1
|
Berger M, Rosa da Mata S, Pizzolatti NM, Parizi LF, Konnai S, da Silva Vaz I, Seixas A, Tirloni L. An Ixodes persulcatus Inhibitor of Plasmin and Thrombin Hinders Keratinocyte Migration, Blood Coagulation, and Endothelial Permeability. J Invest Dermatol 2024; 144:1112-1123.e7. [PMID: 37996063 PMCID: PMC11034719 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The skin is the first host tissue that the tick mouthparts, tick saliva, and a tick-borne pathogen contact during feeding. Tick salivary glands have evolved a complex and sophisticated pharmacological arsenal, consisting of bioactive molecules, to assist blood feeding and pathogen transmission. In this work, persulcatin, a multifunctional molecule that targets keratinocyte function and hemostasis, was identified from Ixodes persulcatus female ticks. The recombinant persulcatin was expressed and purified and is a 25-kDa acidic protein with 2 Kunitz-type domains. Persulcatin is a classical tight-binding competitive inhibitor of proteases, targeting plasmin (Ki: 28 nM) and thrombin (Ki: 115 nM). It blocks plasmin generation on keratinocytes and inhibits their migration and matrix protein degradation; downregulates matrix metalloproteinase 2 and matrix metalloproteinase 9; and causes a delay in blood coagulation, endothelial cell activation, and thrombin-induced fibrinocoagulation. It interacts with exosite I of thrombin and reduces thrombin-induced endothelial cell permeability by inhibiting vascular endothelial-cadherin disruption. The multifaceted roles of persulcatin as an inhibitor and modulator within the plasminogen-plasmin system and thrombin not only unveil further insights into the intricate mechanisms governing wound healing but also provide a fresh perspective on the intricate interactions between ticks and their host organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Berger
- Tick-Pathogen Transmission Unit, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, Montana, USA; Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Sheila Rosa da Mata
- Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Luís Fernando Parizi
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Satoru Konnai
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Itabajara da Silva Vaz
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia-Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adriana Seixas
- Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia-Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Lucas Tirloni
- Tick-Pathogen Transmission Unit, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, Montana, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Voss S, Rademann J, Nitsche C. Characterisation of ten NS2B-NS3 proteases: Paving the way for pan-flavivirus drugs. Antiviral Res 2024; 226:105878. [PMID: 38582134 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Flaviviruses can cause severe illness in humans. Effective and safe vaccines are available for some species; however, for many flaviviruses disease prevention or specific treatments remain unavailable. The viral replication cycle depends on the proteolytic activity of the NS2B-NS3 protease, which releases functional viral proteins from a non-functional polyprotein precursor, rendering the protease a promising drug target. In this study, we characterised recombinant NS2B-NS3 proteases from ten flaviviruses including three unreported proteases from the Usutu, Kyasanur forest disease and Powassan viruses. All protease constructs comprise a covalent Gly4-Ser-Gly4 linker connecting the NS3 serine protease domain with its cofactor NS2B. We conducted a comprehensive cleavage site analysis revealing areas of high conversion. While all proteases were active in enzymatic assays, we noted a 1000-fold difference in catalytic efficiency across proteases from different flaviviruses. Two bicyclic peptide inhibitors displayed anti-pan-flaviviral protease activity with inhibition constants ranging from 10 to 1000 nM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saan Voss
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Jörg Rademann
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Nitsche
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hasan MM, Islam Z. Data describing effects of different phosphorus concentrations on growth and chymotrypsin inhibitors in Microcystis aeruginosa NIVA Cya 43 using LC-MS. Data Brief 2024; 53:110121. [PMID: 38419766 PMCID: PMC10900759 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2024.110121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria's abundant production of bioactive compounds concerns unselective filter feeders in the aquatic food chain, but the factors driving this production remain poorly understood. Notably, nutrient availability, particularly concerning phosphorus and nitrogen, is believed to be a pivotal determinant of cyanobacterial mass development. In this data investigation, we aimed to explore the influence of dissolved phosphorus (PO43-) on the presence of chymotrypsin inhibitors, specifically Cyanopeptolin 954 (CP954) and Nostopeptin 920 (BN920), within Microcystis aeruginosa NIVA Cya 43. A carefully controlled 15-day batch culture experiment was conducted, with three distinct phosphate concentrations (30, 50, and 75 µM). Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) was employed for quantitative analysis, and the findings underscored the intricate interplay between nutrient availability, particularly phosphorus, and the content of chymotrypsin inhibitors (CP954 and BN920) by Cyanobacteria. More precisely, a significant 53% increase in CP954 content was noticed as the phosphate concentration decreased, revealing the intricate connection between nutrient availability, particularly phosphorus, in Cyanobacteria. Future research should further investigate the impacts of environmental factors, including light intensity and other nutrients like nitrogen, on the content of chymotrypsin inhibitors in Cyanobacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md. Mohibul Hasan
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Biology, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 2, 45141 Essen, Germany
- Biozentrum, Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universität zu Köln, Albertus-Magnus-Platz 50923 Köln, Germany
| | - Zahidul Islam
- Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute, Marine Fisheries and Technology Station, Cox's Bazar - 4700, Bangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Karasev DA, Sobolev BN, Filimonov DA, Lagunin A. Prediction of viral protease inhibitors using proteochemometrics approach. Comput Biol Chem 2024; 110:108061. [PMID: 38574417 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2024.108061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Being widely accepted tools in computational drug search, the (Q)SAR methods have limitations related to data incompleteness. The proteochemometrics (PCM) approach expands the applicability area by using description for both protein and ligand structures. The PCM algorithms are urgently required for the development of new antiviral agents. We suggest the PCM method using the TLMNA descriptors, combining the MNA descriptors of ligands and protein sequence N-grams. Our method was validated on the viral chymotrypsin-like proteases and their ligands. We have developed an original protocol allowing us to collect a comprehensive set of 15 protein sequences and more than 9000 ligands from the ChEMBL database. The N-grams were derived from the 3D-based alignment, accurately superposing ligand-binding regions. In testing the ligand set in SAR mode with MNA descriptors, an accuracy above 0.95 was determined that shows the perspective of the antiviral drug search in virtual chemical libraries. The effective PCM models were built with the TLMNA descriptor. The strong validation procedure with pair exclusion simulated the prediction of interactions between the new ligands and new targets, resulting in accuracy estimation up to 0.89. The PCM approach shows slightly lower accuracy caused by more uncertainty compared with SAR, but it overcomes the problem of data incompleteness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry A Karasev
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow 119121, Russia.
| | - Boris N Sobolev
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow 119121, Russia
| | - Dmitry A Filimonov
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow 119121, Russia
| | - Alexey Lagunin
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow 119121, Russia; Department of Bioinformatics, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bouzidi HS, Driouich JS, Klitting R, Bernadin O, Piorkowski G, Amaral R, Fraisse L, Mowbray CE, Scandale I, Escudié F, Chatelain E, de Lamballerie X, Nougairède A, Touret F. Generation and evaluation of protease inhibitor-resistant SARS-CoV-2 strains. Antiviral Res 2024; 222:105814. [PMID: 38272321 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Since the start of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the search for antiviral therapies has been at the forefront of medical research. To date, the 3CLpro inhibitor nirmatrelvir (Paxlovid®) has shown the best results in clinical trials and the greatest robustness against variants. A second SARS-CoV-2 protease inhibitor, ensitrelvir (Xocova®), has been developed. Ensitrelvir, currently in Phase 3, was approved in Japan under the emergency regulatory approval procedure in November 2022, and is available since March 31, 2023. One of the limitations for the use of antiviral monotherapies is the emergence of resistance mutations. Here, we experimentally generated mutants resistant to nirmatrelvir and ensitrelvir in vitro following repeating passages of SARS-CoV-2 in the presence of both antivirals. For both molecules, we demonstrated a loss of sensitivity for resistance mutants in vitro. Using a Syrian golden hamster infection model, we showed that the ensitrelvir M49L mutation, in the multi-passage strain, confers a high level of in vivo resistance. Finally, we identified a recent increase in the prevalence of M49L-carrying sequences, which appears to be associated with multiple repeated emergence events in Japan and may be related to the use of Xocova® in the country since November 2022. These results highlight the strategic importance of genetic monitoring of circulating SARS-CoV-2 strains to ensure that treatments administered retain their full effectiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hawa Sophia Bouzidi
- Unité des Virus Émergents, UVE: Aix Marseille Univ, IRD 190, INSERM 1207, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Sélim Driouich
- Unité des Virus Émergents, UVE: Aix Marseille Univ, IRD 190, INSERM 1207, Marseille, France
| | - Raphaëlle Klitting
- Unité des Virus Émergents, UVE: Aix Marseille Univ, IRD 190, INSERM 1207, Marseille, France
| | - Ornéllie Bernadin
- Unité des Virus Émergents, UVE: Aix Marseille Univ, IRD 190, INSERM 1207, Marseille, France
| | - Géraldine Piorkowski
- Unité des Virus Émergents, UVE: Aix Marseille Univ, IRD 190, INSERM 1207, Marseille, France
| | - Rayane Amaral
- Unité des Virus Émergents, UVE: Aix Marseille Univ, IRD 190, INSERM 1207, Marseille, France
| | - Laurent Fraisse
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Ivan Scandale
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Fanny Escudié
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Eric Chatelain
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Xavier de Lamballerie
- Unité des Virus Émergents, UVE: Aix Marseille Univ, IRD 190, INSERM 1207, Marseille, France
| | - Antoine Nougairède
- Unité des Virus Émergents, UVE: Aix Marseille Univ, IRD 190, INSERM 1207, Marseille, France
| | - Franck Touret
- Unité des Virus Émergents, UVE: Aix Marseille Univ, IRD 190, INSERM 1207, Marseille, France.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ugrani S. Inhibitor design for TMPRSS2: insights from computational analysis of its backbone hydrogen bonds using a simple descriptor. Eur Biophys J 2024; 53:27-46. [PMID: 38157015 PMCID: PMC10853362 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-023-01695-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) is an important drug target due to its role in the infection mechanism of coronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2. Current understanding regarding the molecular mechanisms of known inhibitors and insights required for inhibitor design are limited. This study investigates the effect of inhibitor binding on the intramolecular backbone hydrogen bonds (BHBs) of TMPRSS2 using the concept of hydrogen bond wrapping, which is the phenomenon of stabilization of a hydrogen bond in a solvent environment as a result of being surrounded by non-polar groups. A molecular descriptor which quantifies the extent of wrapping around BHBs is introduced for this. First, virtual screening for TMPRSS2 inhibitors is performed by molecular docking using the program DOCK 6 with a Generalized Born surface area (GBSA) scoring function. The docking results are then analyzed using this descriptor and its relationship to the solvent-accessible surface area term ΔGsa of the GBSA score is demonstrated with machine learning regression and principal component analysis. The effect of binding of the inhibitors camostat, nafamostat, and 4-guanidinobenzoic acid (GBA) on the wrapping of important BHBs in TMPRSS2 is also studied using molecular dynamics. For BHBs with a large increase in wrapping groups due to these inhibitors, the radial distribution function of water revealed that certain residues involved in these BHBs, like Gln438, Asp440, and Ser441, undergo preferential desolvation. The findings offer valuable insights into the mechanisms of these inhibitors and may prove useful in the design of new inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suraj Ugrani
- Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Knapinska AM, Onwuha-Ekpete L, Drotleff G, Twohill D, Chai C, Ernce A, Grande I, Rodríguez M, Tokmina-Roszyk D, Larson B, Fields GB. Analysis of Matrix Metalloproteinase Activity and Inhibition in Cancer Spheroids. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2747:189-209. [PMID: 38038942 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3589-6_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
The utilization of tumor spheroids and organoids has greatly facilitated mechanistic understanding of tumor growth and invasion and lead to more effective high-throughput analysis of potential chemotherapeutic agents. In spheroid and organoid systems, tumor invasion occurs in three dimensions and monitoring this behavior can be data intensive. Quantitative correlation of tumor invasion with protease activity can further exacerbate data storage issues. The present method utilizes the "Hit Pick" approach to provide quantitative analysis and correlation of tumor invasion and membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) activity in a rapid fashion with greatly reduced data storage requirements compared with standard image analysis approaches. Inhibition of MT1-MMP activity in spheroids can also be monitored by the present approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Knapinska
- Institute for Human Health & Disease Intervention (I-HEALTH) and Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
- Alphazyme, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Lillian Onwuha-Ekpete
- Institute for Human Health & Disease Intervention (I-HEALTH) and Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Gary Drotleff
- Institute for Human Health & Disease Intervention (I-HEALTH) and Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
- Alphazyme, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Destiny Twohill
- Institute for Human Health & Disease Intervention (I-HEALTH) and Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Cedric Chai
- Institute for Human Health & Disease Intervention (I-HEALTH) and Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Alexa Ernce
- Institute for Human Health & Disease Intervention (I-HEALTH) and Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Isabella Grande
- Institute for Human Health & Disease Intervention (I-HEALTH) and Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Michelle Rodríguez
- Institute for Human Health & Disease Intervention (I-HEALTH) and Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Dorota Tokmina-Roszyk
- Institute for Human Health & Disease Intervention (I-HEALTH) and Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | | | - Gregg B Fields
- Institute for Human Health & Disease Intervention (I-HEALTH) and Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mao J, Lu J, Liu S, Liu Y, Lin Z, Xue Q. Genome-Wide Analysis of Family I84 Protease Inhibitor Genes in Three Bivalves Reveals Important Information About the Protein Family's Evolution. Mar Biotechnol (NY) 2023; 25:729-748. [PMID: 37578572 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-023-10236-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Family I84 serine protease inhibitors are believed to be mollusk specific proteins involved in host defense. The molecular evolution of the family, however, remains to be understood. In this study, the genes of Family I84 protease inhibitors in 3 bivalves, Crassostrea gigas, Crassostrea virginica and Tegillarca granosa, were analyzed at the genomic level. A total of 66 Family I84 genes (22 in C. gigas, 28 in C. virginica and 16 in T. granosa) were identified from the 3 species. They distributed unevenly in the genomes involving 4 chromosomes in C. gigas and 5 chromosomes in C. virginica and T. granosa and some genes were tandemly duplicated. Most genes had 3 exons with 12 genes having 4 exons and 1 gene having 2 exons. All genes but 1 from C. gigas and 1 from T. granosa encoded peptides with a signal sequence at the N-terminus, and the properties of the predicted mature molecules were similar. Four conserved motifs were identified in the 66 amino acid sequences. Collinear analysis revealed higher collinearity between the 2 oyster species in general genes and in Family I84 genes. Phylogenetic analysis of the 66 genes with those previously reported from 3 other bivalves and 1 gastropod showed that Family I84 protease inhibitor genes from the same species tended to be grouped together in terminal branches of the constructed Maximum likelihood tree, but most internal nodes were poorly supported by the bootstrap values. In addition, differences in expression patterns between the genes of a same species were observed in the developmental stages and tissues of C. gigas and T. granosa. Moreover, the co-expression of genes within Family I84 and Family I84 genes with non-Family I84 were also detected in C. gigas and T. granosa. These results suggested that Family I84 protease inhibitor genes evolved by active duplications and structural and functional diversifications after the speciation of related mollusks, and the diversified protease inhibitor family was likely multifunctional.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinxia Mao
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resource, College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, 315100, China
- Ninghai Institute of Mariculture Breeding and Seed Industry , Zhejiang Wanli University, Ninghai, Zhejiang Province, 315604, China
| | - Jiali Lu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resource, College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, 315100, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Sheng Liu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resource, College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, 315100, China
- Ninghai Institute of Mariculture Breeding and Seed Industry , Zhejiang Wanli University, Ninghai, Zhejiang Province, 315604, China
| | - Youli Liu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resource, College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, 315100, China
- Ninghai Institute of Mariculture Breeding and Seed Industry , Zhejiang Wanli University, Ninghai, Zhejiang Province, 315604, China
| | - Zhihua Lin
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resource, College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, 315100, China
- Ninghai Institute of Mariculture Breeding and Seed Industry , Zhejiang Wanli University, Ninghai, Zhejiang Province, 315604, China
| | - Qinggang Xue
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resource, College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, 315100, China.
