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Liu Y, Vieira RMS, Mao L. Simultaneous and Multimodal Antigen-Binding Profiling and Isolation of Rare Cells via Quantitative Ferrohydrodynamic Cell Separation. ACS NANO 2023; 17:94-110. [PMID: 36541668 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c04542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous cell profiling and isolation based on cellular antigen-binding capacity plays an important role in understanding and treating diseases. However, fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) are not able to meet this need, due to their requirement for a large quantity of target cells and the limitation stemming from bimodal separation. Here we report a microfluidic method, termed quantitative ferrohydrodynamic cell separation (qFCS), that achieved multimodal rare cell sorting and simultaneous antigen profiling at a ∼30,000 cell min-1 throughput with a 96.49% recovery rate and a 98.72% purity of recovered cells. qFCS profiles and sorts cells via cellular magnetic content of the magnetically labeled cells, which correlates to cellular antigen-binding capacity. By integrating cellular magnetophoresis and diamagnetophoresis in biocompatible ferrofluids, we demonstrate that the resulting qFCS device can accurately profile and isolate rare cells even when present at ∼1:50,000 target to background cells frequency. We show that the qFCS device could accurately profile and isolate T lymphocytes based on a low-expression CD154 antigen and allow on-device analysis of cells after processing. This method could address the need for simultaneous and multimodal rare cell isolation and profiling in disease diagnostics, prognostics, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia30602, United States
| | - Rafaela Maggioni Simoes Vieira
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida32611, United States
| | - Leidong Mao
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia30602, United States
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2
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Bayareh M. Active cell capturing for organ-on-a-chip systems: a review. BIOMED ENG-BIOMED TE 2022; 67:443-459. [PMID: 36062551 DOI: 10.1515/bmt-2022-0232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Organ-on-a-chip (OOC) is an emerging technology that has been proposed as a new powerful cell-based tool to imitate the pathophysiological environment of human organs. For most OOC systems, a pivotal step is to culture cells in microfluidic devices. In active cell capturing techniques, external actuators, such as electrokinetic, magnetic, acoustic, and optical forces, or a combination of these forces, can be applied to trap cells after ejecting cell suspension into the microchannel inlet. This review paper distinguishes the characteristics of biomaterials and evaluates microfluidic technology. Besides, various types of OOC and their fabrication techniques are reported and various active cell capture microstructures are analyzed. Furthermore, their constraints, challenges, and future perspectives are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Bayareh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
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3
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The Origins and the Current Applications of Microfluidics-Based Magnetic Cell Separation Technologies. MAGNETOCHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/magnetochemistry8010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The magnetic separation of cells based on certain traits has a wide range of applications in microbiology, immunology, oncology, and hematology. Compared to bulk separation, performing magnetophoresis at micro scale presents advantages such as precise control of the environment, larger magnetic gradients in miniaturized dimensions, operational simplicity, system portability, high-throughput analysis, and lower costs. Since the first integration of magnetophoresis and microfluidics, many different approaches have been proposed to magnetically separate cells from suspensions at the micro scale. This review paper aims to provide an overview of the origins of microfluidic devices for magnetic cell separation and the recent technologies and applications grouped by the targeted cell types. For each application, exemplary experimental methods and results are discussed.
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4
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Williams PS, Moore LR, Joshi P, Goodin M, Zborowski M, Fleischman A. Microfluidic chip for graduated magnetic separation of circulating tumor cells by their epithelial cell adhesion molecule expression and magnetic nanoparticle binding. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1637:461823. [PMID: 33385746 PMCID: PMC7827554 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The enumeration of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in the peripheral bloodstream of metastatic cancer patients has contributed to improvements in prognosis and therapeutics. There have been numerous approaches to capture and counting of CTCs. However, CTCs have potential information beyond simple enumeration and hold promise as a liquid biopsy for cancer and a pathway for personalized cancer therapy by detecting the subset of CTCs having the highest metastatic potential. There is evidence that epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) expression level distinguishes these highly metastatic CTCs. The few previous approaches to selective CTC capture according to EpCAM expression level are reviewed. A new two-stage microfluidic device for separation, enrichment and release of CTCs into subpopulations sorted by EpCAM expression level is presented here. It relies upon immunospecific magnetic nanoparticle labeling of CTCs followed by their field- and flow-based separation in the first stage and capture as discrete subpopulations in the second stage. To fine tune the separation, the magnetic field profile across the first stage microfluidic channel may be modified by bonding small Vanadium Permendur strips to its outer walls. Mathematical modeling of magnetic fields and fluid flows supports the soundness of the design.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Stephen Williams
- Cambrian Technologies Inc., 1772 Saratoga Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA.
