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Fasano G, Godoy RS, Angiulli E, Consalvo A, Franco C, Mancini M, Santucci D, Alleva E, Ciavardelli D, Toni M, Biffali E, Ekker M, Canzoniero LMT, Sordino P. Effects of low-dose methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl-derived manganese on the development of diencephalic dopaminergic neurons in zebrafish. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 287:117151. [PMID: 34020261 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fuel additive methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT) is counted as an organic manganese (Mn)-derived compound. The toxic effects of Mn (alone and complexed) on dopaminergic (DA) neurotransmission have been investigated in both cellular and animal models. However, the impact of environmentally relevant Mn exposure on DA neurodevelopment is rather poorly understood. In the present study, the MMT dose of 100 μM (about 5 mg Mn/L) caused up-regulation of DA-related genes in association with cell body swelling and increase in the number of DA neurons of the ventral diencephalon subpopulation DC2. Furthermore, our analysis identified significant brain Mn bioaccumulation and enhancement of total dopamine levels in association with locomotor hyperactivity. Although DA levels were restored at adulthood, we observed a deficit in the acquisition and consolidation of memory. Collectively, these findings suggest that developmental exposure to low-level MMT-derived Mn is responsible for the selective alteration of diencephalic DA neurons and with long-lasting effects on fish explorative behaviour in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Fasano
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, Via Francesco de Sanctis, 82100, Benevento, Italy; Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121, Naples, Italy
| | - Rafael Soares Godoy
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Marie-Curie Private, Ottawa, ON K1N 9A7, Canada
| | - Elisa Angiulli
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology ''Charles Darwin", Sapienza University, Via Borelli 50, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Ada Consalvo
- Centro Scienze Dell'Invecchiamento e Medicina Traslazionale - CeSI-MeT, Via Polacchi 11, 66100, Chieti, Italy; Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. D'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Via Dei Vestini, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Cristina Franco
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, Via Francesco de Sanctis, 82100, Benevento, Italy
| | - Maria Mancini
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, 435 East 30th Street, New York, NY, 10016, USA; NYU Marlene and Paolo Fresco Institute for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, New York University School of Medicine, 222 East 41st Street, New York, NY, 10017, USA
| | - Daniela Santucci
- Centro di Riferimento per le Scienze Comportamentali e La Salute Mentale, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Alleva
- Centro di Riferimento per le Scienze Comportamentali e La Salute Mentale, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Ciavardelli
- Centro Scienze Dell'Invecchiamento e Medicina Traslazionale - CeSI-MeT, Via Polacchi 11, 66100, Chieti, Italy; School of Human and Social Science, "Kore" University of Enna, Cittadella Universitaria, 94100, Enna, Italy
| | - Mattia Toni
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology ''Charles Darwin", Sapienza University, Via Borelli 50, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Elio Biffali
- Department of Research Infrastructures for Marine Biological Resources, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121, Naples, Italy
| | - Marc Ekker
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Marie-Curie Private, Ottawa, ON K1N 9A7, Canada
| | | | - Paolo Sordino
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121, Naples, Italy.
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Pandeya A, Ojo I, Alegun O, Wei Y. Periplasmic Targets for the Development of Effective Antimicrobials against Gram-Negative Bacteria. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:2337-2354. [PMID: 32786281 PMCID: PMC8187054 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance has emerged as a serious threat to global public health in recent years. Lack of novel antimicrobials, especially new classes of compounds, further aggravates the situation. For Gram-negative bacteria, their double layered cell envelope and an array of efflux pumps act as formidable barriers for antimicrobials to penetrate. While cytoplasmic targets are hard to reach, proteins in the periplasm are clearly more accessible, as the drug only needs to breach the outer membrane. In this review, we summarized recent efforts on the validation and testing of periplasmic proteins as potential antimicrobial targets and the development of related inhibitors that either inhibit the growth of a bacterial pathogen or reduce its virulence during interaction with host cells. We conclude that the periplasm contains a promising pool of novel antimicrobial targets that should be scrutinized more closely for the development of effective treatment against multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Pandeya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Isoiza Ojo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Olaniyi Alegun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Yinan Wei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
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3
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Ammendola S, Ciavardelli D, Consalvo A, Battistoni A. Cobalt can fully recover the phenotypes related to zinc deficiency in Salmonella Typhimurium. Metallomics 2020; 12:2021-2031. [PMID: 33165471 DOI: 10.1039/d0mt00145g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cobalt is an essential element for living systems, which, however, make very limited use of this metal, using it mainly in cobalamin-containing enzymes. The reduced use of cobalt compared to other transition metals is generally attributed to the potential toxicity of this element. In this work, we demonstrate that cobalt not only does not have an obvious toxic effect on Salmonella Typhimurium, but that it can efficiently compensate for zinc deficiency in a znuABC deleted strain. In fact, cobalt, but not cobalamin supplementation, rescued all major phenotypic defects of the znuABC strain, including the reduced ability to grow and swim in zinc-deficient media and the high susceptibility to hydrogen peroxide stress. Growth in a cobalt-supplemented defined medium led to the accumulation of large amounts of cobalt both in the wild type and in the znuABC strain. These data suggest that atoms of cobalt may be incorporated in bacterial proteins in place of zinc, ensuring their functionality. In support of this hypothesis we have shown that, in vivo, cobalt can accumulate in ribosomes and replace zinc in a periplasmic Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase (SodCII). Finally, we provide evidence of the ability of cobalt to modulate the intracellular concentration of zinc-regulated proteins (ZnuA, ZinT, and SodCII). Although some observations suggest that in some proteins the replacement of zinc with cobalt can lead to subtle structural changes, the data reported in this study indicate that Salmonella has the ability to use cobalt instead of zinc, without evident harmful effects for cell physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Ammendola
- Department of Biology, University of Rome ''Tor Vergata'', Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy.
