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Rodríguez-Martín M, Aguilar JM, Castro-Criado D, Romero A. Characterization of Gelatin-Polycaprolactone Membranes by Electrospinning. Biomimetics (Basel) 2024; 9:70. [PMID: 38392116 PMCID: PMC10887028 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9020070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
New advances in materials science and medicine have enabled the development of new and increasingly sophisticated biomaterials. One of the most widely used biopolymers is polycaprolactone (PCL) because it has properties suitable for biomedical applications, tissue engineering scaffolds, or drug delivery systems. However, PCL scaffolds do not have adequate bioactivity, and therefore, alternatives have been studied, such as mixing PCL with bioactive polymers such as gelatin, to promote cell growth. Thus, this work will deal with the fabrication of nanofiber membranes by means of the electrospinning technique using PCL-based solutions (12 wt.% and 20 wt.%) and PCL with gelatin (12 wt.% and 8 wt.%, respectively). Formic acid and acetic acid, as well as mixtures of both in different proportions, have been used to prepare the preliminary solutions, thus supporting the electrospinning process by controlling the viscosity of the solutions and, therefore, the size and uniformity of the fibers. The physical properties of the solutions and the morphological, mechanical, and thermal properties of the membranes were evaluated. Results demonstrate that it is possible to achieve the determined properties of the samples with an appropriate selection of polymer concentrations as well as solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Rodríguez-Martín
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - José Manuel Aguilar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Daniel Castro-Criado
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Alberto Romero
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain
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2
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Mahdavi SS, Abdekhodaie MJ. Engineered conducting polymer-based scaffolds for cell release and capture. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2022.2060219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Sharareh Mahdavi
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad J. Abdekhodaie
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
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Perez‐Puyana V, Wieringa P, Yuste Y, de la Portilla F, Guererro A, Romero A, Moroni L. Fabrication of hybrid scaffolds obtained from combinations of PCL with gelatin or collagen via electrospinning for skeletal muscle tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res A 2021; 109:1600-1612. [PMID: 33665968 PMCID: PMC8359256 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The creation of skeletal muscle tissue in vitro is a major topic of interest today in the field of biomedical research, due to the lack of treatments for muscle loss due to traumatic accidents or disease. For this reason, the intrinsic properties of nanofibrillar structures to promote cell adhesion, proliferation, and cell alignment presents an attractive tool for regenerative medicine to recreate organized tissues such as muscle. Electrospinning is one of the processing techniques often used for the fabrication of these nanofibrous structures and the combination of synthetic and natural polymers is often required to achieve optimal mechanical and physiochemical properties. Here, polycaprolactone (PCL) is selected as a synthetic polymer used for the fabrication of scaffolds, and the effect of protein addition on the final scaffolds' properties is studied. Collagen and gelatin were the proteins selected and two different concentrations were analyzed (2 and 4 wt/vol%). Different PCL/protein systems were prepared, and a structural, mechanical and functional characterization was performed. The influence of fiber alignment on the properties of the final scaffolds was assessed through morphological, mechanical and biological evaluations. A bioreactor was used to promote cell proliferation and differentiation within the scaffolds. The results revealed that protein addition produced a decrease in the fiber size of the membranes, an increase in their hydrophilicity, and a softening of their mechanical properties. The biological study showed the ability of the selected systems to harbor cells, allow their growth and, potentially, develop musculoskeletal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Perez‐Puyana
- Departamento de Ingeniería QuímicaUniversidad de Sevilla, Facultad de Química, Escuela Politécnica SuperiorSevillaSpain
- Department of Complex Tissue RegenerationMERLN Institute for Technology‐Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Paul Wieringa
- Department of Complex Tissue RegenerationMERLN Institute for Technology‐Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Yaiza Yuste
- Departamento de CirugíaInstitute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), “Virgen del Rocío” University Hospital, IBIS CSIC/University of SevilleSevillaSpain
| | - Fernando de la Portilla
- Departamento de CirugíaInstitute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), “Virgen del Rocío” University Hospital, IBIS CSIC/University of SevilleSevillaSpain
| | - Antonio Guererro
- Departamento de Ingeniería QuímicaUniversidad de Sevilla, Facultad de Química, Escuela Politécnica SuperiorSevillaSpain
