Cope Rearrangement of 1-Acyl-2-vinylcyclopropanes to Cyclohept-4-Enones

Cycloheptenones are widespread in natural products and bioactive molecules. An efficient and convenient NaH-mediated Cope Rearrangement of doubly activated vinylcyclopropanes is reported for the synthesis of cyclohepten-4-ones. These flexible intramolecular reactions were applicable to a wide range of substrates and could be performed on gram scale. The derivatization of the product leads to short and highly efficient synthesis of some useful functional molecules.

Nickel/Photoredox Dual-Catalyzed Regiodivergent Aminoalkylation of Unactivated Alkyl Halides

A mild and regiodivergent aminoalkylation of unactivated alkyl halides is disclosed via a dual photoredox/nickel catalysis. Bipyridyl-type ligands without an ortho-substituent control the site-selective coupling at the original position, while ortho-disubstituted ligands tune the site-selectivity at a remote, unprefunctionalized position. Mechanistic studies combined with DFT calculations give insight into the mechanism and the origins of the ligand-controlled regioselectivity. Notably, this redox-neutral, regiodivergent alkyl-alkyl coupling features mild conditions, broad substrate scope for both alkyl coupling partners, and excellent site-selectivity and offers a straightforward way for α-alkylation of tertiary amines to synthesize structurally diverse alkylamines and value-added amino acid derivatives.

Visible-Light-Mediated Deacylated Alkynylation of Unstrained Ketone

Deconstructive alkynylation of an unstrained ketone catalyzed by an organic photocatalyst under blue light irradiation is reported for the first time. A broad substrate scope with up to 63 examples, excellent functional group tolerance, and gram scale reaction demonstrated the practicality of this novel alkynylation method. The dihydroquinazolinone derivative of trifluoroacetophenone had been proved to have potential as a novel trifluoromethylation reagent after working well for the trifluoromethylation reaction with various alkynyl bromides.

Palladium-Catalyzed Hydroboration/Cyclization of 1,n-Dienes

While the hydroboration of alkenes is well established, the corresponding cyclization reaction of dienes remains challenging. Here, we report a new method for hydroboration/cyclization applicable to various 1,n-dienes and hydroboranes. The method features the direct synthesis of borylalkyl cyclopentanes from common 1,6-dienes, which is highlighted by syntheses of elaborated pyrrolidine cores from easily accessible diallylamines. Notably, 1,n-dienes (n > 6) also undergo five-membered ring formation, offering "remote" hydroboration/cyclization that would be otherwise difficult to achieve.

Photochemical organocatalytic enantioselective radical γ-functionalization of α-branched enals

Reported herein is a rare example of asymmetric catalytic functionalisation of enals at the remote γ-position, proceeding via a radical path. The process requires visible light and exploits the synergistic actions of two distinct organocatalysts. A nucleophilic organic catalyst generates radicals upon S_N2-based activation of commercially available alkyl halides and blue light irradiation. Concomitantly, a chiral secondary amine catalyst triggers the formation of a dienamine from α-branched enals. This chiral dienamine intercepts the photogenerated radicals with excellent γ-selectivity and good stereocontrol.

Palladium-Catalyzed Site-Selective Arylation of α,β-Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds through a Ligand-Controlled Strategy

Palladium-catalyzed direct arylation of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds is an efficient and attractive strategy to access arylated α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds through the construction of carbon–carbon bonds. This reaction has several challenges, especially in terms of the control of regioselectivity between α- and γ-arylation and the selectivity for monoarylation and multiple arylation. Herein, we discuss the recent development of γ-arylation of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds and present the ligand-controlled, site-selective α- and γ-arylation of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl ketones with (hetero)aryl halides. The site selectivity of the reaction is switchable by simply changing the phosphine ligand.

1 Introduction

2 Reaction Development and Mechanistic Investigation

3 Conclusion and Outlook

Olefination via Cu-Mediated Dehydroacylation of Unstrained Ketones

The dehydroacylation of ketones to olefins is realized under mild conditions, which exhibits a unique reaction pathway involving aromatization-driven C-C cleavage to remove the acyl moiety, followed by Cu-mediated oxidative elimination to form an alkene between the α and β carbons. The newly adopted N'-methylpicolinohydrazonamide (MPHA) reagent is key to enable efficient cleavage of ketone C-C bonds at room temperature. Diverse alkyl- and aryl-substituted olefins, dienes, and special alkenes are generated with broad functional group tolerance. Strategic applications of this method are also demonstrated.