| | - Lee R Moore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | | | - Mark Goodin
- SimuTech Group, 1742 Georgetown Rd., Suite B, Hudson, OH 44236, USA
| | - Maciej Zborowski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Aaron Fleischman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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5
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Investigation on Inertial Sorter Coupled with Magnetophoretic Effect for Nonmagnetic Microparticles. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11060566. [PMID: 32486500 PMCID: PMC7344843 DOI: 10.3390/mi11060566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The sizes of most prokaryotic cells are several microns. It is very difficult to separate cells with similar sizes. A sorter with a contraction–expansion microchannel and applied magnetic field is designed to sort microparticles with diameters of 3, 4 and 5 microns. To evaluate the sorting efficiency of the designed sorter, numerical simulations for calculating the distributions of microparticles with similar sizes were carried out for various magnetic fields, inlet velocities, sheath flow ratios and structural parameters. The numerical results indicate that micro-particles with diameters of 3, 4 and 5 microns can be sorted efficiently in such a sorter within appropriate parameters. Furthermore, it is shown that a bigger particle size and more powerful magnetic field can result in a greater lateral migration of microparticles. The sorting efficiency of microparticles promotes a lower inlet velocity and greater sheath flow ratios. A smaller contraction–expansion ratio can induce a greater space between particle-bands. Finally, the micro particle image velocity (micro-PIV) experiments were conducted to obtain the bandwidths and spaces between particle-bands. The comparisons between the numerical and experimental results show a good agreement and make the validity of the numerical results certain.
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6
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Yang H, Li H, Xu D. High-density micro-well array with aptamer-silver conjugates for cell sorting and imaging at single cells. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1063:127-135. [PMID: 30967176 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Characterizing cell behavior is important to modern medical diagnoses as the changes of cell behavior are often indicators of huge diseases. In order to gain enough information about cells, developing novel methods of cell sorting and imaging is an important task. With development of micro-fabrication technologies, more advanced miniaturized devices are applied to cell research. Here, a portable and easy-to-use chip with high-density periodic micro-well array is designed and fabricated to capture target cells specifically. Combining with aptamer-silver conjugates and FAM functioned report probes, the sandwich assay was successfully applied for imaging cells. Any well of the chip is carefully designed to provide abundant information on single cells. Since there are 19,200 microwells in a single chip, more information is available. Compared to other cells, such as HEK-293, MCF-7, U2OS and Ramos cells, the sandwich assay shows high specificity towards target cell CCRF-CEM. What's more, the applications of the chip can be further expanded to other cells imaging if suitable aptamers were selected. This high-density micro-well array of aptamer-silver conjugates is hopeful to play an important role in medical diagnosis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, No 163, Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, No 163, Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Danke Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, No 163, Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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7
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Sun J, Moore L, Xue W, Kim J, Zborowski M, Chalmers JJ. Correlation of simulation/finite element analysis to the separation of intrinsically magnetic spores and red blood cells using a microfluidic magnetic deposition system. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 115:1288-1300. [PMID: 29337367 PMCID: PMC6338348 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic separation of cells has been, and continues to be, widely used in a variety of applications, ranging from healthcare diagnostics to detection of food contamination. Typically, these technologies require cells labeled with antibody magnetic particle conjugate and a high magnetic energy gradient created in the flow containing the labeled cells (i.e., a column packed with magnetically inducible material), or dense packing of magnetic particles next to the flow cell. Such designs, while creating high magnetic energy gradients, are not amenable to easy, highly detailed, mathematic characterization. Our laboratories have been characterizing and developing analysis and separation technology that can be used on intrinsically magnetic cells or spores which are typically orders of magnitude weaker than typically immunomagnetically labeled cells. One such separation system is magnetic deposition microscopy (MDM) which not only separates cells, but deposits them in specific locations on slides for further microscopic analysis. In this study, the MDM system has been further characterized, using finite element and computational fluid mechanics software, and separation performance predicted, using a model which combines: 1) the distribution of the intrinsic magnetophoretic mobility of the cells (spores); 2) the fluid flow within the separation device; and 3) accurate maps of the values of the magnetic field (max 2.27 T), and magnetic energy gradient (max of 4.41 T2 /mm) within the system. Guided by this model, experimental studies indicated that greater than 95% of the intrinsically magnetic Bacillus spores can be separated with the MDM system. Further, this model allows analysis of cell trajectories which can assist in the design of higher throughput systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxin Sun
