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Gombotz M, Hogrefe K, Zettl R, Gadermaier B, Wilkening HMR. Fuzzy logic: about the origins of fast ion dynamics in crystalline solids. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2021; 379:20200434. [PMID: 34628947 PMCID: PMC8503637 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2020.0434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance offers a wide range of tools to analyse ionic jump processes in crystalline and amorphous solids. Both high-resolution and time-domain [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] NMR helps throw light on the origins of rapid self-diffusion in materials being relevant for energy storage. It is well accepted that [Formula: see text] ions are subjected to extremely slow exchange processes in compounds with strong site preferences. The loss of this site preference may lead to rapid cation diffusion, as is also well known for glassy materials. Further examples that benefit from this effect include, e.g. cation-mixed, high-entropy fluorides [Formula: see text], Li-bearing garnets ([Formula: see text]) and thiophosphates such as [Formula: see text]. In non-equilibrium phases site disorder, polyhedra distortions, strain and the various types of defects will affect both the activation energy and the corresponding attempt frequencies. Whereas in [Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text]) cation mixing influences F anion dynamics, in [Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text]) the potential landscape can be manipulated by anion site disorder. On the other hand, in the mixed conductor [Formula: see text] cation-cation repulsions immediately lead to a boost in [Formula: see text] diffusivity at the early stages of chemical lithiation. Finally, rapid diffusion is also expected for materials that are able to guide the ions along (macroscopic) pathways with confined (or low-dimensional) dimensions, as is the case in layer-structured [Formula: see text] or [Formula: see text]. Diffusion on fractal systems complements this type of diffusion. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Understanding fast-ion conduction in solid electrolytes'.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Gombotz
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Lithium Batteries, Graz University of Technology (NAWI Graz), Stremayrgasse, 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - K. Hogrefe
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Lithium Batteries, Graz University of Technology (NAWI Graz), Stremayrgasse, 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - R. Zettl
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Lithium Batteries, Graz University of Technology (NAWI Graz), Stremayrgasse, 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - B. Gadermaier
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Lithium Batteries, Graz University of Technology (NAWI Graz), Stremayrgasse, 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - H. Martin. R. Wilkening
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Lithium Batteries, Graz University of Technology (NAWI Graz), Stremayrgasse, 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
- ALISTORE – European Research Institute, CNRS FR3104, Hub de l’Energie, Rue Baudelocque, 80039 Amiens, France
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2
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Gadermaier B, Hogrefe K, Heitjans P, Wilkening HMR. Direct Assessment of Ultralow Li
+
Jump Rates in Single Crystalline Li
3
N by Evolution‐Time‐Resolved
7
Li Spin‐Alignment Echo NMR. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Gadermaier
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Materials Graz University of Technology Stremayrgasse 9 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Katharina Hogrefe
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Materials Graz University of Technology Stremayrgasse 9 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Paul Heitjans
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry Leibniz University Hannover Callinstraße 3–3a 30167 Hannover Germany
| | - H. Martin R. Wilkening
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Materials Graz University of Technology Stremayrgasse 9 8010 Graz Austria
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3
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Hogrefe K, Minafra N, Zeier WG, Wilkening HMR. Tracking Ions the Direct Way: Long-Range Li + Dynamics in the Thio-LISICON Family Li 4MCh 4 (M = Sn, Ge; Ch = S, Se) as Probed by 7Li NMR Relaxometry and 7Li Spin-Alignment Echo NMR. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2021; 125:2306-2317. [PMID: 33584937 PMCID: PMC7876753 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c10224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Solid electrolytes are key elements for next-generation energy storage systems. To design powerful electrolytes with high ionic conductivity, we need to improve our understanding of the mechanisms that are at the heart of the rapid ion exchange processes in solids. Such an understanding also requires evaluation and testing of methods not routinely used to characterize ion conductors. Here, the ternary Li4MCh4 system (M = Ge, Sn; Ch = Se, S) provides model compounds to study the applicability of 7Li nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spin-alignment echo (SAE) spectroscopy to probe slow Li+ exchange processes. Whereas the exact interpretation of conventional spin-lattice relaxation data depends on models, SAE NMR offers a model-independent, direct access to motional correlation rates. Indeed, the jump rates and activation energies deduced from time-domain relaxometry data perfectly agree with results from 7Li SAE NMR. In particular, long-range Li+ diffusion in polycrystalline Li4SnS4 as seen by NMR in a dynamic range covering 6 orders of magnitude is determined by an activation energy of E a = 0.55 eV and a pre-exponential factor of 3 × 1013 s-1. The variation in E a and 1/τ0 is related to the LiCh4 volume that changes within the four Li4MCh4 compounds studied. The corresponding volume of Li4SnS4 seems to be close to optimum for Li+ diffusivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Hogrefe