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4
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Ammendola S, D'Amico Y, Chirullo B, Drumo R, Ciavardelli D, Pasquali P, Battistoni A. Zinc is required to ensure the expression of flagella and the ability to form biofilms in Salmonella enterica sv Typhimurium. Metallomics 2017; 8:1131-1140. [PMID: 27730246 DOI: 10.1039/c6mt00108d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Zinc is known to play a central role in bacterial physiology and pathogenesis. Here, we report that the accumulation of FliC, the structural subunit of Salmonella phase 1 flagella, is sharply reduced in a znuABC Salmonella enterica sv. Typhimurium strain grown in zinc-poor media. Consequently, this mutant strain lacks motility, unless it grows in zinc-replete environments. This phenotype is the consequence of a general downregulation of all the genes involved in the biosynthesis of flagella, suggesting that zinc is the cofactor of proteins involved in the initiation of the transcriptional regulatory cascade leading to flagella assembly. Competition experiments in mice demonstrated that aflagellated (fliBfljC) and znuABC strains are outcompeted by the wild type strain in the gastrointestinal tract. The fliBfljC strain overgrows a fliCfljBznuABC mutant strain, but the difference in gut colonization between these two strains is less striking than that between the wild type and the znuABC strains, suggesting that the downregulation of flagella contributes to the loss of virulence of Salmonella znuABC. The absence of either flagella or ZnuABC also impairs the ability of S. Typhimurium to produce biofilms. Zinc suppresses this defect in the znuABC mutant but not in the aflagellated strains, highlighting the role of flagella in biofilm organization. We have also observed an increased production of the quorum sensing signal AI-2 in the znuABC strain sensing zinc deprivation, that may further contribute to the reduced ability to form biofilms. On the whole, our study reveals novel roles of zinc in Salmonella motility and intercellular communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Ammendola
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Roma "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Ylenia D'Amico
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Roma "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Barbara Chirullo
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosanna Drumo
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Pasquali
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Battistoni
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Roma "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy. and Interuniversity Consortium, National Institute Biostructures and Biosystems (INBB), Rome, Italy
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Mastropasqua MC, D'Orazio M, Cerasi M, Pacello F, Gismondi A, Canini A, Canuti L, Consalvo A, Ciavardelli D, Chirullo B, Pasquali P, Battistoni A. Growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
in zinc poor environments is promoted by a nicotianamine-related metallophore. Mol Microbiol 2017; 106:543-561. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Melania D'Orazio
- Department of Biology; University of Rome Tor Vergata; Rome Italy
| | - Mauro Cerasi
- Department of Biology; University of Rome Tor Vergata; Rome Italy
| | | | - Angelo Gismondi
- Department of Biology; University of Rome Tor Vergata; Rome Italy
| | - Antonella Canini
- Department of Biology; University of Rome Tor Vergata; Rome Italy
| | - Lorena Canuti
- Department of Biology; University of Rome Tor Vergata; Rome Italy
| | - Ada Consalvo
- Centro Scienze dell'Invecchiamento e Medicina Traslazionale - CeSI-MeT; Chieti Italy
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences; “G. d'Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara; Chieti Italy
| | - Domenico Ciavardelli
- Centro Scienze dell'Invecchiamento e Medicina Traslazionale - CeSI-MeT; Chieti Italy
- School of Human and Social Science; “Kore” University of Enna; Enna Italy
| | - Barbara Chirullo
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health; Istituto Superiore di Sanità; Rome Italy
| | - Paolo Pasquali
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health; Istituto Superiore di Sanità; Rome Italy
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A novel antimicrobial approach based on the inhibition of zinc uptake in Salmonella enterica. Future Med Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2017-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review we discuss evidences suggesting that bacterial zinc homeostasis represents a promising target for new antimicrobial strategies. The ability of the gut pathogen Salmonella enterica sv Typhimurium to withstand the host responses aimed at controlling growth of the pathogen critically depends on the zinc importer ZnuABC. Strains lacking a functional ZnuABC or its soluble component ZnuA display a dramatic loss of pathogenicity, due to a reduced ability to express virulence factors; withstand the inflammatory response; and compete with other gut microbes. Based on this data, ZnuA was chosen as a candidate for the rational design of novel antibiotics. Through a combination of structural and functional investigations, we have provided a proof of concept of the potential of this approach.