| | - Alberto Romero
- Departamento de Ingeniería QuímicaUniversidad de Sevilla, Facultad de Química, Escuela Politécnica SuperiorSevillaSpain
| | - Lorenzo Moroni
- Department of Complex Tissue RegenerationMERLN Institute for Technology‐Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
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Vallan L, Istif E, Gómez IJ, Alegret N, Mantione D. Thiophene-Based Trimers and Their Bioapplications: An Overview. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1977. [PMID: 34208624 PMCID: PMC8234281 DOI: 10.3390/polym13121977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Certainly, the success of polythiophenes is due in the first place to their outstanding electronic properties and superior processability. Nevertheless, there are additional reasons that contribute to arouse the scientific interest around these materials. Among these, the large variety of chemical modifications that is possible to perform on the thiophene ring is a precious aspect. In particular, a turning point was marked by the diffusion of synthetic strategies for the preparation of terthiophenes: the vast richness of approaches today available for the easy customization of these structures allows the finetuning of their chemical, physical, and optical properties. Therefore, terthiophene derivatives have become an extremely versatile class of compounds both for direct application or for the preparation of electronic functional polymers. Moreover, their biocompatibility and ease of functionalization make them appealing for biology and medical research, as it testifies to the blossoming of studies in these fields in which they are involved. It is thus with the willingness to guide the reader through all the possibilities offered by these structures that this review elucidates the synthetic methods and describes the full chemical variety of terthiophenes and their derivatives. In the final part, an in-depth presentation of their numerous bioapplications intends to provide a complete picture of the state of the art.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Vallan
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques (LCPO—UMR 5629), Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, CNRS F, 33607 Pessac, France;
| | - Emin Istif
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sarıyer, Istanbul 34450, Turkey;
| | - I. Jénnifer Gómez
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Nuria Alegret
- POLYMAT and Departamento de Química Aplicada, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Daniele Mantione
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sarıyer, Istanbul 34450, Turkey;
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Quigley AF, Cornock R, Mysore T, Foroughi J, Kita M, Razal JM, Crook J, Moulton SE, Wallace GG, Kapsa RMI. Wet-Spun Trojan Horse Cell Constructs for Engineering Muscle. Front Chem 2020; 8:18. [PMID: 32154210 PMCID: PMC7044405 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineering of 3D regenerative skeletal muscle tissue constructs (skMTCs) using hydrogels containing muscle precursor cells (MPCs) is of potential benefit for repairing Volumetric Muscle Loss (VML) arising from trauma (e.g., road/industrial accident, war injury) or for restoration of functional muscle mass in disease (e.g., Muscular Dystrophy, muscle atrophy). Additive Biofabrication (AdBiofab) technologies make possible fabrication of 3D regenerative skMTCs that can be tailored to specific delivery requirements of VML or functional muscle restoration. Whilst 3D printing is useful for printing constructs of many tissue types, the necessity of a balanced compromise between cell type, required construct size and material/fabrication process cyto-compatibility can make the choice of 3D printing a secondary alternative to other biofabrication methods such as wet-spinning. Alternatively, wet-spinning is more amenable to formation of fibers rather than (small) layered 3D-Printed constructs. This study describes the fabrication of biosynthetic alginate fibers containing MPCs and their use for delivery of dystrophin-expressing cells to dystrophic muscle in the mdx mouse model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) compared to poly(DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid) copolymer (PLA:PLGA) topically-seeded with myoblasts. In addition, this study introduces a novel method by which to create 3D layered wet-spun alginate skMTCs for bulk mass delivery of MPCs to VML lesions. As such, this work introduces the concept of "Trojan Horse" Fiber MTCs (TH-fMTCs) and 3d Mesh-MTCs (TH-mMTCs) for delivery of regenerative MPCs to diseased and damaged muscle, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita F. Quigley
- ARC Centre for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Fairy Meadow, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Clinical Neurosciences and Neurological Research, St. Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- School of Engineering, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rhys Cornock
- ARC Centre for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Fairy Meadow, NSW, Australia
| | - Tharun Mysore
- School of Medicine and Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia
| | - Javad Foroughi
- ARC Centre for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Fairy Meadow, NSW, Australia
| | - Magdalena Kita