- Institute
of Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology (NAWI Graz), Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Nicolò Minafra
- Institute
of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University
of Münster, Correnstrasse
30, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Wolfgang G. Zeier
- Institute
of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University
of Münster, Correnstrasse
30, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - H. Martin R. Wilkening
- Institute
of Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology (NAWI Graz), Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
- Email
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4
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Goswami K, Murphy ST. Influence of Lithium Vacancy Defects on Tritium Diffusion in β-Li 2TiO 3. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2020; 124:12286-12294. [PMID: 33133328 PMCID: PMC7590524 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c02551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lithium metatitanate, Li2TiO3, is a leading candidate for application as a tritium breeding material in a future fusion reactor. Following transmutation of lithium, the tritium must escape the crystal in order to be extracted for use in the fusion plasma. The rate-limiting step to release tritium from the Li2TiO3 pebbles is diffusion through the crystal grains. In this work, the activation barriers for tritium diffusion have been calculated using density functional theory. The results show that tritium can diffuse as an interstitial with a barrier of 0.52 eV. However, when a tritium ion becomes bound to a lithium vacancy defect, the energy required to either detrap the tritium from the vacancy or for the cluster to diffuse increases to >1 eV. Overall, these results suggest that the introduction of lithium vacancies due to Li burn-up may lead to an increase in tritium retention in the pebbles.
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Lakshmi-Narayana A, Prakash NG, Dhananjaya M, Hussain OM, Jun Qiu Y, Julien CM. Pulsed laser–deposited Li2TiO3 thin film electrodes for energy storage. J Solid State Electrochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-020-04624-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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6
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Zhu F, Islam MS, Zhou L, Gu Z, Liu T, Wang X, Luo J, Nan CW, Mo Y, Ma C. Single-atom-layer traps in a solid electrolyte for lithium batteries. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1828. [PMID: 32286287 PMCID: PMC7156726 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15544-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to fully understand the lithium-ion transport mechanism in solid electrolytes for batteries, not only the periodic lattice but also the non-periodic features that disrupt the ideal periodicity must be comprehensively studied. At present only a limited number of non-periodic features such as point defects and grain boundaries are considered in mechanistic studies. Here, we discover an additional type of non-periodic feature that significantly influences ionic transport; this feature is termed a "single-atom-layer trap" (SALT). In a prototype solid electrolyte Li0.33La0.56TiO3, the single-atom-layer defects that form closed loops, i.e., SALTs, are found ubiquitous by atomic-resolution electron microscopy. According to ab initio calculations, these defect loops prevent large volumes of materials from participating in ionic transport, and thus severely degrade the total conductivity. This discovery points out the urgency of thoroughly investigating different types of non-periodic features, and motivates similar studies for other solid electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhu
- Division of Nanomaterials & Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Md Shafiqul Islam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Lin Zhou
- Ames Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Zhenqi Gu
- Division of Nanomaterials & Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Ting Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xinchao Wang
- Division of Nanomaterials & Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Jun Luo
- Center for Electron Microscopy and Tianjin Key Lab of Advanced Functional Porous Materials, Institute for New Energy Materials & Low-Carbon Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Ce-Wen Nan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yifei Mo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
| | - Cheng Ma
- Division of Nanomaterials & Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China.
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7
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Self-Diffusion in Perovskite and Perovskite Related Oxides: Insights from Modelling. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10072286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Perovskite and perovskite related oxides are important materials with applications ranging from solid oxide fuel cells, electronics, batteries and high temperature superconductors. The investigation of physical properties at the atomic scale such as self-diffusion is important to further improve and/or miniaturize electronic or energy related devices. In the present review we examine the oxygen self-diffusion and defect processes in perovskite and perovskite related oxides. This contribution is not meant to be an exhaustive review of the literature but rather aims to highlight the important mechanisms and ways to tune self-diffusion in this important class of energy materials.
