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Mohd Asri MA, Nordin AN, Ramli N. Low-cost and cleanroom-free prototyping of microfluidic and electrochemical biosensors: Techniques in fabrication and bioconjugation. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2021; 15:061502. [PMID: 34777677 PMCID: PMC8577868 DOI: 10.1063/5.0071176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Integrated microfluidic biosensors enable powerful microscale analyses in biology, physics, and chemistry. However, conventional methods for fabrication of biosensors are dependent on cleanroom-based approaches requiring facilities that are expensive and are limited in access. This is especially prohibitive toward researchers in low- and middle-income countries. In this topical review, we introduce a selection of state-of-the-art, low-cost prototyping approaches of microfluidics devices and miniature sensor electronics for the fabrication of sensor devices, with focus on electrochemical biosensors. Approaches explored include xurography, cleanroom-free soft lithography, paper analytical devices, screen-printing, inkjet printing, and direct ink writing. Also reviewed are selected surface modification strategies for bio-conjugates, as well as examples of applications of low-cost microfabrication in biosensors. We also highlight several factors for consideration when selecting microfabrication methods appropriate for a project. Finally, we share our outlook on the impact of these low-cost prototyping strategies on research and development. Our goal for this review is to provide a starting point for researchers seeking to explore microfluidics and biosensors with lower entry barriers and smaller starting investment, especially ones from low resource settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Afiq Mohd Asri
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Kulliyyah of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, 53100 Gombak, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Anis Nurashikin Nordin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Kulliyyah of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, 53100 Gombak, Selangor, Malaysia
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
| | - Nabilah Ramli
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kulliyyah of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, 53100 Gombak, Selangor, Malaysia
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2
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Li T. Electrochemical applications of printed circuit boards: Electrocatalysis and internal reference electrodes. Electrochem commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2021.107141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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3
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Efficient Bond of PDMS and Printed Circuit Board with An Application on Continuous-flow Polymerase Chain Reaction. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-020-4403-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Lobo‐Júnior EO, Chagas CLS, Duarte LC, Cardoso TMG, Souza FR, Lima RS, Coltro WKT. Inexpensive and nonconventional fabrication of microfluidic devices in PMMA based on a soft‐embossing protocol. Electrophoresis 2020; 41:1641-1650. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Cyro L. S. Chagas
- Instituto de Química Universidade Federal de Goiás Goiânia GO Brazil
- Instituto de Química Universidade de Brasília Brasília DF Brazil
| | - Lucas C. Duarte
- Instituto de Química Universidade Federal de Goiás Goiânia GO Brazil
| | | | - Fabrício R. Souza
- Instituto de Química Universidade Federal de Goiás Goiânia GO Brazil
| | - Renato S. Lima
- Laboratório Nacional de Nanotecnologia Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais Campinas SP Brazil
- Instituto de Química Universidade Estadual de Campinas Campinas SP Brazil
| | - Wendell K. T. Coltro
- Instituto de Química Universidade Federal de Goiás Goiânia GO Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica Campinas SP Brazil
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Chantipmanee N, Sonsa-Ard T, Fukana N, Kotakanok K, Mantim T, Wilairat P, Hauser PC, Nacapricha D. Contactless conductivity detector from printed circuit board for paper-based analytical systems. Talanta 2019; 206:120227. [PMID: 31514895 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This work presents a capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detector (C4D) etched out from a printed circuit board (PCB) as potential sensor for paper-based analytical systems. Two lines of any desirable pattern forming 35-μm thick planar copper electrodes were produced on a PCB plate (40 mm × 60 mm) by photolithography. The final PCB plate was covered with polypropylene film to serve as the insulating layer for the C4D detector. The film also protected the copper electrodes from corrosion. Electrodes made in this planar geometry make the PCB-C4D suitable as sensor for flat devices such as paper-based analytical devices. For this work, plain paper strips were employed as sample reservoir and as fluidic channel without hydrophobic pattern. A dried paper strip was first placed over the sensor, followed by dispensing a fixed volume of the liquid sample onto the paper. Entrapment of the liquid sample in the paper strip leads to reproducible size and position of the detection zone of the sample liquid for the capacitive coupling effect. High precision was obtained with %RSD ≤1% (n = 18) for standard solutions of KCl. Soil suspensions could be analyzed without prior filtration by placing a drop onto the paper strip extending away from the detector zone. The paper strip filtered out soil particles at the surface of the paper. Therefore, only soil filtrate moved towards the detection zone by lateral flow. The C4D detection using paper strip showed high tolerance to soil suspension with turbidity up to 6657 NTU, offering direct analysis of soil salinity. Cleaning with moist tissue paper between samples is adequate even for dirty samples such as soil suspension. We also monitored conductivity of acid-base reaction in the microfluidic paper channels, which was later applied to the quantification of bicarbonate in water and in antacid tablet ("Soda Mint Tablet").
