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Zhu X, Aoyama E, Birk AV, Onasanya O, Carr WH, Mourokh L, Minteer SD, Vittadello M. Cytochrome c oxidase oxygen reduction reaction induced by cytochrome c on nickel-coordination surfaces based on graphene oxide in suspension. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2020; 1861:148262. [PMID: 32673675 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2020.148262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The electrochemical and spectroscopic investigation of bacterial electron-transfer proteins stabilized on solid state electrodes has provided an effective approach for functional respiratory enzyme studies. METHODS We assess the biocompatibility of carboxylated graphene oxide (CGO) functionalized with Nickel nitrilotriacetic groups (CGO-NiNTA) ccordinating His-tagged cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) from Rhodobacter sphaeroides. RESULTS Kinetic studies employing UV-visible absorption spectroscopy confirmed that the immobilized CcO oxidized horse-heart cytochrome c (Cyt c) albeit at a slower rate than isolated CcO. The oxygen reduction reaction as catalyzed by immobilized CcO could be clearly distinguished from that arising from CGO-NiNTA in the presence of Cyt c and dithiothreitol (DTT) as a sacrificial reducing agent. Our findings indicate that while the protein content is about 3.7‰ by mass with respect to the support, the contribution to the oxygen consumption activity averaged at 56.3%. CONCLUSIONS The CGO-based support stabilizes the free enzyme which, while capable of Cyt c oxidation, is unable to carry out oxygen consumption in solution on its own under our conditions. The turnover rate for the immobilized CcO was as high as 240 O2 molecules per second per CcO unit. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE In vitro investigations of electron flow on isolated components of bacterial electron-transfer enzymes immobilized on the surface of CGO in suspension are expected to shed new light on microbial bioenergetic functions, that could ultimately contribute toward the improvement of performance in living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Medgar Evers College of the City University of New York (CUNY), Brooklyn, NY 11225, USA
| | - Erika Aoyama
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Alexander V Birk
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Medgar Evers College of the City University of New York (CUNY), Brooklyn, NY 11225, USA; Department of Biology, York College of CUNY, Jamaica, NY 11451, USA
| | - Oladapo Onasanya
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Medgar Evers College of the City University of New York (CUNY), Brooklyn, NY 11225, USA
| | - William H Carr
- Department of Biology, Medgar Evers College of the City University of New York (CUNY), Brooklyn, NY 11225, USA
| | - Lev Mourokh
- Department of Physics, Queens College of CUNY, Queens, NY 11367, USA; The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Shelley D Minteer
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Michele Vittadello
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Medgar Evers College of the City University of New York (CUNY), Brooklyn, NY 11225, USA; The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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2
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Magneto-controlled enzyme reactions. Methods Enzymol 2020. [PMID: 31931981 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Various approaches to magneto-controlled biocatalytic enzyme reactions are discussed with specific example systems. Magnetic nano- and micro-size particles functionalized with enzymes or cofactors/electron transfer mediators have been used to translocate the components of the biocatalytic processes and to activate/inhibit their reactions. Magneto-induced deposition of the functionalized particles on an electrode surface resulted in activation of bioelectrocatalytic reactions. On the other hand, magneto-induced removal of the particles from the electrode surface resulted in the inhibition of the electrochemical reactions. Aggregation/disaggregation of enzyme-modified magnetic nanoparticles resulted in different mechanisms of biocatalytic cascades, changing them reversibly between substrate diffusion and substrate channeling processes. Magnetohydrodynamic activation of bioelectrocatalytic processes allowed enhancement of a biofuel cell operation. Overall, a large variety of possible magneto-controlled enzyme reactions is briefly discussed, particularly emphasizing their applications in different bioelectronic systems.