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Director, Analytical Cytometry Shared Resource, The OSU Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Lee Moore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Wei Xue
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Director, Analytical Cytometry Shared Resource, The OSU Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - James Kim
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Director, Analytical Cytometry Shared Resource, The OSU Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Maciej Zborowski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jeffrey J Chalmers
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Director, Analytical Cytometry Shared Resource, The OSU Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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8
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Recent advances and perspectives on capture and concentration of label-free rare cells for biomedical science and engineering research. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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9
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Moore LR, Mizutani D, Tanaka T, Buck A, Yazer M, Zborowski M, Chalmers JJ. Continuous, intrinsic magnetic depletion of erythrocytes from whole blood with a quadrupole magnet and annular flow channel; pilot scale study. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 115:1521-1530. [PMID: 29476625 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The ability to separate RBCs from the other components of whole blood has a number of useful clinical and research applications ranging from removing RBCs from typical clinical blood draw, bone marrow transplants to transfusions of these RBCs to patients after significant blood loss. Viewed from a mechanistic/process perspective, there are three routine methodologies to remove RBCs: 1) RBCs lysis, 2) separation of the RBCs from the nucleated cells (i.e., stem cells) based on density differences typically facilitated through centrifugation or sedimentation agents, and 3) antibody based separation in which a targeted RBC is bound with an affinity ligand that facilitates its removal. More recently, several microfluidic based techniques have also been reported. In this report, we describe the performance of continuous RBC separation achieved by the deflection of intrinsically magnetic, deoxygenated RBCs as they flow through a magnetic energy gradient created by quadrupole magnet. This quadrupole magnetic, with aperture of 9.65 mm, has a maximum field of B0 = 1.36 T at the pole tips and a constant field gradient of B0 /r0 = 286 T/m. The annular flow channel, contained within this quadrupole magnet, is 203 mm long, has an inner radius of 3.98 mm, and an inner, outer radius of 4.36 mm, which corresponds to an annulus radius of 380 micrometer. At the entrance and exit to this annular channel, a manifold was designed which allows a cell suspension and sheath fluid to be injected, and a RBC enriched exit flow (containing the magnetically deflected RBCs) and a RBC depleted exit flow to be collected. Guided by theoretical models previously published, a limited number of operating parameters; total flow rate, flow rate ratios of flows in and flow out, and ratios of RBC to polystyrene control beads was tested. The overall performance of this system is consistent with our previously presented, theoretical models and our intuition. As expected, the normalized recovery of RBCs in the RBC exit fraction ranged from approximately 95% down to 60%, as the total flow rate through the system increased from 0.1 to 0.6 ml/min. At the cell concentrations studied, this corresponds to a flow rate of 1.5 × 106 -9 × 106 cells/min. While the throughput of these pilot scale studies are slow for practical applications, the general agreement with theory, and the small cross-sectional area in which the actual separation is achieved, 77 mm2 (annulus radius times the length), and corresponding volume of approximately 2 mls, suggests the potential to scale-up a system for practical applications exists and is actively being pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee R Moore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Daichi Mizutani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Chemistry, Mie University, Japan
| | - Tomoya Tanaka
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Chemistry, Mie University, Japan
| | - Amy Buck
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Mark Yazer
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh and The Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Maciej Zborowski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jeffrey J Chalmers
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemica, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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10