Palladium-Catalyzed Remote Diborylative Cyclization of Dienes with Diborons via Chain Walking

A novel method for catalytic remote bismetalation of alkene substrates by the addition of dimetal reagents is accomplished by using chain walking. In the presence of a palladium catalyst, the reaction of various 1,n-dienes and diborons were converted into cyclopentane derivatives with two boryl groups at remote positions via facile regioselective transformation of an unactivated sp³ C-H bond to a C-B bond. Sequential construction of three distant bonds, which is difficult to achieve by any method, was accomplished for the reactions of 1,n-dienes (n ≥ 7).

Haloarene-guided cascade arylation of cyclic vinylogous esters under palladium catalysis

A method is presented for the synthesis of diaryl cyclic vinylogous esters. The sequence of C(sp³)-H arylation events is programed under the differentiated reactivity of the aryl halides, and the optimized reaction system is effectively diverted from producing dihomo-arylated products. The site selectivity of the second arylation is notably modulated by the substitution pattern of the substrates.

Remote Arylative Substitution of Alkenes Possessing an Acetoxy Group via β-Acetoxy Elimination

Palladium-catalyzed remote arylative substitution was achieved for the reaction of arylboronic acids with alkenes possessing a distant acetoxy group to provide arylation products having an alkene moiety at the remote position. The use of β-acetoxy elimination as a key step in the catalytic cycle allowed for regioselective formation of unstabilized alkenes after chain walking. This reaction was applicable to various arylboronic acids as well as alkene substrates.

The emergence of the C-H functionalization strategy in medicinal chemistry and drug discovery

Owing to the market competitiveness and urgent societal need, an optimum speed of drug discovery is an important criterion for successful implementation. Despite the rapid ascent of artificial intelligence and computational and bioanalytical techniques to accelerate drug discovery in big pharma, organic synthesis of privileged scaffolds predicted in silico for in vitro and in vivo studies is still considered as the rate-limiting step. C-H activation is the latest technology added into an organic chemist's toolbox for the rapid construction and late-stage modification of functional molecules to achieve the desired chemical and physical properties. Particularly, elimination of prefunctionalization steps, exceptional functional group tolerance, complexity-to-diversity oriented synthesis, and late-stage functionalization of privileged medicinal scaffolds expand the chemical space. It has immense potential for the rapid synthesis of a library of molecules, structural modification to achieve the required pharmacological properties such as absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, toxicology (ADMET) and attachment of chemical reporters for proteome profiling, metabolite synthesis, etc. for preclinical studies. Although heterocycle synthesis, late-stage drug modification, ¹⁸F labelling, methylation, etc. via C-H functionalization have been reviewed from the synthetic standpoint, a general overview of these protocols from medicinal and drug discovery aspects has not been reviewed. In this feature article, we will discuss the recent trends of C-H activation methodologies such as synthesis of medicinal scaffolds through C-H activation/annulation cascade; C-H arylation for sp²-sp² and sp²-sp³ cross-coupling; C-H borylation/silylation to introduce a functional linchpin for further manipulation; C-H amination for N-heterocycles and hydrogen bond acceptors; C-H fluorination/fluoroalkylation to tune polarity and lipophilicity; C-H methylation: methyl magic in drug discovery; peptide modification and macrocyclization for therapeutics and biologics; fluorescent labelling and radiolabelling for bioimaging; bioconjugation for chemical biology studies; drug-metabolite synthesis for biodistribution and excretion studies; late-stage diversification of drug-molecules to increase efficacy and safety; cutting-edge DNA encoded library synthesis and improved synthesis of drug molecules via C-H activation in medicinal chemistry and drug discovery.

Cobalt-Catalyzed Remote Hydroboration of Alkenyl Amines

We here present a generally applicable cobalt-catalyzed remote hydroboration of alkenyl amines, providing a practical strategy for the preparation of borylamines and aminoalcohols. This method shows broad substrate scope and good functional group tolerance, tolerating a series of alkenyl amines, including alkyl-alkyl amines, alkyl-aryl amines, aryl-aryl amines, and amides. Of note, this protocol is also compatible with a variety of natural products and drug derivatives. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggest that this transformation involves an iterative chain walking and hydroboration sequence.

Nickel-Catalyzed Isomerization/Allylic Cyanation of Alkenyl Alcohols

Herein reported is a nickel-catalyzed isomerization/allylic cyanation of alkenyl alcohols, which complements current methods for the allylic substitution reactions. The specific diphosphite ligand and methanol as the solvent are crucial for the success for this transformation. A gram-scale regioconvergent experiment and formal synthesis of quebrachamine demonstrate the high potential of this methodology.

