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Shao Y, Zhang J, Luo M, Xu D, Ma L. A review of anthropogenic radionuclide 236U: Environmental application and analytical advances. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2022; 251-252:106944. [PMID: 35696882 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2022.106944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
236U is an anthropogenic radionuclide that is produced from nuclear reactions of 235U(n, γ) and 238U(n, 3n). It has gained extensive attention in the field of environment, geology, nuclear emergency, and nuclear forensics. Due to the unique physical and chemical character and the distinct fingerprint character from different sources, 236U has been successfully applied in the environmental tracer, nuclear material source appointment, and environmental assessment. Until now, few reviews were published about the database, application, and the latest analytical technology development of 236U. In this review, the 236U concentration and 236U/238U isotope ratio were summarized, and the data were classified into four categories, including soil and seawater samples affected by global fallout and nuclear incidents. Furthermore, the development of environmental application and pretreatment methods were also summarized. The advanced pretreatment technology using alkali fusion and flow injection was especially discussed to introduce the development of a rapid analytical method. Finally, the research challenge and direction of 236U were proposed for further research, such as the tracer application combining 236U with other radionuclides in the terrestrial environment and the precise analysis of minor isotopes in ultra-trace uranium samples. We hope this review will help scholars to have a deep research on the analysis and application of 236U.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Shao
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Radiographic Techniques and Equipment, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jilong Zhang
- State Nuclear Security Technology Center, Beijing, 102401, China
| | - Min Luo
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Radiographic Techniques and Equipment, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Diandou Xu
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Radiographic Techniques and Equipment, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lingling Ma
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Radiographic Techniques and Equipment, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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First study on 236U in environmental samples from Bangladesh by ICP-MS/MS prior to the operation of its first nuclear power plant. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-021-07931-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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3
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Conte E, Widom E, Kuentz D. Uranium isotopes in tree bark as a spatial tracer of environmental contamination near former uranium processing facilities in southwest Ohio. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2017; 178-179:265-278. [PMID: 28918084 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2017.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Inappropriate handling of radioactive waste at nuclear facilities can introduce non-natural uranium (U) into the environment via the air or groundwater, leading to anthropogenic increases in U concentrations. Uranium isotopic analyses of natural materials (e.g. soil, plants or water) provide a means to distinguish between natural and anthropogenic U in areas near sources of radionuclides to the environment. This study examines the utility of two different tree bark transects for resolving the areal extent of U atmospheric contamination using several locations in southwest Ohio that historically processed U. This study is the first to utilize tree bark sampling transects to assess environmental contamination emanating from a nuclear facility. The former Fernald Feed Materials Production Center (FFMPC; Ross, Ohio) produced U metal from natural U ores and recycled nuclear materials from 1951 to 1989. Alba Craft Laboratory (Oxford, Ohio) machined several hundred tons of natural U metal from the FFMPC between 1952 and 1957. The Herring-Hall-Marvin Safe Company (HHM; Hamilton, Ohio) intermittently fabricated slugs rolled from natural U metal stock for use in nuclear reactors from 1943 to 1951. We have measured U concentrations and isotope signatures in tree bark sampled along an ∼35 km SSE-NNW transect from the former FFMPC to the vicinity of the former Alba Craft laboratories (transect #1) and an ∼20 km SW- NE (prevailing local wind direction) transect from the FFMPC to the vicinity of the former HHM (transect #2), with a focus on old trees with thick, persistent bark that could potentially record a time-integrated signature of environmental releases of U related to anthropogenic activity. Our results demonstrate the presence of anthropogenic U contamination in tree bark from the entire study area in both transects, with U concentrations within 1 km of the FFMPC up to ∼400 times local background levels of 0.066 ppm. Tree bark samples from the Alba Craft and HHM transects exhibit increasing U concentrations within ∼5 and ∼10 km, respectively of the FFMPC. The 236U/238U isotopic ratios in tree bark from both transects increase progressively towards the FFMPC with values as high as 2.00 × 10-4 at the FFMPC. Tree bark sampled within 1 km of the FFMPC exhibits clear evidence for both enriched and depleted uranium with 235U/238U values from 0.00461 to 0.00736, with 234U/238U activity ratio ranging from 0.53 to 0.96, and 236U/238U from 6.05 × 10-5 to 1.05 × 10-4. Tree bark from transect #1 between 1 and 30 km from the FFMPC exhibits depleted and natural 235U/238U values ranging from 0.00552 to 0.00726 [234U/238U activity ratio: 0.69-1.04; 236U/238U: 2.49 × 10-6 - 2.00 × 10-4]. Tree bark from transect #2 sampled between 1 and ∼20 km away from the FFMPC exhibits evidence of enriched and depleted U in the environment with 235U/238U ranging from 0.00635 to 0.00738 [234U/238U activity ratio: 0.83-0.98; 236U/238U: 1.43 × 10-5 - 2.00 × 10-4]. Results from scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectrometry provides evidence for U-rich particles as the source of contamination found in tree bark growing within 1-3 km of the former FFMPC. Such observations are consistent with the previously observed 14 μm U-rich particle identified in tree bark sampled within 1 km of the FFMPC (Conte et al., 2015). Overall, this study shows the usefulness of a tree bark sample transect to assess the areal extent of atmospheric contaminant U stemming from nuclear facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Conte
- Department of Geology and Environmental Earth Science, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, United States; ORISE Postdoctoral Fellow at USEPA, Office of Water, Technical Support Center, Cincinnati 45220, United States.
