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Boné T, Windischbacher A, Sättele MS, Greulich K, Egger L, Jauk T, Lackner F, Bettinger HF, Peisert H, Chassé T, Ramsey MG, Sterrer M, Koller G, Puschnig P. Demonstrating the Impact of the Adsorbate Orientation on the Charge Transfer at Organic-Metal Interfaces. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2021; 125:9129-9137. [PMID: 34055126 PMCID: PMC8154845 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c01306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Charge-transfer processes at molecule-metal interfaces play a key role in tuning the charge injection properties in organic-based devices and thus, ultimately, the device performance. Here, the metal's work function and the adsorbate's electron affinity are the key factors that govern the electron transfer at the organic/metal interface. In our combined experimental and theoretical work, we demonstrate that the adsorbate's orientation may also be decisive for the charge transfer. By thermal cycloreversion of diheptacene isomers, we manage to produce highly oriented monolayers of the rodlike, electron-acceptor molecule heptacene on a Cu(110) surface with molecules oriented either along or perpendicular to the close-packed metal rows. This is confirmed by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) images as well as by angle-resolved ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (ARUPS). By utilizing photoemission tomography momentum maps, we show that the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) is fully occupied and also, the LUMO + 1 gets significantly filled when heptacene is oriented along the Cu rows. Conversely, for perpendicularly aligned heptacene, the molecular energy levels are shifted significantly toward the Fermi energy, preventing charge transfer to the LUMO + 1. These findings are fully confirmed by our density functional calculations and demonstrate the possibility to tune the charge transfer and level alignment at organic-metal interfaces through the adjustable molecular alignment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marie S. Sättele
- Institute
of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katharina Greulich
- Institute
of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Larissa Egger
- Institute
of Physics, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Jauk
- Institute
of Experimental Physics, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Florian Lackner
- Institute
of Experimental Physics, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Holger F. Bettinger
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Heiko Peisert
- Institute
of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Chassé
- Institute
of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Martin Sterrer
- Institute
of Physics, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Georg Koller
- Institute
of Physics, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Puschnig
- Institute
of Physics, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Tong S, Li K, Ouyang X, Song R, Li J. Recent advances in the radical-mediated decyanative alkylation of cyano(hetero)arene. GREEN SYNTHESIS AND CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gresc.2021.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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Ferrer-Ruiz A, Scharl T, Rodríguez-Pérez L, Cadranel A, Herranz MÁ, Martín N, Guldi DM. Assessing the Photoinduced Electron-Donating Behavior of Carbon Nanodots in Nanoconjugates. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:20324-20328. [PMID: 33211959 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c10132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nanodots (CNDs) undergo electron transfer in different scenarios. Previous studies have mainly focused on the electron-accepting features of CNDs in covalently linked donor-acceptor nanoconjugates. In view of this, we decided to carry out in this study the formation of covalently linked nanoconjugates that feature electron-donating pressure synthesized carbon nanodots (pCNDs) and electron-accepting 11,11,12,12-tetracyano-9,10-anthra-p-quinodimethane (TCAQ): pCND-TCAQ. The stability of the one-electron reduced form of TCAQ renders it the acceptor of choice. Detailed structural and electrochemical investigations allowed the characterization of pCND-TCAQ. Furthermore, investigations regarding intramolecular interactions, by means of steady-state and pump-probe transient absorption spectroscopies, allowed detection and characterization of three excited state species, in general, and the pCND•+-TCAQ•- charge-separated state, in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Ferrer-Ruiz
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Tobias Scharl
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Laura Rodríguez-Pérez
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Cadranel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Química Física de Materiales, Medio Ambiente y Energía (INQUIMAE), Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Ángeles Herranz
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nazario Martín
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA-Nanociencia, c/Faraday 9, Campus Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Dirk M Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Purnell GE, McNally MT, Callis PR, Walker RA. Buried Liquid Interfaces as a Form of Chemistry in Confinement: The Case of 4-Dimethylaminobenzonitrile at the Silica–Aqueous Interface. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:2375-2385. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b11662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grace E. Purnell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Marshall T. McNally
- Montana Materials Science Program, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Patrik R. Callis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Robert A. Walker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
- Montana Materials Science Program, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
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Della Pia A, Riello M, Stassen D, Jones TS, Bonifazi D, De Vita A, Costantini G. Two-dimensional core-shell donor-acceptor assemblies at metal-organic interfaces promoted by surface-mediated charge transfer. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:19004-19013. [PMID: 27808341 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr06527a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Organic charge transfer (CT) complexes obtained by combining molecular electron donors and acceptors have attracted much interest due to their potential applications in organic opto-electronic devices. In order to work, these systems must have an electronic matching - the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of the donor must couple with the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of the acceptor - and a structural matching, so as to allow direct intermolecular CT. Here it is shown that, when molecules are adsorbed on a metal surface, novel molecular organizations driven by surface-mediated CT can appear that have no counterpart in condensed phase non-covalent assemblies of donor and acceptor molecules. By means of scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy it is demonstrated that the electronic and self-assembly properties of an electron acceptor molecule can change dramatically in the presence of an additional molecular species with marked electron donor character, leading to the formation of unprecedented core-shell assemblies. DFT and classical force-field simulations reveal that this is a consequence of charge transfer from the donor to the acceptor molecules mediated by the metallic substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Della Pia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