- ARC Centre for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Fairy Meadow, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Clinical Neurosciences and Neurological Research, St. Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Joselito M. Razal
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia
| | - Jeremy Crook
- ARC Centre for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Fairy Meadow, NSW, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Department of Surgery, St Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Simon E. Moulton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, Australia
| | - Gordon G. Wallace
- ARC Centre for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Fairy Meadow, NSW, Australia
| | - Robert M. I. Kapsa
- ARC Centre for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Fairy Meadow, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Clinical Neurosciences and Neurological Research, St. Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- School of Engineering, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Shin M, Song KH, Burrell JC, Cullen DK, Burdick JA. Injectable and Conductive Granular Hydrogels for 3D Printing and Electroactive Tissue Support. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1901229. [PMID: 31637164 PMCID: PMC6794627 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201901229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Conductive hydrogels are attractive to mimic electrophysiological environments of biological tissues and toward therapeutic applications. Injectable and conductive hydrogels are of particular interest for applications in 3D printing or for direct injection into tissues; however, current approaches to add conductivity to hydrogels are insufficient, leading to poor gelation, brittle properties, or insufficient conductivity. Here, an approach is developed using the jamming of microgels to form injectable granular hydrogels, where i) hydrogel microparticles (i.e., microgels) are formed with water-in-oil emulsions on microfluidics, ii) microgels are modified via an in situ metal reduction process, and iii) the microgels are jammed into a solid, permitting easy extrusion from a syringe. Due to the presence of metal nanoparticles at the jammed interface with high surface area in this unique design, the granular hydrogels have greater conductivity than non-particle (i.e., bulk) hydrogels treated similarly or granular hydrogels either without metal nanoparticles or containing encapsulated nanoparticles. The conductivity of the granular hydrogels is easily modified through mixing conductive and non-conductive microgels during fabrication and they can be applied to the 3D printing of lattices and to bridge muscle defects. The versatility of this conductive granular hydrogel will permit numerous applications where conductive materials are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikyung Shin
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPA19104USA
| | - Kwang Hoon Song
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPA19104USA
| | - Justin C. Burrell
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPA19104USA
- Department of NeurosurgeryPerelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPA19104USA
- Center for NeurotraumaNeurodegeneration and RestorationCorporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical CenterPhiladelphiaPA19104USA
| | - D. Kacy Cullen
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPA19104USA
- Department of NeurosurgeryPerelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPA19104USA
- Center for NeurotraumaNeurodegeneration and RestorationCorporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical CenterPhiladelphiaPA19104USA
| | - Jason A. Burdick
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPA19104USA
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Fidanovski K, Mawad D. Conjugated Polymers in Bioelectronics: Addressing the Interface Challenge. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1900053. [PMID: 30941922 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201900053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers are the material of choice for organic bioelectronic interfaces as they combine mechanical flexibility with electric and ionic conductivity. Their attractive properties are largely demonstrated in vitro, while the in vivo applications are limited to the coating of inorganic electrodes, where they are used to improve the intimate electronic contact between the device and the tissue. However, there has not been a commensurate rise in the in vivo applications of entirely organic implantable electronic devices based on conjugated polymers. To date, there is no comprehensive understanding of how these devices will interface with real biological systems. With the push toward increasingly thinner and more flexible next generation medical implants, this limitation remains a major detractor in the translation of conjugated polymers toward biological applications. This research news article examines the few reported in vivo studies and attempts to establish why there is such a dearth in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Fidanovski
- School of Materials Science and Engineering UNSW Sydney Sydney New South Wales 2052 Australia
| | - Damia Mawad
- School of Materials Science and Engineering UNSW Sydney Sydney New South Wales 2052 Australia