| | - Elisabeth Widom
- Department of Geology and Environmental Earth Science, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, United States
| | - David Kuentz
- Department of Geology and Environmental Earth Science, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, United States
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Zebracki M, Cagnat X, Gairoard S, Cariou N, Eyrolle-Boyer F, Boulet B, Antonelli C. U isotopes distribution in the Lower Rhone River and its implication on radionuclides disequilibrium within the decay series. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2017; 178-179:279-289. [PMID: 28926792 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The large rivers are main pathways for the delivery of suspended sediments into coastal environments, affecting the biogeochemical fluxes and the ecosystem functioning. The radionuclides from 238U and 232Th-series can be used to understand the dynamic processes affecting both catchment soil erosion and sediment delivery to oceans. Based on annual water discharge the Rhone River represents the largest river of the Mediterranean Sea. The Rhone valley also represents the largest concentration in nuclear power plants in Europe. A radioactive disequilibrium between particulate 226Ra(p) and 238U(p) was observed in the suspended sediment discharged by the Lower Rhone River (Eyrolle et al. 2012), and a fraction of particulate 234Th was shown to derive from dissolved 238U(d) (Zebracki et al. 2013). This extensive study has investigated the dissolved U isotopes distribution in the Lower Rhone River and its implication on particulate radionuclides disequilibrium within the decay series. The suspended sediment and filtered river waters were collected at low and high water discharges. During the 4-months of the study, two flood events generated by the Rhone southern tributaries were monitored. In river waters, the total U(d) concentration and U isotopes distribution were obtained through Q-ICP-MS measurements. The Lower Rhone River has displayed non-conservative U-behavior, and the variations in U(d) concentration between southern tributaries were related to the differences in bedrock lithology. The artificially occurring 236U was detected in the Rhone River at low water discharges, and was attributed to the liquid releases from nuclear industries located along the river. The (235U/238U)(d) activity ratio (=AR) in river waters was representative of the 235U natural abundance on Earth. The (226Ra/238U)(p) AR in suspended sediment has indicated a radioactive disequilibrium (average 1.3 ± 0.1). The excess of 234Th in suspended sediment =(234Thxs(p)) was apparent solely at low water discharges. The activity of 234Thxs(p) was calculated through gamma measurements and ranged from unquantifiable to 56 ± 14 Bq kg-1. The possibility of using 234Th as a tracer for the suspended sediment dynamics in large Mediterranean river was then discussed.
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Pourcelot L, Masson O, Saey L, Conil S, Boulet B, Cariou N. Empirical calibration of uranium releases in the terrestrial environment of nuclear fuel cycle facilities. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2017; 171:74-82. [PMID: 28193584 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In the present paper the activity of uranium isotopes measured in plants and aerosols taken downwind of the releases of three nuclear fuel settlements was compared between them and with the activity measured at remote sites. An enhancement of 238U activity as well as 235U/238U anomalies and 236U are noticeable in wheat, grass, tree leaves and aerosols taken at the edge of nuclear fuel settlements, which show the influence of uranium chronic releases. Further plants taken at the edge of the studied sites and a few published data acquired in the same experimental conditions show that the 238U activity in plants is influenced by the intensity of the U atmospheric releases. Assuming that 238U in plant is proportional to the intensity of the releases, we proposed empirical relationships which allow to characterize the chronic releases on the ground. Other sources of U contamination in plants such as accidental releases and "delayed source" of uranium in soil are also discussed in the light of uranium isotopes signatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Pourcelot
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire IRSN, CEN Cadarache BP3, 13115 St-Paul-lez-Durance cedex, France.
