/16/2006] [Accepted: 09/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cloud point extraction (CPE) was applied as a preconcentration step prior to graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) determination of manganese(II) and iron(III) in water samples. After complexation with 1-phenyl-3-methyl-4-benzoyl-5-pyrazolone (PMBP), the analytes could be quantitatively extracted to the phase rich in the surfactant p-octylpolyethyleneglycolphenylether (Triton X-100) and be concentrated, then determined by GFAAS. The parameters affecting the extraction efficiency, such as solution pH, concentration of PMBP and Triton X-100, equilibration temperature and time, were investigated in detail. Under the optimum conditions, preconcentration of 10 ml of sample solution permitted the detection of 0.02 ng ml(-1) of Mn(II) and 0.08 ng ml(-1) of Fe(III) with enrichment factors of 31 and 25 for Mn(II) and Fe(III), respectively. The proposed method was applied to determination of trace manganese(II) and iron(III) in water samples with satisfactory results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Liang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China.
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Santana Rodríguez JJ, Halko R, Betancort Rodríguez JR, Aaron JJ. Environmental analysis based on luminescence in organized supramolecular systems. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 385:525-45. [PMID: 16601954 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0342-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2005] [Revised: 01/26/2006] [Accepted: 01/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The use of organized supramolecular systems-including micellar media and cyclodextrin inclusion complexes-combined with luminescence techniques in the study and determination of compounds and elements of environmental interest from 1990 to 2005 is reviewed. Analyses of environmental samples performed using fluorescence, photochemically induced fluorescence and phosphorescence spectroscopy as well as liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis and flow injection with luminescence detection in the presence of these organized media are described in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Santana Rodríguez
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Marine Sciences, University of Las Palmas de G.C., 35017 Las Palmas, Spain
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Liang P, Li J, Yang X. Cloud Point Extraction Preconcentration of Trace Cadmium as 1-Phenyl-3-methyl-4-benzoyl-5-pyrazolone Complex and Determination by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Mikrochim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-005-0415-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Zygoura PD, Paleologos EK, Riganakos KA, Kontominas MG. Determination of diethylhexyladipate and acetyltributylcitrate in aqueous extracts after cloud point extraction coupled with microwave assisted back extraction and gas chromatographic separation. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1093:29-35. [PMID: 16233868 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.07.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2005] [Revised: 07/18/2005] [Accepted: 07/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The determination of commercial plasticizers (di-(2-ethylhexyl)adipate (DEHA) and acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC)) in aqueous solutions is described. The newly proposed technique of applying microwaves to cloud point extracts in order to enable combination with gas chromatographic analysis has been used for this purpose. Both plasticizers were entrapped in the micelles of the non-ionic surfactant Triton X-114 and removed from the bulk phase by centrifugation. Micellization was enhanced by increasing the ionic strength of the solution with concentrated NaCl. Extraction recoveries of the proposed method were over 95% for water and 3% (w/v) aqueous acetic acid and over 85% for 10% (v/v) aqueous ethanol, respectively. The calibration curves obtained, following the proposed methodology have a linear range between 50 and 2000 microg/L for each analyte while the detection limits were as low as 15 and 19 microg/L for DEHA and ATBC, respectively, with an RSD below 5% even for low concentrations. As an analytical demonstration the proposed methodology was applied for the determination of the migration levels of the selected plasticizers from a PVC food packaging film into aqueous simulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota D Zygoura
- University of Ioannina, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Food Chemistry, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
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Sikalos TI, Paleologos EK. Cloud Point Extraction Coupled with Microwave or Ultrasonic Assisted Back Extraction as a Preconcentration Step Prior to Gas Chromatography. Anal Chem 2005; 77:2544-9. [PMID: 15828791 DOI: 10.1021/ac048267u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cloud point extraction of nonionic and anionic surfactants was applied as a preconcentration step prior to gas chromatography. No cleanup step preceded chromatographic analysis. The obtained surfactant-rich phase was treated with water-immiscible solvents, and the target analytes were back extracted by short-term microwave application or ultrasonication. A mixture of six PAHs (naphthalene, acenaphthene, fluorene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene) was used as test compounds. The obtained detection limits were in the microgram per liter area. Recoveries of spiked water and soil samples ranged between 92 and 105% while analysis of certified reference materials gave results in good agreement with the certified values. Under the optimum experimental conditions, there was no interference or blocking of the column. According to our results, this approach presents a convenient solution to the up-to-date problem of combining gas chromatography with micellar cloud point extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodosios I Sikalos
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Food Analysis, University of Ioannina, 45110, Ioannina, Greece
