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Wang Z, Zhang T, Tan CS, Qi Z. Modeling of phosphorus loss from field to watershed: A review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2020; 49:1203-1224. [PMID: 33016450 DOI: 10.1002/jeq2.20109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) losses from nonpoint sources into surface water resources through surface runoff and tile drainage play a significant role in eutrophication. Accordingly, the number of studies involving the modeling of agricultural P losses, the uncertainties of such models, and the best management practices (BMPs) supported by the modeling of hypothetical P loss reduction scenarios has increased significantly around the world. Many improvements have been made to these models: separate manure P pools, variable source areas allowing the determination of critical source areas of P loss, analyses of modeling uncertainties, and understanding of legacy P. However, several elements are still missing or have yet to be sufficiently addressed: the incorporation of preferential flow into models, the modification of P sorption-desorption processes considering recent research data (e.g., pedotransfer functions for labile, active, or stable P, along with P sorption coefficients), BMP parameterization, and scale-up issues, as well as stakeholder-scientist and experimentalist-modeler interactions. The accuracy of P loss modeling can be improved by (a) incorporating dynamic P sorption-desorption processes and new P subroutines for direct P loss from manure, fertilizer, and dung, (b) modeling preferential flow, connectivity between field and adjacent water bodies, and P in-stream processes, (c) including an assessment of model uncertainty, (d) integrating field and watershed models for BMP calibration and scaling field results up to larger areas, and (e) building a holistic interaction between stakeholders, experimentalists, and modelers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaozhi Wang
- Harrow Research and Development Centre, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Harrow, ON, N0R1G0, Canada
| | - Tiequan Zhang
- Harrow Research and Development Centre, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Harrow, ON, N0R1G0, Canada
| | - Chin S Tan
- Harrow Research and Development Centre, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Harrow, ON, N0R1G0, Canada
| | - Zhiming Qi
- Dep. of Bioresource Engineering, McGill Univ., Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X3V9, Canada
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Moatar F, Floury M, Gold AJ, Meybeck M, Renard B, Ferréol M, Chandesris A, Minaudo C, Addy K, Piffady J, Pinay G. Stream Solutes and Particulates Export Regimes: A New Framework to Optimize Their Monitoring. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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Abbott BW, Moatar F, Gauthier O, Fovet O, Antoine V, Ragueneau O. Trends and seasonality of river nutrients in agricultural catchments: 18years of weekly citizen science in France. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 624:845-858. [PMID: 29274609 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Agriculture and urbanization have disturbed three-quarters of global ice-free land surface, delivering huge amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus to freshwater ecosystems. These excess nutrients degrade habitat and threaten human food and water security at a global scale. Because most catchments are either currently subjected to, or recovering from anthropogenic nutrient loading, understanding the short- and long-term responses of river nutrients to changes in land use is essential for effective management. We analyzed a never-published, 18-year time series of anthropogenic (NO3- and PO43-) and naturally derived (dissolved silica) riverine nutrients in 13 catchments recovering from agricultural pollution in western France. In a citizen science initiative, high-school students sampled catchments weekly, which ranged from 26 to 1489km2. Nutrient concentrations decreased substantially over the period of record (19 to 50% for NO3- and 14 to 80% for PO43-), attributable to regional, national, and international investment and regulation, which started immediately prior to monitoring. For the majority of catchments, water quality during the summer low-flow period improved faster than during winter high-flow conditions, and annual minimum concentrations improved relatively faster than annual maximum concentrations. These patterns suggest that water-quality improvements were primarily due to elimination of discrete nutrient sources with seasonally-constant discharge (e.g. human and livestock wastewater), agreeing with available land-use and municipal records. Surprisingly, long-term nutrient decreases were not accompanied by changes in nutrient seasonality in most catchments, attributable to persistent, diffuse nutrient stocks. Despite decreases, nutrient concentrations in almost all catchments remained well above eutrophication thresholds, and because additional improvements will depend on decreasing diffuse nutrient sources, future gains may be much slower than initial rate of recovery. These findings demonstrate the value of citizen science initiatives in quantifying long-term and seasonal consequences of changes in land management, which are necessary to identify sustainable limits and predict recovery timeframes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin W Abbott
- Brigham Young University, Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Provo, USA; ECOBIO, OSUR, CNRS, Université de Rennes 1, 35045 Rennes, France.
