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Ji C, Zhu Y, Zhao S, Zhang Y, Nie Y, Zhang H, Zhang H, Wang S, Zhou J, Zhao H, Liu X. Arsenic species in soil profiles from chemical weapons (CWs) burial sites of China: Contamination characteristics, degradation process and migration mechanism. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 349:140938. [PMID: 38101484 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study, soil profiles and pore water from Japanese abandoned arsenic-containing chemical weapons (CWs) burial sites in Dunhua, China were analyzed to understand the distribution of arsenic (As) contamination, degradation, and migration processes. Results of As species analysis showed that the As-containing agents underwent degradation with an average rate of 87.55 ± 0.13%, producing inorganic pentavalent arsenic (As5+) and organic arsenic such as 2-chlorovinylarsonic acid (CVAOA), triphenylarsenic (TPA), and phenylarsine oxide (PAO). Organic arsenic pollutants accounted for 1.27-18.20% of soil As. In the vertical profiles, total As concentrations peaked at about 40-60 cm burial depth, and the surface agricultural soil exhibited moderate to heavy contamination level, whereas the contamination level was insignificant below 1 m, reflecting As migration was relatively limited throughout the soil profile. Sequential extraction showed Fe/Al-bound As was the predominant fraction, and poorly-crystalline Fe minerals adsorbed 33.23-73.13% of soil As. Oxygen-susceptible surface soil formed poorly-crystalline Fe3+ minerals, greatly reducing downward migration of arsenic. However, the reduction of oxidizing conditions below 2 m soil depth may promote As activity and require attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ji
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Yongbing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Sanping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Yaguang Nie
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, China
| | - Huijun Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Haiyang Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Shiyu Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Hongjie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China.
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Ji C, Zhu Y, Zhao S, Zhang H, Wang S, Zhou J, Liu X, Zhang Y, Liu X. Arsenic and heavy metals at Japanese abandoned chemical weapons site in China: distribution characterization, source identification and contamination risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:3069-3087. [PMID: 36153764 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-022-01382-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
As-containing chemical weapons (CWs) and their degraded products pose a great threat to the environment and to human health. In this study, concentration and distribution characteristics, source identification, and health risk assessments were determined for As, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb in environmental samples from Lianhuapao (LHP), a typical site of Japanese abandoned chemical weapons (JACWs) in China. The results show that the concentration levels of As, Cr and Ni in the LHP soils are abnormally high, with 69.57%, 83.33% and 91.67%, respectively, of the total sample exceeding the risk screening values for soil contamination of agricultural land. As levels in water samples were generally within safety limits, with the exception of perched water in the core contamination area. In the study area, none of the dominant plant species were enriched with As, except for the Pteris vittata L. Pentavalent arsenic was found to be the predominant arsenic species in the topsoil and water samples. Source identification using statistical approaches indicated that the concentrations of As, Pb, Cu, Cd and Zn are likely influenced by JACWs, while Cr and Ni levels may be related to the natural weathering process. The total concentrations of As, Cr and Ni showed a significant degree of contamination, but only As displayed high potential ecological risk. The calculated indexes of health risk evaluation strongly indicate an unacceptable carcinogenic risk (1E-04) to children, and higher non-carcinogenic risk, relative to that of adults. Our data indicate that the health risk from the resulting As contamination is still a cause for concern, although the JACWs were excavated decades ago from these soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ji
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Yongbing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China.
| | - Sanping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Huijun Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Shiyu Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Xiangcui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, China.
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, China.