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Jack R, Hussain K, Rodrigues D, Zeinali M, Azizi E, Wicha M, Simeone DM, Nagrath S. Microfluidic continuum sorting of sub-populations of tumor cells via surface antibody expression levels. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:1349-1358. [PMID: 28294230 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc01496h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The extent of inter- and intra-tumor cell heterogeneity observed in patient tumors appears to be directly associated with patient prognosis. Moreover, studies indicate that targeting distinct subpopulations of tumor cells may be more relevant to successfully managing cancer metastasis. The ability to distinguish and characterize unique tumor cell subpopulations within a given sample is thus exigent. Existing platforms separate cells binarily, based on some threshold level of phenotypic characteristics without consideration of the continuum levels of biomarker expression and the associated implications. Herein we describe how specific tumor cell groups have been immunomagnetically enriched according to a continuum of EpCAM surface marker expression levels. Even among a relatively homogenous group of cells such as the PANC-1 cell line, cells could be separated according to their EpCAM levels into low, moderate and high expression. To physiologically assess each subpopulation, a wound healing assay was performed which revealed distinct invasive potentials among each subset. Furthermore, the clinical relevance of the approach was demonstrated by isolating pancreatic cancer CTCs from the same patient sample based on their EpCAM levels. We demonstrate a robust method of isolating CTCs according to their varying protein levels, which enables extensive studies on tumor cell heterogeneity. Interestingly, 5 of 6 samples had CTCs that could be recovered at all three levels of EpCAM expression though the majority of CTCs were recovered as low expression events. Preliminary studies that compare tumor cell subpopulations in this continuum manner can potentially increase our understanding of the dynamic nature of cell heterogeneity and how it relates to patient outcomes. Ultimately further investigation may yield therapeutic targets against virulent cell subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhonda Jack
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2300 Hayward St, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Khadijah Hussain
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Pl, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Danika Rodrigues
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2200 Bonisteel Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Mina Zeinali
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2300 Hayward St, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. and Institute for Medical Technology of Heidelberg University & University of Applied Sciences Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ebrahim Azizi
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Health Systems, 1500 E. Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Max Wicha
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Health Systems, 1500 E. Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Diane M Simeone
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Health Systems, 1500 E. Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sunitha Nagrath
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2300 Hayward St, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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11
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Alazzam A, Mathew B, Khashan S. Microfluidic Platforms for Bio-applications. ADVANCED MECHATRONICS AND MEMS DEVICES II 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-32180-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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13
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Jung H, Chun MS, Chang MS. Sorting of human mesenchymal stem cells by applying optimally designed microfluidic chip filtration. Analyst 2015; 140:1265-74. [PMID: 25555081 DOI: 10.1039/c4an01430h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) consist of heterogeneous subpopulations with different multipotent properties: small and large cells with high and low multipotency, respectively. Accordingly, sorting out a target subpopulation from the others is very important to increase the effectiveness of cell-based therapy. We performed flow-based sorting of hMSCs by using optimally designed microfluidic chips based on the hydrodynamic filtration (HDF) principle. The chip was designed with the parameters rigorously determined by the complete analysis of laminar flow for flow fraction and complicated networks of main and multi-branched channels for hMSCs sorting into three subpopulations: small (<25 μm), medium (25-40 μm), and large (>40 μm) cells. By focusing with a proper ratio between main and side flows, cells migrate toward the sidewall due to a virtual boundary of fluid layers and enter the branch channels. This opens the possibility of sorting stem cells rapidly without damage. Over 86% recovery was achieved for each population of cells with complete purity in small cells, but the sorting efficiency of cells is slightly lower than that of rigid model particles, due to the effect of cell deformation. Finally, we confirmed that our method could successfully fractionate the three subpopulations of hMSCs by analyzing the surface marker expressions of cells from each outlet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heekyung Jung