| | - Florentina Moatar
- University François-Rabelais Tours, EA 6293 Géo-Hydrosystèmes Continentaux, Parc de Grandmont, 37 200 Tours, France
| | - Olivier Gauthier
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR UMR 6539 CNRS UBO IRD IFREMER), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, 29280 Plouzané, France; Observatoire Marin (UMS 3113 CNRS), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Université de Bretagne Occidentale
| | - Ophélie Fovet
- UMR SAS, INRA, AGROCAMPUS OUEST, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Virginie Antoine
- Observatoire Marin (UMS 3113 CNRS), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Université de Bretagne Occidentale
| | - Olivier Ragueneau
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR UMR 6539 CNRS UBO IRD IFREMER), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, 29280 Plouzané, France
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Fischer P, Pöthig R, Venohr M. The degree of phosphorus saturation of agricultural soils in Germany: Current and future risk of diffuse P loss and implications for soil P management in Europe. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 599-600:1130-1139. [PMID: 28511358 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Decades of intensive agricultural production with excessive application of P fertilizer have resulted in the accumulation of P in soils, threatening water bodies in most industrialized countries with eutrophication. In our study, we elucidated the risk of P loss of German agricultural soils by transforming provided monitoring data of plant-available P determined by the calcium-acetate-lactate (PCAL) and double-lactate method (PDL) into the degree of phosphorus saturation (DPS). As water-soluble phosphorus (WSP) is correlated to DPS, we derived a pedotransfer function (PTF) between PCAL and WSP for different soil types. Considering all soils together resulted in WSP=0.1918×PCAL (R2=0.80, n=54). Subsequently, risk parameters DPS and EPC0 were calculated from PCAL and PDL monitoring data (n>337,000) by using the determined PTF and soil type-independent correlations with WSP, as published in an earlier study. Calculated DPS values from monitoring data indicated high risks of dissolved P loss for >76% of German arable soils. Recent suggestions by the Association of German Agricultural Analytical and Research Institutes (VDLUFA) to reduce recommended PCAL levels are crucial for the reduction of P loss risks in the future. The accuracy of predicted DPS and EPC0 values by CAL and other methods used in Europe to estimate plant-available P is limited by the soil type-dependency of these methods. Consequently, we recommend considering WSP as an agri-environmental soil P test across Europe. Our results indicate that a WSP level in soils can be defined that constitutes a reasonable compromise between the securing of agronomic production and the fulfillment of environmental goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Fischer
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Department of Ecohydrology, Justus von Liebig Straße 7, 12489 Berlin, Germany; Humboldt-University Berlin, Geography Department, Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany.
| | - R Pöthig
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Department of Ecohydrology, Justus von Liebig Straße 7, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - M Venohr
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Department of Ecohydrology, Justus von Liebig Straße 7, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
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Shober AL, Buda AR, Turner KC, Fiorellino NM, Andres AS, McGrath JM, Sims JT. Assessing Coastal Plain Risk Indices for Subsurface Phosphorus Loss. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2017; 46:1270-1286. [PMID: 29293841 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2017.03.0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) Index evaluations are critical to advancing nutrient management planning in the United States. However, most assessments until now have focused on the risks of P losses in surface runoff. In artificially drained agroecosystems of the Atlantic Coastal Plain, subsurface flow is the predominant mode of P transport, but its representation in most P Indices is often inadequate. We explored methods to evaluate the subsurface P risk routines of five P Indices from Delaware, Maryland (two), Virginia, and North Carolina using available water quality and soils datasets. Relationships between subsurface P risk scores and published dissolved P loads in leachate (Delaware, Maryland, and North Carolina) and ditch drainage (Maryland) were directionally correct and often statistically significant, yet the brevity of the observation periods (weeks to several years) and the limited number of sampling locations precluded a more robust assessment of each P Index. Given the paucity of measured P loss data, we then showed that soil water extractable P concentrations at depths corresponding with the seasonal high water table (WEP) could serve as a realistic proxy for subsurface P losses in ditch drainage. The associations between WEP and subsurface P risk ratings reasonably mirrored those obtained with sparser water quality data. As such, WEP is seen as a valuable metric that offers interim insight into the directionality of subsurface P risk scores when water quality data are inaccessible. In the long term, improved monitoring and modeling of subsurface P losses clearly should enhance the rigor of future P Index appraisals.