- Ninghai Institute of Mariculture Breeding and Seed Industry , Zhejiang Wanli University, Ninghai, Zhejiang Province, 315604, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hartley B, Bassiouni W, Schulz R, Julien O. The roles of intracellular proteolysis in cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury. Basic Res Cardiol 2023; 118:38. [PMID: 37768438 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-023-01007-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic heart disease remains a leading cause of human mortality worldwide. One form of ischemic heart disease is ischemia-reperfusion injury caused by the reintroduction of blood supply to ischemic cardiac muscle. The short and long-term damage that occurs due to ischemia-reperfusion injury is partly due to the proteolysis of diverse protein substrates inside and outside of cardiomyocytes. Ischemia-reperfusion activates several diverse intracellular proteases, including, but not limited to, matrix metalloproteinases, calpains, cathepsins, and caspases. This review will focus on the biological roles, intracellular localization, proteolytic targets, and inhibitors of these proteases in cardiomyocytes following ischemia-reperfusion injury. Recognition of the intracellular function of each of these proteases includes defining their activation, proteolytic targets, and their inhibitors during myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. This review is a step toward a better understanding of protease activation and involvement in ischemic heart disease and developing new therapeutic strategies for its treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bridgette Hartley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Wesam Bassiouni
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Richard Schulz
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
- Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
- Women and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
| | - Olivier Julien
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cambier S, Beretta F, Pörtner N, Metzemaekers M, de Carvalho AC, Martens E, Kaes J, Aelbrecht C, Jacobs C, Van Mol P, Wauters E, Meersseman P, Hermans G, Marques RE, Vanaudenaerde B, Vos R, Wauters J, Gouwy M, Proost P. Proteolytic inactivation of CXCL12 in the lungs and circulation of COVID-19 patients. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:234. [PMID: 37505242 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04870-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The human chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) or CXCL12 is involved in several homeostatic processes and pathologies through interaction with its cognate G protein-coupled receptor CXCR4. Recent research has shown that CXCL12 is present in the lungs and circulation of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, the question whether the detected CXCL12 is bioactive was not addressed. Indeed, the activity of CXCL12 is regulated by NH2- and COOH-terminal post-translational proteolysis, which significantly impairs its biological activity. The aim of the present study was to characterize proteolytic processing of CXCL12 in broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and blood plasma samples from critically ill COVID-19 patients. Therefore, we optimized immunosorbent tandem mass spectrometry proteoform analysis (ISTAMPA) for detection of CXCL12 proteoforms. In patient samples, this approach uncovered that CXCL12 is rapidly processed by site-specific NH2- and COOH-terminal proteolysis and ultimately degraded. This proteolytic inactivation occurred more rapidly in COVID-19 plasma than in COVID-19 BAL fluids, whereas BAL fluid samples from stable lung transplantation patients and the non-affected lung of lung cancer patients (control groups) hardly induced any processing of CXCL12. In COVID-19 BAL fluids with high proteolytic activity, processing occurred exclusively NH2-terminally and was predominantly mediated by neutrophil elastase. In low proteolytic activity BAL fluid and plasma samples, NH2- and COOH-terminal proteolysis by CD26 and carboxypeptidases were observed. Finally, protease inhibitors already approved for clinical use such as sitagliptin and sivelestat prevented CXCL12 processing and may therefore be of pharmacological interest to prolong CXCL12 half-life and biological activity in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seppe Cambier
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Rega - Herestraat 49, Box 1042, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Fabio Beretta
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Rega - Herestraat 49, Box 1042, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Noëmie Pörtner
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Rega - Herestraat 49, Box 1042, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mieke Metzemaekers
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Rega - Herestraat 49, Box 1042, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ana Carolina de Carvalho
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Rega - Herestraat 49, Box 1042, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Erik Martens
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Janne Kaes
- Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE), Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Celine Aelbrecht
- Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE), Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Cato Jacobs
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Department of General Internal Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pierre Van Mol
- Laboratory of Translational Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, VIB-KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Els Wauters
- Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE), Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philippe Meersseman
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Department of General Internal Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Greet Hermans
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Department of General Internal Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rafael Elias Marques
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Bart Vanaudenaerde
- Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE), Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robin Vos
- Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE), Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joost Wauters
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Department of General Internal Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Clinical Infectious and Inflammatory Disorders, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mieke Gouwy
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Rega - Herestraat 49, Box 1042, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Proost
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Rega - Herestraat 49, Box 1042, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mittal RK, Purohit P, Sankaranarayanan M, Muzaffar-Ur-Rehman M, Taramelli D, Signorini L, Dolci M, Basilico N. In-vitro antiviral activity and in-silico targeted study of quinoline-3-carboxylate derivatives against SARS-Cov-2 isolate. Mol Divers 2023:10.1007/s11030-023-10703-w. [PMID: 37480422 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-023-10703-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the viral outbreak named COVID-19 showed that infectious diseases have a huge impact on both global health and the financial and economic sectors. The lack of efficacious antiviral drugs worsened the health problem. Based on our previous experience, we investigated in vitro and in silico a series of quinoline-3-carboxylate derivatives against a SARS-CoV-2 isolate. In the present study, the in-vitro antiviral activity of a series of quinoline-3-carboxylate compounds and the in silico target-based molecular dynamics (MD) and metabolic studies are reported. The compounds' activity against SARS-CoV-2 was evaluated using plaque assay and RT-qPCR. Moreover, from the docking scores, it appears that the most active compounds (1j and 1o) exhibit stronger binding affinity to the primary viral protease (NSP5) and the exoribonuclease domain of non structural protein 14 (NSP14). Additionally, the in-silico metabolic analysis of 1j and 1o defines CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 as the major P450 enzymes involved in their metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Kumar Mittal
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S A S Nagar Mohali, Punjab, 160062, India
- Galgotias College of Pharmacy, Greater Noida, UttarPradesh, India
| | - Priyank Purohit
- School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248002, India.
| | - Murugesan Sankaranarayanan
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan, 333031, India
| | - Mohammed Muzaffar-Ur-Rehman
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan, 333031, India
| | - Donatella Taramelli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Pascal Street 36, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia Signorini
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Pascal Street 36, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Dolci
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Pascal Street 36, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Basilico
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Pascal Street 36, 20133, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sundar S, Piramanayagam S, Natarajan J. A comprehensive review on human disease-causing bacterial proteases and their impeding agents. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:276. [PMID: 37414902 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03618-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Proteases are enzymes that catalyze the amide bond dissociation in polypeptide and protein peptide units. They are categorized into seven families and are responsible for a wide spectrum of human ailments, such as various types of cancers, skin infections, urinary tract infections etc. Specifically, the bacterial proteases cause a huge impact in the disease progression. Extracellular bacterial proteases break down the host defense proteins, while intracellular proteases are essential for pathogens virulence. Due to its involvement in disease pathogenesis and virulence, bacterial proteases are considered to be potential drug targets. Several studies have reported potential bacterial protease inhibitors in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative disease causing pathogens. In this study, we have comprehensively reviewed about the various human disease-causing cysteine, metallo, and serine bacterial proteases as well as their potential inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shobana Sundar
- Department of Biotechnology, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, India
| | | | - Jeyakumar Natarajan
- Data Mining and Text Mining Laboratory, Department of Bioinformatics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lockbaum GJ, Rusere LN, Henes M, Kosovrasti K, Rao DN, Spielvogel E, Lee SK, Nalivaika EA, Swanstrom R, Yilmaz NK, Schiffer CA, Ali A. HIV-1 protease inhibitors with a P1 phosphonate modification maintain potency against drug-resistant variants by increased interactions with flap residues. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 257:115501. [PMID: 37244161 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Protease inhibitors are the most potent antivirals against HIV-1, but they still lose efficacy against resistant variants. Improving the resistance profile is key to developing more robust inhibitors, which may be promising candidates for simplified next-generation antiretroviral therapies. In this study, we explored analogs of darunavir with a P1 phosphonate modification in combination with increasing size of the P1' hydrophobic group and various P2' moieties to improve potency against resistant variants. The phosphonate moiety substantially improved potency against highly mutated and resistant HIV-1 protease variants, but only when combined with more hydrophobic moieties at the P1' and P2' positions. Phosphonate analogs with a larger hydrophobic P1' moiety maintained excellent antiviral potency against a panel of highly resistant HIV-1 variants, with significantly improved resistance profiles. The cocrystal structures indicate that the phosphonate moiety makes extensive hydrophobic interactions with the protease, especially with the flap residues. Many residues involved in these protease-inhibitor interactions are conserved, enabling the inhibitors to maintain potency against highly resistant variants. These results highlight the need to balance inhibitor physicochemical properties by simultaneous modification of chemical groups to further improve resistance profiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gordon J Lockbaum
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, United States
| | - Linah N Rusere
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, United States
| | - Mina Henes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, United States
| | - Klajdi Kosovrasti
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, United States
| | - Desaboini Nageswara Rao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, United States
| | - Ean Spielvogel
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, And the UNC Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, United States
| | - Sook-Kyung Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, And the UNC Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, United States
| | - Ellen A Nalivaika
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, United States
| | - Ronald Swanstrom
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, And the UNC Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, United States
| | - Nese Kurt Yilmaz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, United States
| | - Celia A Schiffer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, United States.