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Affiliation(s)
- Nattapong Chantipmanee
- Flow Innovation-Research for Science and Technology Laboratories (Firstlabs), Thailand; Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama 6 Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Thitaporn Sonsa-Ard
- Flow Innovation-Research for Science and Technology Laboratories (Firstlabs), Thailand; Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama 6 Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Nutnaree Fukana
- Flow Innovation-Research for Science and Technology Laboratories (Firstlabs), Thailand; Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama 6 Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Kamolchanok Kotakanok
- Flow Innovation-Research for Science and Technology Laboratories (Firstlabs), Thailand
| | - Thitirat Mantim
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Sukhumvit 23, Bangkok, 10110, Thailand
| | - Prapin Wilairat
- Flow Innovation-Research for Science and Technology Laboratories (Firstlabs), Thailand; National Doping Control Centre, Mahidol University, Rama 6 Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Peter C Hauser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Duangjai Nacapricha
- Flow Innovation-Research for Science and Technology Laboratories (Firstlabs), Thailand; Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama 6 Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
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CHANG YJ, YOU H. Progress of Microfluidics Based on Printed Circuit Board and its Applications. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(19)61169-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Garcia PT, Dias AA, Souza JAC, Coltro WKT. Batch injection analysis towards auxiliary diagnosis of periodontal diseases based on indirect amperometric detection of salivary α-amylase on a cupric oxide electrode. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1041:50-57. [PMID: 30340690 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This study describes, for the first time, the use of a batch injection analysis system with amperometric detection (BIA-AD) to indirectly determine salivary α-amylase (sAA) levels in saliva samples for chronic periodontitis diagnosis. A chemical/thermal treatment was explored to generate a CuO film on a Cu electrode surface. This procedure offered good stability (RSD = 0.3%), good repeatability (RSD < 1.3%) and excellent reproducibility (RSD < 1.5%). The sAA concentration levels were determined based on the detection of maltose produced by enzymatic hydrolysis of starch. The analytical performance was investigated, and a linear correlation was observed for a maltose concentration range between 0.5 and 6.0 mmol L-1 with a correlation coefficient equal to 0.999. The analytical sensitivity and the limit of detection were 48.8 μA/(mmol L-1) and 0.05 mmol L-1, respectively. In addition, the proposed system provided an excellent analytical frequency (120 analysis h-1). The clinical feasibility of the proposed method was investigated by the determination of sAA levels in four saliva samples (two from healthy control persons (C1 and C2) and two from patients with chronic periodontitis (P1 and P2)). The accuracy provided by the BIA-AD system ranged from 93 to 98%. The sAA concentration levels achieved for each sample were compared to the values found by spectrophotometry and there was no statistically significant difference between them at a confidence level of 95%. Finally, the method reported herein emerges as a simple, low cost and promising tool for assisting periodontal diseases diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo T Garcia
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Anderson A Dias
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - João A C Souza
- Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74605-220, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Wendell K T Coltro
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica, 13084-971, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Gabardo CM, Soleymani L. Deposition, patterning, and utility of conductive materials for the rapid prototyping of chemical and bioanalytical devices. Analyst 2016; 141:3511-25. [PMID: 27001624 DOI: 10.1039/c6an00210b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Rapid prototyping is a critical step in the product development cycle of miniaturized chemical and bioanalytical devices, often categorized as lab-on-a-chip devices, biosensors, and micro-total analysis systems. While high throughput manufacturing methods are often preferred for large-volume production, rapid prototyping is necessary for demonstrating and predicting the performance of a device and performing field testing and validation before translating a product from research and development to large volume production. Choosing a specific rapid prototyping method involves considering device design requirements in terms of minimum feature sizes, mechanical stability, thermal and chemical resistance, and optical and electrical properties. A rapid prototyping method is then selected by making engineering trade-off decisions between the suitability of the method in meeting the design specifications and manufacturing metrics such as speed, cost, precision, and potential for scale up. In this review article, we review four categories of rapid prototyping methods that are applicable to developing miniaturized bioanalytical devices, single step, mask and deposit, mask and etch, and mask-free assembly, and we will focus on the trade-offs that need to be made when selecting a particular rapid prototyping method. The focus of the review article will be on the development of systems having a specific arrangement of conductive or semiconductive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Gabardo