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Zessner M, Schönhart M, Parajka J, Trautvetter H, Mitter H, Kirchner M, Hepp G, Blaschke AP, Strenn B, Schmid E. A novel integrated modelling framework to assess the impacts of climate and socio-economic drivers on land use and water quality. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 579:1137-1151. [PMID: 27908625 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Changes in climatic conditions will directly affect the quality and quantity of water resources. Further on, they will affect them indirectly through adaptation in land use which ultimately influences diffuse nutrient emissions to rivers and therefore potentially the compliance with good ecological status according to the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD). We present an integrated impact modelling framework (IIMF) to track and quantify direct and indirect pollution impacts along policy-economy-climate-agriculture-water interfaces. The IIMF is applied to assess impacts of climatic and socio-economic drivers on agricultural land use (crop choices, farming practices and fertilization levels), river flows and the risk for exceedance of environmental quality standards for determination of the ecological water quality status in Austria. This article also presents model interfaces as well as validation procedures and results of single models and the IIMF with respect to observed state variables such as land use, river flow and nutrient river loads. The performance of the IIMF for calculations of river nutrient loads (120 monitoring stations) shows a Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency of 0.73 for nitrogen and 0.51 for phosphorus. Most problematic is the modelling of phosphorus loads in the alpine catchments dominated by forests and mountainous landscape. About 63% of these catchments show a deviation between modelled and observed loads of 30% and more. In catchments dominated by agricultural production, the performance of the IIMF is much better as only 30% of cropland and 23% of permanent grassland dominated areas have a deviation of >30% between modelled and observed loads. As risk of exceedance of environmental quality standards is mainly recognized in catchments dominated by cropland, the IIMF is well suited for assessing the nutrient component of the WFD ecological status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Zessner
- Institute for Water Quality, Resources and Waste Management, TU Wien, Karlsplatz 13/226, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Schönhart
- Institute for Sustainable Economic Development, BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Feistmantelstraße 4, 1180 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Juraj Parajka
- Institute for Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management, TU Wien, Karlsplatz 13/222, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Helene Trautvetter
- Institute for Water Quality, Resources and Waste Management, TU Wien, Karlsplatz 13/226, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hermine Mitter
- Institute for Sustainable Economic Development, BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Feistmantelstraße 4, 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Mathias Kirchner
- Institute for Sustainable Economic Development, BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Feistmantelstraße 4, 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerold Hepp
- Institute for Water Quality, Resources and Waste Management, TU Wien, Karlsplatz 13/226, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alfred Paul Blaschke
- Institute for Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management, TU Wien, Karlsplatz 13/222, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Birgit Strenn
- Institute for Water Quality, Resources and Waste Management, TU Wien, Karlsplatz 13/226, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Erwin Schmid
- Institute for Sustainable Economic Development, BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Feistmantelstraße 4, 1180 Vienna, Austria
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Guo M, Li C, Facciotto G, Bergante S, Bhatia R, Comolli R, Ferré C, Murphy R. Bioethanol from poplar clone Imola: an environmentally viable alternative to fossil fuel? BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2015; 8:134. [PMID: 26339291 PMCID: PMC4558961 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-015-0318-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental issues, e.g. climate change, fossil resource depletion have triggered ambitious national/regional policies to develop biofuel and bioenergy roles within the overall energy portfolio to achieve decarbonising the global economy and increase energy security. With the 10 % binding target for the transport sector, the Renewable Energy Directive confirms the EU's commitment to renewable transport fuels especially advanced biofuels. Imola is an elite poplar clone crossed from Populus deltoides Bartr. and Populus nigra L. by Research Units for Intensive Wood Production, Agriculture Research Council in Italy. This study examines its suitability for plantation cultivation under short or very short rotation coppice regimes as a potential lignocellulosic feedstock for the production of ethanol as a transport biofuel. A life cycle assessment (LCA) approach was used to model the cradle-to-gate environmental profile of Imola-derived biofuel benchmarked against conventional fossil gasoline. Specific attention was given to analysing the agroecosystem fluxes of carbon and nitrogen occurring in the cultivation of the Imola biomass in the biofuel life cycle using a process-oriented biogeochemistry model (DeNitrification-DeComposition) specifically modified for application to 2G perennial bioenergy crops and carbon and nitrogen cycling. RESULTS Our results demonstrate that carbon and nitrogen cycling in perennial crop-soil ecosystems such as this example can be expected to have significant effects on the overall