| | - Akbar Ali
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Keshapaga UR, Jathoth K, Singh SS, Gogada R, Burgula S. Characterization of high-yield Bacillus subtilis cysteine protease for diverse industrial applications. Braz J Microbiol 2023:10.1007/s42770-023-00992-6. [PMID: 37157054 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-00992-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial proteases have extensive applications in various fields of industrial microbiology. In this study, protease-producing organisms were screened on skimmed milk agar media using serial dilution. Through microbial biomass production, biochemical tests, protease-specific activity, and 16 s RNA gene sequencing, the isolates were identified as Bacillus subtilis and submitted to NCBI. The strain accession numbers were designated as A1 (MT903972), A2 (MT903996), A4 (MT904091), and A5 (MT904796). The strain A4 Bacillus subtilis showed highest protease-specific activity as 76,153.84 U/mg. A4 Bacillus subtilis was unaffected by Ca2+, Cu2+, Fe2+, Hg2+, Mg2+, Na, Fe2+, and Zn2+ but was inhibited by 80% by Mn2+ (5 mM). The protease activity was inhibited by up to 30% by iodoacetamide (5 mM). These findings confirm the enzyme to be a cysteine protease which was further confirmed by MALDI-TOF. The identified protease showed 71% sequence similarity with Bacillus subtilis cysteine protease. The crude cysteine protease significantly aided in fabric stain removal when added to a generic detergent. It also aided in the recovery of silver from used X-ray films and de-hairing of goat skin hides and showed decent application in meat tenderization. Thus, the isolated cysteine protease has high potential for industrial applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Usha Rani Keshapaga
- Department of Microbiology, University College of Science, Osmania University, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, 500 007, Telangana, India
| | - Kalyani Jathoth
- Department of Microbiology, University College of Science, Osmania University, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, 500 007, Telangana, India
| | - Surya Satyanarayana Singh
- Department of Biochemistry , University College of Science, Osmania University , Tarnaka, Hyderabad, 500 007, Telangana, India
| | - Raghu Gogada
- Department of Biochemistry , University College of Science, Osmania University , Tarnaka, Hyderabad, 500 007, Telangana, India
| | - Sandeepta Burgula
- Department of Microbiology, University College of Science, Osmania University, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, 500 007, Telangana, India.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
C A Costa G, A A Silva F, M Manzato V, S Torquato RJ, G Gonzalez Y, Parizi LF, da Silva Vaz Junior I, Tanaka AS. A multiepitope chimeric antigen from Rhipicephalus microplus-secreted salivary proteins elicits anti-tick protective antibodies in rabbit. Vet Parasitol 2023; 318:109932. [PMID: 37060790 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.109932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, the Cattle Fever Tick, causes significant economic losses in livestock in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. As the usual control strategy based on chemical acaricides presents different drawbacks, alternative control strategies have been considered for tick control. In recent decades, several tick proteins have been evaluated as targets for the development of anti-tick vaccines. Thus, in the present work, coding sequences from three different proteins present in tick saliva were employed together to construct a recombinant chimeric protein that was evaluated as an antigen in rabbit immunization. Then, the elicited antibodies were tested in a tick artificial feeding experiment to verify the protective effect against the parasites. In addition to Rhipicephalus microplus subtilisin inhibitor 7 (RmSI-7), a serine protease inhibitor member of the TIL (Trypsin Inhibitory Like) family, an interdomain region from the Kunitz inhibitor BmTI-A, and a new cysteine-rich AMP-like microplusin, called RmSEI (previously identified as an elastase inhibitor), were selected to compose the chimeric protein. Anti-chimeric IgG antibodies were able to affect R. microplus female egg production after artificial feeding. Moreover, antibodies elicited in infested tick-resistant and tick-susceptible cattle recognized the recombinant chimera. Additionally, the functional characterization of recombinant RmSEI was performed and revealed antimicrobial activity against gram-positive bacteria. Moreover, the antimicrobial protein was also recognized by antibodies elicited in sera from cattle previously exposed to R. microplus bites. Together, these data suggest that the chimeric protein composed of three salivary antigens is suitable for anti-tick vaccine development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel C A Costa
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade de Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando A A Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade de Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Verônica M Manzato
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade de Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo J S Torquato
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade de Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Yamile G Gonzalez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade de Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luís F Parizi
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), RS, Brazil
| | - Itabajara da Silva Vaz Junior
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), RS, Brazil; Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), RS, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), RJ, Brazil
| | - Aparecida S Tanaka
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade de Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), RJ, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Heneberg P. A large portion of diabetes cases in sub-Saharan African populations with HIV represent drug-induced diabetes. Diabetologia 2023; 66:1162-1164. [PMID: 36949292 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-023-05904-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Petr Heneberg
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Aguado ME, Izquierdo M, González-Matos M, Varela AC, Méndez Y, Alonso Del Rivero M, Rivera DG, González-Bacerio J. Parasite metalo-aminopeptidases as targets in human infectious diseases. Curr Drug Targets 2023:CDT-EPUB-129803. [PMID: 36825701 DOI: 10.2174/1389450124666230224140724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parasitic human infectious diseases are a worldwide health problem due to the increased resistance to conventional drugs. For this reason, the identification of novel molecular targets and the discovery of new chemotherapeutic agents are urgently required. Metalo-aminopeptidases are promising targets in parasitic infections. They participate in crucial processes for parasite growth and pathogenesis. OBJECTIVE In this review, we describe the structural, functional and kinetic properties, and inhibitors, of several parasite metalo-aminopeptidases, for their use as targets in parasitic diseases. CONCLUSION Plasmodium falciparum M1 and M17 aminopeptidases are essential enzymes for parasite development, and M18 aminopeptidase could be involved in hemoglobin digestion and erythrocyte invasion and egression. Trypanosoma cruzi, T. brucei and Leishmania major acidic M17 aminopeptidases can play a nutritional role. T. brucei basic M17 aminopeptidase down-regulation delays the cytokinesis. The inhibition of Leishmania basic M17 aminopeptidase could affect parasite viability. L. donovani methionyl aminopeptidase inhibition prevents apoptosis but not the parasite death. Decrease in Acanthamoeba castellanii M17 aminopeptidase activity produces cell wall structural modifications and encystation inhibition. Inhibition of Babesia bovis growth is probably related to the inhibition of the parasite M17 aminopeptidase, probably involved in host hemoglobin degradation. Schistosoma mansoni M17 aminopeptidases inhibition may affect parasite development, since they could participate in hemoglobin degradation, surface membrane remodeling and eggs hatching. Toxoplasma gondii M17 aminopeptidase inhibition could attenuate parasite virulence, since it is apparently involved in the hydrolysis of cathepsin Cs- or proteasome-produced dipeptides and/or cell attachment/invasion processes. These data are relevant to validate these enzymes as targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mirtha Elisa Aguado
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, calle 25 #455 entre I y J, 10400, Vedado, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Maikel Izquierdo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, calle 25 #455 entre I y J, 10400, Vedado, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Maikel González-Matos
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, calle 25 #455 entre I y J, 10400, Vedado, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Ana C Varela
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, calle 25 #455 entre I y J, 10400, Vedado, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Yanira Méndez
- Center for Natural Products Research, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Havana, Zapata y G, 10400, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Maday Alonso Del Rivero
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, calle 25 #455 entre I y J, 10400, Vedado, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Daniel G Rivera
- Center for Natural Products Research, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Havana, Zapata y G, 10400, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Jorge González-Bacerio
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, calle 25 #455 entre I y J, 10400, Vedado, La Habana, Cuba
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Aguilar C, Verdel-Aranda K, Ramos-Aboites HE, Licona-Cassani C, Barona-Gómez F. Streptomyces lividans 66 produces a protease inhibitor via a tRNA-utilizing enzyme interacting with a C-minus NRPS. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 50:kuad021. [PMID: 37669898 PMCID: PMC10548850 DOI: 10.1093/jimb/kuad021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Small peptide aldehydes (SPAs) with protease inhibitory activity are naturally occurring compounds shown to be synthesized by non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS). SPAs are widely used in biotechnology and have been utilized as therapeutic agents. They are also physiologically relevant and have been postulated to regulate the development of their producing microorganisms. Previously, we identified an NRPS-like biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) in Streptomyces lividans 66 that lacked a condensation (C) domain but included a tRNA-utilizing enzyme (tRUE) belonging to the leucyl/phenylalanyl (L/F) transferase family. This system was predicted to direct the synthesis of a novel SPA, which we named livipeptin. Using evolutionary genome mining approaches, here, we confirm the presence of L/F transferase tRUEs within the genomes of diverse Streptomyces and related organisms, including fusions with the anticipated C-minus NRPS-like protein. We then demonstrate genetic functional cooperation between the identified L/F-transferase divergent tRUE homolog with the C-minus NRPS, leading to the synthesis of a metabolic fraction with protease inhibitory activity. Semisynthetic assays in the presence of RNAse revealed that the productive interaction between the tRUE and the C-minus NRPS enzymes is indeed tRNA dependent. We expect our findings to boost the discovery of SPAs, as well as the development of protease-mediated biotechnologies, by exploiting the uncovered genetic basis for synthesizing putative acetyl-leu/phe-arginine protease inhibitors. Furthermore, these results will facilitate the purification and structural elucidation of livipeptin, which has proven difficult to chemically characterize. SIGNIFICANCE The discovery of natural products biosynthetic genes marks a significant advancement in our understanding of these metabolites, for example of their evolution, activity, and biosynthesis, but also opens biotechnological opportunities and knowledge to advance genome mining approaches. We made this possible by uncovering a new biosynthetic pathway in Streptomyces lividans 66 shown to direct the synthesis of a strong protease inhibitor, termed livipeptin, following unprecedented biosynthetic rules and genes. Thus, by shedding light on the genetic mechanisms predicted to govern the production of acetyl-leu/phe-arginine protease inhibitors, including the elusive livipeptin, this study enables novel protease-mediated biotechnologies as well as approaches for discovering protease inhibitors from genome data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- César Aguilar
- Evolution of Metabolic Diversity Laboratory, Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (Langebio), Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav-IPN), Irapuato, Guanajuato, CP 36821, México
| | - Karina Verdel-Aranda
- Evolution of Metabolic Diversity Laboratory, Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (Langebio), Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav-IPN), Irapuato, Guanajuato, CP 36821, México
| | - Hilda E Ramos-Aboites
- Evolution of Metabolic Diversity Laboratory, Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (Langebio), Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav-IPN), Irapuato, Guanajuato, CP 36821, México
| | - Cuauhtémoc Licona-Cassani
- Evolution of Metabolic Diversity Laboratory, Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (Langebio), Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav-IPN), Irapuato, Guanajuato, CP 36821, México
| | - Francisco Barona-Gómez
- Evolution of Metabolic Diversity Laboratory, Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (Langebio), Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav-IPN), Irapuato, Guanajuato, CP 36821, México
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Chillà A, Anceschi C, Frediani E, Scavone F, Del Rosso T, Pelagio G, Tufaro A, De Palma G, Del Rosso M, Fibbi G, Chiarugi P, Laurenzana A, Margheri F. Inhibition of MMPs supports amoeboid angiogenesis hampering VEGF-targeted therapies via MLC and ERK 1/2 signaling. J Transl Med 2023; 21:102. [PMID: 36759828 PMCID: PMC9912547 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-03954-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the past decades studies on anti-tumoral drugs inhibiting matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs) were disappointing. Recently, we demonstrated that mature endothelial cells (ECs) and endothelial colony forming cells (ECFCs) can switch between invasion modes to cope with challenging environments, performing the "amoeboid angiogenesis" in the absence of proteases activity. METHODS We first set out to investigate by ELISA if the inhibitors of the main protease family involved in angiogenesis were differently expressed during breast cancer progression. We used Marimastat, a broad-spectrum MMP inhibitor, as a means of inducing amoeboid characteristics and studied VEGF role in amoeboid angiogenesis. Thus, we performed invasion and capillary morphogenesis assay, morphological, cell signaling and in vivo mouse studies. RESULTS Our data showed that TIMP1, TIMP2, alpha2-antiplasmin, PAI-1 and cystatin increase in breast cancer serum of patients with primary cancer and lymph node positive compared to healthy women. In vitro results revealed that the most high-powered protease inhibitors able to induce amoeboid invasion of ECFCs were TIMP1, 2 and 3. Surprisingly, Marimastat promotes ECFC invasion and tubular formation in vitro and in vivo, inducing amoeboid characteristics. We observed that the combination of Marimastat plus VEGF doesn't boost neither cell invasion nor vessel formation capacity. Moreover, inhibition of VEGF activity with Bevacizumab in the presence of Marimastat confirmed that amoeboid angiogenesis is independent from the stimulus of the main vascular growth factor, VEGF. CONCLUSIONS We underline the importance to consider the amoeboid mechanism of endothelial and cancer cell invasion, probably responsible for the failure of synthetic metalloproteinase inhibitors as cancer therapy and tumor resistance to VEGF-targeted therapies, to set-up new drugs to be used in cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Chillà
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale G.B. Morgagni, 50, 50134, Florence, Italy.
