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González Miera G, Matsubara S, Kono H, Murakami K, Itami K. Synthesis of octagon-containing molecular nanocarbons. Chem Sci 2022; 13:1848-1868. [PMID: 35308842 PMCID: PMC8848939 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05586k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanocarbons, such as fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and graphenes, have long inspired the scientific community. In order to synthesize nanocarbon molecules in an atomically precise fashion, many synthetic reactions have been developed. The ultimate challenge for synthetic chemists in nanocarbon science is the creation of periodic three-dimensional (3D) carbon crystals. In 1991, Mackay and Terrones proposed periodic 3D carbon crystals with negative Gaussian curvatures that consist of six- and eight-membered rings (the so-called Mackay-Terrones crystals). The existence of the eight-membered rings causes a warped nanocarbon structure. The Mackay-Terrones crystals are considered a "dream material", and have been predicted to exhibit extraordinary mechanical, magnetic, and optoelectronic properties (harder than diamond, for example). To turn the dream of having this wonder material into reality, the development of methods enabling the creation of octagon-embedding polycyclic structures (or nanographenes) is of fundamental and practical importance. This review describes the most vibrant synthetic achievements that the scientific community has performed to obtain curved polycyclic nanocarbons with eight-membered rings, building blocks that could potentially give access as templates to larger nanographenes, and eventually to Mackay-Terrones crystals, by structural expansion strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greco González Miera
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) and Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University Chikusa Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
| | - Satoshi Matsubara
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) and Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University Chikusa Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
| | - Hideya Kono
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) and Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University Chikusa Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
| | - Kei Murakami
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) and Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University Chikusa Nagoya 464-8602 Japan .,Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Kwansei Gakuin University Sanda Hyogo 669-1337 Japan .,JST-PRESTO 7 Gobancho, Chiyoda Tokyo 102-0076 Japan
| | - Kenichiro Itami
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) and Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University Chikusa Nagoya 464-8602 Japan .,Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica Nankang Taipei 115 Taiwan Republic of China
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Hong C, Baltazar J, Tovar JD. Manifestations of antiaromaticity in organic materials: case studies of cyclobutadiene, borole, and pentalene. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John D. Tovar
- Johns Hopkins University Department of Chemistry Department of Materials Science and Engineering 3400 N. Charles StreetNCB 316 MD 21218 Baltimore UNITED STATES
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Kirschner S, Uecker I, Bolte M, Lerner HW, Wagner M. How π Extension or Structural Bending Alters the Properties of Boron-Doped Phenylene-Containing Oligoacenes. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sven Kirschner
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt (Main), Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438 Frankfurt (Main), Germany
| | - Ise Uecker
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt (Main), Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438 Frankfurt (Main), Germany
| | - Michael Bolte
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt (Main), Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438 Frankfurt (Main), Germany
| | - Hans-Wolfram Lerner
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt (Main), Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438 Frankfurt (Main), Germany
| | - Matthias Wagner
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt (Main), Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438 Frankfurt (Main), Germany
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Luo S, Kuhn AJ, Castano I, Castro C, Karney WL. Hydrogen Shifts in Aryl Radicals and Diradicals: The Role of m-Benzynes. J Org Chem 2018; 83:314-322. [PMID: 29224344 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Density functional and coupled cluster results are presented for hydrogen shifts in radicals derived from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and for rearrangement mechanisms for several phenylenes. RCCSD(T)/cc-pVDZ//UBLYP/cc-pVDZ free energy barriers for 1,4-H shifts at 298 K are consistently predicted to be ca. 25 kcal/mol, whereas barriers for 1,5- and 1,6-shifts range from 6 to 28 kcal/mol. The barriers correlate reasonably well with the distance from the radical center to the shifting hydrogen in the reactant. Proposed mechanisms (via diradical intermediates) of known rearrangements of linear [3]phenylene, benzo[b]biphenylene, and angular [4]phenylene have BD(T)/cc-pVDZ//(U)BLYP/cc-pVDZ computed barriers of 74-82 kcal/mol, consistent with pyrolysis temperatures of 900 to 1100 °C. Hydrogen shift reactions in most of the aryl diradicals arising from phenylenes produce m-benzyne intermediates which, despite being 8-15 kcal/mol more stable than other diradicals involved in the pathways, do not significantly lower the computed overall free energies of activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Luo