Selective cine-arylation of tert-cyclobutanols with indoles enabled by nickel catalysis

In previous literature, tert-cyclobutanols are widely studied for C-C bond activation exclusively leading to the formation of ordinary γ-substituted ketones. Herein, we first report a nickel-catalyzed cine-arylation of tert-cyclobutanols with indoles to access β-aryl ketones with an unusual site-selectivity at the C3-position of tert-cyclobutanols. The reaction features earth-abundant nickel catalysis, excellent regioselectivity, high atom-economy, and broad substrate scope.

Palladium-catalyzed functionalizations of acidic and non-acidic C(sp3)-H bonds - recent advances

A tremendous upsurge has been seen in the recent decade for the proximal and remote functionalization of activated and unactivated substrates via palladium redox pathways. This feature article discusses some of the recent reports on direct as well as indirect C(sp3)-H functionalization via cross-coupling reactions under palladium catalysis. Activated substrates (possessing acidic C(sp3)-H) including enones, ketones, aldehydes, silylenol ethers, esters, silyl ketene acetals, amides, cyano, α-amino esters, and O-carbamates, capable of undergoing cross-coupling reactions at the α-, β-, γ-, δ- and ε-positions, will be discussed. To overcome the challenging task of achieving regioselectivity, a variety of innovative modifications have been reported. The reports of C-H activations based on directing group, and as native functionality have been illustrated at the β-, γ- and δ-positions. Substrates such as α-amino esters, carbonyls, carboxylic acids and their derivatives, afford site-selective C(sp3)-H functionalization via varied-sized reactive metallacycles and are a unique class of substrates whose C(sp3)-H functionalizations were earlier considered as very difficult.

Ru-catalyzed isomerization of ω-alkenylboronates towards stereoselective synthesis of vinylboronates with subsequent in situ functionalization

The stereoselective preparation of synthetically versatile vinylboronates from ω-alkenylboronates is achieved through a ruthenium-catalyzed isomerization reaction. A variety of di- and trisubstituted vinylboronates were conveniently produced and could be used as a new starting point for subsequent in situ remote functionalization through either a sequential Ru/Pd or Ru/Cu double catalytic system.

A regio- and stereoselective ruthenium-catalyzed isomerization of ω-alkenyl boronates into stereodefined di- and trisubstituted alkenylboronate derivatives is reported.

Migratory Hydrogenation of Terminal Alkynes by Base/Cobalt Relay Catalysis

Migratory functionalization of alkenes has emerged as a powerful strategy to achieve functionalization at a distal position to the original reactive site on a hydrocarbon chain. However, an analogous protocol for alkyne substrates is yet to be developed. Herein, a base and cobalt relay catalytic process for the selective synthesis of (Z)-2-alkenes and conjugated E alkenes by migratory hydrogenation of terminal alkynes is disclosed. Mechanistic studies support a relay catalytic process involving a sequential base-catalyzed isomerization of terminal alkynes and cobalt-catalyzed hydrogenation of either 2-alkynes or conjugated diene intermediates. Notably, this practical non-noble metal catalytic system enables efficient control of the chemo-, regio-, and stereoselectivity of this transformation.

Catalytic enantioselective arylative cyclizations of alkynyl 1,3-diketones by 1,4-rhodium(i) migration

The enantioselective synthesis of densely functionalized polycarbocycles by the rhodium(i)-catalyzed reaction of arylboronic acids with 1,3-diketones is described. The key step in these desymmetrizing domino addition–cyclization reactions is an alkenyl-to-aryl 1,4-Rh(i) migration, which enables arylboronic acids to function effectively as 1,2-dimetalloarene surrogates.

The enantioselective synthesis of densely functionalized polycarbocycles by the rhodium(i)-catalyzed reaction of arylboronic acids with alkynyl 1,3-diketones is described. The key step in these reactions is an alkenyl-to-aryl 1,4-Rh(i) migration..