| | - Cecilia Anceschi
- grid.8404.80000 0004 1757 2304Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, Viale G.B. Morgagni, 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Elena Frediani
- grid.8404.80000 0004 1757 2304Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, Viale G.B. Morgagni, 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Scavone
- grid.8404.80000 0004 1757 2304Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, Viale G.B. Morgagni, 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Tommaso Del Rosso
- grid.4839.60000 0001 2323 852XDepartment of Physics, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22451-900 Brazil
| | - Giuseppe Pelagio
- IRCCS Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II Bari, Viale Orazio Flacco 65, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Tufaro
- IRCCS Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II Bari, Viale Orazio Flacco 65, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe De Palma
- IRCCS Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II Bari, Viale Orazio Flacco 65, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Mario Del Rosso
- grid.8404.80000 0004 1757 2304Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, Viale G.B. Morgagni, 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Gabriella Fibbi
- grid.8404.80000 0004 1757 2304Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, Viale G.B. Morgagni, 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Paola Chiarugi
- grid.8404.80000 0004 1757 2304Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, Viale G.B. Morgagni, 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Anna Laurenzana
- grid.8404.80000 0004 1757 2304Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, Viale G.B. Morgagni, 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Margheri
- grid.8404.80000 0004 1757 2304Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, Viale G.B. Morgagni, 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Jiang T, Edwards N, Sukumar N, Mayers M, Higgins J, Kosanam H. Development and validation of LC-MS/MS method for quantification of protease inhibitor Pepstatin A to monitor its robust clearance in vaccine downstream process. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1215:123589. [PMID: 36592589 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Pepstatin A reversibly inhibits aspartic acid proteases and minimizes the impact of protease-induced degradation in recombinant protein manufacturing process. Pepstatin A is considered as a process-related impurity and must be characterized and controlled during manufacturing. Herein we describe the development and validation of an LC-MS/MS method for the quantitation of pepstatin A to monitor its robust clearance in vaccine purification process. Analyte extraction from process intermediates was carried out using 10% acetonitrile/water extraction method. Acetyl-pepstatin was used as internal standard (IS). Pepstatin A and IS were resolved on a C18 column using 10 mM ammonium acetate in water and methanol/acetonitrile mobile phase system. A triple quadrupole mass spectrometer operating in the positive electrospray ionization mode with multiple reaction monitoring was used to detect Pepstatin A and IS transitions of m/z 686.5 to 229.3 and 644.5 to 229.3, respectively. The method was validated for specificity, linearity, accuracy, repeatability (precision), intermediate precision, and assay robustness. The assay was linear over the range of calibration standards 0.5-100 ng/mL. The Lower-limit-of-quantification (LLOQ) of the method was 0.50 ng/mL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Jiang
- Global Vaccines and Biologics Commercialization, Merck, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA, USA
| | - Nathan Edwards
- Global Vaccines and Biologics Commercialization, Merck, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA, USA
| | - Neelima Sukumar
- Biologics and Vaccine Analytics, Merck, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA, USA
| | - Michael Mayers
- Biologics and Vaccine Analytics, Merck, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA, USA
| | - John Higgins
- Global Vaccines and Biologics Commercialization, Merck, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA, USA
| | - Hari Kosanam
- Global Vaccines and Biologics Commercialization, Merck, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sreedharan V, Rao KB. Protease inhibitors as a potential agent against visceral Leishmaniasis: A review to inspire future study. Braz J Infect Dis 2023; 27:102739. [PMID: 36603827 PMCID: PMC9871078 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2022.102739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is transmitted by sandfly which carries the intracellular protozoa in their midgut. Among visceral, cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, visceral type that is caused by Leishmania donovani is the most lethal one. Findings of leishmanial structure and species took place in 19th century and was initiated by Donovan. Leishmaniasis is still a major concern of health issues in many endemic countries in Asia, Africa, the Americas, and the Mediterranean region. Worldwide1.5-2 million new cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis and 500,000 cases of visceral leishmaniasis are reported each year. Leishmaniasis is endemic in nearly 90 countries worldwide and close to 12 million new cases of leishmaniasis are reported worldwide annually. Studies on antileishmanial drug development is of major concern as leishmaniasis are the second largest parasitic killer in the world and the available drugs are either toxic or costly. The major surface GP63 protease, also known as Zinc- metalloproteases present on the surface of leishmanial promastigotes, can be targeted for drug development. Protease inhibitors targeting such surface proteases show promising results. Different protease inhibitors have been isolated from marine actinobacteria against many infectious diseases. Metabolites produced by these actinobacteria may have greater importance for the discovery and development of new antileishmanial drugs. Hence, this review discusses the background, current situation, treatment, and protease inhibitors from marine actinobacteria for drug development against GP63 molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - K.V. Bhaskara Rao
- Corresponding author at: Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of BioSciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632 014, India.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Tunc H, Dogan B, Darendeli Kiraz BN, Sari M, Durdagi S, Kotil S. Prediction of HIV-1 protease resistance using genotypic, phenotypic, and molecular information with artificial neural networks. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14987. [PMID: 36967989 PMCID: PMC10038082 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance is a primary barrier to effective treatments of HIV/AIDS. Calculating quantitative relations between genotype and phenotype observations for each inhibitor with cell-based assays requires time and money-consuming experiments. Machine learning models are good options for tackling these problems by generalizing the available data with suitable linear or nonlinear mappings. The main aim of this study is to construct drug isolate fold (DIF) change-based artificial neural network (ANN) models for estimating the resistance potential of molecules inhibiting the HIV-1 protease (PR) enzyme. Throughout the study, seven of eight protease inhibitors (PIs) have been included in the training set and the remaining ones in the test set. We have obtained 11,803 genotype-phenotype data points for eight PIs from Stanford HIV drug resistance database. Using the leave-one-out (LVO) procedure, eight ANN models have been produced to measure the learning capacity of models from the descriptors of the inhibitors. Mean R2 value of eight ANN models for unseen inhibitors is 0.716, and the 95% confidence interval (CI) is [0.592-0.840]. Predicting the fold change resistance for hundreds of isolates allowed a robust comparison of drug pairs. These eight models have predicted the drug resistance tendencies of each inhibitor pair with the mean 2D correlation coefficient of 0.933 and 95% CI [0.930-0.938]. A classification problem has been created to predict the ordered relationship of the PIs, and the mean accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC) values are calculated as 0.954, 0.791, 0.791, and 0.688, respectively. Furthermore, we have created an external test dataset consisting of 51 unique known HIV-1 PR inhibitors and 87 genotype-phenotype relations. Our developed ANN model has accuracy and area under the curve (AUC) values of 0.749 and 0.818 to predict the ordered relationships of molecules on the same strain for the external dataset. The currently derived ANN models can accurately predict the drug resistance tendencies of PI pairs. This observation could help test new inhibitors with various isolates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huseyin Tunc
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, School of Medicine, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Berna Dogan
- Department of Medicinal Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Büşra Nur Darendeli Kiraz
- Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Bioengineering, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Murat Sari
- Department of Mathematics Engineering, Faculty of Science and Letters, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serdar Durdagi
- Computational Biology and Molecular Simulations Laboratory, Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Seyfullah Kotil
- Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Salvi S, Raichur P, Kadam D, Sangle S, Gupte N, Nevrekar N, Patil S, Chavan A, Nimkar S, Marbaniang I, Mave V. Virological failure among people living with HIV receiving second-line antiretroviral therapy in Pune, India. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:951. [PMID: 36528762 PMCID: PMC9758821 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07894-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The number of people receiving second-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) has increased as global access to ART has expanded. Data on the burden and factors associated with second-line ART virologic failure (VF) from India remain limited. METHODS We conducted cross-sectional viral load (VL) testing among adults (≥ 18 years) who were registered at a publicly funded ART center in western India between 2014 and 2015 and had received second-line ART for at least 6 months. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were abstracted from routinely collected programmatic data. Logistic regression evaluated factors associated with VF (defined as VL > 1000 copies/mL). RESULTS Among 400 participants, median age was 40 years (IQR 34-44), 71% (285/400) were male, and 15% (59/400) had VF. Relative to participants without VF, those with VF had lower median CD4 counts (230 vs 406 cells/mm3, p < 0.0001), lower weight at first-line failure (49 vs 52 kg, p = 0.003), were more likely to have an opportunistic infection (17% vs 3%, p < 0.0001) and less likely to have optimal ART adherence (71% vs 87%, p = 0.005). In multivariable analysis, VF was associated with opportunistic infection (aOR, 4.84; 95% CI, 1.77-13.24), lower CD4 count (aOR 4.15; 95% CI, 1.98-8.71) and lower weight at first-line failure (aOR, 2.67; 95% CI, 1.33-5.34). CONCLUSIONS We found second-line VF in about a sixth of participants in our setting, which was associated with nearly fivefold increased odds in the context of opportunistic infection. Weight could be a useful clinical indicator for second-line VF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Salvi
- grid.452248.d0000 0004 1766 9915Department of Medicine, Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College and Sassoon General Hospitals, Jai Prakash Narayan Road, Pune, India
| | - Priyanka Raichur
- grid.452248.d0000 0004 1766 9915Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College - Johns Hopkins University Clinical Research Site, BJ Medical College and Sassoon General Hospital, Jai Prakash Narayan Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411001 India
| | - Dileep Kadam
- grid.452248.d0000 0004 1766 9915Department of Medicine, Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College and Sassoon General Hospitals, Jai Prakash Narayan Road, Pune, India
| | - Shashikala Sangle
- grid.452248.d0000 0004 1766 9915Department of Medicine, Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College and Sassoon General Hospitals, Jai Prakash Narayan Road, Pune, India
| | - Nikhil Gupte
- grid.452248.d0000 0004 1766 9915Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College - Johns Hopkins University Clinical Research Site, BJ Medical College and Sassoon General Hospital, Jai Prakash Narayan Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411001 India ,grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Neetal Nevrekar
- grid.452248.d0000 0004 1766 9915Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College - Johns Hopkins University Clinical Research Site, BJ Medical College and Sassoon General Hospital, Jai Prakash Narayan Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411001 India
| | - Sandesh Patil
- grid.452248.d0000 0004 1766 9915Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College - Johns Hopkins University Clinical Research Site, BJ Medical College and Sassoon General Hospital, Jai Prakash Narayan Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411001 India
| | - Amol Chavan
- grid.452248.d0000 0004 1766 9915Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College - Johns Hopkins University Clinical Research Site, BJ Medical College and Sassoon General Hospital, Jai Prakash Narayan Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411001 India
| | - Smita Nimkar
- grid.452248.d0000 0004 1766 9915Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College - Johns Hopkins University Clinical Research Site, BJ Medical College and Sassoon General Hospital, Jai Prakash Narayan Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411001 India
| | - Ivan Marbaniang
- grid.452248.d0000 0004 1766 9915Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College - Johns Hopkins University Clinical Research Site, BJ Medical College and Sassoon General Hospital, Jai Prakash Narayan Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411001 India ,grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Department of Epidemiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Vidya Mave
- grid.452248.d0000 0004 1766 9915Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College - Johns Hopkins University Clinical Research Site, BJ Medical College and Sassoon General Hospital, Jai Prakash Narayan Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411001 India ,grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Gunder LC, Johnson HR, Green HA, Bilger A, Moyer TH, Zhang W, Ziolkowski MR, Bertrang PA, Carchman EH. The use of a topical protease inhibitor, Saquinavir, to alleviate mouse papillomavirus-mediated anal disease. Virology 2022; 576:96-104. [PMID: 36206607 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Select protease inhibitors (PI) have been found to be effective in decreasing human papillomavirus oncoprotein expression. This study evaluated whether the topical PI, Saquinavir (SQV), promotes viral clearance in an infectious mouse model with Mus musculus papillomavirus 1 (MmuPV1). NOD scid gamma (NSG) mice were anally infected with ∼4 × 108 viral genome equivalents of MmuPV1 and 120 days post-infection (when majority have high-grade anal dysplasia), began topical treatments: control (mock), 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) only, once weekly to promote carcinogenesis, 1% SQV only, daily (Monday - Friday), and SQV + DMBA. Viral MmuPV1 load was analyzed from anal lavages pre and post-treatment. Anal tissue was harvested, processed, and evaluated for drug absorption, grade of anal disease, and anal viral RNA. Results suggest that topical SQV promotes decreased viral shedding in female mice treated with SQV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Gunder
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53792, USA.