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Rodríguez-Fernández J, Lauwaet K, Herranz MÁ, Martín N, Gallego JM, Miranda R, Otero R. Temperature-controlled metal/ligand stoichiometric ratio in Ag-TCNE coordination networks. J Chem Phys 2015; 142:101930. [PMID: 25770519 DOI: 10.1063/1.4913326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The deposition of tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) on Ag(111), both at Room Temperature (RT, 300 K) and low temperatures (150 K), leads to the formation of coordination networks involving silver adatoms, as revealed by Variable-Temperature Scanning Tunneling Microscopy. Our results indicate that TCNE molecules etch away material from the step edges and possibly also from the terraces, which facilitates the formation of the observed coordination networks. Moreover, such process is temperature dependent, which allows for different stoichiometric ratios between Ag and TCNE just by adjusting the deposition temperature. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Density Functional Theory calculations reveal that charge-transfer from the surface to the molecule and the concomitant geometrical distortions at both sides of the organic/inorganic interface might facilitate the extraction of silver atoms from the step-edges and, thus, its incorporation into the observed TCNE coordination networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Rodríguez-Fernández
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Koen Lauwaet
- IMDEA Nanoscience, c∖Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Ángeles Herranz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nazario Martín
- IMDEA Nanoscience, c∖Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - José María Gallego
- IMDEA Nanoscience, c∖Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rodolfo Miranda
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Otero
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Sun Q, Cai L, Ding Y, Xie L, Zhang C, Tan Q, Xu W. Dehydrogenative homocoupling of terminal alkenes on copper surfaces: a route to dienes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:4549-52. [PMID: 25704284 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201412307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Homocouplings of hydrocarbon groups including alkynyl (sp(1) ), alkyl (sp(3) ), and aryl (sp(2) ) have recently been investigated on surfaces with the interest of fabricating novel carbon nanostructures/nanomaterials and getting fundamental understanding. Investigated herein is the on-surface homocoupling of an alkenyl group which is the last elementary unit of hydrocarbons. Through real-space direct visualization (scanning tunneling microscopy imaging) and density functional theory calculations, the two terminal alkenyl groups were found to couple into a diene moiety on copper surfaces, and is contrary to the common dimerization products of alkenes in solution. Furthermore, detailed DFT-based transition-state searches were performed to unravel this new reaction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Sun
- Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Caoan Road 4800, Shanghai 201804 (P.R. China)
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Sun Q, Cai L, Ding Y, Xie L, Zhang C, Tan Q, Xu W. Dehydrogenative Homocoupling of Terminal Alkenes on Copper Surfaces: A Route to Dienes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201412307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Pshenichnyuk SA, Modelli A, Lazneva EF, Komolov AS. Resonance electron attachment to tetracyanoquinodimethane. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:6810-8. [PMID: 25121340 DOI: 10.1021/jp505841c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Resonance interaction of low energy (0-14 eV) electrons with gas-phase 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) was investigated using dissociative electron attachment (DEA) spectroscopy. Spectral features associated with formation of long-lived TCNQ molecular negative ions are detected at incident electron energies of 0.3, 1.3, and 3.0 eV. A variety of negative fragments is observed around 4 eV, and slow (microseconds) dissociative decay channels are detected at about 3 eV, in competition with simple re-emission of the captured electron. The average electron detachment time from the TCNQ(-) negative ions formed at 3 eV was evaluated to be 250 μs. The experimental findings are interpreted with the support of density functional theory (DFT) calculations of the empty orbital energies, scaled with an empirical equation, and by comparison with earlier electron transmission spectroscopy (ETS) data. A possible mechanism for the unusual formation of long-lived molecular anions above zero energy (up to 3 eV) is briefly discussed. The present results on the interactions between electrons and isolated TCNQ molecules could give more insight into processes observed in TCNQ adsorbates under conditions of excess negative charge. In particular, electron-stimulated surface reactions are hypothesized, likely occurring when condensed TCNQ molecules are exposed to electron beam irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav A Pshenichnyuk
- Institute of Molecule and Crystal Physics, Ufa Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences , Prospeκt Oktyabrya 151, 450075 Ufa, Russia
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Rodríguez-Pérez L, García R, Herranz MÁ, Martín N. Modified SWCNTs with Amphoteric Redox and Solubilizing Properties. Chemistry 2014; 20:7278-86. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201400183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Gawel P, Dengiz C, Finke AD, Trapp N, Boudon C, Gisselbrecht JP, Diederich F. Synthese von Cyano-substituierten Diaryltetracenen ausgehend von Tetraaryl[3]cumulenen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201402299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Gawel P, Dengiz C, Finke AD, Trapp N, Boudon C, Gisselbrecht JP, Diederich F. Synthesis of Cyano-Substituted Diaryltetracenes from Tetraaryl[3]cumulenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:4341-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201402299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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