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Dept of Oral Anatomy, School of Dentistry & Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-749, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Sprenger L, Dutz S, Schneider T, Odenbach S, Häfeli UO. Simulation and experimental determination of the online separation of blood components with the help of microfluidic cascading spirals. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2015; 9:044110. [PMID: 26339311 PMCID: PMC4522016 DOI: 10.1063/1.4927649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic spirals were used to successfully separate rare solid components from unpretreated human whole blood samples. The measured separation ratio of the spirals is the factor by which the concentration of the rare component is increased due to the Dean effect present in a flow profile in a curved duct. Different rates of dilution of the blood samples with a phosphate-buffered solution were investigated. The diameters of the spherical particles to separate ranged from 2 μm to 18 μm. It was found that diluting the blood to 20% is optimal leading to a separation ratio up to 1.97. Using two spirals continuously placed in a row led to an increase in separation efficacy in samples consisting of phosphate-buffered solution only from 1.86 to 3.79. Numerical investigations were carried out to display the flow profiles of Newtonian water samples and the shear-thinning blood samples in the cross-section of the experimentally handled channels. A macroscopic difference in velocity between the two rheologically different fluids could not be found. The macroscopic Dean flow is equally present and useful to help particles migrate to certain equilibrium positions in blood as well as lower viscous Newtonian fluids. The investigations highlight the potential for using highly concentrated, very heterogeneous, and non-Newtonian fluidic systems in known microsystems for screening applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silvio Dutz
- Institut für Biomedizinische Technik und Informatik, Technische Universität Ilmenau , 98693 Ilmenau, Germany
| | - Thomas Schneider
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy , Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Stefan Odenbach
- TU Dresden, Institute of Fluid Mechanics , 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Urs O Häfeli
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
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15
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Almeida M, Garc�a-Montero AC, Orfao A. Cell Purification: A New Challenge for Biobanks. Pathobiology 2015; 81:261-275. [DOI: 10.1159/000358306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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16
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Plouffe BD, Murthy SK, Lewis LH. Fundamentals and application of magnetic particles in cell isolation and enrichment: a review. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2015; 78:016601. [PMID: 25471081 PMCID: PMC4310825 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/78/1/016601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic sorting using magnetic beads has become a routine methodology for the separation of key cell populations from biological suspensions. Due to the inherent ability of magnets to provide forces at a distance, magnetic cell manipulation is now a standardized process step in numerous processes in tissue engineering, medicine, and in fundamental biological research. Herein we review the current status of magnetic particles to enable isolation and separation of cells, with a strong focus on the fundamental governing physical phenomena, properties and syntheses of magnetic particles and on current applications of magnet-based cell separation in laboratory and clinical settings. We highlight the contribution of cell separation to biomedical research and medicine and detail modern cell-separation methods (both magnetic and non-magnetic). In addition to a review of the current state-of-the-art in magnet-based cell sorting, we discuss current challenges and available opportunities for further research, development and commercialization of magnetic particle-based cell-separation systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Plouffe
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA. The Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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17
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Munir A, Zhu Z, Wang J, Zhou HS. Experimental investigation of magnetically actuated separation using tangential microfluidic channels and magnetic nanoparticles. IET Nanobiotechnol 2014; 8:102-10. [PMID: 25014081 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2012.0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel continuous switching/separation scheme of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) in a sub-microlitre fluid volume surrounded by neodymium permanent magnet is studied in this work using tangential microfluidic channels. Polydimethylsiloxane tangential microchannels are fabricated using a novel micromoulding technique that can be done without a clean room and at much lower cost and time. Negligible switching of MNPs is seen in the absence of magnetic field, whereas 90% of switching is observed in the presence of magnetic field. The flow rate of MNPs solution had dramatic impact on separation performance. An optimum value of the flow rate is found that resulted in providing effective MNP separation at much faster rate. Separation performance is also investigated for a mixture containing non-magnetic polystyrene particles and MNPs. It is found that MNPs preferentially moved from lower microchannel to upper microchannel resulting in efficient separation. The proof-of-concept experiments performed in this work demonstrates that microfluidic bioseparation can be efficiently achieved using functionalised MNPs, together with tangential microchannels, appropriate magnetic field strength and optimum flow rates. This work verifies that a simple low-cost magnetic switching scheme can be potentially of great utility for the separation and detection of biomolecules in microfluidic lab-on-a-chip systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahsan Munir
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
| | - Zanzan Zhu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
| | - Jianlong Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, 28 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Susan Zhou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609, USA.