| | - Hillary R Johnson
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53792, USA.
| | - Heather A Green
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
| | - Andrea Bilger
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, 1111 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
| | - Tyra H Moyer
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53792, USA.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 3170 UW Medical Foundation Centennial Building (MFCB),1685 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
| | - Marissa R Ziolkowski
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53792, USA.
| | - Payton A Bertrang
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53792, USA.
| | - Evie H Carchman
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53792, USA; University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53705, USA; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, 2500 Overlook Terrace, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
de Almeida Barros R, Meriño-Cabrera Y, Castro JS, da Silva Junior NR, de Oliveira JVA, Schultz H, de Andrade RJ, de Oliveira Ramos HJ, de Almeida Oliveira MG. Bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor and soybean Kunitz trypsin inhibitor: Differential effects on proteases and larval development of the soybean pest Anticarsia gemmatalis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Pestic Biochem Physiol 2022; 187:105188. [PMID: 36127063 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pest management is challenged with resistant herbivores and problems regarding human health and environmental issues. Indeed, the greatest challenge to modern agriculture is to protect crops from pests and still maintain environmental quality. This study aimed to analyze by in silico, in vitro, and in vivo approaches to the feasibility of using the inhibitory protein extracted from mammals - Bovine Pancreatic Trypsin Inhibitor (BPTI) as a potential inhibitor of digestive trypsins from the pest Anticarsia gemmatalis and comparing the results with the host-plant inhibitor - Soybean Kunitz Trypsin Inhibitor (SKTI). BPTI and SKTI interacts with A. gemmatalis trypsin-like enzyme competitively, through hydrogen and hydrophobic bonds. A. gemmatalis larvae exposed to BPTI did not show two common adaptative mechanisms i.e., proteolytic degradation and overproduction of proteases, presenting highly reduced trypsin-like activity. On the other hand, SKTI-fed larvae did not show reduced trypsin-like activity, presenting overproduction of proteases and SKTI digestion. In addition, the larval survival was reduced by BPTI similarly to SKTI, and additionally caused a decrease in pupal weight. The non-plant protease inhibitor BPTI presents intriguing element to compose biopesticide formulations to help decrease the use of conventional refractory pesticides into integrated pest management programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael de Almeida Barros
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Instituto de Biotecnologia aplicada à Agropecuária, BIOAGRO-UFV, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Yaremis Meriño-Cabrera
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Instituto de Biotecnologia aplicada à Agropecuária, BIOAGRO-UFV, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - José Severiche Castro
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Sucre, Sincelejo, Colombia; Instituto de Biotecnologia aplicada à Agropecuária, BIOAGRO-UFV, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Neilier Rodrigues da Silva Junior
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Instituto de Biotecnologia aplicada à Agropecuária, BIOAGRO-UFV, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - João Vitor Aguilar de Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Instituto de Biotecnologia aplicada à Agropecuária, BIOAGRO-UFV, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Halina Schultz
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Instituto de Biotecnologia aplicada à Agropecuária, BIOAGRO-UFV, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rafael Júnior de Andrade
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Instituto de Biotecnologia aplicada à Agropecuária, BIOAGRO-UFV, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Humberto Josué de Oliveira Ramos
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Instituto de Biotecnologia aplicada à Agropecuária, BIOAGRO-UFV, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Maria Goreti de Almeida Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Instituto de Biotecnologia aplicada à Agropecuária, BIOAGRO-UFV, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Bhutia WD, Gupta S, Rani R, Batra K, Sethi K, Kumar S, Kumar R. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of kinase and protease inhibitors against Trypanosoma evansi. Vet Res Commun 2022; 47:473-485. [PMID: 35751782 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-09964-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma evansi is a causative agent of chronic wasting and fatal disease of livestock and wild animals known as surra. In this study, repurposing approach based on drug target was used to investigate the efficacy of kinase inhibitors (Barasertib-HQPA, BAR and Palbociclib isethionate, PAL) and protease inhibitors (Z-pro-prolinal, Z-PRO and Leupeptin hemisulphate, LEU) against T. evansi in HMI-9 medium. BAR, PAL and Z-PRO exhibited IC50 values of 13.52 µM, 0.6375 µM and 63.20 µM against T. evansi in terms of growth inhibition, in the contrary, LEU failed to exhibit a significant growth inhibition at any time interval. Furthermore, oligopeptidase B and aurora kinase genes of T. evansi were targeted to determine the effect of these drugs on quantitative mRNA expression, which showed significant (p < 0.01) up-regulation of both genes in the BAR and PAL-exposed population at 12 h of exposure, whereas, Z-PRO showed only significant (p < 0.05) up-regulation of aurora kinase gene at 12 h interval. In cytotoxicity assay, BAR exhibited 52% and 41% cytotoxicity at 50 μM concentration (about five folds the IC50 value) on equine PBMC's and Vero cell line, respectively. Similarly, the cytotoxicity of 25% and 24% were recorded at 10 μM concentration (about ten folds to the IC50 value) of PAL in equine PBMC's and Vero cell line, respectively. Of these, BAR and PAL, which were found effective under in vitro trials, raised the longevity of mice at higher doses during in vivo trials. Data generated showed that kinase inhibitors have higher potential to explore therapeutic molecules against surra organism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wangchuk Dorjee Bhutia
- Parasitology Lab, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Snehil Gupta
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Ruma Rani
- Parasitology Lab, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Kanisht Batra
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Khushboo Sethi
- Parasitology Lab, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Parasitology Lab, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Rajender Kumar
- Parasitology Lab, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Hicks EG, Kandel SE, Lampe JN. Identification of Aloe-derived natural products as prospective lead scaffolds for SARS-CoV-2 main protease (M pro) inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 66:128732. [PMID: 35427739 PMCID: PMC9004148 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.128732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the past two years, the COVID-19 pandemic has caused over 5 million deaths and 250 million infections worldwide. Despite successful vaccination efforts and emergency approval of small molecule therapies, a diverse range of antivirals is still needed to combat the inevitable resistance that will arise from new SARS-CoV-2 variants. The main protease of SARS-CoV-2 (Mpro) is an attractive drug target due to the clinical success of protease inhibitors against other viruses, such as HIV and HCV. However, in order to combat resistance, various chemical scaffolds need to be identified that have the potential to be developed into potent inhibitors. To this end, we screened a high-content protease inhibitor library against Mproin vitro, in order to identify structurally diverse compounds that could be further developed into antiviral leads. Our high-content screening efforts retrieved 27 hits each with > 50% inhibition in our Mpro FRET assay. Of these, four of the top inhibitor compounds were chosen for follow-up due to their potency and drugability (Lipinski's rules of five criteria): anacardic acid, aloesin, aloeresin D, and TCID. Further analysis via dose response curves revealed IC50 values of 6.8 μM, 38.9 μM, 125.3 μM, and 138.0 μM for each compound, respectively. Molecular docking studies demonstrated that the four inhibitors bound at the catalytic active site of Mpro with varying binding energies (-7.5 to -5.6 kcal/mol). Furthermore, Mpro FRET assay kinetic studies demonstrated that Mpro catalysis is better represented by a sigmoidal Hill model than the standard Michaelis-Menten hyperbola, indicating substantial cooperativity of the active enzyme dimer. This result suggests that the dimerization interface could be an attractive target for allosteric inhibitors. In conclusion, we identified two closely-related natural product compounds from the Aloe plant (aloesin and aloeresin D) that may serve as novel scaffolds for Mpro inhibitor design and additionally confirmed the strongly cooperative kinetics of Mpro proteolysis. These results further advance our knowledge of structure-function relationships in Mpro and offer new molecular scaffolds for inhibitor design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily G Hicks
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
| | - Sylvie E Kandel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
| | - Jed N Lampe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Qin B, Craven GB, Hou P, Chesti J, Lu X, Child ES, Morgan RML, Niu W, Zhao L, Armstrong A, Mann DJ, Cui S. Acrylamide fragment inhibitors that induce unprecedented conformational distortions in enterovirus 71 3C and SARS-CoV-2 main protease. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:3924-3933. [PMID: 35702321 PMCID: PMC9181371 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA viruses are critically dependent upon virally encoded proteases to cleave the viral polyproteins into functional proteins. Many of these proteases exhibit a similar fold and contain an essential catalytic cysteine, offering the opportunity to inhibit these enzymes with electrophilic small molecules. Here we describe the successful application of quantitative irreversible tethering (qIT) to identify acrylamide fragments that target the active site cysteine of the 3C protease (3Cpro) of Enterovirus 71, the causative agent of hand, foot and mouth disease in humans, altering the substrate binding region. Further, we re-purpose these hits towards the main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2 which shares the 3C-like fold and a similar active site. The hit fragments covalently link to the catalytic cysteine of Mpro to inhibit its activity. We demonstrate that targeting the active site cysteine of Mpro can have profound allosteric effects, distorting secondary structures to disrupt the active dimeric unit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Qin
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100076, China
| | - Gregory B Craven
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Pengjiao Hou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100076, China
| | - Julian Chesti
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Xinran Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Emma S Child
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Rhodri M L Morgan
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Wenchao Niu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lina Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Alan Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - David J Mann
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Sheng Cui
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100076, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ye X, Dai X, Wang X, Yu S, Wu M, Zhao S, Ruan J, Zhong B. Mechanism of silk secretion revealed by proteomic analysis of silkworm cocoons with fibroin light chain mutations. J Proteomics 2022; 265:104649. [PMID: 35690343 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2022.104649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Silkworm is an economically important insect due to its efficient production of silk proteins. Silk itself and the silk trade have enriched human civilization through art and culture and contributed to early globalization in the Silk Road era for nearly two thousand years. Although a large number of studies on silk have been carried out, the mechanism of silk secretion in silkworms has not been thoroughly studied thus far. As the main component of fibroin, fibroin light chain (Fib-L) plays a key role in the secretion of silk. In this study, we constructed a homozygous Fib-L gene mutant population of a nonpractical variety using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. The homozygous mutants displayed a thin cocoon layer, but their viability was not affected by the Fib-L mutation. Furthermore, a comparative proteomic analysis of homozygous mutant cocoons and wild-type cocoons was performed. Strikingly, fibrohexamerin (P25) was secreted almost normally in the homozygous mutant. Further analysis of cocoon proteins revealed that the mutant responded to greater environmental stress caused by a dramatic decrease in fibroin by significantly increasing the secretion of protease inhibitors. These results will further help explain the silk secretion mechanism of silkworm. SIGNIFICANCE: This study generated a homozygous Fib-L gene mutant population of a nonpractical variety using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. The homozygous mutants displayed a thin cocoon layer, but their viability was not affected by the Fib-L mutation. Furthermore, a comparative proteomic analysis of homozygous mutant cocoons and wild-type cocoons was performed. The analysis of the abundance of silk proteins in the cocoons revealed that P25 could be secreted almost normally. The analysis of the abundance of cocoon proteins other than silk proteins showed that the homozygous mutants responded to greater environmental stress by increasing the secretion of defense-related proteins, such as protease inhibitors. These results will further help explain the silk secretion mechanism of silkworm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaogang Ye
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China.