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. West, Hamilton, Canada
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Koczka PI, Bodoki E, Gáspár A. Application of capacitively coupled contactless conductivity as an external detector for zone electrophoresis in poly(dimethylsiloxane) chips. Electrophoresis 2015; 37:398-405. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Péter I. Koczka
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; University of Debrecen; Debrecen Hungary
| | - Ede Bodoki
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy; Cluj Napoca Romania
| | - Attila Gáspár
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; University of Debrecen; Debrecen Hungary
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Chagas CLS, Costa Duarte L, Lobo-Júnior EO, Piccin E, Dossi N, Coltro WKT. Hand drawing of pencil electrodes on paper platforms for contactless conductivity detection of inorganic cations in human tear samples using electrophoresis chips. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:1837-44. [PMID: 25929980 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes for the first time the fabrication of pencil drawn electrodes (PDE) on paper platforms for capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (C(4) D) on electrophoresis microchips. PDE-C(4) D devices were attached on PMMA electrophoresis chips and used for detection of K(+) and Na(+) in human tear samples. PDE-C(4) D devices were produced on office paper and chromatographic paper platforms and their performance were thoroughly investigated using a model mixture containing K(+) , Na(+) , and Li(+) . In comparison with chromatographic paper, PDE-C(4) D fabricated on office paper has exhibited better performance due to its higher electrical conductivity. Furthermore, the detector response was similar to that recorded with electrodes prepared with copper adhesive tape. The fabrication of PDE-C(4) D on office paper has offered great advantages including extremely low cost (< $ 0.004 per unit), reduced fabrication time (< 5 min), and minimal instrumentation (pencil and paper). The proposed electrodes demonstrated excellent analytical performance with good reproducibility. For an inter-PDE comparison (n = 7), the RSD values for migration time, peak area, and separation efficiency were lower than 2.5, 10.5, and 14%, respectively. The LOD's achieved for K(+) , Na(+) , and Li(+) were 4.9, 6.8, and 9.0 μM, respectively. The clinical feasibility of the proposed approach was successfully demonstrated with the quantitative analysis of K(+) and Na(+) in tear samples. The concentration levels found for K(+) and Na(+) were, respectively, 20.8 ± 0.1 mM and 101.2 ± 0.1 mM for sample #1, and 20.4 ± 0.1 mM and 111.4 ± 0.1 mM for sample #2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyro L S Chagas
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Lucas Costa Duarte
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | | | - Evandro Piccin
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Nicolò Dossi
- Department of Food Science, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Wendell K T Coltro
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Bioanalítica (INCTBio), Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Duarte Junior GF, Fracassi da Silva JA, Mendonça Francisco KJ, do Lago CL, Carrilho E, Coltro WKT. Metalless electrodes for capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection on electrophoresis microchips. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:1935-40. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - José Alberto Fracassi da Silva
- Instituto de Química; Universidade Estadual de Campinas; Campinas São Paulo Brasil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica; Campinas São Paulo Brasil
| | | | | | - Emanuel Carrilho
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos; Universidade de São Paulo; São Carlos São Paulo Brasil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica; Campinas São Paulo Brasil
| | - Wendell K. T. Coltro
- Instituto de Química; Universidade Federal de Goiás; Goiânia Goiás Brasil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica; Campinas São Paulo Brasil
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12
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Zheng H, Li M, Dai J, Wang Z, Li X, Yuan H, Xiao D. Double Input Capacitively Coupled Contactless Conductivity Detector with Phase Shift. Anal Chem 2014; 86:10065-70. [DOI: 10.1021/ac501199e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zheng
- College
of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meng Li
- College
of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianyuan Dai
- College
