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Lee LCC, Lo KKW. Shining New Light on Biological Systems: Luminescent Transition Metal Complexes for Bioimaging and Biosensing Applications. Chem Rev 2024; 124:8825-9014. [PMID: 39052606 PMCID: PMC11328004 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Luminescence imaging is a powerful and versatile technique for investigating cell physiology and pathology in living systems, making significant contributions to life science research and clinical diagnosis. In recent years, luminescent transition metal complexes have gained significant attention for diagnostic and therapeutic applications due to their unique photophysical and photochemical properties. In this Review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the recent development of luminescent transition metal complexes for bioimaging and biosensing applications, with a focus on transition metal centers with a d6, d8, and d10 electronic configuration. We elucidate the structure-property relationships of luminescent transition metal complexes, exploring how their structural characteristics can be manipulated to control their biological behavior such as cellular uptake, localization, biocompatibility, pharmacokinetics, and biodistribution. Furthermore, we introduce the various design strategies that leverage the interesting photophysical properties of luminescent transition metal complexes for a wide variety of biological applications, including autofluorescence-free imaging, multimodal imaging, organelle imaging, biological sensing, microenvironment monitoring, bioorthogonal labeling, bacterial imaging, and cell viability assessment. Finally, we provide insights into the challenges and perspectives of luminescent transition metal complexes for bioimaging and biosensing applications, as well as their use in disease diagnosis and treatment evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Cho-Cheung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- Laboratory for Synthetic Chemistry and Chemical Biology Limited, Units 1503-1511, 15/F, Building 17W, Hong Kong Science Park, New Territories, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Kenneth Kam-Wing Lo
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
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2
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Wang HZ, Chan MHY, Yam VWW. Heavy-Metal Ions Removal and Iodine Capture by Terpyridine Covalent Organic Frameworks. SMALL METHODS 2024:e2400465. [PMID: 39049798 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202400465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Porous materials are excellent candidates for water remediation in environmental issues. However, it is still a key challenge to design efficient adsorbents for rapid water purification from various heavy metal ions-contaminated wastewater in one step. Here, two robust nitrogen-rich covalent organic frameworks (COFs) bearing terpyridine units on the pore walls by a "bottom-up" strategy are reported. Benefitting from the strong chelation interaction between the terpyridine units and various heavy metal ions, these two terpyridine COFs show excellent removal efficiency and capability for Pb2+, Hg2+, Cu2+, Ag+, Cd2+, Ni2+, and Cr3+ from water. These COFs are shown to remove such heavy metal ions with >90% of contents at one time after the aqueous metal ions mixture is passed through the COF filter. The nitrogen-rich features of the COFs also endow them with the capability of capturing iodine vapors, offering the terpyridine COFs the potential for environmental remediation applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huai-Zhen Wang
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Michael Ho-Yeung Chan
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Vivian Wing-Wah Yam
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
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Luan Z, Wang F, Tian Y. Enhanced Near-infrared Phosphorescent Emission Modulated by Clipping of Metallotweezers in Aqueous Media. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401022. [PMID: 38747055 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Near-infrared phosphorescent materials have received significant attention due to their potential applications in bioimaging and diagnostics. Although, many types of organic phosphors with near-infrared emission have been developed, the low phosphorescence efficiency in aqueous solution hampers their practical applications in biological systems. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop near-infrared phosphorescent materials with high emission efficiency in aqueous media. Metallotweezers, based on d8 transition metal complexes, emerge as the potential candidates for realizing this objective. Specifically, metallotweezers, featuring two positively charged platinum(II) terpyridine and neutral gold(III) diphenylpyridine pincers on diphenylpyridine spacer, have been designed and synthesized, respectively. The pre-organization effect, rendered by the rigid spacer, enables the resulting metallotweezers to complex with each other, resulting in the formation of clipping complex. The synergistic rigidifying and shielding effects of clipping structure results in enhanced phosphorescent emission intensity. Concurrently, due to phase segregation between the clipping units and the polyethylene glycol tail, the clipping complex undergoes self-assembly in aqueous solution, resulting in phosphorescent emission in the near-infrared region. Overall, non-covalent clipping of metallotweezers illustrated in this study presents a new and effective approach toward near-infrared phosphorescent materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilei Luan
- Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Polymeric Materials of Anhui Province, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, No. 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei City, Anhui Province
| | - Yukui Tian
- Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Polymeric Materials of Anhui Province, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, Anhui, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, Anhui, China
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Sibgatullina G, Ramazanova I, Salnikov V, Stepanov A, Voloshina A, Sapunova A, Mustafina A, Petrov K, Samigullin D. Increased endocytosis rate and enhanced lysosomal pathway of silica-coated superparamagnetic nanoparticles into M-HeLa cells compared with cultured primary motor neurons. Histochem Cell Biol 2024; 161:507-519. [PMID: 38597938 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-024-02283-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The unique properties of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) enable their use as magnetic biosensors, targeted drug delivery, magnetothermia, magnetic resonance imaging, etc. Today, SPIONs are the only type of metal oxide nanoparticles approved for biomedical application. In this work, we analyzed the cellular response to the previously reported luminescent silica coated SPIONs of the two cell types: M-HeLa cells and primary motor neuron culture. Both internalization pathways and intracellular fate of SPIONs have been compared for these cell lines using fluorescence and transmission electron microscopy. We also applied a pharmacological approach to analyze the endocytosis pathways of SPIONs into the investigated cell lines. The penetration of SPIONs into M-HeLa cells is already noticeable within 30 s of incubation through both caveolin-dependent endocytosis and micropinocytosis. However, incubation for a longer time (1 h at least) is required for the internalization of SPIONs into motor neuron culture cells provided by dynamin-dependent endocytosis and macropinocytosis. The intracellular colocalization assay reveals that the lysosomal internalization pathway of SPIONs is also dependent on the cell type. The lysosomal pathway is much more pronounced for M-HeLa cells compared with motor neurons. The emphasized differences in cellular responses of the two cell lines open up new opportunities in the application of SPIONs in the diagnostics and therapy of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guzel Sibgatullina
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, P.O. box 261, Kazan, 420111, Russia
| | - Iliza Ramazanova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, P.O. box 261, Kazan, 420111, Russia
| | - Vadim Salnikov
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, P.O. box 261, Kazan, 420111, Russia
| | - Alexey Stepanov
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov Str., 8, 420088, Kazan, Russia
| | - Alexandra Voloshina
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov Str., 8, 420088, Kazan, Russia
| | - Anastasiia Sapunova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov Str., 8, 420088, Kazan, Russia
| | - Asiya Mustafina
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov Str., 8, 420088, Kazan, Russia
| | - Konstantin Petrov
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, P.O. box 261, Kazan, 420111, Russia
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov Str., 8, 420088, Kazan, Russia
| | - Dmitry Samigullin
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, P.O. box 261, Kazan, 420111, Russia.
- Department of Radiophotonics and Microwave Technologies, Kazan National Research Technical University Named After A.N. Tupolev-KAI, 10 K. Marx St., Kazan, 420111, Russia.
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Morimoto T, Yoshida M, Sato-Tomita A, Nozawa S, Takayama J, Hiura S, Murayama A, Kobayashi A, Kato M. Vapor-Induced Assembly of a Platinum(II) Complex Loaded on Layered Double Hydroxide Nanoparticles. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301993. [PMID: 37581259 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Controlled self-assembly of PtII complexes is key to the development of optical and stimuli-responsive materials, but designing and precisely controlling them is still difficult owing to weak intermolecular interactions. Herein, we report the successful water-vapor-induced assembly of an anionic PtII complex [Pt(CN)2 (ppy)]- (Hppy=2-phenylpyridine) electrostatically loaded onto cationically charged layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanoparticles consisting of Mg2+ and Al3+ ions. When the PtII complexes were densely loaded onto the LDH nanoparticles, the assembly was maintained, even in dilute aqueous media. In the case of sparse loading, the PtII complexes were loaded discretely in the dry state; however, when water vapor was adsorbed, the increased mobility of the PtII complexes led to their assembly on the LDH nanoparticles. The presence of water vapor led to a drastic change in luminescence from green to orange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamami Morimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, North-10 West-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Masaki Yoshida