| | - Xiangping Dai
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Xinqiu Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Shihua Yu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Meiyu Wu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Shuo Zhao
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Jinghua Ruan
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Boxiong Zhong
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
González-Domenech CM, Plaza-Andrades IJ, Garrido-Sanchez L, Queipo-Ortuño MI. Synergic effect of metabolic syndrome and lipodystrophy on oxidative stress and inflammation process in treated HIV-patients. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin (Engl Ed) 2022; 40:310-316. [PMID: 35680349 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimce.2020.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the effect of lipodystrophy (LD) associated to metabolic syndrome (MS) on oxidative stress and inflammation in a cohort of 243 HIV-infected patients with MS, all of them under three different antiretroviral regimens. We collected immunovirological, biochemical and metabolic data, as well as anthropometric measurements. In addition, cardiovascular risk was also assessed by means of Atherogenic Index of Plasma (API) and Framingham Risk Score. The MS-LD patient set was characterized by a lower initial lymphocyte CD4 count and CD4/CD8 ratio and a higher initial viral load than the group without LD. We also found worse lipidic and glycaemic profiles (with lower HDL-cholesterol and higher triglyceride and glucose levels) in the MS-LD group. BMI, systolic blood pressure and Framingham score were significantly increased compared to MS-Non LD. In addition, patients with MS and LD had significantly higher levels of carbonylated proteins, lipid peroxidation, IL-6 and IL-8, as well as a significant decrease in the levels of leptin, adiponectin and antioxidant activities of catalase, super oxide dismutase and glutathione associated enzymes. In MS-LD HIV-1 patients, a significant negative correlation was found between Framingham Risk Score and the antioxidant biomarkers, however a positive association was found between API and protein-C reactive and carbonylated proteins. Segregating by ART, the above-mentioned conditions were worse within the MS-LD group whose treatment contained protease inhibitors, such as lopinavir. In conclusion, HIV-1 infected patients treated for at least six months, especially with regimens including PIs, showed a worsening of inflammatory process and oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Isaac J Plaza-Andrades
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición del Hospital Virgen de la Victoria, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), UMA, Málaga, Spain
| | - Lourdes Garrido-Sanchez
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición del Hospital Virgen de la Victoria, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), UMA, Málaga, Spain.
| | - María Isabel Queipo-Ortuño
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica Intercentros de Oncología Médica, Hospitales Universitarios Regional y Virgen de la Victoria, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA)-CIMES-UMA, Málaga, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Meriño-Cabrera Y, Castro JS, de Almeida Barros R, da Silva Junior NR, de Oliveira Ramos H, de Almeida Oliveira MG. Arginine-containing dipeptides decrease affinity of gut trypsins and compromise soybean pest development. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2022; 184:105107. [PMID: 35715046 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The design and production of molecules capable of mimicking the binding or/and functional sites of proteins inhibitors represent a promising strategy for the exploration and modulation of gut trypsin function in insect pests, specifically Lepidoptera. Here, for the first time, we characterized the trypsin activity present in the gut, performance and development of Anticarsia gemmatalis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae when exposed to arginine-containing dipeptides. In silico assessment showed that arginine-containing dipeptides have a greater affinity for the active site of A. gemmatalis trypsins than lysine-containing peptides due to the presence of the double-charged guanidinium group that enhances the interaction at the S1 subsite of trypsins. Furthermore, the inhibitory and anti-insect potential of the peptides was demonstrated through kinetic and larval life cycle parameters, respectively. These dipeptides showed structural stability, binding to the active site, corroborated in vitro (competitive inhibition), and significant reduction of trypsin enzyme activity in the gut, survival, and weight of the A. gemmatalis larvae. Our findings reinforce the idea that small peptides are promising candidates for lepidopteran pest management. The optimization of DI2 and DI1 peptides, enhancing uptake and affinity to trypsins, may turn the use of these molecules feasible in agriculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaremis Meriño-Cabrera
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil; Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária, BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
| | - José Severiche Castro
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil; Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária, BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Rafael de Almeida Barros
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil; Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária, BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Neilier Rodrigues da Silva Junior
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil; Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária, BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Humberto de Oliveira Ramos
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil; Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária, BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Maria Goreti de Almeida Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil; Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária, BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Cid-Gallegos MS, Corzo-Ríos LJ, Jiménez-Martínez C, Sánchez-Chino XM. Protease Inhibitors from Plants as Therapeutic Agents- A Review. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 2022; 77:20-29. [PMID: 35000105 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-022-00949-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant-based diets are a great source of protease inhibitors (PIs). Two of the most well-known families of PIs are Bowman-Birk inhibitors (BBI) and Kunitz-type inhibitors (KTI). The first group acts mainly on trypsin, chymotrypsin, and elastase; the second is on serine, cysteine, and aspartic proteases. PIs can retard or inhibit the catalytic action of enzymes; therefore, they are considered non-nutritional compounds; nevertheless, animal studies and cell line experiments showed promising results of PIs in treating human illnesses such as obesity, cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune diseases, inflammatory processes, and different types of cancer (gastric, colorectal, breast, and lung cancer). Anticarcinogenic activity's proposed mechanisms of action comprise several inhibitory effects at different molecular levels, i.e., transcription, post-transcription, translation, post-translation, and secretion of cancer cells. This work reviews the potential therapeutic applications of PIs as anticarcinogenic and anti-inflammatory agents in human diseases and the mechanisms by which they exert these effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M S Cid-Gallegos
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Delegación Gustavo A. Madero, Av. Wilfrido Massieu Esq. Cda. Miguel Stampa s/n, México City, C.P. 07738, México
| | - L J Corzo-Ríos
- Departamento de Bioprocesos, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Av. Acueducto S/N, Barrio La Laguna, Col. Ticomán, México City, C.P. 07340, México
| | - C Jiménez-Martínez
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Delegación Gustavo A. Madero, Av. Wilfrido Massieu Esq. Cda. Miguel Stampa s/n, México City, C.P. 07738, México
| | - X M Sánchez-Chino
- CONACYT, Departamento de Salud, El Colegio de La Frontera Sur-Villahermosa, Tabasco, México.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Uddin R, Jalal K, Khan K, Ul-Haq Z. Re-purposing of hepatitis C virus FDA approved direct acting antivirals as potential SARS-CoV-2 protease inhibitors. J Mol Struct 2022; 1250:131920. [PMID: 34815586 PMCID: PMC8602124 DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A new coronavirus strain called as SARS-CoV-2 has emerged from Wuhan, China in late 2019 and it caused a worldwide pandemic in a few months. After the Second World War, it is the biggest calamity observed as there is no specific US Food and Drugs Administration (USFDA) approved drug or vaccine available globally for the treatment. Several clinical trials are ongoing for therapeutic alternatives, however with little success rate. Considering that the time is crucial, the drug repurposing and data obtained from in silico models are one of the most important approaches to identify possible lead inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2. More recently, the Direct Acting Antivirals (DAAs) are emerged as the most promising drugs to control viral infection. The Main Protease (Mpro), a key enzyme in the SARS-CoV-2 replication cycle, is found close homolog to the Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) protease and could be susceptible of blocking its activity by DAAs. In the current study, the DAAs were investigated as antivirals using structure based computational approach against Mpro of SARS-CoV-2 to propose them as new therapeutics. In total, 20 DAAs of HCV, including a reference compound O6K were docked against Mpro. The docked structures were examined and resulted in the identification of six highly promising DAAs i.e. beclabuvir, elbasvir, paritaprevir, grazoprevir, simeprevir, and asunapevir exhibiting high theoretical binding affinity to Mpro from SARS-CoV-2 in comparison to other DAAs. Furthermore, the post docking analysis revealed that Cys145, Glu166, His163, Thr26, His41, and Met165 played potential role for the binding of these DAAs inside binding site of Mpro. Furthermore, the correlation between binding energies were found in accord with the results from the reported IC50s for some DAAs. Overall, the current study provides insight to combat COVID-19 using FDA-approved DAAs as repurposed drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reaz Uddin
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Lab 103 PCMD ext., Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Khurshid Jalal
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Kanwal Khan
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Lab 103 PCMD ext., Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Zaheer Ul-Haq
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Lab 103 PCMD ext., Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Cruz-Vázquez A, Tomasini A, Armas-Tizapantzi A, Marcial-Quino J, Montiel-González AM. Extracellular proteases and laccases produced by Pleurotus ostreatus PoB: the effects of proteases on laccase activity. Int Microbiol 2022; 25:495-502. [PMID: 35113262 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-022-00238-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Laccases are enzymes produced by plants and white rot fungi, such as Pleurotus ostreatus, with industrial applications. Fungal laccases have been widely studied, and investigations, such as those involving recombinant DNA technology or adding inducers, have been made to increase laccase production. On the other hand, it has been proposed that extracellular proteases could decrease laccase activity when both types of enzymes are produced by P. ostreatus. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of proteases on the activity of extracellular laccases produced by P. ostreatus PoB in submerged culture. Results showed that P. ostreatus PoB produced alkaline, acidic, and neutral proteases. Protease activity was quantified, and the highest activity at alkaline pH (9.0) was 5.63 IU/L (192 h), that at acidic pH (2.0) was 3.38 IU/L (192 h), and that at neutral pH (7.0) was 6.20 IU/L (312 h). The protease activity decreased in the presence of different protease inhibitors, as phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), EDTA, pepstatin A, and a cocktail of protease inhibitors. Laccase activity was determined in cultures with and without protease inhibitors. In the control culture (without inhibitor), the highest laccase specific activity was 99.88 IU/mg protein. In cultures with PMSF, pepstatin A, or a cocktail of protease inhibitors, laccase activity increased by approximately 1.35-fold (138 IU/mg protein) with respect to the control culture. The inhibitor EDTA did not produce a positive effect on extracellular laccase activity. These results suggest that laccase activity is affected by the actions of acidic and neutral extracellular proteases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arcadio Cruz-Vázquez
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Centro Tlaxcala de Biología de la Conducta, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Carr. Tlaxcala-Puebla km 1.5, 90062, Tlaxcala, México
| | - Araceli Tomasini
- Departamento de Biotecnología, CBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco #186, Colonia Vicentina, Delegación Iztapalapa, 09340, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Anahí Armas-Tizapantzi
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Centro Tlaxcala de Biología de la Conducta, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Carr. Tlaxcala-Puebla km 1.5, 90062, Tlaxcala, México
| | - Jaime Marcial-Quino
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Genética, CONACYT-Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, 04530, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Alba Mónica Montiel-González
- Centro de Investigación en Genética y Ambiente, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Aut. San Martín Texmelucan-Tlaxcala km 10.5, 90120 San Felipe Ixtacuixtla, Tlaxcala, México.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
The proteases of the mitochondrial inner membrane are challenging yet highly desirable drug targets for complex, multifactorial diseases prevalent mainly in the elderly. Among them, OMA1 with its substrates OPA1 and DELE1 safeguards mitochondrial homeostasis at the intersection of energy metabolism and apoptosis, which may have relevance for neurodegeneration, malignancy and heart failure, among other diseases. Little is known about OMA1. Its structure has not been solved and we are just beginning to understand the enzyme's context-dependent regulation. OMA1 appears dormant under physiological conditions as judged by OPA1's processing pattern. The protease is rapidly activated, however, when cells experience stress or undergo apoptosis. Intriguingly, genetic OMA1 ablation can delay or even prevent apoptosis in animal models for diseases that can be broadly categorized as ischemia-reperfusion related disorders. Three groups have reported their efforts implementing OMA1 drug screens. This article reviews some of the technical challenges encountered in these assays and highlights what can be learned for future screening campaigns, and about the OMA1 protease more broadly. OMA1 does not exists in a vacuum and potent OMA1 inhibitors are needed to tease apart OMA1's intricate interactions with the other mitochondrial proteases and enzymes. Furthermore, OMA1 inhibitors hold the promise of becoming a new class of cytoprotective medicines for disorders influenced by dysfunctional mitochondria, such as heart failure or Alzheimer's Disease.