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Rational Design of Enzyme‐Modified Electrodes for Optimized Bioelectrocatalytic Activity. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201901022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Pinck S, Xu M, Clement R, Lojou E, Jorand FPA, Etienne M. Influence of cytochrome charge and potential on the cathodic current of electroactive artificial biofilms. Bioelectrochemistry 2018; 124:185-194. [PMID: 30086423 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
An electroactive artificial biofilm has been optimized for the cathodic reduction of fumarate by Shewanella oneidensis. The system is based on the self-assembly of multi-walled carbon nanotubes with bacterial cells in the presence of a c-type cytochrome. The aggregates are then deposited on an electrode to form the electroactive artificial biofilm. Six c-type cytochromes have been studied, from bovine heart or Desulfuromonas and Desulfuvibrio strains. The isoelectric point of the cytochrome controls the self-assembly process that occurs only with positively-charged cytochromes. The redox potential of the cytochrome is critical for electron transfer reactions with membrane cytochromes of the Mtr pathway. Optimal results have been obtained with c3 from Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough having an isoelectric point of 10.2 and redox potentials of the four hemes ranging between -290 and -375 mV vs SHE. A current density of 170 μA cm-2 could be achieved in the presence of 50 mM fumarate. The stability of the electrochemical response was evaluated, showing a regular decrease of the current within 13 h, possibly due to the inactivation or leaching of loosely-bound cytochromes from the biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Pinck
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPME, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Mengjie Xu
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPME, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Romain Clement
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, BIP UMR 7281, 31 chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Elisabeth Lojou
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, BIP UMR 7281, 31 chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France
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5
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Mano
- CNRS, CRPP, UPR 8641, 33600 Pessac, France
- University of Bordeaux, CRPP, UPR 8641, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Anne de Poulpiquet
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, BIP, 31, chemin Aiguier, 13402 Marseille, France
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Choudhury P, Prasad Uday US, Bandyopadhyay TK, Ray RN, Bhunia B. Performance improvement of microbial fuel cell (MFC) using suitable electrode and Bioengineered organisms: A review. Bioengineered 2017; 8:471-487. [PMID: 28453385 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2016.1267883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need to find an environment friendly and sustainable technology for alternative energy due to rapid depletion of fossil fuel and industrialization. Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) have operational and functional advantages over the current technologies for energy generation from organic matter as it directly converts electricity from substrate at ambient temperature. However, MFCs are still unsuitable for high energy demands due to practical limitations. The overall performance of an MFC depends on microorganism, appropriate electrode materials, suitable MFC designs, and optimizing process parameters which would accelerate commercialization of this technology in near future. In this review, we put forth the recent developments on microorganism and electrode material that are critical for the generation of bioelectricity generation. This would give a comprehensive insight into the characteristics, options, modifications, and evaluations of these parameters and their effects on process development of MFCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payel Choudhury
- a Department of Electrical Engineering , National Institute of Technology , Agartala , India
| | | | | | - Rup Narayan Ray
- a Department of Electrical Engineering , National Institute of Technology , Agartala , India
| | - Biswanath Bhunia
- c Department of Bio Engineering , National Institute of Technology , Agartala , India
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Narvaez Villarrubia CW, Soavi F, Santoro C, Arbizzani C, Serov A, Rojas-Carbonell S, Gupta G, Atanassov P. Self-feeding paper based biofuel cell/self-powered hybrid μ-supercapacitor integrated system. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 86:459-465. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.06.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Design of Redox-Active Peptides: Towards Functional Materials. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016. [PMID: 27677515 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-39196-0_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
In nature, the majority of processes that occur in the cell involve the cycling of electrons and protons, changing the reduction and oxidation state of substrates to alter their chemical reactivity and usefulness in vivo. One of the most relevant examples of these processes is the electron transport chain, a series of oxidoreductase proteins that shuttle electrons through well-defined pathways, concurrently moving protons across the cell membrane. Inspired by these processes, researchers have sought to develop materials to mimic natural systems for a number of applications, including fuel production. The most common cofactors found in proteins to carry out electron transfer are iron sulfur clusters and porphyrin-like molecules. Both types have been studied within natural proteins, such as in photosynthetic machinery or soluble electron carriers; in parallel, an extensive literature has developed over recent years attempting to model and study these cofactors within peptide-based materials. This chapter will focus on major designs that have significantly advanced the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundus Erbas-Cakmak