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen-Uegahara, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1330, Japan
| | - Ayana Sato-Tomita
- Division of Biophysics, Department of Physiology, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Nozawa
- Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0801, Japan
| | - Junichi Takayama
- Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, North-14 West-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0814, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hiura
- Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, North-14 West-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0814, Japan
| | - Akihiro Murayama
- Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, North-14 West-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0814, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, North-10 West-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Masako Kato
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen-Uegahara, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1330, Japan
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Lin J, Peng F, Xie M, Xia J, Chang X, Zou C, Lu W. Dicationic Diimine Pt(II) Bis( N-heterocyclic allenylidene) Complexes: Extended Pt···Pt Chains, NIR Phosphorescence, and Chromonics. Inorg Chem 2023. [PMID: 37146284 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c04159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Although square-planar Pt(II) complexes are well-known to self-assemble into supramolecules via noncovalent intermolecular Pt···Pt and/or π-π interactions, the self-assembly of dicationic Pt(II) complexes was scarce due to the electrostatic repulsive force. Herein, a series of dicationic diimine bis(N-heterocyclic allenylidene) Pt(II) complexes were synthesized and characterized. Close Pt···Pt and/or π-π contacts are observed in the crystals of these complexes. In particular, complexes 1·2PF6 and 2·2PF6 exhibit one-dimensional packing with extended Pt···Pt contacts of 3.302 and 3.240 Å, respectively. The photophysical properties of these complexes in the solution and solid state were investigated. NIR emission was recorded for complexes 1·2PF6 (λmax = 950 nm) and 2·2PF6 (λmax = 855 nm) in the solid state at 298 K. To explore the aggregate behaviors of these complexes, the counteranion PF6- was exchanged to the large lipophilic anion 2,3,4-tris(dodecyloxy)benzene sulfonate (LA-) and the hydrophilic anion Cl-. Complexes 1·2LA and 2·2LA or 1·2Cl and 2·2Cl could self-assemble with Pt···Pt and/or π-π interactions in the nonpolar or aqueous solutions as well. Further increasing the concentration of 1·2Cl and 2·2Cl in aqueous solution, chromonic mesophases with NIR emission (λmax = 988 nm) were obtained. DFT and TD-DFT calculations were performed to gain deep insight into the dication-dication packings and photophysical properties of the complexes. The σ-donating as well as π-accepting character of the N-heterocyclic allenylidene ligand endows complexes with rigid and electron-delocalized coplanar features, which are conducive to achieving the self-assembling processes associated with Pt···Pt and/or π-π interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinqiang Lin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Fei Peng
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Mo Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Jiuxu Xia
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyong Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Chao Zou
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Functional Coordination Material Group-Frontier Research Center, Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan 523808, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, P. R. China
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Li B, Wang Y, Chan MH, Pan M, Li Y, Yam VW. Supramolecular Assembly of Organoplatinum(II) Complexes for Subcellular Distribution and Cell Viability Monitoring with Differentiated Imaging. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202210703. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202210703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Baoning Li
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials School of Chemistry Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry Institute of Molecular Functional Materials and Department of Chemistry The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong 999077 P. R. China
| | - Yaping Wang
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials School of Chemistry Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 P. R. China
| | - Michael Ho‐Yeung Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry Institute of Molecular Functional Materials and Department of Chemistry The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong 999077 P. R. China
| | - Mei Pan
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials School of Chemistry Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 P. R. China
| | - Yonguang Li