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So KM, Lee Y, Bok JD, Kim EB, Chung MI. Analysis of Ionomic Profiles of Canine Hairs Exposed to Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-Induced Stress. Biol Trace Elem Res 2016; 172:364-371. [PMID: 26758868 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-015-0611-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to provide a new insight on the response of canines to stress exposure; the ionomic profiles of canine hair (2.8 ± 0.3 years, 15.17 ± 2.1 kg) (n = 10) was determined before and after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injections. LPS was intramuscularly injected to induce inflammatory stress responses which were confirmed by observing increases in the level of serum cortisol, aldosterone, and inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α. The hair contents of 17 elements were obtained by applying analytical procedures using the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The following elements: sodium(Na) and potassium(K) among macro-elements, iron(Fe) and manganese(Mn) among micro-elements, and aluminum(Al), nickel(Ni), and lead(Pb) for toxic elements, showed significant increased levels with the immunological stress. The degree of increase in toxic elements was remarkable with the stress exposure. A forty-five-fold increase seen in Al accumulation with the stress exposure was noteworthy. Although mercury(Hg) and cadmium(Cd) showed decreased levels with the stress exposure, the degree was negligible compared to the level of increase. Correlation pattern between the elements was changed with the immunological stress. Toxic elements became more correlated with macro- or micro-elements than with toxic elements themselves after the stress exposure. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that LPS challenge shifted the overall hair mineral profiles to a consistent direction changing Al and K up, even in animals with different hair mineral profiles before LPS treatment. In conclusion, the multivariate data processing and study of element distribution patterns provided new information about the ionomic response of the canine hairs to immunological stress, i.e., the ionomic profiles of canine hairs is strongly affected by the stress induced by LPS injections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Min So
- Animal Nutrition and Physiology Team, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Wanju, 55365, South Korea
| | - Yoonseok Lee
- Institute of Green-Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, 1447 Pyungchang-daero, Pyungchang, 25354, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Duck Bok
- Institute of Green-Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, 1447 Pyungchang-daero, Pyungchang, 25354, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Bae Kim
- Department of Animal Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
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D'Orazio M, Mastropasqua MC, Cerasi M, Pacello F, Consalvo A, Chirullo B, Mortensen B, Skaar EP, Ciavardelli D, Pasquali P, Battistoni A. The capability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to recruit zinc under conditions of limited metal availability is affected by inactivation of the ZnuABC transporter. Metallomics 2016; 7:1023-35. [PMID: 25751674 DOI: 10.1039/c5mt00017c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The ability of a large number of bacterial pathogens to multiply in the infected host and cause disease is dependent on their ability to express high affinity zinc importers. In many bacteria, ZnuABC, a transporter of the ABC family, plays a central role in the process of zinc uptake in zinc poor environments, including the tissues of the infected host. To initiate an investigation into the relevance of the zinc uptake apparatus for Pseudomonas aeruginosa pathogenicity, we have generated a znuA mutant in the PA14 strain. We have found that this mutant strain displays a limited growth defect in zinc depleted media. The znuA mutant strain is more sensitive than the wild type strain to calprotectin-mediated growth inhibition, but both the strains are highly resistant to this zinc sequestering antimicrobial protein. Moreover, intracellular zinc content is not evidently affected by inactivation of the ZnuABC transporter. These findings suggest that P. aeruginosa is equipped with redundant mechanisms for the acquisition of zinc that might favor P. aeruginosa colonization of environments containing low levels of this metal. Nonetheless, deletion of znuA affects alginate production, reduces the activity of extracellular zinc-containing proteases, including LasA, LasB and protease IV, and decreases the ability of P. aeruginosa to disseminate during systemic infections. These results indicate that efficient zinc acquisition is critical for the expression of various virulence features typical of P. aeruginosa and that ZnuABC also plays an important role in zinc homeostasis in this microorganism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melania D'Orazio
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy.