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18
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Gao Y, Yuan Z. Nanotechnology for the detection and kill of circulating tumor cells. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2014; 9:500. [PMID: 25258614 PMCID: PMC4174536 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-9-500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) represent a surrogate biomarker of hematogenous metastases and thus could be considered as a 'liquid biopsy' which reveals metastasis in action. But it is absolutely a challenge to detect CTCs due to their extreme rarity. At present, the most common principle is to take advantage of the epithelial surface markers of CTCs which attach to a specific antibody. Antibody-magnetic nanobeads combine with the epithelial surface markers, and then the compound is processed by washing, separation, and detection. However, a proportion of CTC antigen expressions are down-regulated or lost in the process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and thus, this part of CTCs cannot be detected by classical detection methods such as CellSearch. To resolve this problem, some multiple-marker CTC detections have been developed rapidly. Additionally, nanotechnology is a promising approach to kill CTCs with high efficiency. Implantable nanotubes coated with apoptosis-promoting molecules improve the disease-free survival and overall survival. The review introduces some novel CTC detection techniques and therapeutic methods by virtue of nanotechnology to provide a better knowledge of the progress about CTC study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Zhou Yuan
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
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Chen A, Byvank T, Chang WJ, Bharde A, Vieira G, Miller BL, Chalmers JJ, Bashir R, Sooryakumar R. On-chip magnetic separation and encapsulation of cells in droplets. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:1172-81. [PMID: 23370785 PMCID: PMC4176703 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc41201b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Single cell study is gaining importance because of the cell-to-cell variation that exists within cell population, even after significant initial sorting. Analysis of such variation at the gene expression level could impact single cell functional genomics, cancer, stem-cell research, and drug screening. The on-chip monitoring of individual cells in an isolated environment would prevent cross-contamination, provide high recovery yield, and enable study of biological traits at a single cell level. These advantages of on-chip biological experiments is a significant improvement for a myriad of cell analyses methods, compared to conventional methods, which require bulk samples and provide only averaged information on cell structure and function. We report on a device that integrates a mobile magnetic trap array with microfluidic technology to provide the possibility of separation of immunomagnetically labeled cells and their encapsulation with reagents into picoliter droplets for single cell analysis. The simultaneous reagent delivery and compartmentalization of the cells immediately following sorting are all performed seamlessly within the same chip. These steps offer unique advantages such as the ability to capture cell traits as originated from its native environment, reduced chance of contamination, minimal use of the reagents, and tunable encapsulation characteristics independent of the input flow. Preliminary assay on cell viability demonstrates the potential for the device to be integrated with other up- or downstream on-chip modules to become a powerful single-cell analysis tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Chen
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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20
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Darabi J, Guo C. On-chip magnetophoretic isolation of CD4 + T cells from blood. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2013; 7:54106. [PMID: 24404069 PMCID: PMC3785530 DOI: 10.1063/1.4821628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the design, fabrication, and testing of a magnetophoretic bioseparation chip for the rapid isolation and concentration of CD4 + T cells from the peripheral blood. In a departure from conventional magnetic separation techniques, this microfluidic-based bioseperation device has several unique features, including locally engineered magnetic field gradients and a continuous flow with a buffer switching scheme to improve the performance of the separation process. Additionally, the chip is capable of processing significantly smaller sample volumes than conventional methods and sample losses are eliminated due to decreased handling. Furthermore, the possibility of sample-to-sample contamination is reduced with the disposable format. The overall dimensions of the device were 22 mm by 60 mm by 1 mm, approximately the size of a standard microscope slide. The results indicate a cell purity of greater than 95% at a sample flow rate of 50 ml/h and a cell recovery of 81% at a sample flow rate of 10 ml/h. The cell purity was found to increase with increasing the sample flow rate. However, the cell recovery decreases with an increase in the flow rate. A parametric study was also performed to investigate the effects of channel height, substrate thickness, magnetic bead size, and number of beads per cell on the cell separation performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Darabi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, Illinois 62026, USA