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8
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Transport Properties of Nanostructured Li2TiO3 Anode Material Synthesized by Hydrothermal Method. SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/sci1030056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Li2TiO3 nanopowders were synthesized by hydrothermal process using anatase TiO2 and LiOHH2O as raw materials. Li2TiO3 crystallizes in the layered monoclinic structure (space group C2/c) with average crystallite size of 34 nm. Morphology, elemental composition and local structure of products were carried out using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Transport properties investigated by d.c. (4-probe measurements) and a.c. (complex impedance spectroscopy) show the activation energy of 0.71 and 0.65 eV, respectively. The ionic transport properties of Li+ ions in nanocrystalline Li2TiO3 characterized by cyclic voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy validate the good electrochemical properties of this anode material for lithium-ion batteries.
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9
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Atomistic Simulations of the Defect Chemistry and Self-Diffusion of Li-ion in LiAlO2. ENERGIES 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/en12152895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Lithium aluminate, LiAlO2, is a material that is presently being considered as a tritium breeder material in fusion reactors and coating material in Li-conducting electrodes. Here, we employ atomistic simulation techniques to show that the lowest energy intrinsic defect process is the cation anti-site defect (1.10 eV per defect). This was followed closely by the lithium Frenkel defect (1.44 eV per defect), which ensures a high lithium content in the material and inclination for lithium diffusion from formation of vacancies. Li self-diffusion is three dimensional and exhibits a curved pathway with a migration barrier of 0.53 eV. We considered a variety of dopants with charges +1 (Na, K and Rb), +2 (Mg, Ca, Sr and Ba), +3 (Ga, Fe, Co, Ni, Mn, Sc, Y and La) and +4 (Si, Ge, Ti, Zr and Ce) on the Al site. Dopants Mg2+ and Ge4+ can facilitate the formation of Li interstitials and Li vacancies, respectively. Trivalent dopants Fe3+, Ni3+ and Mn3+ prefer to occupy the Al site with exoergic solution energies meaning that they are candidate dopants for the synthesis of Li (Al, M) O2 (M = Fe, Ni and Mn) compounds.
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10
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Transport Properties of Nanostructured Li2TiO3 Anode Material Synthesized by Hydrothermal Method. SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/sci1020039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Li2TiO3 nanopowders were synthesized by hydrothermal process using anatase TiO2 and LiOH H2O as raw materials. Li2TiO3 crystallizes in the layered monoclinic structure (space group C2/c) with average crystallite size of 34 nm. Morphology, elemental composition and local structure of products were carried out using HRTEM, FESEM, EDS, Raman and FTIR spectroscopy. Transport properties investigated by d.c. (4-probe measurements) and a.c. (complex impedance spectroscopy) show the activation energy of 0.71 and 0.65 eV, respectively. The ionic transport properties of Li+ ions in nanocrystalline Li2TiO3 characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) validate the good electrochemical properties of this anode material for lithium-ion batteries.
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11
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Gombotz M, Lunghammer S, Breuer S, Hanzu I, Preishuber-Pflügl F, Wilkening HMR. Spatial confinement – rapid 2D F− diffusion in micro- and nanocrystalline RbSn2F5. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:1872-1883. [PMID: 30632556 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp07206j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
NMR and conductivity spectroscopy reveal 2D diffusion in both microcrystalline and nanocrystalline RbSn2F5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gombotz
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Lithium Batteries, and Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials
- Graz University of Technology (NAWI Graz)
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Sarah Lunghammer
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Lithium Batteries, and Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials
- Graz University of Technology (NAWI Graz)
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Stefan Breuer
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Lithium Batteries, and Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials
- Graz University of Technology (NAWI Graz)
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Ilie Hanzu
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Lithium Batteries, and Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials
- Graz University of Technology (NAWI Graz)
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
- Alistore-ERI European Research Institute
| | - Florian Preishuber-Pflügl
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Lithium Batteries, and Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials
- Graz University of Technology (NAWI Graz)
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - H. Martin R. Wilkening
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Lithium Batteries, and Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials
- Graz University of Technology (NAWI Graz)
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
- Alistore-ERI European Research Institute