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Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium growth is inhibited by the concomitant binding of Zn(II) and a pyrrolyl-hydroxamate to ZnuA, the soluble component of the ZnuABC transporter. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1860:534-41. [PMID: 26691136 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Under conditions of Zn(II) deficiency, the most relevant high affinity Zn(II) transport system synthesized by many Gram-negative bacteria is the ZnuABC transporter. ZnuABC is absent in eukaryotes and plays an important role in bacterial virulence. Consequently, ZnuA, the periplasmic component of the transporter, appeared as a good target candidate to find new compounds able to contrast bacterial growth by interfering with Zn(II) uptake. METHODS Antibacterial activity assays on selected compounds from and in-house library against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium ATCC14028 were performed. The X-ray structure of the complex formed by SeZnuA with an active compound was solved at 2.15Å resolution. RESULTS Two di-aryl pyrrole hydroxamic acids differing in the position of a chloride ion, RDS50 ([1-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-4-phenyl-1H-pyrrol-3-hydroxamic acid]) and RDS51 (1-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-4-phenyl-1H-pyrrol-3-hydroxamic acid) were able to inhibit Salmonella growth and its invasion ability of Caco-2 cells. The X-ray structure of SeZnuA containing RDS51 revealed its presence at the metal binding site concomitantly with Zn(II) which is coordinated by protein residues and the hydroxamate moiety of the compound. CONCLUSIONS Two molecules interfering with ZnuA-mediated Zn(II) transport in Salmonella have been identified for the first time. The resolution of the SeZnuA-RDS51 X-ray structure revealed that RDS51 is tightly bound both to the protein and to Zn(II) thereby inhibiting its release. These features pave the way to the rational design of new Zn(II)-binding drugs against Salmonella. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The data reported show that targeting the bacterial ZnuABC transporter can represent a good strategy to find new antibiotics against Gram-negative bacteria.
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Navarrete F, De La Fuente L. Zinc Detoxification Is Required for Full Virulence and Modification of the Host Leaf Ionome by Xylella fastidiosa. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2015; 28:497-507. [PMID: 25561271 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-14-0221-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) is an essential element for all forms of life because it is a structural or catalytic cofactor of many proteins, but it can have toxic effects at high concentrations; thus, microorganisms must tightly regulate its levels. Here, we evaluated the role of Zn homeostasis proteins in the virulence of the xylem-limited bacterium Xylella fastidiosa, causal agent of Pierce's disease of grapevine, among other diseases. Two mutants of X. fastidiosa 'Temecula' affected in genes which regulate Zn homeostasis (zur) and Zn detoxification (czcD) were constructed. Both knockouts showed increased sensitivity to Zn at physiologically relevant concentrations and increased intracellular accumulation of this metal compared with the wild type. Increased Zn sensitivity was correlated with decreased growth in grapevine xylem sap, reduced twitching motility, and downregulation of exopolysaccharide biosynthetic genes. Tobacco plants inoculated with either knockout mutant showed reduced foliar symptoms and a much reduced (czcD) or absent (zur) modification of the leaf ionome (i.e., the mineral nutrient and trace element composition), as well as reduced bacterial populations. The results show that detoxification of Zn is crucial for the virulence of X. fastidiosa and verifies our previous findings that modification of the host leaf ionome correlates with bacterial virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Navarrete
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, U.S.A
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11
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Monrás JP, Collao B, Molina-Quiroz RC, Pradenas GA, Saona LA, Durán-Toro V, Ordenes-Aenishanslins N, Venegas FA, Loyola DE, Bravo D, Calderón PF, Calderón IL, Vásquez CC, Chasteen TG, Lopez DA, Pérez-Donoso JM. Microarray analysis of the Escherichia coli response to CdTe-GSH Quantum Dots: understanding the bacterial toxicity of semiconductor nanoparticles. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:1099. [PMID: 25496196 PMCID: PMC4300170 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-1099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Most semiconductor nanoparticles used in biomedical applications are made of heavy metals and involve synthetic methods that require organic solvents and high temperatures. This issue makes the development of water-soluble nanoparticles with lower toxicity a major topic of interest. In a previous work our group described a biomimetic method for the aqueous synthesis of CdTe-GSH Quantum Dots (QDs) using biomolecules present in cells as reducing and stabilizing agents. This protocol produces nanoparticles with good fluorescent properties and less toxicity than those synthesized by regular chemical methods. Nevertheless, biomimetic CdTe-GSH nanoparticles still display some toxicity, so it is important to know in detail the effects of these semiconductor nanoparticles on cells, their levels of toxicity and the strategies that cells develop to overcome it. Results In this work, the response of E. coli exposed to different sized-CdTe-GSH QDs synthesized by a biomimetic protocol was evaluated through transcriptomic, biochemical, microbiological and genetic approaches. It was determined that: i) red QDs (5 nm) display higher toxicity than green (3 nm), ii) QDs mainly induce expression of genes involved with Cd+2 stress (zntA and znuA) and tellurium does not contribute significantly to QDs-mediated toxicity since cells incorporate low levels of Te, iii) red QDs also induce genes related to oxidative stress response and membrane proteins, iv) Cd2+ release is higher in red QDs, and v) QDs render the cells more sensitive to polymyxin B. Conclusion Based on the results obtained in this work, a general model of CdTe-GSH QDs toxicity in E. coli is proposed. Results indicate that bacterial toxicity of QDs is mainly associated with cadmium release, oxidative stress and loss of membrane integrity. The higher toxicity of red QDs is most probably due to higher cadmium content and release from the nanoparticle as compared to green QDs. Moreover, QDs-treated cells become more sensitive to polymyxin B making these biomimetic QDs candidates for adjuvant therapies against bacterial infections. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-1099) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - José M Pérez-Donoso
- Bionanotechnology and Microbiology Lab, Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology (CBIB), Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.
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12
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Cerasi M, Liu JZ, Ammendola S, Poe AJ, Petrarca P, Pesciaroli M, Pasquali P, Raffatellu M, Battistoni A. The ZupT transporter plays an important role in zinc homeostasis and contributes to Salmonella enterica virulence. Metallomics 2014; 6:845-53. [PMID: 24430377 DOI: 10.1039/c3mt00352c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Zinc is an essential metal for cellular homeostasis and function in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. To acquire this essential nutrient, bacteria employ transporters characterized by different affinity for the metal. Several studies have investigated the role of the high affinity transporter ZnuABC in the bacterial response to zinc shortage, showing that this transporter has a key role in adapting bacteria to zinc starvation. In contrast, the role of the low affinity zinc importer ZupT has been the subject of limited investigations. Here we show that a Salmonella strain lacking ZupT is impaired in its ability to grow in metal devoid environments and that a znuABC zupT strain exhibits a severe growth defect in zinc devoid media, is hypersensitive to oxidative stress and contains reduced levels of intracellular free zinc. Moreover, we show that ZupT also plays a role in the ability of S. Typhimurium to colonize the host tissues. During systemic infections, the single zupT mutant strain was attenuated only in Nramp1(+/+) mice, but competition experiments between znuABC and znuABC zupT mutants revealed that ZupT contributes to metal uptake in vivo independently of the presence of a functional Nramp1 transporter. Altogether, the here reported results show that ZupT plays an important role in Salmonella zinc homeostasis, being involved in metal import both in vitro and in infected animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Cerasi
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy.
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13
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Correia S, Nunes-Miranda JD, Pinto L, Santos HM, de Toro M, Sáenz Y, Torres C, Capelo JL, Poeta P, Igrejas G. Complete proteome of a quinolone-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium phage type DT104B clinical strain. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:14191-219. [PMID: 25196519 PMCID: PMC4159846 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150814191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonellosis is one of the most common and widely distributed foodborne diseases. The emergence of Salmonella strains that are resistant to a variety of antimicrobials is a serious global public health concern. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium definitive phage type 104 (DT104) is one of these emerging epidemic multidrug resistant strains. Here we collate information from the diverse and comprehensive range of experiments on Salmonella proteomes that have been published. We then present a new study of the proteome of the quinolone-resistant Se20 strain (phage type DT104B), recovered after ciprofloxacin treatment and compared it to the proteome of reference strain SL1344. A total of 186 and 219 protein spots were recovered from Se20 and SL1344 protein extracts, respectively, after two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The signatures of 94% of the protein spots were successfully identified through matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Three antimicrobial resistance related proteins, whose genes were previously detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), were identified in the clinical strain. The presence of these proteins, dihydropteroate synthase type-2 (sul2 gene), aminoglycoside resistance protein A (strA gene) and aminoglycoside 6'-N-acetyltransferase type Ib-cr4 (aac(6')-Ib-cr4 gene), was confirmed in the DT104B clinical strain. The aac(6')-Ib-cr4 gene is responsible for plasmid-mediated aminoglycoside and quinolone resistance. This is a preliminary analysis of the proteome of these two S. Typhimurium strains and further work is being developed to better understand how antimicrobial resistance is developing in this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Correia
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Genomics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Júlio D Nunes-Miranda
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Genomics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Luís Pinto
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Genomics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Hugo M Santos
- BIOSCOPE group, REQUIMTE-CQFB, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, University NOVA of Lisbon, 2829-516 Monte de Caparica, Portugal.