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials School of Chemistry Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 P. R. China
| | - Vivian Wing‐Wah Yam
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials School of Chemistry Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry Institute of Molecular Functional Materials and Department of Chemistry The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong 999077 P. R. China
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Lee LCC, Lo KKW. Luminescent and Photofunctional Transition Metal Complexes: From Molecular Design to Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:14420-14440. [PMID: 35925792 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There has been emerging interest in the exploitation of the photophysical and photochemical properties of transition metal complexes for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. In this Perspective, we highlight the major recent advances in the development of luminescent and photofunctional transition metal complexes, in particular, those of rhenium(I), ruthenium(II), osmium(II), iridium(III), and platinum(II), as bioimaging reagents and phototherapeutic agents, with a focus on the molecular design strategies that harness and modulate the interesting photophysical and photochemical behavior of the complexes. We also discuss the current challenges and future outlook of transition metal complexes for both fundamental research and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Cho-Cheung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P.R. China.,Laboratory for Synthetic Chemistry and Chemical Biology Limited, Units 1503-1511, 15/F, Building 17W, Hong Kong Science Park, New Territories, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Kenneth Kam-Wing Lo
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P.R. China
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Martínez-Junquera M, Lalinde E, Moreno MT. Multistimuli-Responsive Properties of Aggregated Isocyanide Cycloplatinated(II) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:10898-10914. [PMID: 35775932 PMCID: PMC9348835 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Here, we describe the neutral cyclometalated tert-butylisocyanide PtII complexes, [Pt(C∧N)Cl(CNBut)] 1, the double salts [Pt(C∧N)(CNBut)2][Pt(C∧N)Cl2] 2, and the cationic complexes [Pt(C∧N)(CNBut)2]ClO4 3 [C∧N = difluorophenylpyridine (dfppy, a), 4-(2-pyridyl)benzaldehyde (ppy-CHO, b)]. A comparative study of the pseudopolymorphs 1a, 1a·CHCl3, 1b, 1b·0.5Toluene, 1b·0.5PhF, and 3a·0.25CH2Cl2 reveals strong aggregation through Pt···Pt and/or π···π stacking interactions to give a variety of distinctive one-dimensional (1D) infinite chains, which modulate the photoluminescent properties. This intermolecular long-range aggregate formation is the main origin of the photoluminescent behavior of 1a and 1b complexes, which exhibit highly sensitive and reversible responses to multiple external stimuli including different volatile organic compounds (VOCs), solvents, temperatures, and pressures, with distinct color and phosphorescent color switching from green to red. Furthermore, complex 1b undergoes supramolecular self-assembly via Pt···Pt and/or π···π interactions into a polymer thin polystyrene (PS) film 10 wt % in response to toluene vapors, and 3a exhibits vapochromic and vapoluminescent behavior. Theoretical simulations on the dimer, trimer, and tetramer models of 1a and 1b have been carried out to get insight into the photophysical properties in the aggregated solid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Martínez-Junquera
- Departamento de Química-Centro de Síntesis Química de La Rioja (CISQ), Universidad de La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - Elena Lalinde
- Departamento de Química-Centro de Síntesis Química de La Rioja (CISQ), Universidad de La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - M Teresa Moreno
- Departamento de Química-Centro de Síntesis Química de La Rioja (CISQ), Universidad de La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain
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Luminescent Metal Complexes for Bioassays in the Near-Infrared (NIR) Region. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2022; 380:31. [PMID: 35715540 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-022-00386-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Near-infrared (NIR, 700-1700 nm) luminescent imaging is an emerging bioimaging technology with low photon scattering, minimal autofluorescence, deep tissue penetration, and high spatiotemporal resolution that has shown fascinating promise for NIR imaging-guided theranostics. In recent progress, NIR luminescent metal complexes have attracted substantially increased research attention owing to their intrinsic merits, including small size, anti-photobleaching, long lifetime, and metal-centered NIR emission. In the past decade, scientists have contributed to the advancement of NIR metal complexes involving efforts to improve photophysical properties, biocompatibility, specificity, pharmacokinetics, in vivo visualization, and attempts to exploit new ligand platforms. Herein, we summarize recent progress and provide future perspectives for NIR metal complexes, including d-block transition metals and f-block lanthanides (Ln) as NIR optical molecular probes for bioassays.