| | - Olivier Masson
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire IRSN, CEN Cadarache BP3, 13115 St-Paul-lez-Durance cedex, France
| | - Lionel Saey
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire IRSN, CEN Cadarache BP3, 13115 St-Paul-lez-Durance cedex, France
| | - Sébastien Conil
- Agence Nationale pour la gestion des Déchets Radioactifs ANDRA, CMHM Ecothèque Route départementale 960 BP9, 55290 Bure, France
| | - Béatrice Boulet
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire IRSN, Bat 501 Bois des Rames, 91400 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Nicolas Cariou
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire IRSN, Bat 501 Bois des Rames, 91400 Orsay Cedex, France
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Boukhalfa H, Peterson DS, Gonzales ER, Tulley-Cordova CL, Tarimala S, Ware SD. Extraction of plutonium using DIPEX immobilized in polystyrene thin films. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Masson O, Pourcelot L, Boulet B, Cagnat X, Videau G. Environmental releases from fuel cycle facility: part 1: radionuclide resuspension vs. stack releases on ambient airborne uranium and thorium levels. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2015; 141:146-152. [PMID: 25613358 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2014.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Airborne activity levels of uranium and thorium series were measured in the vicinity (1.1 km) of a uranium (UF4) processing plant, located in Malvési, south of France. Regarding its impact on the environment, this facility is characterized by its routine atmospheric releases of uranium and by the emission of radionuclide-labelled particles from a storage pond filled with waste water or that contain dried sludge characterized by traces of plutonium and thorium ((230)Th). This study was performed during a whole year (November 2009-November 2010) and based on weekly aerosol sampling. Thanks to ICP-MS results, it was possible to perform investigations of uranium and thorium decay product concentration in the air. The number of aerosol filters sampled (50) was sufficient to establish a relationship between airborne radionuclide variations and the wind conditions. As expected, the more the time spent in the plume, the higher the ambient levels. The respective contributions of atmospheric releases and resuspension from local soil and waste ponds on ambient dust load and uranium-bearing aerosols were estimated. Two shutdown periods dedicated to facility servicing made it possible to estimate the resuspension contribution and to specify its origin (local or regional) according to the wind direction and remote background concentration. Airborne uranium mainly comes from the emission stack and, to a minor extent (∼20%), from wind resuspension of soil particles from the surrounding fields and areas devoted to waste storage. Moreover, weighed activity levels were clearly higher during operational periods than for shutdown periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Masson
- Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), BP 3, 13115 St Paul lez Durance Cedex, France.
| | - Laurent Pourcelot
- Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), BP 3, 13115 St Paul lez Durance Cedex, France
| | - Béatrice Boulet
- Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), LMRE, Bâtiment 501, Bois des Rames, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Xavier Cagnat
- Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), LMRE, Bâtiment 501, Bois des Rames, 91400 Orsay, France
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Pourcelot L, Masson O, Renaud P, Cagnat X, Boulet B, Cariou N, De Vismes-Ott A. Environmental consequences of uranium atmospheric releases from fuel cycle facility: II. The atmospheric deposition of uranium and thorium on plants. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2015; 141:1-7. [PMID: 25500060 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2014.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Uranium and thorium isotopes were measured in cypress leaves, wheat grains and lettuce taken in the surroundings of the uranium conversion facility of Malvési (South of France). The comparison of activity levels and activity ratios (namely (238)U/(232)Th and (230)Th/(232)Th) in plants with those in aerosols taken at this site and plants taken far from it shows that aerosols emitted by the nuclear site (uranium releases in the atmosphere by stacks and (230)Th-rich particles emitted from artificial ponds collecting radioactive waste mud) accounts for the high activities recorded in the plant samples close to the site. The atmospheric deposition process onto the plants appears to be the dominant process in plant contamination. Dry deposition velocities of airborne uranium and thorium were measured as 4.6 × 10(-3) and 5.0 × 10(-3) m s(-1), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Pourcelot
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire IRSN/PRP-ENV, CEN Cadarache BP3, 13115 St-Paul-lez-Durance Cedex, France.