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Leigh
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Charlie T. McTernan
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Alina
L. Nussbaumer
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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10
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Zhang M, Jiang J, Cai M, Wang H. Electrochemical Modulation of the Fluorescence of Cyanine Dye Cy5. ELECTROANAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201500058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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11
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Tschulik K, Cheng W, Batchelor-McAuley C, Murphy S, Omanović D, Compton RG. Non-Invasive Probing of Nanoparticle Electrostatics. ChemElectroChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201402285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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12
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Ghach W, Etienne M, Urbanova V, Jorand FP, Walcarius A. Sol–gel based ‘artificial’ biofilm from Pseudomonas fluorescens using bovine heart cytochrome c as electron mediator. Electrochem commun 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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13
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Reconstitution of supramolecular organization involved in energy metabolism at electrochemical interfaces for biosensing and bioenergy production. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 406:1011-27. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7465-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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14
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Xu S, Minteer SD. Investigating the Impact of Multi-Heme Pyrroloquinoline Quinone-Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Orientation on Direct Bioelectrocatalysis via Site Specific Enzyme Immobilization. ACS Catal 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/cs400316b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020, Salt Lake City,
Utah 84112, United States
| | - Shelley D. Minteer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020, Salt Lake City,
Utah 84112, United States
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15
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Liu Y, Du Y, Li CM. Direct Electrochemistry Based Biosensors and Biofuel Cells Enabled with Nanostructured Materials. ELECTROANAL 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201200555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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16
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Falk M, Narváez Villarrubia CW, Babanova S, Atanassov P, Shleev S. Biofuel cells for biomedical applications: colonizing the animal kingdom. Chemphyschem 2013; 14:2045-58. [PMID: 23460490 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201300044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Interdisciplinary research has combined the efforts of many scientists and engineers to gain an understanding of biotic and abiotic electrochemical processes, materials properties, biomedical, and engineering approaches for the development of alternative power-generating and/or energy-harvesting devices, aiming to solve health-related issues and to improve the quality of human life. This review intends to recapitulate the principles of biofuel cell development and the progress over the years, thanks to the contribution of cross-disciplinary researchers that have combined knowledge and innovative ideas to the field. The emergence of biofuel cells, as a response to the demand of electrical power devices that can operate under physiological conditions, are reviewed. Implantable biofuel cells operating inside living organisms have been envisioned for over fifty years, but few reports of implanted devices have existed up until very recently. The very first report of an implanted biofuel cell (implanted in a grape) was published only in 2003 by Adam Heller and his coworkers. This work was a result of earlier scientific efforts of this group to "wire" enzymes to the electrode surface. The last couple of years have, however, seen a multitude of biofuel cells being implanted and operating in different living organisms, including mammals. Herein, the evolution of the biofuel concept, the understanding and employment of catalyst and biocatalyst processes to mimic biological processes, are explored. These potentially green technology biodevices are designed to be applied for biomedical applications to power nano- and microelectronic devices, drug delivery systems, biosensors, and many more.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Falk
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Malmö University, 205 06 Malmö, Sweden
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17
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Verissimo AF, Sanders J, Daldal F, Sanders C. Engineering a prokaryotic apocytochrome c as an efficient substrate for Saccharomyces cerevisiae cytochrome c heme lyase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 424:130-5. [PMID: 22732413 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.06.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cytochromes c are heme proteins that require multiple maturation components, such as heme lyases, for cofactor incorporation. Saccharomyces cerevisiae has two heme lyases that are specific for apocytochromes c (CCHL) or c(1) (CC(1)HL). CCHL can covalently attach heme b groups to apocytochrome c substrates of eukaryotic but not prokaryotic origin. Besides their conserved Cys-Xxx-Xxx-Cys-His heme-binding motifs, the amino-terminal regions of apocytochrome c substrates appear to be important for CCHL function. In this study, we show for the first time that only two amino acid changes in the amino-terminal region of the non-CCHL substrate apocytochrome c(2) from Rhodobacter capsulatus are necessary and sufficient for efficient holocytochrome c formation by CCHL. This finding led us to propose a consensus sequence located at the amino-terminus of apocytochromes c, and critical for substrate recognition and heme ligation by CCHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia F Verissimo