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
Viral proteases are diverse in structure, oligomeric state, catalytic mechanism, and substrate specificity. This chapter focuses on proteases from viruses that are relevant to human health: human immunodeficiency virus subtype 1 (HIV-1), hepatitis C (HCV), human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), flaviviruses, enteroviruses, and coronaviruses. The proteases of HIV-1 and HCV have been successfully targeted for therapeutics, with picomolar FDA-approved drugs currently used in the clinic. The proteases of HTLV-1 and the other virus families remain emerging therapeutic targets at different stages of the drug development process. This chapter provides an overview of the current knowledge on viral protease structure, mechanism, substrate recognition, and inhibition. Particular focus is placed on recent advances in understanding the molecular basis of diverse substrate recognition and resistance, which is essential toward designing novel protease inhibitors as antivirals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueto Zephyr
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Nese Kurt Yilmaz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Celia A Schiffer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Larrea-Schiavon S, Hubert C, Leyva-Flores R, Sánchez-Domínguez JM, Ramírez-Hinojosa JP, Calva JJ. Increased Rate of Protease Inhibitor-resistance Associated Mutations in Human Immunodeficiency Viruses Infecting Mexicans who had Been Living Abroad. Arch Med Res 2021; 53:296-303. [PMID: 34750018 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Migrants face multiple barriers to accessing health services and antiretroviral therapy (ART). We tested the hypothesis that HIV-infected ART-experienced Mexicans with a history of residence in the U.S. have a higher rate of viral drug-resistance associated mutations (RAMs) versus those without such a history. METHODS Viral genotypic resistance tests obtained from 336 HIV-infected Mexican patients throughout the country were analysed for the presence of viral-RAMs and its rate was compared between migrants and non-migrants. Adjustment for potential confounders was done though a multivariate analysis. RESULTS Eighty-four Mexicans who had lived for at least 3 months in the U.S. were more likely to have three or more protease inhibitor (PI)-major RAMs (aOR = 2.47; 95% CI = 1.06-5.76; p < 0.05) than in 252 individuals without this background, independently of the time spent on ART. CONCLUSIONS A migration background is associated with a higher likelihood of the emergence of HIV variants with decreased susceptibility to several PI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Celia Hubert
- Centro de Investigaciones en Salud de la Población, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - René Leyva-Flores
- Centro de Investigación de Sistemas de Salud, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Jacqueline M Sánchez-Domínguez
- Departamento de Infectología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición, Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Juan Pablo Ramírez-Hinojosa
- Departamento de Infectología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición, Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Juan J Calva
- Departamento de Infectología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición, Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México, México.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Bernardi M, Ghaani MR, Bayazeid O. Phenylethanoid glycosides as a possible COVID-19 protease inhibitor: a virtual screening approach. J Mol Model 2021; 27:341. [PMID: 34731296 PMCID: PMC8565174 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-021-04963-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
From the beginning of pandemic, more than 240 million people have been infected with a death rate higher than 2%. Indeed, the current exit strategy involving the spreading of vaccines must be combined with progress in effective treatment development. This scenario is sadly supported by the vaccine's immune activation time and the inequalities in the global immunization schedule. Bringing the crises under control means providing the world population with accessible and impactful new therapeutics. We screened a natural product library that contains a unique collection of 2370 natural products into the binding site of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) main protease (Mpro). According to the docking score and to the interaction at the active site, three phenylethanoid glycosides (forsythiaside A, isoacteoside, and verbascoside) were selected. In order to provide better insight into the atomistic interaction and test the impact of the three selected compounds at the binding site, we resorted to a half microsecond-long molecular dynamics simulation. As a result, we are showing that forsythiaside A is the most stable molecule and it is likely to possess the highest inhibitory effect against SARS-CoV-2 Mpro. Phenylethanoid glycosides also have been reported to have both protease and kinase activity. This kinase inhibitory activity is very beneficial in fighting viruses inside the body as kinases are required for viral entry, metabolism, and/or reproduction. The dual activity (kinase/protease) of phenylethanoid glycosides makes them very promising anit-COVID-19 agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Bernardi
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, 06100, Turkey
| | - Mohammad Reza Ghaani
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Omer Bayazeid
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, 06100, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Misbah M, Gupta P, Roy G, Kumar S, Husain M. Drug resistance mutations in protease gene of HIV-1 subtype C infected patient population. Virusdisease 2021; 32:480-91. [PMID: 34631975 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-021-00725-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Failure of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in HIV-1 infection is a critical issue for the physicians treating HIV patients. The major cause of drug failure is the development of resistance mutations in reverse transcriptase (RT) and/or protease (PR) genes. Mutations associated with drug resistance decrease drug effectiveness. This study was conducted to assess drug resistance profile of the entire PR gene in 90 HIV-1 patients consisting of 23 ART non-responsive, 32 ART responsive and 35 drug naive patients. It was observed that the majority of the sequences (94.4%) belonged to subtype C and (5.5%) to subtype A1. The ART non-responsive and responsive patients were treated with either first line of ART regimen (two NRTI and one NNRTI) or second line of ART regimen that included additional one protease inhibitor (PI). All the patients in each group except one responsive patient had various minor resistance mutations. Thus, drug failures in ART non-responsive patients may not always be due to drug resistance mutations instead other factors may also be responsible for drug failures such as non-compliance, suboptimal dose or drug interaction. The presence of minor drug resistance mutations in drug naive patients is suggestive of transmitted resistance mutations.
Collapse
|
40
|
Chen J, Ali F, Khan I, Zhu YZ. Recent progress in the development of potential drugs against SARS-CoV-2. Curr Res Pharmacol Drug Discov 2021; 2:100057. [PMID: 34870155 PMCID: PMC8437701 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2021.100057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, a newly emerged and highly pathogenic coronavirus, is identified as the causal agent of Coronavirus Disease (2019) (COVID-19) in the late December 2019, in China. The virus has rapidly spread nationwide and spilled over to the other countries around the globe, resulting in more than 120 million infections and 2.6 million deaths until the time of this review. Unfortunately, there are still no specific drugs available against this disease, and it is very necessary to call upon more scientists to work together to stop a further spread. Hence, the recent progress in the development of drugs may help scientific community quickly understand current research status and further develop new effective drugs. Herein, we summarize the cellular entry and replication process of this virus and discuss the recent development of potential viral based drugs that target bio-macromolecules in different stages of the viral life cycle, especially S protein, 3CLPro, PLPro, RdRp and helicase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Chen
- School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science & Technology Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, 999078, Macau
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science & Technology Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, 999078, Macau
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Technology, Putian University, No. 1133 Xueyuan Zhong Jie, 351100, Fujian, China
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Laboratory Medicine (Putian University), No. 1133 Xueyuan Zhong Jie, 351100, Fujian Province University, Fujian, China
| | - Fayaz Ali
- School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science & Technology Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, 999078, Macau
| | - Imran Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science & Technology Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, 999078, Macau
| | - Yi Zhun Zhu
- School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science & Technology Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, 999078, Macau
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Wolf E, Boesecke C, Balogh A, Bidner H, Cordes C, Heiken H, Krznaric I, Kümmerle T, Stellbrink HJ, Schneider J, Spinner CD. Virologic outcomes of switching to boosted darunavir plus dolutegravir with respect to history of drug resistance. AIDS Res Ther 2021; 18:58. [PMID: 34496848 PMCID: PMC8425038 DOI: 10.1186/s12981-021-00384-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The DUALIS study showed that switching to boosted darunavir (bDRV) plus dolutegravir (DTG; 2DR) was non-inferior to continuous bDRV plus 2 nucleoside/nucleotide reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs; 3DR) in treatment-experienced virologically suppressed people living with HIV (PLWH). We analyzed virologic outcomes with respect to treatment history and HIV drug resistance. DESIGN Post hoc analysis of a randomized trial. METHODS Main inclusion criteria were an HIV RNA level < 50 copies/mL for ≥ 24 weeks and no resistance to integrase strand transfer inhibitors or bDRV. Resistance-associated mutations (RAMs) were interpreted using the Stanford HIVdb mutation list. Outcomes measures were 48-week virologic response (HIV RNA < 50 copies/mL, FDA snapshot) and HIV RNA ≥ 50 copies/mL (including discontinuation due to a lack of efficacy or reasons other than adverse events and HIV RNA ≥ 50 copies/mL, referred to as snapshot non-response). RESULTS The analysis population included 263 patients (2DR: 131, 3DR: 132): 90.1% males; median age, 48 years; CD4 + T-cell nadir < 200/µl, 47.0%; ≥ 2 treatment changes, 27.4%; NRTI, non-NRTI (NNRTI), and major protease inhibitor (PI) RAMs in 9.5%, 14.4%, and 3.4%, respectively. In patients with RAMs in the 2DR and 3DR groups, virologic response rates were 87.8% and 96.0%, respectively; the corresponding rates in those without RAMs were 85.7% and 81.8%. RAMs were unrelated to virologic non-response in either group. No treatment-emergent RAMs were observed. CONCLUSIONS DTG + bDRV is an effective treatment option without the risk of treatment-emergent resistance for PLWH on suppressive first- or further-line treatment with or without evidence of pre-existing NRTI, NNRTI, or PI RAMs. TRIAL REGISTRATION EUDRA-CT Number 2015-000360-34; registered 07 April 2015; https://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/trial/2015-000360-34/DE .
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
The coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 which causes the COVID-19 disease is a global public health emergency. Coronavirus are single-stranded positive-sense RNA viruses and their genome size is approximately 30 kb, which encodes some important structural proteins. The interaction between viral Spike protein and ACE2 on the host cell surface is of significant interest since it initiates the infection process. This review will focus on the effectiveness of reuse of currently used drugs against COVID-19, including clinical trials, molecular docking, and computational modelling approach. Methods A systematic search in Pubmed, MEDLINE, EMBASE was conducted from from January 2020 to July 2021. Applying computational, clinical and experimental approaches, numerous drugs such as remdesivir, favipiravir, ribavirin, lopinavir, ritonavir, tocilizumab have been repurposed and have shown promising protection against SARS-CoV2 both in vitro and in clinical conditions. Although there is only one repurposed drug approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), i.e, Remdesivir. However, the FDA withdrew the authorization of the drugs Hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine,that are not effective for COVID-19 and can also cause serious heart problems. Molecular coupling would be the ideal technique to identify such therapeutic agents against COVID19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamna Srivastava
- Dr. B R Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Mohan Kumar Singh
- Dr. B R Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Karaaslan C, Karaguzel D, Sarac BE, Sucularli C, Bilgic HA, Kalayci O. The Expression Profile of Protease Inhibitors in the Airway Epithelial Cells after Allergen (Der p 1) Stimulation. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2021; 183:25-33. [PMID: 34515124 DOI: 10.1159/000518170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Airway epithelial cells are constantly exposed to intracellular and extracellular proteases that play a pivotal role in several airway diseases. Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p) 1 derived from house dust mite has protease activity that causes epithelial barrier defect and inflammatory response. Protease inhibitors released against proteases are involved in the maintenance of homeostasis. A disruption of the balance between proteases and protease inhibitors can lead to distortion of the cellular structures and cellular activities and thus culminate in disease processes. Although the effects of Der p 1 allergen on epithelial barrier integrity and inflammatory response are well-established, its contribution to protease inhibitor production is highly limited. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine the profile of the protease inhibitor response to Der p 1 allergen in human airway epithelial cells, A549 and BEAS-2B. METHODS Differentiated cells by the air-liquid interface were exposed to Der p 1 with or without Th2 type cytokines (IL-4 and IL-13). Gene expression of protease inhibitors was determined by qPCR at 2 different time points. RESULTS We found that the effect of allergen exposure on the protease inhibitor profile can vary depending on the antigen concentration, treatment duration, and the presence or absence of type 2 cytokines. Gene expressions of serine protease inhibitor (SERPIN)B3 and SERPINB4 were increased following Th2 cytokine stimulation in both cell types at both time points, whereas SERPINB2 and TFPI-2 expressions were induced by 24-h Der p 1 stimulation in both cells. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that Der p 1 exposure of the airway epithelium may have consequences related to its protease activity in the presence as well as in the absence of Th2 cytokines in the microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cagatay Karaaslan
- Department of Biology, Molecular Biology Section, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Dilara Karaguzel
- Department of Biology, Molecular Biology Section, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Basak Ezgi Sarac
- Department of Biology, Molecular Biology Section, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ceren Sucularli
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hayriye Akel Bilgic
- Department of Biology, Molecular Biology Section, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Omer Kalayci
- Department of Pediatric Allergy, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Mulindwa F, Castelnuovo B, Kirenga B, Kalibbala D, Haguma P, Muddu M, Semitala FC. Adoption of evidence-informed guidelines in prescribing protease inhibitors for HIV-Tuberculosis co-infected patients on rifampicin and effects on HIV treatment outcomes in Uganda. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:822. [PMID: 34399706 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06533-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to determine how emerging evidence over the past decade informed how Ugandan HIV clinicians prescribed protease inhibitors (PIs) in HIV patients on rifampicin-based tuberculosis (TB) treatment and how this affected HIV treatment outcomes. METHODS We reviewed clinical records of HIV patients aged 13 years and above, treated with rifampicin-based TB treatment while on PIs between1st-January -2013 and 30th-September-2018 from twelve public HIV clinics in Uganda. Appropriate PI prescription during rifampicin-based TB treatment was defined as; prescribing doubled dose lopinavir/ritonavir- (LPV/r 800/200 mg twice daily) and inappropriate PI prescription as prescribing standard dose LPV/r or atazanavir/ritonavir (ATV/r). RESULTS Of the 602 patients who were on both PIs and rifampicin, 103 patients (17.1% (95% CI: 14.3-20.34)) received an appropriate PI prescription. There were no significant differences in the two-year mortality (4.8 vs. 5.7%, P = 0.318), loss to follow up (23.8 vs. 18.9%, P = 0.318) and one-year post TB treatment virologic failure rates (31.6 vs. 30.7%, P = 0.471) between patients that had an appropriate PI prescription and those that did not. However, more patients on double dose LPV/r had missed anti-retroviral therapy (ART) days (35.9 vs 21%, P = 0.001). CONCLUSION We conclude that despite availability of clinical evidence, double dosing LPV/r in patients receiving rifampicin-based TB treatment is low in Uganda's public HIV clinics but this does not seem to affect patient survival and viral suppression.