| | - María de Toro
- Departamento de Biología Molecular (Universidad de Cantabria) and Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria IBBTEC (UC-SODERCAN-CSIC), Santander 39011, Spain.
| | - Yolanda Sáenz
- Microbiología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de La Rioja, C/Piqueras 98, 26006 Logroño, La Rioja, Spain.
| | - Carmen Torres
- Microbiología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de La Rioja, C/Piqueras 98, 26006 Logroño, La Rioja, Spain.
| | - José Luis Capelo
- BIOSCOPE group, REQUIMTE-CQFB, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, University NOVA of Lisbon, 2829-516 Monte de Caparica, Portugal.
| | - Patrícia Poeta
- Centre of Studies of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Gilberto Igrejas
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Genomics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
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Greganova E, Steinmann M, Mäser P, Fankhauser N. In silico ionomics segregates parasitic from free-living eukaryotes. Genome Biol Evol 2014; 5:1902-9. [PMID: 24048281 PMCID: PMC3814192 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evt134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Ion transporters are fundamental to life. Due to their ancient origin and conservation in sequence, ion transporters are also particularly well suited for comparative genomics of distantly related species. Here, we perform genome-wide ion transporter profiling as a basis for comparative genomics of eukaryotes. From a given predicted proteome, we identify all bona fide ion channels, ion porters, and ion pumps. Concentrating on unicellular eukaryotes (n = 37), we demonstrate that clustering of species according to their repertoire of ion transporters segregates obligate endoparasites (n = 23) on the one hand, from free-living species and facultative parasites (n = 14) on the other hand. This surprising finding indicates strong convergent evolution of the parasites regarding the acquisition and homeostasis of inorganic ions. Random forest classification identifies transporters of ammonia, plus transporters of iron and other transition metals, as the most informative for distinguishing the obligate parasites. Thus, in silico ionomics further underscores the importance of iron in infection biology and suggests access to host sources of nitrogen and transition metals to be selective forces in the evolution of parasitism. This finding is in agreement with the phenomenon of iron withholding as a primordial antimicrobial strategy of infected mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Greganova
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
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15
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Pompilio A, Ciavardelli D, Crocetta V, Consalvo A, Zappacosta R, Di Ilio C, Di Bonaventura G. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia virulence and specific variations in trace elements during acute lung infection: implications in cystic fibrosis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88769. [PMID: 24586389 PMCID: PMC3938418 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Metal ions are necessary for the proper functioning of the immune system, and, therefore, they might have a significant influence on the interaction between bacteria and host. Ionic dyshomeostasis has been recently observed also in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, whose respiratory tract is frequently colonized by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. For the first time, here we used an inductively mass spectrometry method to perform a spatial and temporal analysis of the pattern of changes in a broad range of major trace elements in response to pulmonary infection by S. maltophilia. To this, DBA/2 mouse lungs were comparatively infected by a CF strain and by an environmental one. Our results showed that pulmonary ionomic profile was significantly affected during infection. Infected mice showed increased lung levels of Mg, P, S, K, Zn, Se, and Rb. To the contrary, Mn, Fe, Co, and Cu levels resulted significantly decreased. Changes of element concentrations were correlated with pulmonary bacterial load and markers of inflammation, and occurred mostly on day 3 post-exposure, when severity of infection culminated. Interestingly, CF strain – significantly more virulent than the environmental one in our murine model - provoked a more significant impact in perturbing pulmonary metal homeostasis. Particularly, exposure to CF strain exclusively increased P and K levels, while decreased Fe and Mn ones. Overall, our data clearly indicate that S. maltophilia modulates pulmonary metal balance in a concerted and virulence-dependent manner highlighting the potential role of the element dyshomeostasis during the progression of S. maltophilia infection, probably exacerbating the harmful effects of the loss of CF transmembrane conductance regulator function. Further investigations are required to understand the biological significance of these alterations and to confirm they are specifically caused by S. maltophilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Pompilio
- Clinical Microbiology Unit, Center of Excellence on Aging, “G. d'Annunzio” University Foundation, Chieti, Italy
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, “G. d'Annunzio” University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Domenico Ciavardelli
- Clinical Microbiology Unit, Center of Excellence on Aging, “G. d'Annunzio” University Foundation, Chieti, Italy
- School of Engineering, Architecture and Motor Science, “Kore” University, Enna, Italy
| | - Valentina Crocetta