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Environmental Science, University of San Francisco , 2130 Fulton Street, San Francisco, California 94117, United States
| | - Ariel J Kuhn
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Environmental Science, University of San Francisco , 2130 Fulton Street, San Francisco, California 94117, United States
| | - Ioannina Castano
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Environmental Science, University of San Francisco , 2130 Fulton Street, San Francisco, California 94117, United States
| | - Claire Castro
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Environmental Science, University of San Francisco , 2130 Fulton Street, San Francisco, California 94117, United States
| | - William L Karney
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Environmental Science, University of San Francisco , 2130 Fulton Street, San Francisco, California 94117, United States
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Nobusue S, Fujita K, Tobe Y. Skeletal Rearrangement of Twisted Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons under Scholl Reaction Conditions. Org Lett 2017; 19:3227-3230. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b01341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shunpei Nobusue
- Division of Frontier Materials
Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3
Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Kazuya Fujita
- Division of Frontier Materials
Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3
Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Yoshito Tobe
- Division of Frontier Materials
Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3
Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
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Irace EE, Brayfindley E, Vinnacombe GA, Castro C, Karney WL. Stone-Wales Rearrangements in Hydrocarbons: From Planar to Bowl-Shaped Substrates. J Org Chem 2015; 80:11718-25. [PMID: 26301994 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b01274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Carbene, cyclobutyl, and potential diradical mechanisms were studied computationally for Stone-Wales rearrangements in several derivatives of as-indacene and pyracyclene, including cyclopent[hi]acephenanthrylene, dicyclopenta[cd,fg]pyrene, corannulene, diindeno[1,2,3,4-defg;1',2',3',4'-mnop]chrysene, and semibuckminsterfullerene. At the UM06-2X/cc-pVDZ and BD(T)/cc-pVDZ//UM06-2X/cc-pVDZ levels of theory, free energies of reaction reveal that transformations involving an increase in curvature are thermodynamically unfavorable. In addition, the carbene transition states or intermediates (corrected to 1000 °C) are generally around 100-120 kcal/mol higher than starting substrates, except for as-indacene (80 kcal/mol), which is the only process considered here that is predicted to have a barrier accessible under typical flash vacuum pyrolysis conditions. For pyracyclene derivatives, the relative free energy of cyclobutyl intermediates rises steadily with increasing curvature of the substrate and increasing annelation. Singlet acetylenic diradicals related to pyracyclene, diindenochrysene, and semibuckminsterfullerene are predicted to be second- or higher-order saddle points that lie more than 40 kcal/mol higher than the corresponding carbenes and cyclobutyl intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica E Irace
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Environmental Science, University of San Francisco , 2130 Fulton Street, San Francisco, California 94117 United States
| | - Evangelina Brayfindley
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Environmental Science, University of San Francisco , 2130 Fulton Street, San Francisco, California 94117 United States
| | - Gail A Vinnacombe
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Environmental Science, University of San Francisco , 2130 Fulton Street, San Francisco, California 94117 United States
| | - Claire Castro
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Environmental Science, University of San Francisco , 2130 Fulton Street, San Francisco, California 94117 United States
| | - William L Karney
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Environmental Science, University of San Francisco , 2130 Fulton Street, San Francisco, California 94117 United States
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Brayfindley E, Irace EE, Castro C, Karney WL. Stone–Wales Rearrangements in Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: A Computational Study. J Org Chem 2015; 80:3825-31. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evangelina Brayfindley
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Environmental Science, University of San Francisco, 2130 Fulton Street, San
Francisco, California 94117 United States
| | - Erica E. Irace