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Padrón Sanz C, Sosa Ferrera Z, Santana Rodríguez JJ. Extraction of PCDDs from Marine Sediments Using Polyoxyethylene 10 Lauryl Ether and Oligoethylene Glycol Monoalkyl Ether Surfactants. ANAL LETT 2004. [DOI: 10.1081/al-120035905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Villar P, Callejón M, Alonso E, Jiménez J, Guiraúm A. Optimization and validation of a new method of analysis for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sewage sludge by liquid chromatography after microwave assisted extraction. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.03.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Tatara E, Materna K, Schaadt A, Bart H, Szymanowski J. Dynamics of nonionic surfactant-rich phase separation and recovery of dyes. J Colloid Interface Sci 2004; 277:443-9. [PMID: 15341857 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2004.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2003] [Accepted: 04/23/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cloud point separation of selected dyes was studied. The use of dyes made possible observation of the dynamics of surfactant-rich phase separation by color video. The pictures were interpreted by means of ImageC software and degrees of whiteness were calculated. It was found that separation was slow and equilibrium was not achieved even after a period of more than 10 h. The separated surfactant-rich phase had a heterogeneous structure. The globules of the surfactant-rich phase were also observed in the micellar aqueous phase. The surfactant concentration could be as high as one or two orders of magnitude above the expected cmc values and was not decreased to critical micelle concentration by centrifugation. The presence of sodium chloride was important and improved separation. Separation of dyes was in the range 73-98% and depended upon the surfactant, the temperature, the electrolyte content, and the dye. In each system considered, appropriate conditions had to be selected to obtain high recovery of the dye. The presence of the electrolyte was the most important parameter and it improved the separation of dyes. However, addition of the electrolyte could also account for precipitation of the dyes, as observed for the systems containing Direct Pink. The best recoveries were observed for Direct Yellow and oxyethylated nonylphenol (98% at 55 degrees C in the presence of NaCl). Centrifugation gave recoveries similar to those for prolonged heating but it shortened the time of phase separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elzbieta Tatara
- Poznan University of Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering Poznan, Pl. M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 2, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
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Sosa Ferrera Z, Padrón Sanz C, Mahugo Santana C, Santana Rodrı́guez JJ. The use of micellar systems in the extraction and pre-concentration of organic pollutants in environmental samples. Trends Analyt Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0165-9936(04)00732-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Selective cloud point extraction and preconcentration of trace amounts of silver as a dithizone complex prior to flame atomic absorption spectrometric determination. Anal Chim Acta 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(03)00343-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Man BKW, Lam MHW, Lam PKS, Wu RSS, Shaw G. Cloud-point extraction and preconcentration of cyanobacterial toxins (microcystins) from natural waters using a cationic surfactant. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2002; 36:3985-3990. [PMID: 12269752 DOI: 10.1021/es020620v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A new cloud-point extraction and preconcentration method using a cationic surfactant, Aliquat-336 (tricaprylylmethylammonium chloride), has been developed for the determination of cyanobacterial toxins, microcystins, in natural waters. Sodium sulfate was used to induce phase separation at 25 degrees C. The phase behavior of Aliquat-336 with respect to concentration of Na2SO4 was studied. The cloud-point system revealed a very high phase volume ratio compared to other established systems of nonionic, anionic, and cationic surfactants. At pH 6-7, it showed an outstanding selectivity in analyte extraction for anionic species. Only MC-LR and MC-YR, which are known to be predominantly anionic, were extracted (with averaged recoveries of 113.9 +/- 9% and 87.1 +/- 7%, respectively). MC-RR, which is likely to be amphoteric at the above pH range, was not detectable in the extract. Coupled to HPLC/UV separation and detection, the cloud-point extraction method (with 2.5 mM Aliquat-336 and 75 mM Na2SO4 at 25 degrees C) offered detection limits of 150 +/- 7 and 470 +/- 72 pg/mL for MC-LR and MC-YR, respectively, in 25 mL of deionized water. Repeatability of the method was 7.6% for MC-LR and 7.3% for MC-YR. The cloud-point extraction process can be completed within 10-15 min with no cleanup steps required. Applicability of the new method to the determination of microcystins in real samples was demonstrated using natural surface waters collected from a local river and a local duck pond spiked with realistic concentrations of microcystins. Effects of salinity and organic matter (TOC) content in the water sample on the extraction efficiency were also studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Kwok-Wai Man
- Centre for Coastal Pollution and Conservation, Department of Biology & Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Mahugo Santana C, Sosa Ferrera Z, Santana Rodríquez JJ. Use of non-ionic surfactant solutions for the extraction and preconcentration of phenolic compounds in water prior to their HPLC-UV detection. Analyst 2002; 127:1031-7. [PMID: 12195942 DOI: 10.1039/b202092k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A simple and rapid HPLC method with spectrophotometric detection to determine phenolic compounds in water, including the 11 priority phenolic pollutants, is described. As they are present in low concentrations, an extraction and preconcentration step is necessary prior to their determination. A methodology based on the cloud point phenomenon is applied using the non-ionic surfactant oligoethylene glycol monoalkyl ether (Genapol X-080) as extractant. The optimum conditions for the extraction and preconcentration of phenolic derivatives have been established and detection limits lower than 10 micrograms L-1 were obtained for all studied compounds. The method has been applied to their determination in sea water and depurated waste water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mahugo Santana