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Wang L, Hu C, Yang Z, Guo S, Zhang T, Li S. Simple Co-Precipitation of Iron Minerals for the Removal of Phenylarsonic Acid: Insights into the Adsorption Performance and Mechanism. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083448. [PMID: 37110683 PMCID: PMC10145160 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, three kinds of iron minerals, ferrihydrite, hematite, and goethite, were prepared by a simple coprecipitation method for the adsorption and removal of phenylarsonic acid (PAA). The adsorption of PAA was explored, and the influences of ambient temperature, pH, and co-existing anions on adsorption were evaluated. The experimental results show that rapid adsorption of PAA occurs within 180 min in the presence of iron minerals, and the adsorption process conforms to a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The isothermal adsorption of PAA by ferrihydrite, goethite, and hematite agrees with the Redlich-Peterson model. The maximum adsorption capacities of PAA are 63.44 mg/g, 19.03 mg/g, and 26.27 mg/g for ferrihydrite, goethite, and hematite, respectively. Environmental factor experiments illustrated that an alkaline environment will significantly inhibit the adsorption of PAA by iron minerals. CO32-, SiO32-, and PO43- in the environment will also significantly reduce the adsorption performance of the three iron minerals. The adsorption mechanism was analyzed by FTIR and XPS, which indicated that ligand exchange between the surface hydroxyl group and the arsine group leads to the formation of an Fe-O-As bond, and electrostatic attraction between the iron minerals and PAA played an important role in the adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Wang
- Petroleum Exploration and Production Research Institute, SINOPEC, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Changchao Hu
- Petroleum Exploration and Production Research Institute, SINOPEC, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ze Yang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Research Centre for Resource and Environment, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Songding Guo
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Research Centre for Resource and Environment, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Research Centre for Resource and Environment, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shangyi Li
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Research Centre for Resource and Environment, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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Dziedzic D, Nawała J, Gordon D, Dawidziuk B, Popiel S. Nanostructured polyaniline SPME fiber coating for chemical warfare agents analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1202:339649. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Fianchini M, O'Brien CJ, Chass GA. Reduction Rate of 1-Phenyl Phospholane 1-Oxide Enhanced by Silanol Byproducts: Comprehensive DFT Study and Kinetic Modeling Linked to Reagent Design. J Org Chem 2019; 84:10579-10592. [PMID: 29812942 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Important stoichiometric transformations like Wittig and Appel reactions have been implemented in a catalytic fashion in the past decade. The phosphine oxide generated in situ can be reintroduced as phosphine into the catalytic cycle using mild and selective silane reagents (redox-driven catalysis). While the field of experimental investigation has been fully expanding in the past decade, theoretical studies are still sparse. In this present work, density functional theory (DFT) has been used to characterize the free energy surfaces of the reduction of 1-phenyl phospholane 1-oxide with four different silanes. Found stationary points have been studied in-depth to highlight mechanistic peculiarities, like the effect of substituents at the silicon center and the parallel and competitive reactivity between the precursor silanes and their semioxidized byproducts. Calculated thermodynamic parameters in combination with "real" values for concentrations have been used in the formulation of rate equations for simple bimolecular and monomolecular steps of the mechanism. The deterministic integration concentrations versus time of such rate equations led to a realistic description of the systems under study and paved the way to strategic and rational design of new silanes with increased reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Fianchini
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ) , The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , Avgda. Països Catalans 16 , 43007 Tarragona , Catalonia , Spain
| | - Christopher J O'Brien
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of Texas at Arlington , Box 19065 , Arlington , Texas 76019 , United States
| | - Gregory A Chass
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences , Queen Mary University of London , Mile End Road , E1 4NS London , United Kingdom
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6
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Zhu M, Tu C, Hu X, Zhang H, Zhang L, Wei J, Li Y, Luo Y, Christie P. Solid-solution partitioning and thionation of diphenylarsinic acid in a flooded soil under the impact of sulfate and iron reduction. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 569-570:1579-1586. [PMID: 27395078 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Diphenylarsinic acid (DPAA) is a major organic arsenic (As) compound derived from abandoned chemical weapons. The solid-solution partitioning and transformation of DPAA in flooded soils are poorly understood but are of great concern. The identification of the mechanisms responsible for the mobilization and transformation of DPAA may help to develop effective remediation strategies. Here, soil and Fe mineral incubation experiments were carried out to elucidate the partitioning and transformation of DPAA in anoxic (without addition of sulfate or sodium lactate) and sulfide (with the addition of sulfate and sodium lactate) soil and to examine the impact of sulfate and Fe(III) reduction on these processes. Results show that DPAA was more effectively mobilized and thionated in sulfide soil than in anoxic soil. At the initial