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Environmental Science, University of San Francisco, 2130 Fulton Street, San
Francisco, California 94117 United States
| | - Claire Castro
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Environmental Science, University of San Francisco, 2130 Fulton Street, San
Francisco, California 94117 United States
| | - William L. Karney
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Environmental Science, University of San Francisco, 2130 Fulton Street, San
Francisco, California 94117 United States
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Dang Y, Qu S, Tao Y, Song C, Wang ZX. Mechanistic Origins of Chemo- and Regioselectivity of Ru(II)-Catalyzed Reactions Involving ortho-Alkenylarylacetylene, Alkyne, and Methanol: The Crucial Role of a Chameleon-like Intermediate. J Org Chem 2014; 79:9046-64. [DOI: 10.1021/jo501399x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Dang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuanglin Qu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuan Tao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chunyu Song
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, China
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García-Rubín S, González-Rodríguez C, García-Yebra C, Varela JA, Esteruelas MA, Saá C. Dihydrobiphenylenes through Ruthenium-Catalyzed [2+2+2] Cycloadditions ofortho-Alkenylarylacetylenes with Alkynes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:1841-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201309496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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García-Rubín S, González-Rodríguez C, García-Yebra C, Varela JA, Esteruelas MA, Saá C. Dihydrobiphenylenes through Ruthenium-Catalyzed [2+2+2] Cycloadditions ofortho-Alkenylarylacetylenes with Alkynes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201309496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and fully-conjugated ladder polymers are leading candidates for organics electronics, as their inherent conformational rigidity encourages electron delocalization. Many of these systems consist of fused benzenoid or heterocyclic aromatic rings. Less frequently, however, PAHs are reported with character that alternates between the aromaticity of benzene fragments and the antiaromaticity of a nonbenzenoid moiety. This chapter will focus on recent work published on the theory, synthesis, and properties of two such systems: [N]phenylenes containing 4π-electron cyclobutadienoid character, and diaryl[a,e]pentalenes containing 8π-electron pentalenoid character.
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Synthesis of the cobalt–alkyne complex (η5-C5H5)(PPh3)Co{η2-(Me3Si)CC(CO2Et)} and structural characterization of trimethylsilyl substituted cobaltacyclopentadiene complexes derived therefrom. J Organomet Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Hudspeth MA, Whitman BW, Barone V, Peralta JE. Electronic properties of the biphenylene sheet and its one-dimensional derivatives. ACS NANO 2010; 4:4565-4570. [PMID: 20669980 DOI: 10.1021/nn100758h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the electronic properties and relative stability of the biphenylene sheet composed of alternating eight-, six- and four-carbon rings and its one-dimensional derivatives including ribbons and tubes of different widths and morphologies by means of density functional theory calculations. The two-dimensional sheet presents a metallic character that is also present in the planar strips with zigzag-type edges. Armchair-edged strips develop a band gap that decreases monotonically with the ribbon width. The narrowest armchair strip considered here (0.62 nm wide) presents a large band gap of 1.71 eV, while the 2.14 nm wide armchair strip exhibits a band gap of 0.08 eV. We have also found that tubes made by rolling these ribbons in a seamlessly manner are all metallic, independent of their chirality. However, while the calculated energy landscape suggests that planar strips present a relative stability comparable to that of C(60), in the tubular form, they present a more pronounced metastable nature with a Gibbs free energy of at least 0.2 eV per carbon higher than in C(60).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew A Hudspeth
- Department of Physics, Central Michigan University, Mt Pleasant, Michigan 48859, USA
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O'Connor JM, Baldridge KK, Rodgers BL, Aubrey M, Holland RL, Kassel WS, Rheingold AL. A photochemical metallocene route to anionic enediynes: synthesis, solid-state structures, and ab initio computations on cyclopentadienidoenediynes. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:11030-2. [PMID: 20698666 DOI: 10.1021/ja105149k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The first demonstration of photochemical enediyne liberation from a metal complex has led to a new class of enediynes, the cyclopentadienidoenediynes, which are demonstrated to exist as air-stable solids with low ionization potentials and large dipole moments. NMR and IR spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography, and ab initio computations enable a comparison with the ubiquitous benzoenediynes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M O'Connor
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
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