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, 433 South University Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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18
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Meunier CF, Yang XY, Rooke JC, Su BL. Biofuel cells Based on the Immobilization of Photosynthetically Active Bioentities. ChemCatChem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201000410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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19
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Arechederra RL, Minteer SD. Kinetic and transport analysis of immobilized oxidoreductases that oxidize glycerol and its oxidation products. Electrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2009.09.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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21
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Güven G, Prodanovic R, Schwaneberg U. Protein Engineering - An Option for Enzymatic Biofuel Cell Design. ELECTROANAL 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200980017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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22
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Schröper F, Baumann A, Offenhäusser A, Mayer D. Bidirectional immobilization of affinity-tagged cytochrome c on electrode surfaces. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:5295-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc00850h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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24
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Yi Z, Trellenkamp S, Offenhäusser A, Mayer D. Molecular junctions based on intermolecular electrostatic coupling. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:8014-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc02201b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Moehlenbrock MJ, Arechederra RL, Sjöholm KH, Minteer SD. Analytical Techniques for Characterizing Enzymatic Biofuel Cells. Anal Chem 2009; 81:9538-45. [DOI: 10.1021/ac901243s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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Yang M, Kabulski JL, Wollenberg L, Chen X, Subramanian M, Tracy TS, Lederman D, Gannett PM, Wu N. Electrocatalytic drug metabolism by CYP2C9 bonded to a self-assembled monolayer-modified electrode. Drug Metab Dispos 2009; 37:892-9. [PMID: 19171677 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.108.025452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes typically require the presence of at least cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) and NADPH to carry out the metabolism of xenobiotics. To address whether the need for redox transfer proteins and the NADPH cofactor protein could be obviated, CYP2C9 was bonded to a gold electrode through an 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid and octanethiol self-assembled monolayer (SAM) through which a current could be applied. Cyclic voltammetry demonstrated direct electrochemistry of the CYP2C9 enzyme bonded to the electrode and fast electron transfer between the heme iron and the gold electrode. To determine whether this system could metabolize warfarin analogous to microsomal or expressed enzyme systems containing CYP2C9, warfarin was incubated with the CYP2C9-SAM-gold electrode and a controlled potential was applied. The expected 7-hydroxywarfarin metabolite was observed, analogous to expressed CYP2C9 systems, wherein this is the predominant metabolite. Current-concentration data generated with increasing concentrations of warfarin were used to determine the Michaelis-Menten constant (K(m)) for the hydroxylation of warfarin (3 microM), which is in good agreement with previous literature regarding K(m) values for this reaction. In summary, the CYP2C9-SAM-gold electrode system was able to carry out the metabolism of warfarin only after application of an electrical potential, but in the absence of either CPR or NADPH. Furthermore, this system may provide a unique platform for both studying P450 enzyme electrochemistry and as a bioreactor to produce metabolites without the need for expensive redox transfer proteins and cofactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingli Yang
- West Virginia University, Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Morgantown, WV 26506-9530, USA
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27
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Harper JC, Polsky R, Wheeler DR, Brozik SM. Maleimide-activated aryl diazonium salts for electrode surface functionalization with biological and redox-active molecules. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:2206-2211. [PMID: 18198908 DOI: 10.1021/la702613e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A versatile and simple method is introduced for formation of maleimide-functionalized surfaces using maleimide-activated aryl diazonium salts. We show for the first time electrodeposition of N-(4-diazophenyl)maleimide tetrafluoroborate on gold and carbon electrodes which was characterized via voltammetry, grazing angle FTIR, and ellipsometry. Electrodeposition conditions were used to control film thickness and yielded submonolayer-to-multilayer grafting. The resulting phenylmaleimide surfaces served as effective coupling agents for electrode functionalization with ferrocene and the redox-active protein cytochrome c. The utility of phenylmaleimide diazonium toward formation of a diazonium-activated conjugate, followed by direct electrodeposition of the diazonium-modified DNA onto the electrode surface, was also demonstrated. Effective electron transfer was obtained between immobilized molecules and the electrodes. This novel application of N-phenylmaleimide diazonium may facilitate the development of bioelectronic devices including biofuel cells, biosensors, and DNA and protein microarrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason C Harper
- Biosensors and Nanomaterials, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
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28