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12
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Niobium tungsten oxides for high-rate lithium-ion energy storage. Nature 2018; 559:556-563. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0347-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 417] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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13
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Canepa P, Bo SH, Sai Gautam G, Key B, Richards WD, Shi T, Tian Y, Wang Y, Li J, Ceder G. High magnesium mobility in ternary spinel chalcogenides. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1759. [PMID: 29170372 PMCID: PMC5700915 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01772-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnesium batteries appear a viable alternative to overcome the safety and energy density limitations faced by current lithium-ion technology. The development of a competitive magnesium battery is plagued by the existing notion of poor magnesium mobility in solids. Here we demonstrate by using ab initio calculations, nuclear magnetic resonance, and impedance spectroscopy measurements that substantial magnesium ion mobility can indeed be achieved in close-packed frameworks (~ 0.01–0.1 mS cm–1 at 298 K), specifically in the magnesium scandium selenide spinel. Our theoretical predictions also indicate that high magnesium ion mobility is possible in other chalcogenide spinels, opening the door for the realization of other magnesium solid ionic conductors and the eventual development of an all-solid-state magnesium battery. Low magnesium mobility in solids represents a significant obstacle to the development of Mg intercalation batteries. Here the authors show that substantial magnesium ion mobility can be achieved in close-packed ternary selenide spinel materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieremanuele Canepa
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA. .,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Shou-Hang Bo
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA. .,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA. .,University of Michigan-Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Gopalakrishnan Sai Gautam
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Baris Key
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
| | - William D Richards
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Tan Shi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Yaosen Tian
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Juchuan Li
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Gerbrand Ceder
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA. .,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA. .,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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14
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Morgan BJ. Lattice-geometry effects in garnet solid electrolytes: a lattice-gas Monte Carlo simulation study. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2017; 4:170824. [PMID: 29291073 PMCID: PMC5717647 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.170824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Ionic transport in solid electrolytes can often be approximated as ions performing a sequence of hops between distinct lattice sites. If these hops are uncorrelated, quantitative relationships can be derived that connect microscopic hopping rates to macroscopic transport coefficients; i.e. tracer diffusion coefficients and ionic conductivities. In real materials, hops are uncorrelated only in the dilute limit. At non-dilute concentrations, the relationships between hopping frequency, diffusion coefficient and ionic conductivity deviate from the random walk case, with this deviation quantified by single-particle and collective correlation factors, f and fI, respectively. These factors vary between materials, and depend on the concentration of mobile particles, the nature of the interactions, and the host lattice geometry. Here, we study these correlation effects for the garnet lattice using lattice-gas Monte Carlo simulations. We find that, for non-interacting particles (volume exclusion only), single-particle correlation effects are more significant than for any previously studied three-dimensional lattice. This is attributed to the presence of two-coordinate lattice sites, which causes correlation effects intermediate between typical three-dimensional and one-dimensional lattices. Including nearest-neighbour repulsion and on-site energies produces more complex single-particle correlations and introduces collective correlations. We predict particularly strong correlation effects at xLi=3 (from site energies) and xLi=6 (from nearest-neighbour repulsion), where xLi=9 corresponds to a fully occupied lithium sublattice. Both effects are consequences of ordering of the mobile particles. Using these simulation data, we consider tuning the mobile-ion stoichiometry to maximize the ionic conductivity, and show that the 'optimal' composition is highly sensitive to the precise nature and strength of the microscopic interactions. Finally, we discuss the practical implications of these results in the context of lithium garnets and other solid electrolytes.
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15