- Clinical Microbiology Unit, Center of Excellence on Aging, “G. d'Annunzio” University Foundation, Chieti, Italy
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, “G. d'Annunzio” University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Ada Consalvo
- Clinical Microbiology Unit, Center of Excellence on Aging, “G. d'Annunzio” University Foundation, Chieti, Italy
| | - Roberta Zappacosta
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, “G. d'Annunzio” University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Carmine Di Ilio
- Clinical Microbiology Unit, Center of Excellence on Aging, “G. d'Annunzio” University Foundation, Chieti, Italy
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, “G. d'Annunzio” University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Bonaventura
- Clinical Microbiology Unit, Center of Excellence on Aging, “G. d'Annunzio” University Foundation, Chieti, Italy
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, “G. d'Annunzio” University, Chieti, Italy
- * E-mail:
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16
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Ronci M, Sharma S, Martin S, Craig JE, Voelcker NH. MALDI MS imaging analysis of apolipoprotein E and lysyl oxidase-like 1 in human lens capsules affected by pseudoexfoliation syndrome. J Proteomics 2013; 82:27-34. [PMID: 23411028 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Pseudoexfoliation (PEX) syndrome is an age-related systemic disease of the extracellular matrix, characterized by the presence of amyloid-like fibrillar deposits on the anterior lens capsule. The pathological deposits (PEX material) can obstruct aqueous outflow leading to increased intraocular pressure that in turn can result in glaucoma. PEX syndrome is the most common risk factor for glaucoma. In our previous work, we reported a protocol for the analysis of human lens capsules by MALDI MS imaging. Here, we extend our previous work applying the developed protocol to the analysis of human lens capsules affected by PEX syndrome. We focus our investigation on known components of the PEX material, namely lysyl oxidase-like 1 (LOXL1) and apolipoprotein E (APOE). Our results show that LOXL1 is more abundant in the deposits in the iris region and, alternatively APOE is concentrated in the PEX material accumulated in the pupillary area of the anterior lens capsule. Furthermore, we identify potentially relevant post-translational modifications which may have an important role in promoting the cross-linking processes in PEX syndrome and stabilize aggregate structures within the proteinaceous PEX material. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE This paper is about the identification and localization of apolipoprotein E and lysyl oxidase-like 1 in human lens capsules affected by PEX syndrome by MALDI MS imaging. With this study we expand the clinical application of MALDI MSI toward the use of non-sectioned tissue samples analyzed after in situ enzymatic digestion and advance the knowledge regarding a common pathology like PEX syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Ronci
- Mawson Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes SA 5095, Australia.
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17
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Ardini F, Soggia F, Abelmoschi ML, Magi E, Grotti M. Ionomic profiling of Nicotiana langsdorffii wild-type and mutant genotypes exposed to abiotic stresses. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:665-77. [PMID: 22580418 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5997-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To provide a new insight into the response of plants to abiotic stresses, the ionomic profiles of Nicotiana langsdorffii specimens have been determined before and after exposure to toxic metals (chromium) or drought conditions. The plants were genetically transformed with the rat glucocorticoid receptor (GR) or the gene for Agrobacterium rhizogenes rolC, because these modifications are known to produce an imbalance in phytohormone equilibria and a significant change in the defence response of the plant. Elemental profiles were obtained by developing and applying analytical procedures based on inductively coupled plasma atomic emission and mass spectrometry (ICP-AES/MS). In particular, the removal of isobaric interferences affecting the determination of Cr and V by ICP-MS was accomplished by use of a dynamic reaction cell, after optimization of the relevant conditions. The combined use of ICP atomic emission and mass spectrometry enabled the determination of 29 major and trace elements (Ba, Bi, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Eu, Fe, Ga, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, P, Pb, Pt, Rb, S, Sb, Sn, Sr, Te, V, W, Y, and Zn) in different parts of the plants (roots, stems, and leaves), with high accuracy and precision. Multivariate data processing and study of element distribution patterns provided new information about the ionomic response of the target organism to chemical treatment or water stress. Genetic modification mainly affected the distribution of Bi, Cr, Mo, Na, and S, indicating that these elements were involved in biochemical processes controlled by the GR or rolC genes. Chemical stress strongly affected accumulation of several elements (Ba, Ca, Fe, Ga, K, Li, Mn, Mo, Na, P, Pb, Rb, S, Sn, Te, V, and Zn) in different ways; for Ca, Fe, K, Mn, Na, and P the effect was quite similar to that observed in other studies after treatment with other transition elements, for example Cu and Cd. The effect of water deficit was less evident, mainly consisting in a decrease of Ba, Cr, Na, and Sr in roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Ardini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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18