of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhen Wang
- College
of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiuting Li
- College
of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongyan Yuan
- College
of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dan Xiao
- College
of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People’s Republic of China
- College
of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People’s Republic of China
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Kubáň P, Timerbaev AR. Inorganic analysis using CE: Advanced methodologies to face old challenges. Electrophoresis 2013; 35:225-33. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Petr Kubáň
- Department of Bioanalytical Instrumentation; CEITEC - Masaryk University; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Andrei R. Timerbaev
- Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow Russia
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Thredgold LD, Khodakov DA, Ellis AV, Lenehan CE. On-chip capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection using “injected” metal electrodes. Analyst 2013; 138:4275-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an00870c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Kubáň P, Hauser PC. Contactless conductivity detection for analytical techniques: Developments from 2010 to 2012. Electrophoresis 2012; 34:55-69. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Revised: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Kubáň
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Brno; Czech Republic
| | - Peter C. Hauser
- Department of Chemistry; University of Basel; Basel; Switzerland
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A polydimethylsiloxane electrophoresis microchip with a thickness controllable insulating layer for capacitatively coupled contactless conductivity detection. Electrochem commun 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2012.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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de Souza FR, Alves GL, Coltro WKT. Capillary-Driven Toner-Based Microfluidic Devices for Clinical Diagnostics with Colorimetric Detection. Anal Chem 2012; 84:9002-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ac302506k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrício Ribeiro de Souza
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus Samambaia,
P.O. Box 131, 74001-970, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Liberato Alves
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus Samambaia,
P.O. Box 131, 74001-970, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Wendell Karlos Tomazelli Coltro
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus Samambaia,
P.O. Box 131, 74001-970, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Polyester-toner electrophoresis microchips with improved analytical performance and extended lifetime. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:2660-7. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Mark JJP, Scholz R, Matysik FM. Electrochemical methods in conjunction with capillary and microchip electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1267:45-64. [PMID: 22824222 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 07/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Electromigrative techniques such as capillary and microchip electrophoresis (CE and MCE) are inherently associated with various electrochemical phenomena. The electrolytic processes occurring in the buffer reservoirs have to be considered for a proper design of miniaturized electrophoretic systems and a suitable selection of buffer composition. In addition, the control of the electroosmotic flow plays a crucial role for the optimization of CE/MCE separations. Electroanalytical methods have significant importance in the field of detection in conjunction with CE/MCE. At present, amperometric detection and contactless conductivity detection are the predominating electrochemical detection methods for CE/MCE. This paper reviews the most recent trends in the field of electrochemical detection coupled to CE/MCE. The emphasis is on methodical developments and new applications that have been published over the past five years. A rather new way for the implementation of electrochemical methods into CE systems is the concept of electrochemically assisted injection which involves the electrochemical conversions of analytes during the injection step. This approach is particularly attractive in hyphenation to mass spectrometry (MS) as it widens the range of CE-MS applications. An overview of recent developments of electrochemically assisted injection coupled to CE is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas J P Mark
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Henderson RD, Guijt RM, Andrewartha L, Lewis TW, Rodemann T, Henderson A, Hilder EF, Haddad PR, Breadmore MC. Lab-on-a-Chip device with laser-patterned polymer electrodes for high voltage application and contactless conductivity detection. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:9287-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc33693f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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