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Happi GM, Ntabo VK, Tcho AT, Wansi JD. Naturally occurring dimeric triterpenoids: Occurrence, chemistry and bioactivities. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 200:113242. [PMID: 35594948 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The triterpenes represent one of the most reported subclasses of specialized metabolites from the plant kingdom. They play a key role in the protection of plants and their metabolism in addition to displaying a high structural diversity and large scale of biological activities. The scaffold can undergo several reactions like oxidation or substitution at different positions of the skeleton leading to the formation of several types of compounds. More specifically, triterpene dimer is a small group of compounds found in nature (from plants precisely). Until 2021, the chemical and pharmacological works reported in the literature indicated the identification of 90 natural dimeric triterpenes and 11 synthetic derivatives from 19 plants species and very few of them have been biologically evaluated for their antibacterial, antioxidant, antiproliferative or molluscicide activities. This review aims to compile the literature on the occurrence, chemistry and biological activities of the triterpenoid dimers. To attend this goal, a literature survey has been done in a number of online libraries including Scifinder, PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar using keywords terpene, triterpene, dimer, celastroloid without language restriction. This paper provides the easiest access to the information on triterpene dimers for readers and researchers in view to enhancing the continuity of research works on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gervais Mouthé Happi
- Department of Chemistry, Higher Teacher Training College, The University of Bamenda, P.O Box 39, Bambili, Cameroon.
| | - Virginia Kien Ntabo
- Department of Chemistry, Higher Teacher Training College, The University of Bamenda, P.O Box 39, Bambili, Cameroon
| | - Alain Tadjong Tcho
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Jean Duplex Wansi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Douala, P. O. Box 24157, Douala, Cameroon
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Abstract
Covering: up to mid-2020 Terpenoids, also called isoprenoids, are the largest and most structurally diverse family of natural products. Found in all domains of life, there are over 80 000 known compounds. The majority of characterized terpenoids, which include some of the most well known, pharmaceutically relevant, and commercially valuable natural products, are produced by plants and fungi. Comparatively, terpenoids of bacterial origin are rare. This is counter-intuitive to the fact that recent microbial genomics revealed that almost all bacteria have the biosynthetic potential to create the C5 building blocks necessary for terpenoid biosynthesis. In this review, we catalogue terpenoids produced by bacteria. We collected 1062 natural products, consisting of both primary and secondary metabolites, and classified them into two major families and 55 distinct subfamilies. To highlight the structural and chemical space of bacterial terpenoids, we discuss their structures, biosynthesis, and biological activities. Although the bacterial terpenome is relatively small, it presents a fascinating dichotomy for future research. Similarities between bacterial and non-bacterial terpenoids and their biosynthetic pathways provides alternative model systems for detailed characterization while the abundance of novel skeletons, biosynthetic pathways, and bioactivies presents new opportunities for drug discovery, genome mining, and enzymology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Rudolf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
| | - Tyler A Alsup
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
| | - Baofu Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
| | - Zining Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
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Xu J, Xiao D, Lin QH, He JF, Liu WY, Xie N, Feng F, Qu W. Cytotoxic Tirucallane and Apotirucallane Triterpenoids from the Stems of Picrasma quassioides. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2016; 79:1899-1910. [PMID: 27494664 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b01137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Phytochemical investigation on the stems of Picrasma quassioides led to the isolation of a novel compound, picraquassin A (1), with an unprecedented 21,24-cycloapotirucallane skeleton, and four new apotirucallane-type triterpenoids (2-5), together with 15 new tirucallane-type triterpenoids (6-20) and 10 known tirucallane-type triterpenoids (21-30). To our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating the presence of apotirucallane-type triterpenoids in the genus Picrasma. The structures of the new compounds were determined based on spectroscopic data interpretation. Cytotoxicities of the isolated compounds were evaluated using three human cancer cell lines, MKN-28, A-549, and MCF-7. Compound 2 exhibited the most potent activity against MKN-28 cells with an IC50 value of 2.5 μM. Flow cytometry and Western blot analysis revealed that 2 induces the apoptosis of MKN-28 cells via activating caspase-3/-9, while increasing Bax and Bad and decreasing Bcl-2 expression levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ning Xie