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Ciavardelli D, D'Orazio M, Pieroni L, Consalvo A, Rossi C, Sacchetta P, Di Ilio C, Battistoni A, Urbani A. Proteomic and ionomic profiling reveals significant alterations of protein expression and calcium homeostasis in cystic fibrosis cells. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2013; 9:1117-26. [DOI: 10.1039/c3mb25594h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Extreme zinc tolerance in acidophilic microorganisms from the bacterial and archaeal domains. Extremophiles 2012; 17:75-85. [PMID: 23143658 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-012-0495-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Zinc can occur in extremely high concentrations in acidic, heavy metal polluted environments inhabited by acidophilic prokaryotes. Although these organisms are able to thrive in such severely contaminated ecosystems their resistance mechanisms have not been well studied. Bioinformatic analysis of a range of acidophilic bacterial and archaeal genomes identified homologues of several known zinc homeostasis systems. These included primary and secondary transporters, such as the primary heavy metal exporter ZntA and Nramp super-family secondary importer MntH. Three acidophilic model microorganisms, the archaeon 'Ferroplasma acidarmanus', the Gram negative bacterium Acidithiobacillus caldus, and the Gram positive bacterium Acidimicrobium ferrooxidans, were selected for detailed analyses. Zinc speciation modeling of the growth media demonstrated that a large fraction of the free metal ion is complexed, potentially affecting its toxicity. Indeed, many of the putative zinc homeostasis genes were constitutively expressed and with the exception of 'F. acidarmanus' ZntA, they were not up-regulated in the presence of excess zinc. Proteomic analysis revealed that zinc played a role in oxidative stress in At. caldus and Am. ferrooxidans. Furthermore, 'F. acidarmanus' kept a constant level of intracellular zinc over all conditions tested whereas the intracellular levels increased with increasing zinc exposure in the remaining organisms.
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20
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Piras C, Soggiu A, Bonizzi L, Gaviraghi A, Deriu F, De Martino L, Iovane G, Amoresano A, Roncada P. Comparative proteomics to evaluate multi drug resistance in Escherichia coli. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 8:1060-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c1mb05385j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Abstract
Both the essentiality and toxicity of transition metals are exploited as part of mammalian immune defenses against bacterial infection. Salmonella serovars continue to cause serious medical and veterinary problems worldwide and detecting deficiency and excess of different metal ions (such as copper, iron, zinc, manganese, nickel, and cobalt) is fundamental to their virulence. This involves multiple DNA-binding metal-responsive transcription factors that discriminate between elements and trigger expression of genes that mediate appropriate responses to metal fluxes. This review focuses on the metal stresses encountered by Salmonella during infection and the roles of the different metal-sensing regulatory proteins and their target genes in adapting to these changing metal levels. Current knowledge regarding the mechanisms of metal-regulated gene expression and the structural features of sensory metal binding sites are described. In addition, the principles governing the ability of the different sensors to detect specific metals within a cell to control cytosolic metal levels are also discussed. These proteins represent potential targets for the development of new therapeutic approaches.
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Degeneration and regeneration of the nerves of the heart after transplantation. Transplantation 1973; 5:e1336. [PMID: 25032859 PMCID: PMC4123079 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A number of studies suggest that cancer stem cells are essential for tumour growth, and failure to target these cells can result in tumour relapse. As this population of cells has been shown to be resistant to radiation and chemotherapy, it is essential to understand their biology and identify new therapeutic approaches. Targeting cancer metabolism is a potential alternative strategy to counteract tumour growth and recurrence. Here we applied a proteomic and targeted metabolomic analysis in order to point out the main metabolic differences between breast cancer cells grown as spheres and thus enriched in cancer stem cells were compared with the same cells grown in adherent differentiating conditions. This integrated approach allowed us to identify a metabolic phenotype associated with the stem-like condition and shows that breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) shift from mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation towards fermentative glycolysis. Functional validation of proteomic and metabolic data provide evidences for increased activities of key enzymes of anaerobic glucose fate such as pyruvate kinase M2 isoform, lactate dehydrogenase and glucose 6-phopshate dehydrogenase in cancer stem cells as well as different redox status. Moreover, we show that treatment with 2-deoxyglucose, a well known inhibitor of glycolysis, inhibits BCSC proliferation when used alone and shows a synergic effect when used in combination with doxorubicin. In conclusion, we suggest that inhibition of glycolysis may be a potentially effective strategy to target BCSCs.
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