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Diloreto Z, Ahmad MS, Al Saad Al-Kuwari H, Sadooni F, Bontognali TRR, Dittrich M. Raman Spectroscopic and Microbial Study of Biofilms Hosted Gypsum Deposits in the Hypersaline Wetlands: Astrobiological Perspective. ASTROBIOLOGY 2023; 23:991-1005. [PMID: 37672713 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2023.0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O) has been identified at the surface of Mars, by both orbiters and rovers. Because gypsum mostly forms in the presence of liquid water as an essential element for sustaining microbial life and has a low porosity, which is ideal for preserving organic material, it is a promising target to look for signs of past microbial life. In this article, we studied organic matter preservation within gypsum that precipitates in a salt flat or a so-called coastal sabkha located in Qatar. Sabkha's ecosystem is considered a modern analog to evaporitic environments that may have existed on early Mars. We collected the sediment cores in the areas where gypsum is formed and performed DNA analysis to characterize the community of extremophilic microorganisms that is present at the site of gypsum formation. Subsequently, we applied Raman spectroscopy, a technique available on several rovers that are currently exploring Mars, to evaluate which organic molecules can be detected through the translucent gypsum crystals. We showed that organic material can be encapsulated into evaporitic gypsum and detected via Raman microscopy with simple, straightforward sample preparation. The molecular biology data proved useful for assessing to what extent complex Raman spectra can be linked to the original microbial community, dominated by Halobacteria and methanogenic archaea, providing a reference for a signal that may be detected on Mars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zach Diloreto
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mirza Shaharyar Ahmad
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Tomaso R R Bontognali
- Space Exploration Institute, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maria Dittrich
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Němečková K, Mareš J, Procházková L, Culka A, Košek F, Wierzchos J, Nedbalová L, Dudák J, Tymlová V, Žemlička J, Kust A, Zima J, Nováková E, Jehlička J. Gypsum endolithic phototrophs under moderate climate (Southern Sicily): their diversity and pigment composition. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1175066. [PMID: 37485515 PMCID: PMC10359912 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1175066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we used microscopic, spectroscopic, and molecular analysis to characterize endolithic colonization in gypsum (selenites and white crystalline gypsum) from several sites in Sicily. Our results showed that the dominant microorganisms in these environments are cyanobacteria, including: Chroococcidiopsis sp., Gloeocapsopsis pleurocapsoides, Gloeocapsa compacta, and Nostoc sp., as well as orange pigmented green microalgae from the Stephanospherinia clade. Single cell and filament sequencing coupled with 16S rRNA amplicon metagenomic profiling provided new insights into the phylogenetic and taxonomic diversity of the endolithic cyanobacteria. These organisms form differently pigmented zones within the gypsum. Our metagenomic profiling also showed differences in the taxonomic composition of endoliths in different gypsum varieties. Raman spectroscopy revealed that carotenoids were the most common pigments present in the samples. Other pigments such as gloeocapsin and scytonemin were also detected in the near-surface areas, suggesting that they play a significant role in the biology of endoliths in this environment. These pigments can be used as biomarkers for basic taxonomic identification, especially in case of cyanobacteria. The findings of this study provide new insights into the diversity and distribution of phototrophic microorganisms and their pigments in gypsum in Southern Sicily. Furthemore, this study highlights the complex nature of endolithic ecosystems and the effects of gypsum varieties on these communities, providing additional information on the general bioreceptivity of these environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateřina Němečková
- Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Mineral Resources, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jan Mareš
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
- Center Algatech, Institute of Microbiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň, Czechia
| | - Lenka Procházková
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Adam Culka
- Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Mineral Resources, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Filip Košek
- Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Mineral Resources, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jacek Wierzchos
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbial Ecology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Linda Nedbalová
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jan Dudák
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Veronika Tymlová
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jan Žemlička
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Andreja Kust
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Jan Zima
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Eva Nováková
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Jan Jehlička
- Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Mineral Resources, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