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Tokarev I, Orlov M, Katz E, Minko S. An Electrochemical Gate Based on a Stimuli-Responsive Membrane Associated with an Electrode Surface. J Phys Chem B 2007; 111:12141-5. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0757208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ihor Tokarev
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699-5810
| | - Maxim Orlov
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699-5810
| | - Evgeny Katz
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699-5810
| | - Sergiy Minko
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699-5810
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Gannett PM, Kabulski J, Perez FA, Liu Z, Lederman D, Locuson CW, Ayscue RR, Thomsen NM, Tracy TS. Preparation, characterization, and substrate metabolism of gold-immobilized cytochrome P450 2C9. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 128:8374-5. [PMID: 16802783 PMCID: PMC2556980 DOI: 10.1021/ja0608693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 enzymes represent an important class of heme-containing enzymes. There is considerable interest in immobilizing these enzymes on a surface so that interactions between a single enzyme and other species can be studied with respect to electron transfer, homodimer or heterodimer interactions, or for construction of biological-based chips for standardizing cytochrome P450 metabolism or for high-throughput screening of pharmaceutical agents. Previous studies have generally immobilized P450 enzymes in a matrix or on a surface. Here, we have attached CYP2C9 to gold substrates such that the resulting construct maintains the ability to bind and metabolize substrates in the presence of NADPH and cytochrome P450 reductase. The activity of these chips is directly dependent upon the linkers used to attach CYP2C9 and to the presence of key molecules in the active site during enzyme attachment. A novel method to detect substrate-enzyme binding, namely, superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometry, was used to monitor the binding of substrates. Most significantly, conditions that allow measurable CYP2C9 metabolism to occur have been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Gannett
- Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, P.O. Box 9530, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
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Kay ER, Leigh DA, Zerbetto F. Synthetic molecular motors and mechanical machines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:72-191. [PMID: 17133632 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200504313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2044] [Impact Index Per Article: 120.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of controlled molecular-level motion in key natural processes suggests that great rewards could come from bridging the gap between the present generation of synthetic molecular systems, which by and large rely upon electronic and chemical effects to carry out their functions, and the machines of the macroscopic world, which utilize the synchronized movements of smaller parts to perform specific tasks. This is a scientific area of great contemporary interest and extraordinary recent growth, yet the notion of molecular-level machines dates back to a time when the ideas surrounding the statistical nature of matter and the laws of thermodynamics were first being formulated. Here we outline the exciting successes in taming molecular-level movement thus far, the underlying principles that all experimental designs must follow, and the early progress made towards utilizing synthetic molecular structures to perform tasks using mechanical motion. We also highlight some of the issues and challenges that still need to be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Euan R Kay
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, UK
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31
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Kay E, Leigh D, Zerbetto F. Synthetische molekulare Motoren und mechanische Maschinen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200504313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 587] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Liu G, Gooding JJ. An interface comprising molecular wires and poly(ethylene glycol) spacer units self-assembled on carbon electrodes for studies of protein electrochemistry. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2006; 22:7421-30. [PMID: 16893248 DOI: 10.1021/la0607510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The characterization and application of a modified electrode interface for protein electrochemistry is reported. This generic interface is composed of a mixed monolayer of oligo(phenylethynylene) molecular wires (MWs) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) deposited on glassy carbon electrodes by reductive adsorption of the respective aryl diazonium salts. Electrochemistry and scanning electron microscopy demonstrate that the PEG component exhibits a distinct decrease in nonspecific adsorption of blood serum and the proteins bovine serum albumin (BSA) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) relative to a bare glassy carbon electrode. The ability of the MWs to facilitate efficient electron transfer through the PEG layer to the underlying electrode was demonstrated by covalently attaching ferrocenemethylamine to the end of the MWs. The calculated rate constant for this system was 229 +/- 30 s(-1). Covalent attachment of HRP to the MWs allowed direct electron transfer to the redox protein with almost ideal electrochemistry, indicating a specific interaction between the MW and HRP, with a rate constant of 13.4 +/- 2.3 s(-1). This rate constant is more rapid than previously reported for HRP shown to still be catalytically active. Retained catalytic activity of HRP was demonstrated by the enzyme responding to the addition of hydrogen peroxide. Similarly, by attaching myoglobin to the end of the MWs, a rate constant for this protein of 2 s(-1) was measured. The rigidity of the MWs, as well as it being longer than the PEG diluent, means this generic interface can be employed to investigate the electrochemistry of a wide range of redox proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozhen Liu