| | - Chuan Guo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, Illinois 62026, USA
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21
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Watarai H. Continuous separation principles using external microaction forces. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2013; 6:353-78. [PMID: 23772659 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-062012-092551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
During the past decade, methods for the continuous separation of microparticles with microaction forces have rapidly advanced. Various action forces have been used in designs of both microchannel and capillary continuous separation systems, which depend on properties such as conductivity, permittivity, absorptivity, refractive index, magnetic susceptibility, and compressibility. Particle migration velocity has been used to characterize the particles. Biological cells have been the most interesting targets of these continuous separation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Watarai
- Institute for NanoScience Design, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan.
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22
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Tomlinson MJ, Tomlinson S, Yang XB, Kirkham J. Cell separation: Terminology and practical considerations. J Tissue Eng 2012; 4:2041731412472690. [PMID: 23440031 PMCID: PMC3578272 DOI: 10.1177/2041731412472690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell separation is a powerful tool in biological research. Increasing usage, particularly within the tissue engineering and regenerative medicine communities, means that researchers from a diverse range of backgrounds are utilising cell separation technologies. This review aims to offer potential solutions to cell sorting problems and to clarify common ambiguities in terminology and experimental design. The frequently used cell separation terms of 'purity', 'recovery' and 'viability' are discussed, and attempts are made to reach a consensus view of their sometimes ambiguous meanings. The importance of appropriate experimental design is considered, with aspects such as marker expression, tissue isolation and original cell population analysis discussed. Finally, specific technical issues such as cell clustering, dead cell removal and non-specific antibody binding are considered and potential solutions offered. The solutions offered may provide a starting point to improve the quality of cell separations achieved by both the novice and experienced researcher alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Tomlinson
- Department of Oral Biology, Leeds Dental Institute, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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23
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Pamme N. On-chip bioanalysis with magnetic particles. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2012; 16:436-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.05.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Plouffe BD, Mahalanabis M, Lewis LH, Klapperich CM, Murthy SK. Clinically relevant microfluidic magnetophoretic isolation of rare-cell populations for diagnostic and therapeutic monitoring applications. Anal Chem 2012; 84:1336-44. [PMID: 22240089 DOI: 10.1021/ac2022844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cells of biomedical interest are, despite their functional significance, often present in very small numbers. Therefore the analysis and isolation of previously inaccessible rare cells, such as peripheral hematopoietic stem cells, endothelial progenitor cells, or circulating tumor cells, require efficient, sensitive, and specific procedures that do not compromise the viability of the cells. The current study builds on previous work on a rationally designed microfluidic magnetophoretic cell separation platform capable of throughputs of 240 μL min(-1). Proof-of-concept was first conducted using MCF-7 (1-1000 total cells) as the target rare cell spiked into high concentrations of Raji B-lymphocyte nontarget cells (~10(6) total cells). These experiments lead to the establishment of a magnet-based separation for the isolation of 50 MCF-7 cells directly from whole blood. Results show an efficiency of collection greater than 85%, with a purity of over 90%. Next, resident endothelial progenitor cells and hematopoietic stem cells are directly isolated from whole human blood in a rapid and efficient fashion (>96%). Both cell populations could be simultaneously isolated and, via immunofluorescent staining, individually identified and enumerated. Overall, the presented device illustrates a viable separation platform for high purity, efficient, and rapid collection of rare cell populations directly from whole blood samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Plouffe
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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25
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Abstract