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Macernis M, Bockuviene A, Gruskiene R, Krivorotova T, Sereikaite J. Raman study for β-ring positioning in β-Carotene complexes with Cyclodextrins and Chitooligosaccharides. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.129362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Mishra KB, Vítek P, Barták M. A correlative approach, combining chlorophyll a fluorescence, reflectance, and Raman spectroscopy, for monitoring hydration induced changes in Antarctic lichen Dermatocarpon polyphyllizum. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 208:13-23. [PMID: 30282060 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Lichens are successful colonizers in extreme environments worldwide, and they are considered to have played an important role during the evolution of life. Here, we have used a correlative approach, combining three optical signals (chlorophyll a fluorescence (ChlF), reflectance, and Raman spectra), to monitor hydration induced changes in photosynthetic properties of an Antarctic chlorolichen Dermatocarpon polyphyllizum. We measured these three signals from this lichen at different stages (after 4 h, 24 h, and 48 h) of hydration, and compared the data obtained from this lichen in "dry state" as well as in different "hydrated state". We found that dry state of this lichen has: (1) no variable ChlF, (2) high reflectance, with no red-edge and almost zero photochemical reflectance index (PRI), and (3) low-intensity Raman bands of their carotenoids. Furthermore, 4 h of hydration, increased its relative water content (RWC) by 93%, showed red-edge in reflectance spectra, and changed the maximum quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (Fv/Fm) from 0 to 0.57 ± 0.01. We found that reflectance indices, normalized difference index (NDVI) and PRI, significantly differed between brown and black/green surface areas, at all hydration stages; whereas, a shift in the Raman ν1(CC) band, between brown and black/green surface areas, occurred in 24 h or 48 h hydrated samples. These data indicate that hydration shortly (within 4 h) activated functions of photosynthetic apparatus, and the de novo synthesis of carotenoids occured in 24 h or 48 h. Furthermore, exposure to high irradiance (2000 μmol photons m-2 s-1), in 48 h hydrated lichen, significantly reduced Fv/Fm (signifies photoinhibition) and increased PRI (represents changes in xanthophyll pigments). We conclude that the implication of such a correlative approach is highly useful for understanding survival and protective mechanisms on extremophile photosynthetic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumud Bandhu Mishra
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Vítek
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miloš Barták
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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Knabe N, Gorbushina AA. Territories of Rock-Inhabiting Fungi: Survival on and Alteration of Solid Air-Exposed Surfaces. J Microbiol Methods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mim.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Verkaaik MFC, Hooijschuur JH, Davies GR, Ariese F. Raman Spectroscopic Techniques for Planetary Exploration: Detecting Microorganisms through Minerals. ASTROBIOLOGY 2015; 15:697-707. [PMID: 26186197 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2015.1329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy can provide highly specific chemical fingerprints of inorganic and organic materials and is therefore expected to play a significant role in interplanetary missions, especially for the search for life elsewhere in our solar system. A major challenge will be the unambiguous detection of low levels of biomarkers on a mineral background. In addition, these biomarkers may not be present at the surface but rather inside or underneath minerals. Strong scattering may prevent focusing deeper into the sample. In this paper, we report the detection of carotenoid-containing microorganisms behind mineral layers using time-resolved Raman spectroscopy (TRRS). Two extremophiles, the bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans and the cyanobacterium Chroococcidiopsis, were detected through translucent and transparent minerals using 440 nm excitation under resonance conditions to selectively enhance the detection of carotenoids. Using 3 ps laser pulses and a 250 ps gated intensified CCD camera provided depth selectivity for the subsurface microorganisms over the mineral surface layer and in addition lowered the contribution of the fluorescent background. Raman spectra of both organisms could be detected through 5 mm of translucent calcite or 20 mm of transparent halite. Multilayered mineral samples were used to further test the applied method. A separate tunable laser setup for resonance Raman and a commercial confocal Raman microscope, both with continuous (non-gated) detection, were used for comparison. This study demonstrates the capabilities of TRRS for the depth-selective analysis through scattering samples, which could be used in future planetary exploration to detect microorganisms or biomarkers within or behind minerals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattheus F C Verkaaik
- 1 LaserLaB, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam , Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jan-Hein Hooijschuur
- 1 LaserLaB, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam , Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- 2 Deep Earth and Planetary Science, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University Amsterdam , Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gareth R Davies
- 2 Deep Earth and Planetary Science, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University Amsterdam , Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Freek Ariese
- 1 LaserLaB, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam , Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Varnali T, Edwards HGM. Raman spectroscopic identification of scytonemin and its derivatives as key biomarkers in stressed environments. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2014; 372:rsta.2014.0197. [PMID: 25368346 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2014.0197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy has been identified as an important first-pass analytical technique for deployment on planetary surfaces as part of a suite of instrumentation in projected remote space exploration missions to detect extant or extinct extraterrestrial life signatures. Aside from the demonstrable advantages of a non-destructive sampling procedure and an ability to record simultaneously the molecular signatures of biological, geobiological and geological components in admixture in the geological record, the interrogation and subsequent interpretation of spectroscopic data from these experiments will be critically dependent upon the recognition of key biomolecular markers indicative of life existing or having once existed in extreme habitats. A comparison made with the characteristic Raman spectral wavenumbers obtained from standards is not acceptable because of shifts that can occur in the presence of other biomolecules and their host mineral matrices. In this paper, we identify the major sources of difficulty experienced in the interpretation of spectroscopic data centring on a key family of biomarker molecules, namely scytonemin and its derivatives; the parent scytonemin has been characterized spectroscopically in cyanobacterial colonies inhabiting some of the most extreme terrestrial environments and, with the support of theoretical calculations, spectra have been predicted for the characterization of several of its derivatives which could occur in novel extraterrestrial environments. This work will form the foundation for the identification of novel biomarkers and for their Raman spectroscopic discrimination, an essential step in the interpretation of potentially complex and hitherto unknown biological radiation protectants based on the scytoneman and scytonin molecular skeletons which may exist in niche geological scenarios in the surface and subsurface of planets and their satellites in our Solar System.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Varnali
- Department of Chemistry, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Howell G M Edwards
- Centre for Astrobiology and Extremophiles Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
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Culka A, Osterrothová K, Hutchinson I, Ingley R, McHugh M, Oren A, Edwards HGM, Jehlička J. Detection of pigments of halophilic endoliths from gypsum: Raman portable instrument and European Space Agency's prototype analysis. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2014; 372:20140203. [PMID: 25368354 PMCID: PMC4223862 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2014.0203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A prototype instrument, under development at the University of Leicester, for the future European Space Agency (ESA) ExoMars mission, was used for the analysis of microbial pigments within a stratified gypsum crust from a hypersaline saltern evaporation pond at Eilat (Israel). Additionally, the same samples were analysed using a miniaturized Raman spectrometer, featuring the same 532 nm excitation. The differences in the position of the specific bands, attributed to carotenoid pigments from different coloured layers, were minor when analysed by the ESA prototype instrument; therefore, making it difficult to distinguish among the different pigments. The portable Delta Nu Advantage instrument allowed for the discrimination of microbial carotenoids from the orange/green and purple layers. The purpose of this study was to complement previous laboratory results with new data and experience with portable or handheld Raman systems, even with a dedicated prototype Raman system for the exploration of Mars. The latter is equipped with an excitation wavelength falling within the carotenoid polyene resonance region. The ESA prototype Raman instrument detected the carotenoid pigments (biomarkers) with ease, although further detailed distinctions among them were not achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Culka
- Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy, and Mineral Resources, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Osterrothová
- Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy, and Mineral Resources, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ian Hutchinson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Richard Ingley
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Melissa McHugh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Aharon Oren
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Alexander Silverman Institute of Life Sciences, The Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Howell G M Edwards
- Division of Chemical and Forensic Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Jan Jehlička
- Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy, and Mineral Resources, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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Vítek P, Jehlička J, Edwards HGM, Hutchinson I, Ascaso C, Wierzchos J. Miniaturized Raman instrumentation detects carotenoids in Mars-analogue rocks from the Mojave and Atacama deserts. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2014; 372:rsta.2014.0196. [PMID: 25368344 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2014.0196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study is primarily focused on proving the potential of miniaturized Raman systems to detect any biomolecular and mineral signal in natural geobiological samples that are relevant for future application of the technique within astrobiologically aimed missions on Mars. A series of evaporites of varying composition and origin from two extremely dry deserts were studied, namely Atacama and Mojave. The samples represent both dry evaporitic deposits and recent evaporitic efflorescences from hypersaline brines. The samples comprise halite and different types of sulfates and carbonates. The samples were analysed in two different ways: (i) directly as untreated rocks and (ii) as homogenized powders. Two excitation wavelengths of miniaturized Raman spectrometers were compared: 532 and 785 nm. The potential to detect carotenoids as biomarkers on Mars compared with the potential detection of carbonaceous matter using miniaturized instrumentation is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Vítek
- Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Mineral Resources, Charles University in Prague, Albertov 6, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - J Jehlička
- Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Mineral Resources, Charles University in Prague, Albertov 6, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - H G M Edwards