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
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Bortolotti CA, Battistuzzi G, Borsari M, Facci P, Ranieri A, Sola M. The Redox Chemistry of the Covalently Immobilized Native and Low-pH Forms of Yeast Iso-1-cytochromec. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128:5444-51. [PMID: 16620116 DOI: 10.1021/ja0573662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic voltammetry experiments were carried out on native Saccharomyces cerevisiae iso-1-cytochrome c and its C102T/N62C variant immobilized on bare polycrystalline gold electrode through the S-Au bond formed by a surface cysteine. Experiments were carried out at different temperatures (5-65 degrees C) and pH values (1.5-7). The E degrees ' value at pH 7 (+370 mV vs SHE) is approximately 100 mV higher than that for the protein in solution. This difference is enthalpic in origin and is proposed to be the result of the electrostatic repulsion among the densely packed molecules onto the electrode surface. Two additional electrochemical waves are observed upon lowering the pH below 5 (E degrees ' = +182 mV) and 3 (E degrees ' = +71 mV), which are attributed to two conformers (referred to as "intermediate" and "acidic", respectively) featuring an altered heme axial ligation. This is the first determination of the reduction potential for low-pH conformers of cytochrome c in the absence of denaturants. Since the native form of cytochrome c can be restored, bringing back the pH to neutrality, the possibility offered by this transition to reversibly modulate the redox potential of cytochrome c is appealing for bioelectronic applications. The immobilized C102T/N62C variant, which differs from the native protein in the orientation of the heme group with respect to the electrode, shows very similar reduction thermodynamics. For both species, the rate constant for electron transfer between the heme and the electrode increases for the acidic conformer, which is also found to act as a biocatalytic interface for dioxygen reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Augusto Bortolotti
- Department of Chemistry and SCS Center, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 183, I-41100 Modena, Italy
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Katz E, Baron R, Willner I, Richke N, Levine RD. Temperature-Dependent and Friction-Controlled Electrochemically Induced Shuttling Along Molecular Strings Associated with Electrodes. Chemphyschem 2005; 6:2179-89. [PMID: 16208742 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200500162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The temperature and solvent composition dependence of the electrochemically stimulated rate of shuttling of the redox-active cyclophane, cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene), on a molecular string has been studied. The molecular string includes a pi-donor diiminebenzene-site that is associated on one side with an electrode, and stoppered on the other side with an adamantane unit. The cyclophane rests on the pi-donor site, owing to stabilizing pi-donor-acceptor interactions. Electrochemical reduction of the cyclophane units, to the bis-radical cation cyclophane, results in the shuttling of the reduced cyclophane towards the electrode, a process that is driven by the removal of the stabilizing donor-acceptor interactions, and the electrostatic attraction of the reduced product by the electrode. The latter process is energetically downhill, and is temperature-independent. Upon oxidation of the reduced cyclophane that is associated with the electrode, the energetically uphill shuttling of the oxidized cyclophane to the pi-donor site proceeds. The rate of this translocation process has been found to be temperature-dependent, and controlled by the solvent composition. The experimental results have been theoretically analyzed in terms of Kramers' molecular friction model. The theoretical fitting of the experimental results, using solutions of variable composition, reveals that the rate-constants for the uphill reaction in a pure aqueous solution follow the temperature-dependence of the viscosity of water. The results demonstrate the significance of friction phenomena in shuttling processes within molecular machines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenii Katz
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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Katz E, Lioubashevski O, Willner I. Magnetic Field Effects on Bioelectrocatalytic Reactions of Surface-Confined Enzyme Systems: Enhanced Performance of Biofuel Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:3979-88. [PMID: 15771535 DOI: 10.1021/ja044157t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The effect of a constant magnetic field on bioelectrocatalytic transformations of three different enzyme assemblies linked to electrodes is examined and correlated with a theoretical magnetohydrodynamic model. The systems consist of surface-reconstituted glucose oxidase (GOx), an integrated lactate dehydrogenase/nicotinamide/pyrroloquinoline quinone assembly (LDH/NAD+ -PQQ), and a cytochrome c/cytochrome oxidase system (Cyt c/COx) linked to the electrodes. Pronounced effects of a constant magnetic field applied parallel to the electrode surface are observed for the bioelectrocatalyzed oxidation of glucose and lactate by the GOx-electrode and LDH/NAD+ -PQQ-electrode, respectively. The enhancement of the bioelectrocatalytic processes correlates nicely with the magnetohydrodynamic model, and the limiting current densities (iL) relate to B1/3 (B = magnetic flux density) and to C4/3 (C* = bulk concentration of the substrate). A small magnetic field effect is observed for the Cyt c/COx-electrode, and its origin is still questionable. The effect of the constant magnetic field on the performance of biofuel cells with different configurations is examined. For the biofuel cell consisting of LDH/NAD+ -PQQ anode and Cyt c/COx cathode, a 3-fold increase in the power output was observed at an applied magnetic field of B = 0.92 T and external load of 1.2 kOhms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenii Katz