environmental profiles of 2G biofuels. In particular, soil carbon accumulation in perennial biomass plantations is likely to be a significant component in the overall greenhouse gas balance of future biofuel and other biorefinery products and warrants ongoing research and data collection for LCA models. We conclude that bioethanol produced from Imola represents a promising alternative transport fuel offering some savings ranging from 35 to 100 % over petrol in global warming potential, ozone depletion and photochemical oxidation impact categories. CONCLUSIONS Via comparative analyses for Imola-derived bioethanol across potential supply chains, we highlight priority issues for potential improvement in 2G biofuel profiling. Advanced clones of poplar such as Imola for 2G biofuel production in Italy as modelled here show potential to deliver an environmentally sustainable lignocellulosic biorefinery industry and accelerate advanced biofuel penetration in the transport sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Guo
- />Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK
- />Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Changsheng Li
- />Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, Morse Hall, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824 USA
| | - Gianni Facciotto
- />Research Units for Intensive Wood Production (PLF), Agriculture Research Council (CRA), Casale Monferrato, Italy
| | - Sara Bergante
- />Research Units for Intensive Wood Production (PLF), Agriculture Research Council (CRA), Casale Monferrato, Italy
| | - Rakesh Bhatia
- />Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion SY23 3EB UK
| | - Roberto Comolli
- />Department of Environmental and Land Sciences, Milano Bicocca University, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Ferré
- />Department of Environmental and Land Sciences, Milano Bicocca University, Milan, Italy
| | - Richard Murphy
- />Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK
- />Centre for Environmental Strategy, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH UK
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Starrfelt J, Kaste Ø. Bayesian uncertainty assessment of a semi-distributed integrated catchment model of phosphorus transport. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2014; 16:1578-1587. [PMID: 24589656 DOI: 10.1039/c3em00619k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Process-based models of nutrient transport are often used as tools for management of eutrophic waters, as decision makers need to judge the potential effects of alternative remediation measures, under current conditions and with future land use and climate change. All modelling exercises entail uncertainty arising from various sources, such as the input data, selection of parameter values and the choice of model itself. Here we perform Bayesian uncertainty assessment of an integrated catchment model of phosphorus (INCA-P). We use an auto-calibration procedure and an algorithm for including parametric uncertainty to simulate phosphorus transport in a Norwegian lowland river basin. Two future scenarios were defined to exemplify the importance of parametric uncertainty in generating predictions. While a worst case scenario yielded a robust prediction of increased loading of phosphorus, a best case scenario only gave rise to a reduction in load with probability 0.78, highlighting the importance of taking parametric uncertainty into account in process-based catchment scale modelling of possible remediation scenarios. Estimates of uncertainty can be included in information provided to decision makers, thus making a stronger scientific basis for sound decisions to manage water resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jostein Starrfelt
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, N-0349 Oslo, Norway.
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Bouraoui F, Grizzetti B. Modelling mitigation options to reduce diffuse nitrogen water pollution from agriculture. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 468-469:1267-1277. [PMID: 23998504 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.07.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Agriculture is responsible for large scale water quality degradation and is estimated to contribute around 55% of the nitrogen entering the European Seas. The key policy instrument for protecting inland, transitional and coastal water resources is the Water Framework Directive (WFD). Reducing nutrient losses from agriculture is crucial to the successful implementation of the WFD. There are several mitigation measures that can be implemented to reduce nitrogen losses from agricultural areas to surface and ground waters. For the selection of appropriate measures, models are useful for quantifying the expected impacts and the associated costs. In this article we review some of the models used in Europe to assess the effectiveness of nitrogen mitigation measures, ranging from fertilizer management to the construction of riparian areas and wetlands. We highlight how the complexity of models is correlated with the type of scenarios that can be tested, with conceptual models mostly used to evaluate the impact of reduced fertilizer application, and the physically-based models used to evaluate the timing and location of mitigation options and the response times. We underline the importance of considering the lag time between the implementation of measures and effects on water quality. Models can be effective tools for targeting mitigation measures (identifying critical areas and timing), for evaluating their cost effectiveness, for taking into consideration pollution swapping and considering potential trade-offs in contrasting environmental objectives. Models are also useful for involving stakeholders during the development of catchments mitigation plans, increasing their acceptability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fayçal Bouraoui
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, via E. Fermi 2749, I-21027 Ispra, VA, Italy.