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Space Sciences Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - I Hutchinson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Space Sciences Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - C Ascaso
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, c/ Serrano 115 dpdo., 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - J Wierzchos
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, c/ Serrano 115 dpdo., 28006 Madrid, Spain
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Hausrath EM, Tschauner O. Natural fumarolic alteration of fluorapatite, olivine, and basaltic glass, and implications for habitable environments on Mars. ASTROBIOLOGY 2013; 13:1049-64. [PMID: 24283927 PMCID: PMC3865726 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2013.0985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Fumaroles represent a very important potential habitat on Mars because they contain water and nutrients. Global deposition of volcanic sulfate aerosols may also have been an important soil-forming process affecting large areas of Mars. Here we identify alteration from the Senator fumarole, northwest Nevada, USA, and in low-temperature environments near the fumarole to help interpret fumarolic and acid vapor alteration of rocks and soils on Mars. We analyzed soil samples and fluorapatite, olivine, and basaltic glass placed at and near the fumarole in in situ mineral alteration experiments designed to measure weathering under natural field conditions. Using synchrotron X-ray diffraction, we clearly observe hydroxyl-carbonate-bearing fluorapatite as a fumarolic alteration product of the original material, fluorapatite. The composition of apatites as well as secondary phosphates has been previously used to infer magmatic conditions as well as fumarolic conditions on Mars. To our knowledge, the observations reported here represent the first documented instance of formation of hydroxyl-carbonate-bearing apatite from fluorapatite in a field experiment. Retreat of olivine surfaces, as well as abundant NH4-containing minerals, was also characteristic of fumarolic alteration. In contrast, alteration in the nearby low-temperature environment resulted in formation of large pits on olivine surfaces, which were clearly distinguishable from the fumarolic alteration. Raman signatures of some fumarolically impacted surfaces are consistent with detection of the biological molecules chlorophyll and scytenomin, potentially useful biosignatures. Observations of altered minerals on Mars may therefore help identify the environment of formation and understand the aqueous history and potential habitability of that planet.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oliver Tschauner
- Department of Geoscience, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada
- HiPSEC, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada
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Microorganism response to stressed terrestrial environments: a Raman spectroscopic perspective of extremophilic life strategies. Life (Basel) 2013; 3:276-94. [PMID: 25371344 PMCID: PMC4187200 DOI: 10.3390/life3010276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy is a valuable analytical technique for the identification of biomolecules and minerals in natural samples, which involves little or minimal sample manipulation. In this paper, we evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of this technique applied to the study of extremophiles. Furthermore, we provide a review of the results published, up to the present point in time, of the bio- and geo-strategies adopted by different types of extremophile colonies of microorganisms. We also show the characteristic Raman signatures for the identification of pigments and minerals, which appear in those complex samples.
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Vítek P, Jehlička J, Edwards HGM, Hutchinson I, Ascaso C, Wierzchos J. The miniaturized Raman system and detection of traces of life in halite from the Atacama Desert: some considerations for the search for life signatures on Mars. ASTROBIOLOGY 2012; 12:1095-9. [PMID: 23151300 PMCID: PMC3522129 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2012.0879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy is being adopted as a nondestructive instrumentation for the robotic exploration of Mars to search for traces of life in the geological record. Here, miniaturized Raman spectrometers of two different types equipped with 532 and 785 nm lasers for excitation, respectively, were compared for the detection of microbial biomarkers in natural halite from the hyperarid region of the Atacama Desert. Measurements were performed directly on the rock as well as on the homogenized, powdered samples prepared from this material-the effects of this sample preparation and the excitation wavelength employed in the analysis are compared and discussed. From these results, 532 nm excitation was found to be superior for the analysis of powdered specimens due to its high sensitivity toward carotenoids and hence a higher capability for their detection at relatively low concentration in bulk powdered specimens. For the same reason, this wavelength was a better choice for the detection of carotenoids in direct measurements made on the rock samples. The 785 nm excitation wavelength, in contrast, proved to be more sensitive toward the detection of scytonemin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Vítek
- Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Mineral Resources, Charles University in Prague, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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Edwards HGM, Hutchinson I, Ingley R. The ExoMars Raman spectrometer and the identification of biogeological spectroscopic signatures using a flight-like prototype. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 404:1723-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6285-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Miralles I, Jorge-Villar SE, Cantón Y, Domingo F. Using a mini-Raman spectrometer to monitor the adaptive strategies of extremophile colonizers in arid deserts: relationships between signal strength, adaptive strategies, solar radiation, and humidity. ASTROBIOLOGY 2012; 12:743-753. [PMID: 22970864 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2011.0763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The survival strategies of one cyanobacteria colony and three terricolous lichen species from the hot subdesert of Tabernas, Spain, were studied along with topographical attributes of the area to investigate whether the protective strategies adopted by these pioneer soil colonizers are related to the environmental stressors under which they survive. A handheld Raman spectrometer was used for biomolecular characterization, while the microclimatic and topographic parameters were estimated with a Geographic Information System (GIS). We found that the survival strategies adopted by those organisms are based on different combinations of protective biomolecules, each with diverse ecophysiological functions, such as UV-radiation screening, free-energy quenching, antioxidants, and the production of different types and amounts of calcium oxalates. Our results show that the cyanobacteria community and each lichen species preferentially colonized a particular microhabitat with specific moisture and incident solar radiation levels and exhibited different adaptive mechanisms. In recent years, a number of studies have provided consistent results that suggest a link between the strategies adopted by those extremophile organisms and the microclimatic environmental parameters. To date, however, far too little attention has been paid to results from Raman analyses on dry specimens. Therefore, the results of the present study, produced with the use of our miniaturized instrument, will be of interest to future studies in astrobiology, especially due to the likely use of Raman spectroscopy at the surface of Mars.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Miralles
- Experimental Station of Arid Zones (CSIC), Almería, Spain.
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Dartnell LR, Page K, Jorge-Villar SE, Wright G, Munshi T, Scowen IJ, Ward JM, Edwards HGM. Destruction of Raman biosignatures by ionising radiation and the implications for life detection on Mars. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:131-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5829-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Jorge-Villar SE, Edwards HGM, Benning LG. Raman spectroscopic analysis of arctic nodules: relevance to the astrobiological exploration of Mars. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:2927-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5385-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Revised: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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de Oliveira VE, Almeida EWC, Castro HV, Edwards HGM, Dos Santos HF, de Oliveira LFC. Carotenoids and β-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes: Raman spectroscopy and theoretical investigation. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:8511-9. [PMID: 21728366 DOI: 10.1021/jp2028142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the inclusion processes of β-carotene, astaxanthin, lycopene, and norbixin (NOR) into the β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) cavity were investigated by means of Raman spectroscopy and quantum mechanics calculations. The Raman ν(1) band assigned to C═C stretching was sensitive to the host-guest interaction and in general undergoes a blue shift (3-13 cm(-1)) after inclusion takes place, which is the consequence of the localization of single and double bonds. This is supported by the molecular modeling prediction, which inclusion complexes show the ν(1) band blue shifted by 1-8 cm(-1). The calculated complexation energies was small for most of derivatives and was found to be -11.1 kcal mol(-1) for inclusion of AST and +0.27 kcal mol(-1) for NOR. The stability order was qualitatively correlated to topological parameters accounting for the opening angle of the chain. This means that after inclusion the guest molecules assume a slightly more extended conformation, which enhances the host-guest contact, improving the interaction energy. The results discussed here clearly demonstrate the matrix effect on the carotenes' spectroscopic profile and should contribute to fully characterize the raw samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa E de Oliveira
- NEEM - Núcleo de Espectroscopia e Estrutura Molecular, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-900, Brazil
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Billi D, Viaggiu E, Cockell CS, Rabbow E, Horneck G, Onofri S. Damage escape and repair in dried Chroococcidiopsis spp. from hot and cold deserts exposed to simulated space and martian conditions. ASTROBIOLOGY 2011; 11:65-73. [PMID: 21294638 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2009.0430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The cyanobacterium Chroococcidiopsis, overlain by 3 mm of Antarctic sandstone, was exposed as dried multilayers to simulated space and martian conditions. Ground-based experiments were conducted in the context of Lichens and Fungi Experiments (EXPOSE-E mission, European Space Agency), which were performed to evaluate, after 1.5 years on the International Space Station, the survival of cyanobacteria (Chroococcidiopsis), lichens, and fungi colonized on Antarctic rock. The survival potential and the role played by protection and repair mechanisms in the response of dried Chroococcidiopsis cells to ground-based experiments were both investigated. Different methods were employed, including evaluation of the colony-forming ability, single-cell analysis of subcellular integrities based on membrane integrity molecular and redox probes, evaluation of the photosynthetic pigment autofluorescence, and assessment of the genomic DNA integrity with a PCR-based assay. Desiccation survivors of strain CCMEE 123 (coastal desert, Chile) were better suited than CCMEE 134 (Beacon Valley, Antarctica) to withstand cellular damage imposed by simulated space and martian conditions. Exposed dried cells of strain CCMEE 123 formed colonies, maintained subcellular integrities, and, depending on the exposure conditions, also escaped DNA damage or repaired the induced damage upon rewetting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Billi
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Roma "Tor Vergata ," Roma, Italy.