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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Katz E, Lioubashevsky O, Willner I. Electromechanics of a Redox-Active Rotaxane in a Monolayer Assembly on an Electrode. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:15520-32. [PMID: 15563181 DOI: 10.1021/ja045465u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A rotaxane monolayer consisting of the cyclophane, cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) (2), threaded on a "molecular string" that includes a pi-donor diiminobenzene unit and stoppered by an adamantane unit is assembled on a Au electrode. The surface coverage of the electroactive cyclophane unit, E degrees = -0.43 V vs SCE, corresponds to 0.8 x 10(-10) mol.cm(-2). The cyclophane (2) is structurally localized on the molecular string by generating a pi-donor-acceptor complex with the diiminobenzene units of the molecular string. The cyclophane (2) acts as a molecular shuttle, revealing electrochemically driven mechanical translocations along the molecular wire. Reduction of the cyclophane (2) to the respective biradical-dication results in its dissociation from the pi-donor site, and the reduced cyclophane is translocated toward the electrode. Oxidation of the reduced cyclophane reorganizes 2 on the pi-donor-diiminobenzene sites. The positions of the oxidized and reduced cyclophane units are characterized by chronoamperometric and impedance measurements. Using double-step chronoamperometric measurements the dynamics of the translocation of the cyclophane units on the molecular string is characterized. The reduced cyclophane moves toward the electrode with a rate constant corresponding to k(1) = 320 s(-1), whereas the translocation of the oxidized cyclophane from the electrode to the pi-donor binding site proceeds with a rate constant of k(2) = 80 s(-1). Also, in situ electrochemical/contact angle measurements reveal that the electrochemically driven translocation of the cyclophane on the molecular string provides a means to reversibly control the hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties of the surface. The latter system demonstrates the translation of a molecular motion into the macroscopic motion of a water droplet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenii Katz
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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Heering HA, Wiertz FGM, Dekker C, de Vries S. Direct Immobilization of Native Yeast Iso-1 Cytochrome c on Bare Gold: Fast Electron Relay to Redox Enzymes and Zeptomole Protein-Film Voltammetry. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:11103-12. [PMID: 15339197 DOI: 10.1021/ja046737w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic voltammetry shows that yeast iso-1-cytochrome c (YCC), chemisorbed on a bare gold electrode via Cys102, exhibits fast, reversible interfacial electron transfer (k(0) = 1.8 x 10(3) s(-1)) and retains its native functionality. Vectorially immobilized YCC relays electrons to yeast cytochrome c peroxidase, and to both cytochrome cd(1) nitrite reductase (NIR) and nitric oxide reductase from Paracoccus denitrificans, thereby revealing the mechanistic properties of these enzymes. On a microelectrode, we measured nitrite turnover by approximately 80 zmol (49 000 molecules) of NIR, coadsorbed on 0.65 amol (390 000 molecules) of YCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik A Heering
- Contribution from the Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands
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Liu T, Zhong J, Gan X, Fan C, Li G, Matsuda N. Wiring Electrons of Cytochrome c with Silver Nanoparticles in Layered Films. Chemphyschem 2003; 4:1364-6. [PMID: 14714390 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200300817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and National Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
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40
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Control of catalytic activity of proteins in vivo by nanotube ropes excited with infrared light. Chem Phys Lett 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2003.10.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Wang X, Katz E, Willner I. Potential-induced switching of electrical contact by controlling droplet shapes at hydrophilic/hydrophobic interfaces. Electrochem commun 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2003.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Katz E, Willner I. A biofuel cell with electrochemically switchable and tunable power output. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:6803-13. [PMID: 12769592 DOI: 10.1021/ja034008v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An electroswitchable and tunable biofuel cell based on the biocatalyzed oxidation of glucose is described. The anode consists of a Cu(2+)-poly(acrylic acid) film on which the redox-relay pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) and the flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) cofactor are covalently linked. Apo-glucose oxidase is reconstituted on the FAD sites to yield the glucose oxidase (GOx)-functionalized electrode. The cathode consists of a Cu(2+)-poly(acrylic acid) film that provides the functional interface for the covalent linkage of cytochrome c (Cyt c) that is further linked to cytochrome oxidase (COx). Electrochemical reduction of the Cu(2+)-poly(acrylic acid) films (applied potential -0.5 V vs SCE) associated with the anode and cathode yields the conductive Cu(0)-poly(acrylic acid) matrixes that electrically contact the GOx-electrode and the COx/Cyt c-electrode, respectively. The short-circuit current and open-circuit voltage of the biofuel cell correspond to 105 microA (current density ca. 550 microA cm(-2)) and 120 mV, respectively, and the maximum extracted power from the cell is 4.3 microW at an external loading resistance of 1 kOmega. The electrochemical oxidation of the polymer films associated with the electrodes (applied potential 0.5 V) yields the nonconductive Cu(2+)-poly(acrylic acid) films that completely block the biofuel cell operation. By the cyclic electrochemical reduction and oxidation of the polymer films associated with the anode and cathode between the Cu(0)-poly(acrylic acid) and