The separation and or isolation of rare cells using magnetic forces are commonly used and growing in use ranging from simple sample prep for further studies to a FDA approved, clinical diagnostic test. This growth is the result of both the demand to obtain homogeneous rare cells for molecular analysis and the dramatic increases in the power of permanent magnets that even allow the separation of some unlabeled cells based on intrinsic magnetic moments, such as malaria parasite-infected red blood cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Zborowski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering/ND-20, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, United States
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26
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Robert D, Pamme N, Conjeaud H, Gazeau F, Iles A, Wilhelm C. Cell sorting by endocytotic capacity in a microfluidic magnetophoresis device. LAB ON A CHIP 2011; 11:1902-10. [PMID: 21512692 DOI: 10.1039/c0lc00656d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Magnetically labelled cells are finding a wealth of applications for in vitro analysis as well as in vivo treatments. Sorting of cells into subpopulations based on their magnetite loading is an important step in such procedures. Here, we study the sorting of monocytes and macrophages which internalise nanoparticles to different extents based on their endocytotic capacity. Macrophages featured a high endocytotic activity and were found to internalise between 4 and 60 pg of iron per cell. They were successfully sorted into five subpopulations of narrow iron loading distributions via on-chip free-flow magnetophoresis, thus demonstrating the potential of sorting of relatively similarly loaded cells. Monocytes featured a low endocytotic capacity and took on 1 to 4 pg of iron per cell. Mixtures of monocytes and macrophages were successfully sorted within the free-flow magnetophoresis chip and good purity (>88%), efficacy (>60%) and throughput (from 10 to 100 cells s(-1)) could be achieved. The introduced method constitutes a viable tool for studies of endocytotic capacity and sorting/selection of cells based on this functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Robert
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR CNRS et Université Paris Diderot, France
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27
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Suwa M, Watarai H. Magnetoanalysis of micro/nanoparticles: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 690:137-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Revised: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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28
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Plouffe BD, Lewis LH, Murthy SK. Computational design optimization for microfluidic magnetophoresis. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2011; 5:13413. [PMID: 21526007 PMCID: PMC3083238 DOI: 10.1063/1.3553239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Current macro- and microfluidic approaches for the isolation of mammalian cells are limited in both efficiency and purity. In order to design a robust platform for the enumeration of a target cell population, high collection efficiencies are required. Additionally, the ability to isolate pure populations with minimal biological perturbation and efficient off-chip recovery will enable subcellular analyses of these cells for applications in personalized medicine. Here, a rational design approach for a simple and efficient device that isolates target cell populations via magnetic tagging is presented. In this work, two magnetophoretic microfluidic device designs are described, with optimized dimensions and operating conditions determined from a force balance equation that considers two dominant and opposing driving forces exerted on a magnetic-particle-tagged cell, namely, magnetic and viscous drag. Quantitative design criteria for an electromagnetic field displacement-based approach are presented, wherein target cells labeled with commercial magnetic microparticles flowing in a central sample stream are shifted laterally into a collection stream. Furthermore, the final device design is constrained to fit on standard rectangular glass coverslip (60 (L)×24 (W)×0.15 (H) mm(3)) to accommodate small sample volume and point-of-care design considerations. The anticipated performance of the device is examined via a parametric analysis of several key variables within the model. It is observed that minimal currents (<500 mA) are required to generate magnetic fields sufficient to separate cells from the sample streams flowing at rate as high as 7 ml∕h, comparable to the performance of current state-of-the-art magnet-activated cell sorting systems currently used in clinical settings. Experimental validation of the presented model illustrates that a device designed according to the derived rational optimization can effectively isolate (∼100%) a magnetic-particle-tagged cell population from a homogeneous suspension even in a low abundance. Overall, this design analysis provides a rational basis to select the operating conditions, including chamber and wire geometry, flow rates, and applied currents, for a magnetic-microfluidic cell separation device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Plouffe
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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