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Morgan BJ. Lattice-geometry effects in garnet solid electrolytes: a lattice-gas Monte Carlo simulation study. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2017. [PMID: 29291073 DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.821870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Ionic transport in solid electrolytes can often be approximated as ions performing a sequence of hops between distinct lattice sites. If these hops are uncorrelated, quantitative relationships can be derived that connect microscopic hopping rates to macroscopic transport coefficients; i.e. tracer diffusion coefficients and ionic conductivities. In real materials, hops are uncorrelated only in the dilute limit. At non-dilute concentrations, the relationships between hopping frequency, diffusion coefficient and ionic conductivity deviate from the random walk case, with this deviation quantified by single-particle and collective correlation factors, f and fI, respectively. These factors vary between materials, and depend on the concentration of mobile particles, the nature of the interactions, and the host lattice geometry. Here, we study these correlation effects for the garnet lattice using lattice-gas Monte Carlo simulations. We find that, for non-interacting particles (volume exclusion only), single-particle correlation effects are more significant than for any previously studied three-dimensional lattice. This is attributed to the presence of two-coordinate lattice sites, which causes correlation effects intermediate between typical three-dimensional and one-dimensional lattices. Including nearest-neighbour repulsion and on-site energies produces more complex single-particle correlations and introduces collective correlations. We predict particularly strong correlation effects at xLi=3 (from site energies) and xLi=6 (from nearest-neighbour repulsion), where xLi=9 corresponds to a fully occupied lithium sublattice. Both effects are consequences of ordering of the mobile particles. Using these simulation data, we consider tuning the mobile-ion stoichiometry to maximize the ionic conductivity, and show that the 'optimal' composition is highly sensitive to the precise nature and strength of the microscopic interactions. Finally, we discuss the practical implications of these results in the context of lithium garnets and other solid electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Morgan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
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16
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Uhlendorf J, Ruprecht B, Witt E, Chandran CV, Dörrer L, Hüger E, Strauß F, Heitjans P, Schmidt H. Slow Lithium Transport in Metal Oxides on the Nanoscale. Z PHYS CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/zpch-2016-0939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
This article reports on Li self-diffusion in lithium containing metal oxide compounds. Case studies on LiNbO3, Li3NbO4, LiTaO3, LiAlO2, and LiGaO2 are presented. The focus is on slow diffusion processes on the nanometer scale investigated by macroscopic tracer methods (secondary ion mass spectrometry, neutron reflectometry) and microscopic methods (nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, conductivity spectroscopy) in comparison. Special focus is on the influence of structural disorder on diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Uhlendorf
- Technische Universität Clausthal , Institut für Metallurgie, AG Mikrokinetik , Clausthal-Zellerfeld , Germany
| | - Benjamin Ruprecht
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Elektrochemie , Leibniz Universität Hannover , Hannover , Germany
| | - Elena Witt
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Elektrochemie , Leibniz Universität Hannover , Hannover , Germany
| | - C. Vinod Chandran
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Elektrochemie , Leibniz Universität Hannover , Hannover , Germany
| | - Lars Dörrer
- Technische Universität Clausthal , Institut für Metallurgie, AG Mikrokinetik , Clausthal-Zellerfeld , Germany
| | - Erwin Hüger
- Technische Universität Clausthal , Institut für Metallurgie, AG Mikrokinetik , Clausthal-Zellerfeld , Germany
| | - Florian Strauß
- Technische Universität Clausthal , Institut für Metallurgie, AG Mikrokinetik , Clausthal-Zellerfeld , Germany
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Elektrochemie , Leibniz Universität Hannover , Hannover , Germany
- CZM – Clausthaler Zentrum für Materialtechnik , Clausthal-Zellerfeld , Germany
| | - Paul Heitjans
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Elektrochemie , Leibniz Universität Hannover , Hannover , Germany
- ZFM – Zentrum für Festkörperchemie und Neue Materialien , Hannover , Germany
| | - Harald Schmidt
- Technische Universität Clausthal , Institut für Metallurgie, AG Mikrokinetik , Clausthal-Zellerfeld , Germany
- CZM – Clausthaler Zentrum für Materialtechnik , Clausthal-Zellerfeld , Germany
- ZFM – Zentrum für Festkörperchemie und Neue Materialien , Hannover , Germany
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Abstract
Abstract
Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is an efficient technique to characterize dynamics and structure of materials. It has been widely used to elucidate ion dynamics in lithium ion conductors. Fast moving lithium ions are needed in energy storage devices, whereas slow ion motion is exploited in some materials used, for example, as blankets in fusion reactors. β-lithium gallium oxide (LiGaO2) is a slow Li+ ionic conductor similar to γ-lithium aluminum oxide (LiAlO2). In an ion conductor, in addition to the main diffusion process, localized motions (to-and-fro jumps) may be present. In the present work, with the help of solid-state NMR experiments, we report on the localized movements of Li+ ionic species in β-LiGaO2 in the temperature range between 300 K and 450 K. In this work, we have mainly extracted the peculiarities of ion dynamics from 7Li spin-alignment echo NMR measurements and the observation of the motional narrowing of the central transition signal of 7Li.