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Marine Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
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Study of high-performance liquid chromatographic separation of selected herbicides by hydro-methanolic and micellar liquid chromatography using Genapol X-080 non-ionic surfactant as mobile phase constituent. Anal Chim Acta 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(02)00590-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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31
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Sicilia D, Rubio S, Pérez-Bendito D. Evaluation of the factors affecting extraction of organic compounds based on the acid-induced phase cloud point approach. Anal Chim Acta 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(02)00148-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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32
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Chen J, Teo KC. Determination of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc in water samples by flame atomic absorption spectrometry after cloud point extraction. Anal Chim Acta 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(01)01367-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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33
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Bai D, Li J, Chen SB, Chen BH. A novel cloud-point extraction process for preconcentrating selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aqueous solution. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2001; 35:3936-3940. [PMID: 11642455 DOI: 10.1021/es0108335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A novel but simple cloud-point extraction (CPE) process is developed to preconcentrate the trace of selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with the use of the readily biodegradable nonionic surfactant Tergitol 15-S-7 as extractant. The concentrations of PAHs, mixtures of naphthalene and phenanthrene as well as pyrene, in the spiked samples were determined with the new CPE process at ambient temperature (23 degrees C) followed by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) with fluorescence detection. More than 80% of phenanthrene and pyrene, respectively, and 96% of naphthalene initially present in the aqueous solutions with concentrations near or below their aqueous solubilities were recovered using this new CPE process. Importantly Tergitol 15-S-7 does not give any fluorometric signal to interfere with fluorescence detection of PAHs in the UV range. No special washing step is, thus, required to remove surfactant before HPLC analyses. Different experimental conditions were studied. The optimum conditions for the preconcentration and determination of these selected PAHs at ambient temperature have been established as the following: (1) 3 wt% surfactant; (2) addition of 0.5 M Na2SO4; (3) 10 min for equilibration time; and (4) 3000 rpm for centrifugal speed with duration of 10 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bai
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The National University of Singapore, Crescent
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Chen J, Teo KC. Determination of cobalt and nickel in water samples by flame atomic absorption spectrometry after cloud point extraction. Anal Chim Acta 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(01)00849-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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35
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Application of microwave-assisted extraction using micellar media to the determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in marine sediments. Anal Chim Acta 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(01)00781-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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36
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Microwave-assisted extraction of organochlorine compounds in marine sediments with organized molecular systems. Chromatographia 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02491070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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37
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Carabias-Martínez R, Rodríguez-Gonzalo E, Moreno-Cordero B, Pérez-Pavón JL, García-Pinto C, Fernández Laespada E. Surfactant cloud point extraction and preconcentration of organic compounds prior to chromatography and capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2000; 902:251-65. [PMID: 11192158 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00837-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The use of preconcentration steps based on phase separation by the cloud point technique offers a convenient alternative to more conventional extraction systems. It has been used successfully for the preconcentration of species of widely differing character and nature, such as metal ions, proteins and other biomaterials, or organic compounds of strongly differing polarity. Here we address the most recent analytical applications of this methodology when used as an isolation and trace enrichment step prior to the analysis of organic compounds (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated compounds, pesticides, phenolic derivatives, aromatic amines, vitamins, etc.) via liquid and gas chromatography or capillary electrophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Carabias-Martínez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, School of Chemistry, University of Salamanca, Spain.
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Quina FH, Hinze WL. Surfactant-Mediated Cloud Point Extractions: An Environmentally Benign Alternative Separation Approach. Ind Eng Chem Res 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ie980389n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank H. Quina
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, P.O. Box 7486, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27109
| | - Willie L. Hinze
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, P.O. Box 7486, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27109
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