- Jiangxi Qingfeng Pharmaceutical Corporation , Ganzhou 341000, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Feng
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Qu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
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Phan CW, David P, Naidu M, Wong KH, Sabaratnam V. Therapeutic potential of culinary-medicinal mushrooms for the management of neurodegenerative diseases: diversity, metabolite, and mechanism. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2016; 35:355-68. [PMID: 24654802 DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2014.887649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Mushrooms have long been used not only as food but also for the treatment of various ailments. Although at its infancy, accumulated evidence suggested that culinary-medicinal mushrooms may play an important role in the prevention of many age-associated neurological dysfunctions, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Therefore, efforts have been devoted to a search for more mushroom species that may improve memory and cognition functions. Such mushrooms include Hericium erinaceus, Ganoderma lucidum, Sarcodon spp., Antrodia camphorata, Pleurotus giganteus, Lignosus rhinocerotis, Grifola frondosa, and many more. Here, we review over 20 different brain-improving culinary-medicinal mushrooms and at least 80 different bioactive secondary metabolites isolated from them. The mushrooms (either extracts from basidiocarps/mycelia or isolated compounds) reduced beta amyloid-induced neurotoxicity and had anti-acetylcholinesterase, neurite outgrowth stimulation, nerve growth factor (NGF) synthesis, neuroprotective, antioxidant, and anti-(neuro)inflammatory effects. The in vitro and in vivo studies on the molecular mechanisms responsible for the bioactive effects of mushrooms are also discussed. Mushrooms can be considered as useful therapeutic agents in the management and/or treatment of neurodegeneration diseases. However, this review focuses on in vitro evidence and clinical trials with humans are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Wei Phan
- a Mushroom Research Centre, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
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Cao J, Zhang X, Qu F, Guo Z, Zhao Y. Dammarane triterpenoids for pharmaceutical use: a patent review (2005 - 2014). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2015; 25:805-17. [PMID: 25892194 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2015.1038239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dammarane triterpenoids, the main secondary metabolites of Panax ginseng, are very important natural compounds with remarkable biological activity. They could be isolated from the plants of Panax or other genus, as well as through the modifications of certain natural products. This review is a collection of a number of patents (2005 - 2014) that describe the dammarane triterpenoids for therapeutic or preventive uses on numerous common diseases. AREAS COVERED In this review, patents from 2005 to 2014 on chemical structures and treatment of different diseases by dammarane triterpenoids have been summarized. The SciFinder and the World Intellectual Property Organisation databases have been used as main sources for the search. EXPERT OPINION In the last decade, over 90 patents concerning dammarane derivatives for pharmaceutical have been published. These types of compounds could be used as agents for prevention and treatment of various kinds of diseases, such as cancer, diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome, hyperlipidemia, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease, aging, neurodegenerative disease, bone disease, liver disease, kidney disease, gastrointestinal disease, depression-type mental illness and skin aging. Rare plants, except for Panax genus, which contain dammarane triterpenoids should be studied extensively. In addition, more dammarane triterpenoids with good biological activity, especially the aglycones possessing novel side chain, should be prepared using chemical modification. Finally, pharmacological effects of dammarane triterpenoids should be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqing Cao
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica , Shenyang 110016 , People's Republic of China +86 24 23986521 ; +86 24 23986522 ;
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Bäcker C, Jenett-Siems K, Siems K, Niedermeyer TH, Wurster M, Bodtke A, Lindequist U. Taraxastane-type triterpene saponins isolated from Pittosporum angustifolium Lodd. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/znb-2015-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Two new taraxastane-type triterpene saponins, named pittangretosides L (1) and C1 (2), were isolated from the leaves of Pittosporum angustifolium Lodd. Their structures were established by NMR spectroscopic, mass spectrometric and chemical means. The in vitro cytotoxicity was evaluated against four cell lines. The compounds exhibited no cytotoxic activity up to a concentration of 130 μm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bäcker
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Ernst Moritz Arndt University Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Straße 17, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Kristina Jenett-Siems
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Free University of Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2 + 4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Karsten Siems
