1
|
Design, synthesis, and X-ray studies of potent HIV-1 protease inhibitors incorporating aminothiochromane and aminotetrahydronaphthalene carboxamide derivatives as the P2 ligands. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 160:171-182. [PMID: 30340140 PMCID: PMC6237192 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We describe the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a series of novel HIV-1 protease inhibitors with carboxamide derivatives as the P2 ligands. We have specifically designed aminothiochromane and aminotetrahydronaphthalene-based carboxamide ligands to promote hydrogen bonding and van der Waals interactions in the active site of HIV-1 protease. Inhibitors 4e and 4j have shown potent enzyme inhibitory and antiviral activity. High resolution X-ray crystal structures of 4d- and 4k-bound HIV-1 protease revealed molecular insights into the ligand-binding site interactions.
Collapse
|
2
|
Motwani HV, De Rosa M, Odell LR, Hallberg A, Larhed M. Aspartic protease inhibitors containing tertiary alcohol transition-state mimics. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 90:462-90. [PMID: 25481814 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aspartic proteases (APs) are a class of enzymes engaged in the proteolytic digestion of peptide substrates. APs play important roles in physiological and infectious pathways, making them plausible drug targets. For instance in the treatment of HIV infections, access to an efficient combination of protease and reverse transcriptase inhibitors have changed a terminal illness to a chronic but manageable disease. However, the benefits have been limited due to the emergence of drug resistant viral strains, poor pharmacokinetic properties of peptidomimetic inhibitors and adverse effects associated with the treatment. In the 1980s, D. Rich and co-workers proposed a novel strategy for the development of AP inhibitors by replacing the secondary hydroxyl group with a tertiary alcohol as part of the transition state (TS) mimicking moiety. This strategy has been extensively explored over the last decade with a common belief that masking of the polar group, e.g. by intramolecular hydrogen bonding, has the potential to enhance transcellular transport. This is the first review presenting the advances of AP inhibitors comprising a tertiary hydroxyl group. The inhibitors have been classified into different tert-hydroxy TS mimics and their design strategies, synthesis, biological activities, structure-activity-relationships and X-ray structures are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hitesh V Motwani
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria De Rosa
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Luke R Odell
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Hallberg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mats Larhed
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Diebler J, von Langermann J, Mell A, Hein M, Langer P, Kragl U. Synthesis of Aliphatic and α-Halogenated Ketone Cyanohydrins with the Hydroxynitrile Lyase from Manihot esculenta. ChemCatChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201300965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
4
|
Joshi A, Véron JB, Unge J, Rosenquist Å, Wallberg H, Samuelsson B, Hallberg A, Larhed M. Design and Synthesis of P1–P3 Macrocyclic Tertiary-Alcohol-Comprising HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2013; 56:8999-9007. [DOI: 10.1021/jm400811d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Advait Joshi
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jean-Baptiste Véron
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Unge
- MAX IV-laboratory, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Hans Wallberg
- Medivir AB, P.O. Box 1086, SE-141
22 Huddinge, Sweden
| | | | - Anders Hallberg
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mats Larhed
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wu X, Ohrngren P, Joshi AA, Trejos A, Persson M, Arvela RK, Wallberg H, Vrang L, Rosenquist A, Samuelsson BB, Unge J, Larhed M. Synthesis, X-ray analysis, and biological evaluation of a new class of stereopure lactam-based HIV-1 protease inhibitors. J Med Chem 2012; 55:2724-36. [PMID: 22376008 PMCID: PMC3310203 DOI: 10.1021/jm201620t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
In an effort to identify a new class of druglike HIV-1
protease
inhibitors, four different stereopure β-hydroxy γ-lactam-containing
inhibitors have been synthesized, biologically evaluated, and cocrystallized.
The impact of the tether length of the central spacer (two or three
carbons) was also investigated. A compound with a shorter tether and
(3R,4S) absolute configuration exhibited
high activity with a Ki of 2.1 nM and
an EC50 of 0.64 μM. Further optimization by decoration
of the P1′ side chain furnished an even more potent HIV-1 protease
inhibitor (Ki = 0.8 nM, EC50 = 0.04 μM). According to X-ray analysis, the new class of
inhibitors did not fully succeed in forming two symmetric hydrogen
bonds to the catalytic aspartates. The crystal structures of the complexes
further explain the difference in potency between the shorter inhibitors
(two-carbon spacer) and the longer inhibitors (three-carbon spacer).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiongyu Wu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
MAOS and medicinal chemistry: some important examples from the last years. Molecules 2011; 16:9274-97. [PMID: 22064269 PMCID: PMC6264757 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16119274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Revised: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review aims to highlight microwave-assisted organic synthesis as applied to medicinal chemistry in the last years, showing some reactions performed under microwave irradiation for the synthesis of distinct structurally molecules of biological interest, divided into the following groups: antineoplastics, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial agents, antivirals, agents for the treatment of neglected diseases and central nervous system-acting prototypes.