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Aguilera R, Marcé R, Sabater S. Linking in-stream nutrient flux to land use and inter-annual hydrological variability at the watershed scale. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 440:72-81. [PMID: 23031293 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Revised: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The significance of nutrient inputs at the watershed scale is best expressed in terms of in-stream processes, compared to evaluating simple field measurements of nutrient inputs. Modeling tools are necessary to consider the complexity of river networks in the determination of the sources and processes by which nutrients are transported at the watershed scale. Mediterranean rivers are potentially vulnerable to climate change (decrease in precipitation and increase of extreme events), and identifying and quantifying nutrient pollution sources and their spatial distribution can improve water resource management at the watershed scale. We apply a hybrid process-based and statistical model (SPARROW, spatially referenced regression on watershed attributes) to a largely disturbed Mediterranean watershed in NE Spain in order to estimate the annual nitrate and phosphate loads reaching the drainage network. The model emphasized the contribution of in-stream processes in nutrient transport and retention, and the inter-annual (7 years) effects of hydrological variability on the export of nutrients from the landscape to water bodies. Although forest and grassland land cover types predominate, agricultural activities and human agglomerations were significant sources of nutrient enrichment. Nutrient flux apportionment was also linked to inter-annual hydrological variability. Exported nutrient load increased in the downstream direction and coincided with decreased in-stream nutrient removal, probably worsened by the significant chemical and geomorphological impairment found in the lower parts of the watershed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosana Aguilera
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain.
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Glavan M, White SM, Holman IP. Water quality targets and maintenance of valued landscape character - experience in the Axe catchment, UK. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2012; 103:142-153. [PMID: 22475720 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The Water Framework Directive (WFD) (Directive 2000/60/EC) requires new ecological standards for rivers, lakes and coastal waters by 2015. In the United Kingdom the English Catchment Sensitive Farming Initiative has identified 40 catchments which are at risk of failing the European Commission WFD targets for good ecological status of water bodies because of a range of issues. The river Axe catchment situated in south-west England, with a mixture of diffuse and point sources of pollution, is one of these priority sites, as intensive dairy farming and cultivation of high risk crops (maize) cause problems with enhanced suspended sediment, nitrate and phosphorus levels in the river. Much of the Axe is under national and county landscape designations, making land use or management measures taken to achieve river status sensitive to these designations. For the purpose of this research the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT-2005) was used. The baseline scenario was based on field observation and interviews with the Environment Agency and farmers; it was run with and without point sources. Three different mitigation scenarios, designed to maintain the landscape of the catchment, were then tested. Field buffer strips (FBS), extensive land use management (EXT) and sheep land use management (SHP), were used to assess the effectiveness of the measures in reducing nutrient loads in the river Axe, UK. Management scenarios reduced the average annual loads at the main catchment outlet by 21.2% (FBS), 37.3% (EXT) and 45.0% (SHP), for total nitrogen and 47.7% (FBS), 60.6% (EXT) and 62.4% (SHP) for total phosphorus. The results of this study suggest that there may be a fundamental incompatibility between the delivery of WFD targets and the maintenance of viable agricultural systems necessary to maintain landscapes which are highly valued for their aesthetic, recreational and economic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matjaž Glavan
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Agronomy Department, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Aguilera R, Sabater S, Marcé R. In-Stream Nutrient Flux and Retention in Relation to Land Use in the Llobregat River Basin. THE HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/698_2012_143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Windolf J, Thodsen H, Troldborg L, Larsen SE, Bøgestrand J, Ovesen NB, Kronvang B. A distributed modelling system for simulation of monthly runoff and nitrogen sources, loads and sinks for ungauged catchments in Denmark. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 13:2645-58. [DOI: 10.1039/c1em10139k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kronvang B, Windolf J, Grant R, Andersen HE, Thodsen H, Ovesen NB, Larsen SE. Linking monitoring and modelling for river basin management: Danish experience with combating nutrient loadings to the aquatic environment from point and non-point sources. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11431-009-0368-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Radcliffe DE, Freer J, Schoumans O. Diffuse phosphorus models in the United States and europe: their usages, scales, and uncertainties. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2009; 38:1956-1967. [PMID: 19704139 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2008.0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Today there are many well-established computer models that are being used at different spatial and temporal scales to describe water, sediment, and P transport from diffuse sources. In this review, we describe how diffuse P models are commonly being used in the United States and Europe, the challenge presented by different temporal and spatial scales, and the uncertainty in model predictions. In the United States, for water bodies that do not meet water quality standards, a total maximum daily load (TMDL) of the pollutant of concern must be set that will restore water quality and a plan implemented to reduce the pollutant load to meet the TMDL. Models are used to estimate the current maximum daily and annual average load, to estimate the contribution from different nonpoint sources, and to develop scenarios for achieving the TMDL target. In Europe, the EC-Water Framework Directive is the driving force to improve water quality and models are playing a similar role to that in the United States, but the models being used are not the same. European models are more likely to take into account leaching of P and the identification of critical source areas. Scaling up to the watershed scale has led to overparameterized models that cannot be used to test hypotheses regarding nonpoint sources of P or transport processes using the monitoring data that is typically available. There is a need for more parsimonious models and monitoring data that takes advantage of the technological improvements that allow nearly continuous sampling for P and sediment. Tools for measuring model uncertainty must become an integral part of models and be readily available for model users.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Radcliffe
- Dep. of Crop and Soil Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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Kronvang B, Rubaek GH, Heckrath G. International phosphorus workshop: diffuse phosphorus loss to surface water bodies--risk assessment, mitigation options, and ecological effects in river basins. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2009; 38:1924-1929. [PMID: 19704136 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2009.0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Agriculture is a major source of P to the aquatic environment in many countries. Although efforts have been made to improve the P utilization in agricultural production, which is reflected in modestly declining P surpluses in many countries, increasing agricultural P surpluses are still observed in some countries. The IPW5 Special Submission included in this issue addresses and discusses four key topics that emerged from the workshop: (i) managing agricultural P losses-effectiveness, uncertainties, and costs; (ii) P modeling at different scales; (iii) functioning of riparian buffers; (iv) ecological responses to P loadings and impacts of climate change. Each of these four topics interacts with each other as well as with the four tiers of the P Transfer Continuum (Source, Mobilization, Transport, and Ecological Effects). In this review paper we highlight the main outcomes of the workshop and the special collection of eight papers. Moreover, we identify the main gaps in our knowledge and future research directions on P, which are linked to important issues such as addressing scale effects, improved P models with the ability to quantify uncertainty, the linking of P losses with ecological effects, and climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Kronvang
- National Environmental Research Institute, Dep. of Freshwater Ecology, Aarhus Univ., Vejlsøvej 25, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark
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Silgram M, Schoumans OF, Walvoort DJJ, Anthony SG, Groenendijk P, Stromqvist J, Bouraoui F, Arheimer B, Kapetanaki M, Lo Porto A, Mårtensson K. Subannual models for catchment management: evaluating model performance on three European catchments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 11:526-39. [DOI: 10.1039/b823250d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kronvang B, Behrendt H, Andersen HE, Arheimer B, Barr A, Borgvang SA, Bouraoui F, Granlund K, Grizzetti B, Groenendijk P, Schwaiger E, Hejzlar J, Hoffmann L, Johnsson H, Panagopoulos Y, Lo Porto A, Reisser H, Schoumans O, Anthony S, Silgram M, Venohr M, Larsen SE. Ensemble modelling of nutrient loads and nutrient load partitioning in 17 European catchments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 11:572-83. [DOI: 10.1039/b900101h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Schoumans OF, Silgram M, Walvoort DJJ, Groenendijk P, Bouraoui F, Andersen HE, Lo Porto A, Reisser H, Le Gall G, Anthony S, Arheimer B, Johnsson H, Panagopoulos Y, Mimikou M, Zweynert U, Behrendt H, Barr A. Evaluation of the difference of eight model applications to assess diffuse annual nutrient losses from agricultural land. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 11:540-53. [DOI: 10.1039/b823240g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Silgram M, Anthony SG, Collins AL, Strőmqvist J, Bouraoui F, Schoumans O, Lo Porto A, Groenendijk P, Arheimer B, Mimikou M, Johnsson H. Evaluation of diffuse pollution model applications in EUROHARP catchments with limited data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 11:554-71. [DOI: 10.1039/b901181a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Vagstad N, French HK, Andersen HE, Behrendt H, Grizzetti B, Groenendijk P, Lo Porto A, Reisser H, Siderius C, Stromquist J, Hejzlar J, Deelstra J. Comparative study of model prediction of diffuse nutrient losses in response to changes in agricultural practices. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 11:594-601. [DOI: 10.1039/b823112e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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