- AnalytiCon Discovery GmbH, Hermannswerder Haus 17, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Timo H.J. Niedermeyer
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martina Wurster
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Ernst Moritz Arndt University Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Straße 17, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Anja Bodtke
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Ernst Moritz Arndt University Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Straße 17, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ulrike Lindequist
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Ernst Moritz Arndt University Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Straße 17, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
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Yang WZ, Hu Y, Wu WY, Ye M, Guo DA. Saponins in the genus Panax L. (Araliaceae): a systematic review of their chemical diversity. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2014; 106:7-24. [PMID: 25108743 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The Panax genus is a crucial source of natural medicines that has benefited human health for a long time. Three valuable medicinal herbs, namely Panax ginseng, Panax quinquefolius, and Panax notoginseng, have received considerable interest due to their extensive application in clinical therapy, healthcare products, and as foods and food additives world-wide. Panax species are known to contain abundant levels of saponins, also dubbed ginsenosides, which refer to a series of dammarane or oleanane type triterpenoid glycosides. These saponins exhibit modulatory effects to the central nervous system and beneficial effects to patients suffering from cardiovascular diseases, and also have anti-diabetic and anti-tumor properties. To the end of 2012, at least 289 saponins were reported from eleven different Panax species. This comprehensive review describes the advances in the phytochemistry of the genus Panax for the period 1963-2012, based on the 134 cited references. The reported saponins can be classified into protopanaxadiol, protopanaxatriol, octillol, oleanolic acid, C17 side-chain varied, and miscellaneous subtypes, according to structural differences in sapogenins. The investigational history of Panax is also reviewed, with special attention being paid to the structural features of the six different subtypes, together with their (1)H and (13)C NMR spectroscopic characteristics which are useful for determining their structures and absolute configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Zhi Yang
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ying Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wan-Ying Wu
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Min Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - De-An Guo
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Discrimination of leaves of Panax ginseng and P. quinquefolius by ultra high performance liquid chromatography quadrupole/time-of-flight mass spectrometry based metabolomics approach. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 97:129-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Melo I, Teixeira A, Sena Junior D, Santos H, Albuquerque M, Bandeira P, Rodrigues A, Braz-Filho R, Gusmão G, Silva J, Faria J, Bento R. FT-Raman and FTIR-ATR spectroscopies and DFT calculations of triterpene acetyl aleuritolic acid. J Mol Struct 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2013.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Neurite outgrowth stimulatory effects of culinary-medicinal mushrooms and their toxicity assessment using differentiating Neuro-2a and embryonic fibroblast BALB/3T3. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 13:261. [PMID: 24119256 PMCID: PMC3852280 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-13-261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Background Mushrooms are not only regarded as gourmet cuisine but also as therapeutic agent to promote cognition health. However, little toxicological information is available regarding their safety. Therefore, the aim of this study was to screen selected ethno-pharmacologically important mushrooms for stimulatory effects on neurite outgrowth and to test for any cytotoxicity. Methods The stimulatory effect of mushrooms on neurite outgrowth was assessed in differentiating mouse neuroblastoma (N2a) cells. Neurite length was measured using Image-Pro Insight processor system. Neuritogenesis activity was further validated by fluorescence immunocytochemical staining of neurofilaments. In vitro cytotoxicity was investigated by using mouse embryonic fibroblast (BALB/3T3) and N2a cells for any embryo- and neuro-toxic effects; respectively. Results Aqueous extracts of Ganoderma lucidum, Lignosus rhinocerotis, Pleurotus giganteus and Grifola frondosa; as well as an ethanol extract of Cordyceps militaris significantly (p < 0.05) promoted the neurite outgrowth in N2a cells by 38.4 ± 4.2%, 38.1 ± 2.6%, 33.4 ± 4.6%, 33.7 ± 1.5%, and 35.8 ± 3.4%; respectively. The IC50 values obtained from tetrazolium (MTT), neutral red uptake (NRU) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assays showed no toxic effects following 24 h exposure of N2a and 3T3 cells to mushroom extracts. Conclusion Our results indicate that G. lucidum, L. rhinocerotis, P. giganteus, G. frondosa and C. militaris may be developed as safe and healthy dietary supplements for brain and cognitive health.