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Edwards HGM. Raman spectroscopic approach to analytical astrobiology: the detection of key geological and biomolecular markers in the search for life. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2010; 368:3059-3065. [PMID: 20529944 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2010.0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Howell G M Edwards
- Centre for Astrobiology and Extremophiles Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK.
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Liao C, Piercey-Normore MD, Sorensen JL, Gough K. In situ imaging of usnic acid in selected Cladonia spp. by vibrational spectroscopy. Analyst 2010; 135:3242-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c0an00533a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Stivaletta N, Barbieri R. Endoliths in Terrestrial Arid Environments: Implications for Astrobiology. CELLULAR ORIGIN, LIFE IN EXTREME HABITATS AND ASTROBIOLOGY 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-8837-7_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Edwards HGM. A novel extremophile strategy studied by Raman spectroscopy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2007; 68:1126-32. [PMID: 17267270 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2006.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2006] [Accepted: 11/16/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A case is made for the classification of the colonisation by Dirina massiliensis forma sorediata of pigments on ancient wall-paintings as extremophilic behaviour. The lichen encrustations studied using FT-Raman spectroscopy have yielded important molecular information which has assisted in the identification of the survival strategy of the organism in the presence of significant levels of heavy metal toxins. The production of a carotenoid, probably astaxanthin, at the surface of the lichen thalli is identified from its characteristic biomolecular signatures in the Raman spectrum, whereas the presence of calcium oxalate dihydrate (weddellite) has been identified at both the upper and lower surfaces of the thalli and in core samples taken from depths of up to 10mm through the encrustation into the rock substrate. The latter observation explains the significant disintegrative biodeteriorative effect of the colonisation upon the integrity of the wall-paintings and can be used to direct conservatorial and preservation efforts of the art work. A surprising result proved to be the absence of Raman spectroscopic evidence for the complexation of the metal pigments by the oxalic acid produced by the metabolic action of the organisms, unlike several cases that have been reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howell G M Edwards
- Chemical & Forensic Sciences, University Analytical Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK.
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Edwards HGM. Question 2: Raman spectroscopic approach to analytical astrobiology: the detection of key biomolecular markers in the search for life. ORIGINS LIFE EVOL B 2007; 37:335-9. [PMID: 17592755 DOI: 10.1007/s11084-007-9079-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2006] [Accepted: 04/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The recognition of extinct or extant life signatures in the terrestrial geological record is fundamentally dependent upon the understanding of both the structural morphology and chemical composition of relict biomaterials; the identification of cyanobacterial colonies that have adapted biogeologically their mineral matrices in early evolutionary processes is a fundamental step in the acquisition of analytical data from remote planetary probes designed for life-detection experiments, particularly on Mars and on the planetary satellite moons, Europa and Titan. A key factor in the assessment of early life signatures is the molecular presence of chemicals designed to protect the emerging organisms from the damaging effect of radiation exposure and of desiccation and temperature changes; in this respect the non-destructive capability of Raman spectroscopy to delineate the interfacial interactions between substrates and endolithic biology is now deemed an essential part of the ExoMars life-detection suite of instrumentation planned by the European Space Agency in the AURORA programme. A description of the scientific basis for the biogeological discrimination offered by Raman spectroscopy between organic and inorganic moieties in specimens from terrestrial Mars analogue sites is followed by selected examples of the type of analytical information provided, which will be complementary to the elementary and microscopic data obtained from other instrumentation on the same mission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howell G M Edwards
- Centre for Astrobiology and Extremophiles Research, University Analytical Centre, Chemical & Forensic Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK.