| | - O Masson
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire IRSN/PRP-ENV, CEN Cadarache BP3, 13115 St-Paul-lez-Durance Cedex, France
| | - P Renaud
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire IRSN/PRP-ENV, CEN Cadarache BP3, 13115 St-Paul-lez-Durance Cedex, France
| | - X Cagnat
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire IRSN/PRP-ENV, CEN Cadarache BP3, 13115 St-Paul-lez-Durance Cedex, France
| | - B Boulet
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire IRSN/PRP-ENV, CEN Cadarache BP3, 13115 St-Paul-lez-Durance Cedex, France
| | - N Cariou
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire IRSN/PRP-ENV, CEN Cadarache BP3, 13115 St-Paul-lez-Durance Cedex, France
| | - A De Vismes-Ott
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire IRSN/PRP-ENV, CEN Cadarache BP3, 13115 St-Paul-lez-Durance Cedex, France
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Unexpected lack of deleterious effects of uranium on physiological systems following a chronic oral intake in adult rat. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:181989. [PMID: 24693537 PMCID: PMC3944956 DOI: 10.1155/2014/181989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Uranium level in drinking water is usually in the range of microgram-per-liter, but this value may be as much as 100 to 1000 times higher in some areas, which may raise question about the health consequences for human populations living in these areas. Our purpose was to improve knowledge of chemical effects of uranium following chronic ingestion. Experiments were performed on rats contaminated for 9 months via drinking water containing depleted uranium (0.2, 2, 5, 10, 20, 40, or 120 mg/L). Blood biochemical and hematological indicators were measured and several different types of investigations (molecular, functional, and structural) were conducted in organs (intestine, liver, kidneys, hematopoietic cells, and brain). The specific sensitivity of the organs to uranium was deduced from nondeleterious biological effects, with the following thresholds (in mg/L): 0.2 for brain, >2 for liver, >10 for kidneys, and >20 for intestine, indicating a NOAEL (No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level) threshold for uranium superior to 120 m g/L. Based on the chemical uranium toxicity, the tolerable daily intake calculation yields a guideline value for humans of 1350 μg/L. This value was higher than the WHO value of 30 μg/L, indicating that this WHO guideline for uranium content in drinking water is very protective and might be reconsidered.
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Tortorello R, Widom E, Renwick WH. Use of uranium isotopes as a temporal and spatial tracer of nuclear contamination in the environment. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2013; 124:287-300. [PMID: 23871969 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The Fernald Feed Materials Production Center (FFMPC) was established in 1951 to process natural uranium (U) ore, enriched uranium (EU) and depleted uranium (DU). This study tests the utility of U isotopic ratios in sediment cores and lichens as indicators of the aerial extent, degree and timing of anthropogenic U contamination, using the FFMPC as a test case. An 80-cm-long sediment core was extracted from an impoundment located approximately 6.7 km southwest of the FFMPC. Elemental concentrations of thorium (2.7-6.2 μg g(-1)) and U (0.33-1.33 μg g(-1)) as well as major and minor U isotopes were analyzed in the core. The lack of measurable (137)Cs in the deepest sample as well as a natural (235)U/(238)U signature and no measurable (236)U, are consistent with pre-FFMPC activity. Anomalously elevated U with respect to Th concentrations occur in seven consecutive samples immediately above the base of the core (62-76 cm depth). Samples with elevated U concentrations also show variable (235)U/(238)U (0.00645-0.00748), and all contain measurable (236)U ((236)U/(238)U = 2.1 × 10(-6)-3.6 × 10(-5)). Correspondence between the known releases of U dust from the FFMPC through time and variations in sediment core U concentrations, (235)U/(238)U and (236)U/(238)U ratios provide evidence for distinct releases of both DU and EU. Furthermore, these relationships demonstrate that the sediment core serves as a robust archive of past environmental U contamination events. Samples in the upper 40 cm display natural (235)U/(238)U, but measurable (236)U/(238)U ((236)U/(238)U = 5.68 × 10(-6)-1.43 × 10(-5)), further indicating the continued presence of anthropogenic U in present-day sediment. Three local lichen samples were also analyzed, and all display either EU or DU signatures coupled with elevated (236)U/(238)U, recording airborne U contamination from the FFMPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Tortorello
- Department of Geology and Environmental Earth Sciences, Miami University, 114 Shideler Hall, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
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Pourcelot L, Boulet B, Le Corre C, de Vismes Ott A, Cagnat X, Loyen J, Fayolle C, Van Hecke W, Martinez B, Petit J, Kaltenmeier R, Gieré R. Actinides and decay products in selected produce and bioindicators in the vicinity of a uranium plant. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING : JEM 2011; 13:1327-36. [PMID: 21487575 DOI: 10.1039/c1em10041f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cypress needles collected at the edge of the Malvési uranium facility (SW France) exhibit enhanced activities of actinides and some decay products (uranium, americium, plutonium, (230)Th, (226)Ra) compared to a remote site. These enhanced activities resulted from the release of U via smokestacks and passive release from former artificial ponds located inside the nuclear site. Enhanced activities are also observed in selected produce (wheat, lettuce, fruits) sampled from the edge of the site. However, excess actinides measured in wheat grains in 2007 are inconsistent with the activities and the uranium ratio measured in the soils. This result suggests that the studied annual crops were contaminated mainly through the short-term release of airborne actinides, and that other transfer pathways, such as, uptake through the roots or adhesion of soil particles, were negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Pourcelot
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire/Direction de l'Environnement et de l'Intervention, 31 rue de l'Ecluse, 78116 Le Vésinet, France.
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