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Shan WG, Zhang LW, Xiang JG, Zhan ZJ. Natural Friedelanes. Chem Biodivers 2013; 10:1392-434. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201100256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Ríos JL, Andújar I, Recio MC, Giner RM. Lanostanoids from fungi: a group of potential anticancer compounds. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2012; 75:2016-2044. [PMID: 23092389 DOI: 10.1021/np300412h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Lanostanes are a group of tetracyclic triterpenoids derived from lanosterol. They have relevant biological and pharmacological properties, such as their cytotoxic effects via induction of apoptosis. This review compiles the most relevant lanostanoids studied from 2000 to 2011, principally those isolated from Ganoderma lucidum and other related fungi, such as Poria cocos, Laetiporus sulphureus, Inonotus obliquus, Antrodia camphorata, Daedalea dickinsii, and Elfvingia applanata, which have great potential as anticancer agents because of their cytotoxic or apoptotic effects. The compounds were selected on the basis of their proapoptotic mechanisms, through their ability to modify transcriptional activities via nuclear factors or genes and the activation or inhibition of pro- or antiapoptotic proteins; studies based only on their cytotoxicity were excluded from this review in the absence of complementary studies on their mechanisms of action. A total of 81 compounds from Ganoderma lucidum and other species from this genus are included, as well as 96 compounds isolated from other fungi, principally Poria cocos. Some of these compounds were found to arrest the cell cycle in the G1 phase, increase levels of p53 and Bax, or inhibit the phosphorylation of Erk1/2 or the activation of NF-κB and AP-1. Other lanostanes have inhibitory effects on the growth of androgen prostate carcinoma through increasing the expression of p21, which activates the tumor suppressor protein p53, while other compounds have been shown to selectively inhibit topo II activity without affecting topo I. General considerations concerning the chemical structure-biological activities of these compounds are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- José-Luis Ríos
- Departament de Farmacologia, Facultat de Farmacia, Universitat de Valencia , Avenida Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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Mulaudzi RB, Ndhlala AR, Kulkarni MG, Van Staden J. Pharmacological properties and protein binding capacity of phenolic extracts of some Venda medicinal plants used against cough and fever. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 143:185-93. [PMID: 22732728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY RELEVANCE Several ailments are caused by infectious bacteria and in other diseases; they act as co-infection which complicate human life by causing health hazards. In Venda (South Africa), many plants are used in traditional medicine to treat cough and fever. AIM OF THE STUDY This study was aimed at evaluating the antibacterial and antifungal properties, cyclooxygenases (COX), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme inhibitory effects and the phenolic composition as well as mutagenic properties of six medicinal plants used by the Venda people of Limpopo Province of South Africa against cough and fever. MATERIALS AND METHODS The petroleum ether (PE), dichloromethane (DCM), 80% ethanol (EtOH) and water extracts of six plants were tested against four infectious bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus) and a fungus Candida albicans. The same extracts were evaluated for their ability to inhibit COX-1 and -2 enzymes. Methanolic and water extracts of the same plant were tested for acetylcholinesterase inhibitory effects. Total phenolics, flavonoids, gallotannins and condensed tannins were determined. The ability of the extracts to bind and precipitate proteins was also investigated. The extracts were investigated for genotoxicity with and without S9 (metabolic activation) against three Salmonella typhimurium tester strains TA98, TA100 and TA102. RESULTS The organic extracts of Rhus lancea leaves exhibited the best antibacterial activity with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 0.0061 to 0.049mg/ml. The best antifungal activity was observed from a DCM extract of Syzygium cordatum leaves with a MIC value of 0.195mg/ml. The methanolic and water extracts of the same plant exhibited high inhibitory effects towards AChE with IC(50) values of 0.22 and 0.26mg/ml, respectively. The highest levels of flavonoids and gallotannins were detected in Spirostachys africana bark; 11.57 and 48.88μg/g, respectively. The highest percentages (1.2%) of condensed tannins were detected in Uvaria caffra leaves. The high levels of phenolic compounds may have been responsible for high antimicrobial activities for extracts of S. africana bark and U. caffra leaves. S. cordatum leaves represented the highest affinity for protein binding with 93%. All the extracts were non-mutagenic towards the three tested strains with and without S9 metabolic activation. CONCLUSION The result obtained in this study goes a long way in validating the ethnobotanical usage of these medicinal plants in the treatment of cough and fever by the Venda people. However, more evidence obtainable from other assays not performed here are urgently required to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Mulaudzi
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
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Yang P, Li PF, Qu J, Tang LF. Two Concise Enantioselective Total Syntheses of (−)-Glabrescol Implicate Alternative Biosynthetic Pathways Starting from Squalene. Org Lett 2012; 14:3932-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ol3016836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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López Y, Rodríguez L, del Río RE, Farfán N, Morzycki JW, Santillan R. Regioselective cleavage of 22-oxo-23-spiroketals. Novel cholestanic frameworks with pyranone and cyclopentenone E rings on the side chain. Steroids 2012; 77:534-41. [PMID: 22333396 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2012.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The regioselective opening of the F ring of 22-oxo-23-spiroketals using a saturated solution of HCl in acetic anhydride yielded novel cholestanic frameworks with pyranone or cyclopentenone E rings. The structures of the new derivatives of sarsasapogenin, diosgenin and hecogenin thus obtained were established using one and two dimensional (1)H, (13)C experiments (DEPT, COSY, HETCOR, HMBC, ROESY, and NOESY). The X-ray analysis for compound 11b confirmed the 23R configuration for the new stereogenic center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yliana López
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Ed.B-1, C.U., Morelia, Michoacán 58030, Mexico.