incubation stages (0-4weeks), 6.7-74.5% of the total DPAA in sulfide soil was mobilized likely by sorption competition with sodium lactate. At later incubation stage (4-8weeks), DPAA was almost completely released into the solution likely due to the near-complete Fe(III) reduction. Scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) results provide further direct evidence of elevated DPAA release coupled with Fe(III) reduction in sulfide environments. The total DPAA fraction decreased significantly to 24.5% after two weeks and reached 3.4% after eight weeks in sulfide soil, whereas no obvious elimination of DPAA occurred in anoxic soil at the initial two weeks and the total DPAA fraction decreased to 10.9% after eight weeks. This can be explained in part by the enhanced mobilization of DPAA and sulfate reduction in sulfide soil compared with anoxic soil. These results suggest that under flooded soil conditions, Fe(III) and sulfate reduction significantly promote DPAA mobilization and thionation, respectively, and we suggest that it is essential to consider both sulfate and Fe(III) reduction to further our understanding of the environmental fate of DPAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chen Tu
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Xuefeng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haibo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Jing Wei
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yongming Luo
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China; Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Peter Christie
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
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Srivastava RK, Li C, Weng Z, Agarwal A, Elmets CA, Afaq F, Athar M. Defining cutaneous molecular pathobiology of arsenicals using phenylarsine oxide as a prototype. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34865. [PMID: 27725709 PMCID: PMC5057142 DOI: 10.1038/srep34865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenicals are painful, inflammatory and blistering causing agents developed as chemical weapons in World War I/II. However, their large stockpiles still exist posing threat to public health. Phenylarsine oxide (PAO), a strong oxidant and a prototype arsenical is tested for its suitability to defining molecular mechanisms underlying arsenicals-mediated tissue injury. Topically applied PAO induces cutaneous erythema, edema and micro-blisters. These gross inflammatory responses were accompanied by the enhanced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, ROS and unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling activation. To demonstrate the involvement of UPR in the pathobiology of these lesions, we employed chemical chaperone, 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA) which attenuates UPR. 4-PBA significantly reduced PAO-induced inflammation and blistering. Similar to its effects in murine epidermis, a dose- and time-dependent upregulation of ROS, cytokines, UPR proteins (GRP78, p-PERK, p-eIF2α, ATF4 and CHOP) and apoptosis were observed in PAO-treated human skin keratinocytes NHEK and HaCaT. In addition, 4-PBA significantly restored these molecular alterations in these cells. Employing RNA interference (RNAi)-based approaches, CHOP was found to be a key regulator of these responses. These effects are similar to those manifested by lewisite suggesting that PAO could be used as a prototype of arsenicals to define the molecular pathogenesis of chemical injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritesh K. Srivastava
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Diseases Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Changzhao Li
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Diseases Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Zhiping Weng
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Diseases Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Anupam Agarwal
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Craig A. Elmets
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Diseases Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Farrukh Afaq
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Diseases Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Mohammad Athar
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Diseases Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Li C, Srivastava RK, Athar M. Biological and environmental hazards associated with exposure to chemical warfare agents: arsenicals. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1378:143-157. [PMID: 27636894 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Arsenicals are highly reactive inorganic and organic derivatives of arsenic. These chemicals are very toxic and produce both acute and chronic tissue damage. On the basis of these observations, and considering the low cost and simple methods of their bulk syntheses, these agents were thought to be appropriate for chemical warfare. Among these, the best-known agent that was synthesized and weaponized during World War I (WWI) is Lewisite. Exposure to Lewisite causes painful inflammatory and blistering responses in the skin, lung, and eye. These chemicals also manifest systemic tissue injury following their cutaneous exposure. Although largely discontinued after WWI, stockpiles are still known to exist in the former Soviet Union, Germany, Italy, the United States, and Asia. Thus, access by terrorists or accidental exposure could be highly dangerous for humans and the environment. This review summarizes studies that describe the biological, pathophysiological, toxicological, and environmental effects of exposure to arsenicals, with a major focus on cutaneous injury. Studies related to the development of novel molecular pathobiology-based antidotes against these agents are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changzhao Li
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Diseases Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Ritesh K Srivastava
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Diseases Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Mohammad Athar
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Diseases Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.