Cu(2+)-poly(acrylic acid) states, the biofuel cell performance is reversibly switched between "ON" and "OFF" states, respectively. The electrochemical reduction of the Cu(2+)-polymer film to the Cu(0)-polymer film is a slow process (ca. 1000 s) because the formation and aggregation of the Cu(0)-clusters requires the migration of Cu(2+) ions in the polymer film and their reduction at conductive sites. The slow reduction of the Cu(2+)-polymer films allows for the controlling of the content of conductive domains in the films and the tuning of the output power of the biofuel cell. The electron-transfer resistances of the cathodic and anodic processes were characterized by impedance spectroscopy. Also, the overall resistances of the biofuel cell generated by the time-dependent electrochemical reduction process were followed by impedance spectroscopy and correlated with the internal resistances of the cell upon its operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenii Katz
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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Mano N, Kim HH, Heller A. On the Relationship between the Characteristics of Bilirubin Oxidases and O2 Cathodes Based on Their “Wiring”. J Phys Chem B 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp025955d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Mano
- Department of Chemical Engineering and the Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Hyug-Han Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and the Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Adam Heller
- Department of Chemical Engineering and the Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712
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Mano N, Kim HH, Zhang Y, Heller A. An oxygen cathode operating in a physiological solution. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:6480-6. [PMID: 12033879 DOI: 10.1021/ja025874v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
We report the electroreduction of O(2) to water under physiological conditions (pH 7.4, 0.15 M NaCl, 37.5 degrees C) at a current density of 5 mA cm(-2) and at a potential only 0.18 V reducing versus that of the reversible O(2)/H(2)O electrode at pH 7.4. The immobilized electrocatalyst enabling the reduction is the electrostatic adduct of bilirubin oxidase from Myrothecium verrucaria, a polyanion at pH >4.1, and the polycationic redox copolymer of polyacrylamide and poly (N-vinylimidazole) complexed with [Os (4,4'-dichloro-2,2'-bipyridine)(2)Cl](+/2+), cross-linked on carbon cloth. The current density of the rotating electrodes was O(2) transport limited up to 8.8 mA cm(-2); their kinetic limit was reached at 9.1 mA cm(-2). The operational life of the electrodes depended on their angular velocity, which defined not only the current density but also the mechanical shear stress stripping the electrocatalyst. When the electrodes were rotated at 300 rpm and were poised at -256 mV versus the potential of the reversible O(2)/H(2)O electrode, their 2.4 mA cm(-2) initial current density decreased to 1.3 mA cm(-2) after 6 days of continuous operation at 37.5 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Mano
- Department of Chemical Engineering and the Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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Raitman OA, Katz E, Willner I, Chegel VI, Popova GV. Photonic Transduction of a Three-State Electronic Memory and of Electrochemical Sensing of NADH by Using Surface Plasmon Resonance Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3757(20011001)113:19<3761::aid-ange3761>3.0.co;2-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Shipway AN, Katz E, Willner I. Molecular Memory and Processing Devices in Solution and on Surfaces. STRUCTURE AND BONDING 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/3-540-44421-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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Willner I, Willner B. Biomaterials integrated with electronic elements: en route to bioelectronics. Trends Biotechnol 2001; 19:222-30. [PMID: 11356284 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7799(01)01634-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bioelectronics is a progressing interdisciplinary research field that involves the integration of biomaterials with electronic transducers, such as electrodes, field-effect-transistors or piezoelectric crystals. Surface engineering of biomaterials, such as enzymes, antigen-antibodies or DNA on the electronic supports, controls the electrical properties of the biomaterial-transducer interface and enables the electronic transduction of biorecognition events, or biocatalyzed transformation, on the transducers. Bioelectronic sensing devices, biosensors of tailored sensitivities and specificities, are being developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Willner
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.
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Shipway AN, Willner I. Electronically transduced molecular mechanical and information functions on surfaces. Acc Chem Res 2001; 34:421-32. [PMID: 11412079 DOI: 10.1021/ar000180h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular chemistry and nanotechnology, along with their use in the construction of functional assemblies and devices, have merged into a challenging field of study. The development of methodologies for the integration and interfacing of molecular building blocks with solid supports and electronic transducers is essential for this research. We address recent applications of molecular, macromolecular, and biomolecular substances in the organization of signal-activated, electronically transduced molecular architectures on electrode surfaces. Photonic, electronic, magnetic, and chemical stimuli are used to trigger the switchable functions of these systems, which demonstrate either mechanical (e.g., translocation) or computational (e.g., memory) functions and provide enlightening insight and directions for the future evolution of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Shipway
- Institute of Chemistry and The Farkas Center for Light-Induced Processes, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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