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18
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Chadwick A, Pickup D, Ramos S, Cibin G, Tapia-Ruiz N, Breuer S, Wohlmuth D, Wilkening M. An X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy Study of Ball-Milled Lithium Tantalate and Lithium Titanate Nanocrystals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/169/1/012015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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19
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Prutsch D, Breuer S, Uitz M, Bottke P, Langer J, Lunghammer S, Philipp M, Posch P, Pregartner V, Stanje B, Dunst A, Wohlmuth D, Brandstätter H, Schmidt W, Epp V, Chadwick A, Hanzu I, Wilkening M. Nanostructured Ceramics: Ionic Transport and Electrochemical Activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/zpch-2016-0924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractCeramics with nm-sized dimensions are widely used in various applications such as batteries, fuel cells or sensors. Their oftentimes superior electrochemical properties as well as their capabilities to easily conduct ions are, however, not completely understood. Depending on the method chosen to prepare the materials, nanostructured ceramics may be equipped with a large area fraction of interfacial regions that exhibit structural disorder. Elucidating the relationship between microscopic disorder and ion dynamics as well as electrochemical performance is necessary to develop new functionalized materials. Here, we highlight some of the very recent studies on ion transport and electrochemical properties of nanostructured ceramics. Emphasis is put on TiO
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20
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Graf MF, Tempel H, Köcher SS, Schierholz R, Scheurer C, Kungl H, Eichel RA, Granwehr J. Observing different modes of mobility in lithium titanate spinel by nuclear magnetic resonance. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra01622k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a newly developed analysis method for SAE NMR andab initiocalculations we show the formation of localized high-mobility domains in lithium titanate that influence its global ion mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus F. Graf
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research (IEK-9)
- Forschungszentrum Jülich
- 52425 Jülich
- Germany
| | - Hermann Tempel
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research (IEK-9)
- Forschungszentrum Jülich
- 52425 Jülich
- Germany
| | - Simone S. Köcher
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research (IEK-9)
- Forschungszentrum Jülich
- 52425 Jülich
- Germany
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie
| | - Roland Schierholz
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research (IEK-9)
- Forschungszentrum Jülich
- 52425 Jülich
- Germany
| | - Christoph Scheurer
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie
- Technische Universität München
- Garching
- Germany
| | - Hans Kungl
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research (IEK-9)
- Forschungszentrum Jülich
- 52425 Jülich
- Germany
| | - Rüdiger-A. Eichel
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research (IEK-9)
- Forschungszentrum Jülich
- 52425 Jülich
- Germany
- RWTH Aachen University
| | - Josef Granwehr
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research (IEK-9)
- Forschungszentrum Jülich
- 52425 Jülich
- Germany
- RWTH Aachen University
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21
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Senna M, Fabián M, Kavan L, Zukalová M, Briančin J, Turianicová E, Bottke P, Wilkening M, Šepelák V. Electrochemical properties of spinel Li4Ti5O12 nanoparticles prepared via a low-temperature solid route. J Solid State Electrochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-016-3272-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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22
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Shim JH, Lee J, Han SY, Lee S. Synergistic effects of coating and doping for lithium ion battery cathode materials: synthesis and characterization of lithium titanate-coated LiCoO2 with Mg doping. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.10.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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23
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Jacob C, Jian J, Su Q, Verkhoturov S, Guillemette R, Wang H. Electrochemical and structural effects of in situ Li2O extraction from Li2MnO3 for Li-Ion batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:2433-2438. [PMID: 25569729 DOI: 10.1021/am5071305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Li2MnO3 is an attractive cathode material due to its low cost, nontoxicity and potentially high capacity. However, its electrochemical inactivity, its poor electronic conductivity, and uncertainty about its underlying mechanism have limited its development. In this work, an in situ technique for extraction of Li and O during deposition of the thin film cathode is developed to investigate structural and electrochemical effects in a controlled fashion. MnO2 has been observed in samples with severe O and Li deficiency (capacity of 115 mAh g(-1)), while Li2MnO3 cathodes with slight excess of O and Li (capacity of 225 mAh g(-1)) can be synthesized by tuning growth conditions appropriately. Formation of a MnO2 phase, especially in Li and O deficient structures, could be a possible reason for irreversible capacity loss in Li2MnO3 related materials. Further investigation into stoichiometric and microstructure variations enabled by this technique allows rapid investigation of Li2MnO3 as well as other Li-rich composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement Jacob
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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24
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Baklanova YV, Arapova IY, Shein IR, Maksimova LG, Mikhalev KN, Denisova TA. Charge distribution and mobility of lithium ions in Li2TiO3 from 6,7Li NMR data. J STRUCT CHEM+ 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s002247661307010x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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25
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Epp V, Gün Ö, Deiseroth HJ, Wilkening M. Long-range Li+ dynamics in the lithium argyrodite Li7PSe6 as probed by rotating-frame spin–lattice relaxation NMR. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:7123-32. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp44379e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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