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Development of the HS-SPME-GC-MS/MS method for analysis of chemical warfare agent and their degradation products in environmental samples. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 933:103-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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10
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Zhang Q, Vakili MR, Li XF, Lavasanifar A, Le XC. Polymeric micelles for GSH-triggered delivery of arsenic species to cancer cells. Biomaterials 2014; 35:7088-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.04.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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O'Brien CJ, Nixon ZS, Holohan AJ, Kunkel SR, Tellez JL, Doonan BJ, Coyle EE, Lavigne F, Kang LJ, Przeworski KC. Part I: the development of the catalytic Wittig reaction. Chemistry 2013; 19:15281-9. [PMID: 24115040 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201301444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We have developed the first catalytic (in phosphane) Wittig reaction (CWR). The utilization of an organosilane was pivotal for success as it allowed for the chemoselective reduction of a phosphane oxide. Protocol optimization evaluated the phosphane oxide precatalyst structure, loading, organosilane, temperature, solvent, and base. These studies demonstrated that to maintain viable catalytic performance it was necessary to employ cyclic phosphane oxide precatalysts of type 1. Initial substrate studies utilized sodium carbonate as a base, and further experimentation identified N,N-diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA) as a soluble alternative. The use of DIPEA improved the ease of use, broadened the substrate scope, and decreased the precatalyst loading. The optimized protocols were compatible with alkyl, aryl, and heterocyclic (furyl, indolyl, pyridyl, pyrrolyl, and thienyl) aldehydes to produce both di- and trisubstituted olefins in moderate-to-high yields (60-96%) by using a precatalyst loading of 4-10 mol%. Kinetic E/Z selectivity was generally 66:34; complete E selectivity for disubstituted α,β-unsaturated products was achieved through a phosphane-mediated isomerization event. The CWR was applied to the synthesis of 54, a known precursor to the anti-Alzheimer drug donepezil hydrochloride, on a multigram scale (12.2 g, 74% yield). In addition, to our knowledge, the described CWR is the only transition-/heavy-metal-free catalytic olefination process, excluding proton-catalyzed elimination reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J O'Brien
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9 (Ireland) http://webpages.dcu.ie/∼obrienc/OBrien_Group/Home.html.
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12
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Kobayashi Y, Hirano S. The role of glutathione in the metabolism of diphenylarsinic acid in rats. Metallomics 2013; 5:469-78. [DOI: 10.1039/c2mt20228j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Li J, Zhang D, Ward KM, Prendergast GC, Ayene IS. Hydroxyethyl disulfide as an efficient metabolic assay for cell viability in vitro. Toxicol In Vitro 2012; 26:603-12. [PMID: 22321380 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cell viability assays have a variety of well known practical and technical limitations. All the available approaches have disadvantages, such as non-linearity, high background and cumbersome protocols. Several commonly used tetrazolium chemicals rely upon generation of a colored formazan product formed by mitochondrial reduction of these compounds via phenazine methosulfate (PMS). However, sensitivity is inherently limited because their reduction relies on mitochondrial bioreduction and cellular transport of PMS, as well as accessibility to tetrazolium chemicals. In this study, we identify hydroxethyldisulfide (HEDS) as an inexpensive probe that can measure cellular metabolic activity without the need of PMS. In tissue culture medium, HEDS accurately quantitated metabolically active live cells in a linear manner superior to tetrazolium based and other assays. Cell toxicity produced by chemotherapeutics (cisplatin, etoposide), oxidants (hydrogen peroxide, acetaminophen), toxins (phenyl arsine oxide, arsenite) or ionizing radiation was rapidly determined by the HEDS assay. We found that HEDS was superior to other commonly used assays for cell viability determinations in its solubility, membrane permeability, and intracellular conversion to a metabolic reporter that is readily transported into the extracellular medium. Our findings establish the use of HEDS in a simple, rapid and low cost assay to accurately quantify viable cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, 100 Lancaster Avenue, Wynnewood, PA 19096, USA
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14