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Jorge-Villar SE, Benning LG, Edwards HGM. Raman and SEM analysis of a biocolonised hot spring travertine terrace in Svalbard, Norway. GEOCHEMICAL TRANSACTIONS 2007; 8:8. [PMID: 17697380 PMCID: PMC2110888 DOI: 10.1186/1467-4866-8-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2007] [Accepted: 08/15/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A profile across 8 layers from a fossil travertine terrace from a low temperature geothermal spring located in Svalbard, Norway has been studied using both Raman spectroscopy and SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) techniques to identify minerals and organic life signals. RESULTS Calcite, anatase, quartz, haematite, magnetite and graphite as well as scytonemin, three different carotenoids, chlorophyll and a chlorophyll-like compound were identified as geo- and biosignatures respectively, using 785 and/or 514 nm Raman laser excitation wavelengths. No morphological biosignatures representing remnant microbial signals were detected by high-resolution imaging, although spectral analyses indicated the presence of organics. In contrast, in all layers, Raman spectra identified a series of different organic pigments indicating little to no degradation or change of the organic signatures and thus indicating the preservation of fossil biomarker compounds throughout the life time of the springs despite the lack of remnant morphological indicators. CONCLUSION With a view towards planetary exploration we discuss the implications of the differences in Raman band intensities observed when spectra were collected with the different laser excitations. We show that these differences, as well as the different detection capability of the 785 and 514 nm laser, could lead to ambiguous compound identification. We show that the identification of bio and geosignatures, as well as fossil organic pigments, using Raman spectroscopy is possible. These results are relevant since both lasers have been considered for miniaturized Raman spectrometers for planetary exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana E Jorge-Villar
- Area de Geodinámica Interna, Facultad de Humanidades y Educación, C/Villadiego s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain
- Earth and Biosphere Institute, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
- Chemical and Forensic Sciences, University of Bradford, West Yorkshire BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Liane G Benning
- Earth and Biosphere Institute, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Howell GM Edwards
- Chemical and Forensic Sciences, University of Bradford, West Yorkshire BD7 1DP, UK
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McLoughlin N, Brasier MD, Wacey D, Green OR, Perry RS. On biogenicity criteria for endolithic microborings on early Earth and beyond. ASTROBIOLOGY 2007; 7:10-26. [PMID: 17407401 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2006.0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Micron-sized cavities created by the actions of rock-etching microorganisms known as euendoliths are explored as a biosignature for life on early Earth and perhaps Mars. Rock-dwelling organisms can tolerate extreme environmental stresses and are excellent candidates for the colonization of early Earth and planetary surfaces. Here, we give a brief overview of the fossil record of euendoliths in both sedimentary and volcanic rocks. We then review the current understanding of the controls upon the distribution of euendolithic microborings and use these to propose three lines of approach for testing their biogenicity: first, a geological setting that demonstrates a syngenetic origin for the euendolithic microborings; second, microboring morphologies and distributions that are suggestive of biogenic behavior and distinct from ambient inclusion trails; and third, elemental and isotopic evidence suggestive of biological processing. We use these criteria and the fossil record of terrestrial euendoliths to outline potential environments and techniques to search for endolithic microborings on Mars.
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Fungal Associations at the Cold Edge of Life. CELLULAR ORIGIN, LIFE IN EXTREME HABITATS AND ASTROBIOLOGY 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-6112-7_40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Abstract
Raman spectroscopy is proposed as a valuable analytical technique for planetary exploration because it is sensitive to organic and inorganic compounds and able to unambiguously identify key spectral markers in a mixture of biological and geological components; furthermore, sample manipulation is not required and any size of sample can be studied without chemical or mechanical pretreatment. NASA and ESA are considering the adoption of miniaturised Raman spectrometers for inclusion in suites of analytical instrumentation to be placed on robotic landers on Mars in the near future to search for extinct or extant life signals. In this paper we review the advantages and limitations of Raman spectroscopy for the analysis of complex specimens with relevance to the detection of bio- and geomarkers in extremophilic organisms which are considered to be terrestrial analogues of possible extraterrestial life that could have developed on planetary surfaces.
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