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Gong W, Jiang Z, Sun P, Li L, Jin Y, Shao L, Zhang W, Liu B, Zhang H, Tang H, Chen Y, Yi Y, Zhang D. Synthesis of Novel Derivatives of Esculentoside A and Its Aglycone Phytolaccagenin, and Evaluation of Their Haemolytic Activity and Inhibition of Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Nitric Oxide Production. Chem Biodivers 2011; 8:1833-52. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201000339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Shp2 protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor activity of estramustine phosphate and its triterpenoid analogs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 21:730-3. [PMID: 21193311 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.11.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Shp2 protein tyrosine phosphate (PTP) is a novel target for anticancer drug discovery. We identified estramustine phosphate as a Shp2 PTP inhibitor from the National Cancer Institute Approved Oncology Drug set. A focused structure-activity relationship study indicated that the 17-phosphate group is required for the Shp2 PTP inhibitor activity of estramustine phosphate. A search for estramustine phosphate analogs led to identification of two triterpenoids, enoxolone, and celastrol, having Shp2 PTP inhibitor activity. With the previously reported PTP1B inhibitor trodusquemine, our study reveals steroids and triterpenoids with negatively charged phosphate, carboxylate, or sulfonate groups as novel pharmacophores of selective PTP inhibitors.
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Botanical Compounds and Their Dermatologic and Cosmetic Uses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1201/ebk1439812136-c2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Xiong Z, Busch R, Corey EJ. A short total synthesis of (+)-omaezakianol via an epoxide-initiated cationic cascade reaction. Org Lett 2010; 12:1512-4. [PMID: 20218639 DOI: 10.1021/ol100213e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
(+)-Omaezakianol was synthesized in only three steps from racemic chlorohydrin 4 by Shi epoxidation followed by cascade cyclization and reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoming Xiong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, USA.
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20
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Kuo RY, Qian K, Morris-Natschke SL, Lee KH. Plant-derived triterpenoids and analogues as antitumor and anti-HIV agents. Nat Prod Rep 2009; 26:1321-44. [PMID: 19779642 DOI: 10.1039/b810774m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Reen-Yen Kuo
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7568, USA
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21
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Morimoto Y, Okita T, Takaishi M, Tanaka T. Total Synthesis and Determination of the Absolute Configuration of (+)-Intricatetraol. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:1132-5. [PMID: 17191285 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200603806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Morimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585,
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22
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Morimoto Y, Okita T, Takaishi M, Tanaka T. Total Synthesis and Determination of the Absolute Configuration of (+)-Intricatetraol. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200603806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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23
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Abstract
This review will detail progress made in the previous decade on the chemistry and bioactivity of birch bark extractive products. Current and future applications of birch bark natural products in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and dietary supplements for the prevention and treatment of cancer, HIV,and other human pathogens are reviewed. Current developments in the technology of birch bark processing are discussed. New approaches for the synthesis of potentially valuable birch bark triterpenoid derivatives are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel A Krasutsky
- University of Minnesota-Duluth, Natural Resources Research Institute, 5013 Miller Trunk Highway, Duluth, Minnesota 55811-1442, USA.