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Hao Y, Li Y, Zhang F, Cui H, Hu J, Meng J, Wang S. Electrochemical Responsive Superhydrophilic Surfaces of Polythiophene Derivatives towards Cell Capture and Release. Chemphyschem 2018; 19:2046-2051. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201800095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Hao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS); Key Laboratory of Green Printing Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Zhongguancun North First Street 2 100190 Beijing P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; 100049 Beijing P. R. China
| | - Yingying Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS); Key Laboratory of Green Printing Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Zhongguancun North First Street 2 100190 Beijing P. R. China
| | - Feilong Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS); Key Laboratory of Green Printing Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Zhongguancun North First Street 2 100190 Beijing P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; 100049 Beijing P. R. China
| | - Haijun Cui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Zhongguancun East Road 29 100190 Beijing P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; 100049 Beijing P. R. China
| | - Jinsong Hu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology; Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Zhongguancun North First Street 2 100190 Beijing P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; 100049 Beijing P. R. China
| | - Jingxin Meng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Zhongguancun East Road 29 100190 Beijing P. R. China
| | - Shutao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Zhongguancun East Road 29 100190 Beijing P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; 100049 Beijing P. R. China
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Padilla C, Ramos A, González N, Isaacs M, Zacconi F, Olguín HC, Valenzuela LM. Chitosan/poly-octanoic acid 2-thiophen-3-yl-ethyl ester blends as a scaffold to maintain myoblasts regeneration potentialin vitro. J Biomed Mater Res A 2016; 105:118-130. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Padilla
- Department of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering School of Engineering; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - Andrea Ramos
- Department of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering School of Engineering; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - Natalia González
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology School of Biological Sciences; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - Mauricio Isaacs
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry School of Chemistry; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Santiago Chile
- Research Center for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials ‘‘CIEN-UC’’, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - Flavia Zacconi
- Research Center for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials ‘‘CIEN-UC’’, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Santiago Chile
- Department of Organic Chemistry School of Chemistry; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - Hugo C. Olguín
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology School of Biological Sciences; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - Loreto M. Valenzuela
- Department of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering School of Engineering; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Santiago Chile
- Research Center for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials ‘‘CIEN-UC’’, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Santiago Chile
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Recco MS, Floriano AC, Tada DB, Lemes AP, Lang R, Cristovan FH. Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate)/poly(3-thiophene ethyl acetate) blends as a electroactive biomaterial substrate for tissue engineering application. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra26747a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyblend films based on poly(3-hydroxybutirate-co-valerate) and poly(3-thiophene ethyl acetate) – PHBV/PTAcEt showed low cytotoxicity, good adhesion and mammalian cell proliferation. The physical–chemical properties were explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. S. Recco
- Institute of Science and Technology
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo – UNIFESP
- São José dos Campos
- Brazil
| | - A. C. Floriano
- Institute of Science and Technology
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo – UNIFESP
- São José dos Campos
- Brazil
| | - D. B. Tada
- Institute of Science and Technology
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo – UNIFESP
- São José dos Campos
- Brazil
| | - A. P. Lemes
- Institute of Science and Technology
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo – UNIFESP
- São José dos Campos
- Brazil
| | - R. Lang
- Institute of Science and Technology
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo – UNIFESP
- São José dos Campos
- Brazil
| | - F. H. Cristovan
- Institute of Science and Technology
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo – UNIFESP
- São José dos Campos
- Brazil
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Yimer YY, Yang B, Bhatta RS, Tsige M. Interfacial and wetting properties of poly(3-hexylthiophene)–water systems. Chem Phys Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2015.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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