Collapse
|
45
|
Vidal-Quist JC, Ortego F, Hernández-Crespo P. Contribution of cysteine and serine proteases to proteolytic digestion in an allergy-eliciting house dust mite. J Insect Physiol 2021; 133:104285. [PMID: 34284041 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2021.104285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The digestive physiology of house dust mites (HDM) is of interest to understand their allergenicity towards humans since many of their allergens are digestive enzymes and/or are excreted into airborne fecal pellets. The aim of this study is to provide insight on the biochemical basis of proteolytic digestion in Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, the most widespread HDM species. First, assays using non-specific protein substrates on purified fecal and body extracts determined that body-associated activity is almost exclusively dependent on cysteine proteases, and specifically on major allergen Der p 1. By contrast, cysteine and serine proteases contributed similarly to the activity estimated on fecal extracts. Second, the screening of group-specific peptide-based protease inhibitors followed by ingestion bioassays revealed that the human skin-derived cysteine protease inhibitor cystatin A produces a significant reduction in mite feeding (i.e. excreted guanine), and triggers the overproduction of Der p 1 (3-fold increase by ELISA). Noteworthy, the inhibition of cysteine proteases by cystatin A also resulted in a reduction in three non-target serine protease activities. Further incubation of these extracts with exogenous Der p 1, but not with other commercial cysteine proteases, restored trypsin (Der p 3) and chymotrypsin (Der p 6) activities, indicating that Der p 1 is responsible for their activation in vivo. Finally, the role of serine proteases on the mite's digestive physiology is discussed based on their remarkable activity in fecal extracts and the autocoprophagic behavior reported in mites in this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Cristian Vidal-Quist
- Laboratorio de Entomología Aplicada a la Agricultura y la Salud, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas CSIC, Spain.
| | - Félix Ortego
- Laboratorio de Entomología Aplicada a la Agricultura y la Salud, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas CSIC, Spain
| | - Pedro Hernández-Crespo
- Laboratorio de Entomología Aplicada a la Agricultura y la Salud, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas CSIC, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Baesi K, Velayati AA, Ashtiani MF, Fakhredini K, Banifazl M, Larijani MS, Basimi P, Ramezani A. Prevalence of Naturally Occurring Resistance Associated Substitutions in NS3/4A Protease Inhibitors in Iranian HCV/HIV Infected Patients. Curr HIV Res 2021; 19:391-397. [PMID: 34238162 DOI: 10.2174/1566523221666210707142838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus (HCV) acts in host as a complicated mixture of related variants with the potency to genetically escape host immune responses. Direct acting antivirals (DAAs) have been approved for HCV treatment with shorter duration, better cure rates and lower side effects. However, naturally occurring resistance associated substitutions(RASs) make some obstacles to this antiviral therapy success. OBJECTIVE In this study, we aimed at determination of the naturally occurring NS3/4A RASs in HCV/human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)infected patients. METHODS A total of 120 DAA-naïve HCV-HIV co-infected patients were included. HCV NS3/4Agenome region was amplified with PCR and mutation analysis was performed by Sanger sequencing technique. The amino acid sequence diversity of the region wasanalyzed using geno2pheno HCV. RESULTS Phylogenetic analysis showed that 73 cases were infected by 3a and 47 subjects by subtype1a. The overall RASs among studied subjects wereobserved in 6 (5%) individuals from 120 studied cases who were infected with HCV 1a. V36M/L,Q80L,S122G/L,R155T/G,A156S,D168Y/N and S174A/N/T mutations were detected in this study. CONCLUSION Although the prevalence of RASs was totally low in this study, the presence of several cases of double and triple mutants among this population suggests prior evaluation of protease inhibitors related mutations before initiation of standard treatment and also investigation on a large population could be of high value.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazem Baesi
- Hepatitis & AIDS Dept., Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Velayati
- Masih Daneshvari Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Kamal Fakhredini
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Banifazl
- Iranian Society for Support of Patients with Infectious Disease, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Parya Basimi
- Hepatitis & AIDS Dept., Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amitis Ramezani
- Clinical Research Dept., Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Yoder AK, Lakomy DS, Dong Y, Raychaudhury S, Royse K, Hartman C, Richardson P, White DL, Kramer JR, Lin LL, Chiao E. The association between protease inhibitors and anal cancer outcomes in veterans living with HIV treated with definitive chemoradiation: a retrospective study. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:776. [PMID: 34225709 PMCID: PMC8256603 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08514-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of anal squamous cell carcinoma has been increasing, particularly in people living with HIV (PLWH). There is concern that radiosensitizing drugs, such as protease inhibitors, commonly used in the management of HIV, may increase toxicities in patients undergoing chemoradiation. This study examines treatment outcomes and toxicities in PLWH managed with and without protease inhibitors who are receiving chemoradiation for anal cancer. METHODS Patient demographic, HIV management, and cancer treatment information were extracted from multiple Veterans Affairs databases. Patients were also manually chart reviewed. Among PLWH undergoing chemoradiation for anal carcinoma, therapy outcomes and toxicities were compared between those treated with and without protease inhibitors at time of cancer treatment. Statistical analysis was performed using chi-square, Cox regression analysis, and logistic regression. RESULTS A total of 219 PLWH taking anti-retroviral therapy undergoing chemoradiation for anal cancer were identified and included in the final analysis. The use of protease inhibitors was not associated with any survival outcome including colostomy-free survival, progression-free survival, or overall survival (all adjusted hazard ratio p-values> 0.05). Regarding toxicity, protease inhibitor use was not associated with an increased odds of hospitalizations or non-hematologic toxicities; however, protease inhibitor use was associated with increased hospitalizations for hematologic toxicities, including febrile neutropenia (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION The use of protease inhibitors during chemoradiation for anal carcinoma was not associated with any clinical outcome or increase in non-hematologic toxicity. Their use was associated with increased hospitalizations for hematologic toxicities. Further prospective research is needed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of protease inhibitors for patients undergoing chemoradiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alison K Yoder
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern School of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David S Lakomy
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Dartmouth College Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Yongquan Dong
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, 1155 Pressler St. Unit, Houston, 1340, USA
- Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Suchismita Raychaudhury
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, 1155 Pressler St. Unit, Houston, 1340, USA
- Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kathryn Royse
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, 1155 Pressler St. Unit, Houston, 1340, USA
| | - Christine Hartman
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, 1155 Pressler St. Unit, Houston, 1340, USA
- Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Peter Richardson
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, 1155 Pressler St. Unit, Houston, 1340, USA
- Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Donna L White
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, 1155 Pressler St. Unit, Houston, 1340, USA
- Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jennifer R Kramer
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, 1155 Pressler St. Unit, Houston, 1340, USA
- Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lilie L Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Elizabeth Chiao
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, 1155 Pressler St. Unit, Houston, 1340, USA.
- Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Lu J, Liu S, Ruan Z, Ye J, Wu Q, Wang S, Lin Z, Xue Q. Family I84 protease inhibitors likely constitute a Mollusca-specific protein family functioning in host defense. Dis Aquat Organ 2021; 145:89-100. [PMID: 34137379 DOI: 10.3354/dao03602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Protease inhibitors are proteins or small polypeptides functioning in numerous biological processes in all organisms. The I84 family of protease inhibitors in the MEROPS database represents a novel protease inhibitor family that has been reported in 2 bivalves, Crassostrea virginica and Sinonovacula constricta, and is believed to play a role in host defense. In the present study, 7 new members of Family I84 were identified in 2 bivalves, Meretrix meretrix and Mytilus galloprovincialis, and 1 gastropod, Haliotis discus hannai, at the mRNA level via cDNA cloning. The expression patterns of the newly identified genes varied in response to salinity stresses and pathogen-associated molecular pattern stimulations, suggesting their involvement in the host defense of related species. Additionally, analyses of sequence data in public databases did not reveal any Family I84 protease inhibitor molecules in non-molluscan animals. The results indicated that Family I84 protease inhibitors are likely mollusk specific, constituting a unique host defense mechanism in molluscan species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Lu
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Vallianou NG, Tsilingiris D, Christodoulatos GS, Karampela Ι, Dalamaga M. Anti-viral treatment for SARS-CoV-2 infection: A race against time amidst the ongoing pandemic. Metabol Open 2021; 10:100096. [PMID: 34056571 PMCID: PMC8143911 DOI: 10.1016/j.metop.2021.100096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Remdesivir (GS-5734), a drug initially developed to treat hepatitis C and Ebola virus disease, was the first approved treatment for severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, apart from remdesivir, there is a paucity of other specific anti-viral agents against SARS-CoV-2 infection. In 2017, researchers had documented the anti-coronavirus potential of remdesivir in animal models. At the same time, trials performed during two Ebola outbreaks in Africa showed that the drug was safe. Although vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 infection have emerged at an enormously high speed, equivalent results from efforts towards the development of anti-viral drugs, which could have played a truly life-saving role in the current stage of the pandemic, have been stagnating. In this review, we will focus on the current treatment options for COVID-19 which mainly consist of repurposed agents or treatments conferring passive immunity (convalescent plasma or monoclonal antibodies). Additionally, potential specific anti-viral therapies under development will be reviewed, such as the decoy miniprotein CTC-445.2d, protease inhibitors, mainly against the Main protein Mpro, nucleoside analogs, such as molnupiravir and compounds blocking the replication transcription complex proteins, such as zotatifin and plitidepsin. These anti-viral agents seem to be very promising but still require meticulous clinical trial testing in order to establish their efficacy and safety. The continuous emergence of viral variants may pose a real challenge to the scientific community towards that end. In this context, the advent of nanobodies together with the potential administration of a combination of anti-viral drugs could serve as useful tools in the armamentarium against COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia G. Vallianou
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Evangelismos General Hospital, 45-47 Ipsilantou str, 10676, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Tsilingiris
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, 17 St Thomas street, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Gerasimos Socrates Christodoulatos
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Ιrene Karampela
- Second Department of Critical Care, Attikon General University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 1 Rimini St, Haidari, 12462, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Dalamaga
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias, 11527, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Schwarzenberger A, Ilić M, Von Elert E. Daphnia populations are similar but not identical in tolerance to different protease inhibitors. Harmful Algae 2021; 106:102062. [PMID: 34154785 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.102062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms often produce different classes and chemical variants of toxins such as dietary protease inhibitors (PIs) that affect the keystone grazer Daphnia. However, it has been shown that Daphnia populations are able to locally adapt to frequently occurring dietary PIs by modulating their digestive proteases. Up until now, local adaptation has exclusively been tested by making use of single cyanobacterial strains and by measuring average population tolerance. In contrast, we measured juvenile somatic growth rates and egg numbers of several individual clones per each of three different D. magna populations that have previously been found to be either tolerant or sensitive to the Microcystis strain BM25. Clones from the three D. magna populations were either treated with BM25 that produces three different protease inhibitor variants of the class of Ahp-cyclodepsipeptides or another Microcystis strain that produces two other Ahp-cyclodepsipeptide variants. Subsequently, the population growth was calculated as mean of the single-clone growth rates. Both tolerant populations (which originate from ponds with a cyanobacterial history) proved to be similarly tolerant to both Microcystis strains. However, single genotypes of the populations differed in their response to the different strains. Both the tolerant and the sensitive populations contained both sensitive and tolerant genotypes but in different proportions. Furthermore, the genotypes from the sensitive population showed a higher variance in response to one or both strains. Trade-offs between somatic growth rate and clutch size were found in one of the tolerant populations that originated from a pond where cyanobacteria were frequent in the past but completely absent since the pond's restoration. Because of those intra-population difference, we conclude that the tolerant populations were putatively selected by different Ahp-cyclodepsipeptide variants in the past and that all populations still possess the potential to adapt to other environmental conditions by genotype frequency shifts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anke Schwarzenberger
- University of Konstanz, Limnological Institute, Mainaustraße 252, 78464 Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Maja Ilić
- Queen's University Belfast, School of Biological Sciences, 19 Chlorine Gardens, BT9 5DL Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Von Elert
- University of Cologne, Institute for Zoology, Zülpicherstraße 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| |
Collapse
|