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24
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Xiong Q, Wilson WK, Matsuda SPT. AnArabidopsis Oxidosqualene Cyclase Catalyzes Iridal Skeleton Formation by Grob Fragmentation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200503420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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25
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Xiong Q, Wilson WK, Matsuda SPT. AnArabidopsis Oxidosqualene Cyclase Catalyzes Iridal Skeleton Formation by Grob Fragmentation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:1285-8. [PMID: 16425307 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200503420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Quanbo Xiong
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
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26
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Morimoto Y, Takaishi M, Adachi N, Okita T, Yata H. Two-directional synthesis and stereochemical assignment toward a C2 symmetric oxasqualenoid (+)-intricatetraol. Org Biomol Chem 2006; 4:3220-2. [PMID: 17036107 DOI: 10.1039/b608098g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The asymmetric synthesis of tetraol (+)-3, a degradation product derived from a C2 symmetric oxasqualenoid intricatetraol 1, has been achieved through the two-directional synthesis starting from diol 7, realizing the further additional assignment of the incomplete stereostructure of 1, the stereochemistry of which is difficult to determine otherwise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Morimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan.
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27
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Xiong Q, Rocco F, Wilson WK, Xu R, Ceruti M, Matsuda SPT. Structure and reactivity of the dammarenyl cation: configurational transmission in triterpene synthesis. J Org Chem 2005; 70:5362-75. [PMID: 15989315 DOI: 10.1021/jo050147e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] The dammarenyl cation (13) is the last common intermediate in the cyclization of oxidosqualene to a diverse array of secondary triterpene metabolites in plants. We studied the structure and reactivity of 13 to understand the factors governing the regio- and stereospecificity of triterpene synthesis. First, we demonstrated that 13 has a 17beta side chain in Arabidopsis thaliana lupeol synthase (LUP1) by incubating the substrate analogue (18E)-22,23-dihydro-20-oxaoxidosqualene (21) with LUP1 from a recombinant yeast strain devoid of other cyclases and showing that the sole product of 21 was 3beta-hydroxy-22,23,24,25,26,27-hexanor-17beta-dammaran-20-one. Quantum mechanical calculations were carried out on gas-phase models to show that the 20-oxa substitution has negligible effect on substrate binding and on the activation energies of reactions leading to either C17 epimer of 13. Further molecular modeling indicated that, because of limited rotational freedom in the cyclase active site cavity, the C17 configuration of the tetracyclic intermediate 13 can be deduced from the angular methyl configuration of the pentacyclic or 6-6-6-6 tetracyclic product. This rule of configurational transmission aided in elucidating the mechanistic pathway accessed by individual cyclases. Grouping of cyclases according to mechanistic and taxonomic criteria suggested that the transition between pathways involving 17alpha and 17beta intermediates occurred rarely in evolutionary history. Two other mechanistic changes were also rare, whereas variations on cation rearrangements evolved readily. This perspective furnished insights into the phylogenetic relationships of triterpene synthases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanbo Xiong
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
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28
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Chen CH, Peddinti RK, Rao NSK, Liao CC. Dual Behavior of Masked o-Benzoquinones in Intermolecular Diels−Alder Reactions with Acyclic Dienes: A Rapid Entry to Polyfunctionalized Bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-en-2-ones and cis-Decalins. J Org Chem 2004; 69:5365-73. [PMID: 15287783 DOI: 10.1021/jo0494580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The potentiality of the masked o-benzoquinones, i.e., 6,6-dimethoxy-2,4-cyclohexadienones 5-8, to react both as dienes and dienophiles in their intermolecular reactions has been demonstrated. The masked o-benzoquinones (MOBs) 5-8 generated in situ from 2-methoxyphenols 1-4 underwent intermolecular Diels-Alder cycloadditions with acyclic 1,3-dienes 9a-e to provide bicyclo[2.2.2]octenones 10a-f-13a-f along with cis-decalin derivatives 14a-f-17a-f with regio- and stereoselectivity, except in the case of MOB 8. The formation of cis-decalins in these Diels-Alder reactions illustrates the dienophilic character of MOBs, in addition to their general behavior as dienes. The ratio of the two cycloadducts obtained in each reaction as a result of the dual character of MOBs depends on the nature and/or position of the substituents on both the cyclohexadienone moiety and the added conjugated acyclic diene. All of the cycloadducts resulted from the diene property of MOBs in intermolecular Diels-Alder reactions smoothly underwent Cope rearrangement to furnish cis-decalins as sole products in excellent to quantitative yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Hsing Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 300
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