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Yehiayan L, Membreno N, Matulis S, Boise LH, Cai Y. Extraction tool and matrix effects on arsenic speciation analysis in cell lines. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 699:187-92. [PMID: 21704773 PMCID: PMC3184454 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2011] [Revised: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic glutathione (As-GSH) complexes have been suggested as possible metabolites in arsenic (As) metabolism. Extensive research has been performed on the toxicological and apoptotic effects of As, while few reports exist on its metabolism at the cellular level due to the analytical challenges. In this study, an efficient extraction method for arsenicals from cell lines was developed. Evaluation of extraction tools; vortex, ultrasonic bath and ultrasonic probe and solvents; water, chemicals (methanol and trifluoroacetic acid), and enzymes (pepsin, trypsin and protease) was performed. GSH effect on the stability of As-GSH complexes was studied. Arsenic metabolites in dimethylarsino glutathione (DMA(GS)) incubated multiple myeloma cell lines were identified following extraction. Intracellular GSH concentrations of myeloma cell lines were imitated in the extraction media and its corresponding effect on the stability and distribution of As metabolites was studied. An enhancement in both extraction recoveries and time efficiency with the use of the ultrasonic probe was observed. Higher stabilities for the As species in water, pepsin and trypsin were obtained. The presence of 0.5mM GSH in the extraction media (PBS, pH 7.4) could not stabilize the As-GSH complexes compared to the 5mM GSH, where high stabilization of the complexes was observed over a 5 day storage study. Finally, the speciation analysis of the DMA(GS) culture incubated cell lines in the presence or absence of GSH revealed the important role GSH plays in the preservation of DMA(GS) identity. Hence, caution is required during the extraction of arsenicals especially the As-GSH complexes, since their identification is highly dependent on GSH concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Yehiayan
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8 St, Miami, Florida, 33199
| | - Nellymar Membreno
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8 St, Miami, Florida, 33199
| | - Shannon Matulis
- Dept. of Hematology & Medical Oncology at Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322
| | - Lawrence H. Boise
- Dept. of Hematology & Medical Oncology at Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322
| | - Yong Cai
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8 St, Miami, Florida, 33199
- Southeast Environmental Research Center, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, 33199
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Arsenic-induced protein phosphorylation changes in HeLa cells. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:2099-107. [PMID: 20803194 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4128-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2010] [Revised: 08/11/2010] [Accepted: 08/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic is well documented as a chemotherapeutic agent capable of inducing cell death while at the same time is considered a human carcinogen and an environmental contaminant. Although arsenic toxicity is well known and has formed an impressive literature over the time, little is known about how its effects are exerted at the proteome level. Protein phosphorylation is an important post-translational modification involved in the regulation of cell signaling and likely is altered by arsenic treatment. Despite the importance of phosphorylation for many regulatory processes in cells, the identification and characterization of phosphorylation, as effected by arsenic through mass spectrometric detection, are not fully studied. Here, we identify phosphorylated proteins, which are related to post-translational modifications after phenylarsine oxide (PAO) inoculation to HeLa cells. PAO was chosen because of its high cytotoxicity, measured earlier in these labs. In this study, size exclusion chromatography coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (SEC-ICP-MS) is used to establish several molecular weight fractions with phosphorylated proteins by monitoring (31)P signal vs. time via ICP-MS. SEC-ICP-MS fractions are collected and then separated by the nano-LC-CHIP/ITMS system for peptide determination. Spectrum Mill and MASCOT protein database search engines are used for protein identification. Several phosphorylation sites and proteins related to post-translational modifications are also identified.
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O'Brien C, Tellez J, Nixon Z, Kang L, Carter A, Kunkel S, Przeworski K, Chass G. Recycling the Waste: The Development of a Catalytic Wittig Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:6836-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200902525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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O'Brien C, Tellez J, Nixon Z, Kang L, Carter A, Kunkel S, Przeworski K, Chass G. Recycling the Waste: The Development of a Catalytic Wittig Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200902525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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