Understanding the Activity and Enantioselectivity of Acetyl-Protected Aminoethyl Quinoline Ligands in Palladium-Catalyzed β-C(sp3)-H Bond Arylation Reactions

Chiral acetyl-protected aminoalkyl quinoline (APAQ) ligands were recently discovered to afford highly active and enantioselective palladium catalysts for the arylation of methylene C(sp³)-H bonds, and herein, we investigate the origins of these heightened properties. Unprecedented amide-bridged APAQ-Pd dimers were predicted by density functional theory (DFT) calculations and were confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. Comparison of structural features between APAQ-Pd complexes and an acetyl-protected aminoethylpyridine APAPy-Pd complex strongly suggests that the high activity of the former originates from the presence of the quinoline ring, which slows the formation of the off-cycle palladium dimer. Furthermore, steric topographic maps for a representative subset of monomeric, monoligated palladium complexes allowed us to draw a unique parallel between the three-dimensional structures of these catalysts and their reported asymmetric induction in β-C(sp³)-H bond arylation reactions. Finally, cooperative noncovalent interactions present between the APAQ ligand and the substrate were identified as a crucial factor for imparting selectivity between chemically equivalent methylenic C(sp³)-H bonds prior to concerted metalation deprotonation activation.

Palladium-Catalyzed Chemoselective Activation of sp3 vs sp2 C-H Bonds: Oxidative Coupling To Form Quaternary Centers

The oxidative activation of alkyl C-H bonds vs arene C-H bonds with Pd(OAc)₂ has been found to be generalizable to a number of nucleophilic substrates allowing the formation of a range of hindered quaternary centers. The substrates share a common mechanistic path wherein Pd(II) initiates an oxidative dimerization. The resultant dimer modifies the palladium catalyst to favor activation of alkyl C-H bonds in contrast to the trends typically observed via a concerted metalation deprotonation mechanism. Notably, insertion occurs at the terminus of the alkyl arene for hindered substrates. Two different oxidant systems were discovered that turn over the process. Parameters have been identified that predict, which substrates are productive in this reaction.

A Tandem Iridium-Catalyzed "Chain-Walking"/Cope Rearrangement Sequence

An iridium-catalyzed tandem olefin migration/Cope rearrangement of alkenyl ω-ene cyclopropanes is reported. By this means, a variety of complex annulenes are obtained as single diastereomers starting from cyclopropyl ester derived from simple 1,ω-dienes and alkenyldiazo compounds. Long-range olefin migration over up to 10 positions could be realized and coupled with an efficient Cope rearrangement to yield valuable scaffolds. Various functional groups are well-tolerated, giving rise to densely functionalized products. Furthermore, the present methodology could be successfully extended to yield bicyclic cycloheptenones starting from readily available alkenyl cyclopropanols via a Kulinkovich reaction.

Pd-catalyzed γ-arylation of γ,δ-unsaturated O-carbamates via an unusual haptotropic rearrangement

An unusual γ-selectivity was observed in the arylation of γ,δ-unsaturated O-carbamates involving directed lithiation, transmetallation to zinc and Negishi coupling, when a specific combination of aryl electrophile and phosphine ligand is employed. Mechanistic studies indicate that an unusual, stereospecific haptotropic rearrangement of the palladium-diene intermediate is involved.

Ni-catalyzed migratory fluoro-alkenylation of unactivated alkyl bromides with gem-difluoroalkenes

A migratory fluoro-alkenylation of unactivated alkyl bromides is reported; the reaction is enabled by fluorine effects and involves an alkyl nickel chain-walking mechanism.

We describe a nickel-catalyzed highly regio- and stereoselective migratory fluoro-alkenylation of unactivated alkyl bromides. A unique catalytic cycle merging alkyl nickel chain-walking and defluorinative coupling enables the introduction of a broad array of fluoroalkenyl moieties into carbon chains. Control experiments with other halogenated alkenes demonstrated the essential role of fluorine atoms in this reaction. Notably, the reaction proceeds under mild conditions and allows for the synthesis of a variety of valuable monofluoroalkenes.

Remote Nucleophilic Allylation by Allylrhodium Chain Walking

Metal migration through a carbon chain is a versatile method for achieving remote functionalization. However, almost all known examples involve the overall net migration of alkylmetal species. Here, we report that allylrhodium species obtained from hydrorhodation of 1,3-dienes undergo chain walking toward esters, amides, or (hetero)arenes over distances of up to eight methylene units. The final, more highly conjugated allylrhodium species undergo nucleophilic allylation with aldehydes and with an imine to give Z-homoallylic alcohols and amines, respectively.

Pd-Catalyzed Selective Remote Ring Opening of Polysubstituted Cyclopropanols

The distant functionalization of ω-ene cyclopropanols is induced by a Pd-catalyzed Heck reaction triggering a "metal-walk" and selective ring-opening of the three-membered ring. This approach provides a new class of acyclic aldehydes possessing concomitantly a stereodefined double bond and a quaternary carbon stereocenter α to the carbonyl group.