Collapse
|
7
|
Lazorova L, Hubatsch I, Ekegren JK, Gising J, Nakai D, Zaki NM, Bergström CAS, Norinder U, Larhed M, Artursson P. Structural features determining the intestinal epithelial permeability and efflux of novel HIV-1 protease inhibitors. J Pharm Sci 2011; 100:3763-72. [PMID: 21491458 PMCID: PMC3210832 DOI: 10.1002/jps.22570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Revised: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The primary aim of this study was to identify structural features that alter the intestinal epithelial permeability and efflux in a series of novel HIV-1 protease inhibitors (PIs). Eleven PIs were selected containing a tertiary alcohol in a transition-state mimicking scaffold, in which two substituents (R1 and R2) were varied systematically. Indinavir was selected as a reference compound. The apical-to-basolateral permeability was investigated in 2/4/A1 and Caco-2 monolayers. In addition, the basolateral-to-apical permeability was investigated in the Caco-2 monolayers and the efflux ratios were calculated. The absence of active drug transport processes in 2/4/A1 cells allowed identification and modeling of structural elements affecting the passive permeability. For instance, small aromatic R1 substituents and a small (bromo-) R2 substituent were associated with a high passive permeability. Efflux studies in Caco-2 cells indicated that amide-substituted neutral hydrophobic amino acids, such as valine and leucine, in the R1 position, reduced the apical-to-basolateral transport and enhanced the efflux. We conclude that our investigation revealed structural features that alter the intestinal epithelial permeability and efflux in the series of PIs and hope that these results can contribute to the synthesis of PIs with improved permeability and limited efflux properties. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 100:3763–3772, 2011
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Lazorova
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Öhrngren P, Wu X, Persson M, Ekegren JK, Wallberg H, Vrang L, Rosenquist Å, Samuelsson B, Unge T, Larhed M. HIV-1 protease inhibitors with a tertiary alcohol containing transition-state mimic and various P2 and P1′ substituents. MEDCHEMCOMM 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1md00077b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
9
|
Bassegoda A, Nguyen GS, Schmidt M, Kourist R, Diaz P, Bornscheuer U. Rational Protein Design of Paenibacillus barcinonensis Esterase EstA for Kinetic Resolution of Tertiary Alcohols. ChemCatChem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201000053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
10
|
Nguyen GS, Kourist R, Paravidino M, Hummel A, Rehdorf J, Orru RVA, Hanefeld U, Bornscheuer UT. An Enzymatic Toolbox for the Kinetic Resolution of 2-(Pyridin-x-yl)but-3-yn-2-ols and Tertiary Cyanohydrins. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201000193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
11
|
Mahalingam AK, Axelsson L, Ekegren JK, Wannberg J, Kihlström J, Unge T, Wallberg H, Samuelsson B, Larhed M, Hallberg A. HIV-1 protease inhibitors with a transition-state mimic comprising a tertiary alcohol: improved antiviral activity in cells. J Med Chem 2010; 53:607-15. [PMID: 19961222 DOI: 10.1021/jm901165g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
By a small modification in the core structure of the previously reported series of HIV-1 protease inhibitors that encompasses a tertiary alcohol as part of the transition-state mimicking scaffold, up to 56 times more potent compounds were obtained exhibiting EC(50) values down to 3 nM. Three of the inhibitors also displayed excellent activity against selected resistant isolates of HIV-1. The synthesis of 25 new and optically pure HIV-1 protease inhibitors is reported, along with methods for elongation of the inhibitor P1' side chain using microwave-accelerated, palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions, the biological evaluation, and X-ray data obtained from one of the most potent analogues cocrystallized with both the wild type and the L63P, V82T, I84 V mutant of the HIV-1 protease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A K Mahalingam
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Russo F, Wångsell F, Sävmarker J, Jacobsson M, Larhed M. Synthesis and evaluation of a new class of tertiary alcohol based BACE-1 inhibitors. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.09.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
13
|
Orrling KM, Marzahn MR, Gutiérrez-de-Terán H, Åqvist J, Dunn BM, Larhed M. α-Substituted norstatines as the transition-state mimic in inhibitors of multiple digestive vacuole malaria aspartic proteases. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:5933-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.06.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Revised: 06/24/2009] [Accepted: 06/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
14
|
Wu X, Ohrngren P, Ekegren JK, Unge J, Unge T, Wallberg H, Samuelsson B, Hallberg A, Larhed M. Two-carbon-elongated HIV-1 protease inhibitors with a tertiary-alcohol-containing transition-state mimic. J Med Chem 2008; 51:1053-7. [PMID: 18215014 DOI: 10.1021/jm070680h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A new generation of HIV-1 protease inhibitors encompassing a tertiary-alcohol-based transition-state mimic has been developed. By elongation of the core structure of recently reported inhibitors with two carbon atoms and by varying the P1' group of the compounds, efficient inhibitors were obtained with Ki down to 2.3 nM and EC50 down to 0.17 microM. Two inhibitor-enzyme X-ray structures are reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiongyu Wu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|