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Remarkably flexible 2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridines and their group 8–10 transition metal complexes – Chemistry and applications. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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12
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Wong EKH, Chan MHY, Tang WK, Leung MY, Yam VWW. Molecular Alignment of Alkynylplatinum(II) 2,6-Bis(benzimidazol-2-yl)pyridine Double Complex Salts and the Formation of Well-Ordered Nanostructures Directed by Pt···Pt and Donor-Acceptor Interactions. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:5424-5434. [PMID: 35302371 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c12994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A new class of alkynylplatinum(II) bzimpy (bzimpy = bis(benzimidazol-2-yl)pyridine) double complex salts (DCSs) containing dialkoxynaphthalene or pyromellitic diimide moieties on the alkynyl ligand has been reported to display distinct morphological properties compared to their precursor alkynylplatinum(II) complexes, with the capability of being aligned by the directional Pt···Pt and/or π-π stacking interactions. The incorporation of donor and acceptor units on the alkynyl ligands has been found to significantly perturb the alignment of the oppositely charged complex ions in the DCSs to stack in a twisted head-to-head manner, attributed to the additional driving forces of electrostatic and donor-acceptor interactions. The modulation of the Pt···Pt distances and the extent of aggregate formation have been demonstrated by altering the charge matching between the platinum(II) bzimpy moieties and the donor or acceptor moieties on the alkynyl ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Ka-Ho Wong
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
| | - Michael Ho-Yeung Chan
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
| | - Wai Kit Tang
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
| | - Ming-Yi Leung
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
| | - Vivian Wing-Wah Yam
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
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13
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Tong KC, Wan PK, Lok CN, Che CM. Dynamic supramolecular self-assembly of platinum(ii) complexes perturbs an autophagy-lysosomal system and triggers cancer cell death. Chem Sci 2021; 12:15229-15238. [PMID: 34976343 PMCID: PMC8635173 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02841c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-assembly of platinum(ii) complexes to form supramolecular structures/nanostructures due to intermolecular ligand π-π stacking and metal-ligand dispersive interactions is widely used to develop functional molecular materials, but the application of such non-covalent molecular interactions has scarcely been explored in medical science. Herein is described the unprecedented biological properties of platinum(ii) complexes relevant to induction of cancer cell death via manifesting such intermolecular interactions. With conjugation of a glucose moiety to the planar platinum(ii) terpyridyl scaffold, the water-soluble complex [Pt(tpy)(C[triple bond, length as m-dash]CArOGlu)](CF3SO3) (1a, tpy = 2,2':6',2''-terpyridine, Glu = glucose) is able to self-assemble into about 100 nm nanoparticles in physiological medium, be taken up by lung cancer cells via energy-dependent endocytosis, and eventually transform into other superstructures distributed in endosomal/lysosomal and mitochondrial compartments apparently following cleavage of the glycosidic linkage. Accompanying the formation of platinum-containing superstructures are increased autophagic vacuole formation, lysosomal membrane permeabilization, and mitochondrial membrane depolarization, as well as anti-tumor activity of 1a in a mouse xenograft model. These findings highlight the dynamic, multi-stage extracellular and intracellular supramolecular self-assembly of planar platinum(ii) complexes driven by modular intermolecular interactions with potential anti-cancer application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka-Chung Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong China .,Laboratory for Synthetic Chemistry and Chemical Biology Limited Units 1503-1511, 15/F., Building 17W, Hong Kong Science Park, New Territories Hong Kong China
| | - Pui-Ki Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong China .,Laboratory for Synthetic Chemistry and Chemical Biology Limited Units 1503-1511, 15/F., Building 17W, Hong Kong Science Park, New Territories Hong Kong China
| | - Chun-Nam Lok
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong China .,Laboratory for Synthetic Chemistry and Chemical Biology Limited Units 1503-1511, 15/F., Building 17W, Hong Kong Science Park, New Territories Hong Kong China
| | - Chi-Ming Che
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong China .,Laboratory for Synthetic Chemistry and Chemical Biology Limited Units 1503-1511, 15/F., Building 17W, Hong Kong Science Park, New Territories Hong Kong China
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14
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Zhou X, Mytiliniou M, Hilgendorf J, Zeng Y, Papadopoulou P, Shao Y, Dominguez MP, Zhang L, Hesselberth MBS, Bos E, Siegler MA, Buda F, Brouwer AM, Kros A, Koning RI, Heinrich D, Bonnet S. Intracellular Dynamic Assembly of Deep-Red Emitting Supramolecular Nanostructures Based on the Pt…Pt Metallophilic Interaction. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2008613. [PMID: 34338371 PMCID: PMC11469088 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202008613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Many drug delivery systems end up in the lysosome because they are built from covalent or kinetically inert supramolecular bonds. To reach other organelles, nanoparticles hence need to either be made from a kinetically labile interaction that allows re-assembly of the nanoparticles inside the cell following endocytic uptake, or, be taken up by a mechanism that short-circuits the classical endocytosis pathway. In this work, the intracellular fate of nanorods that self-assemble via the Pt…Pt interaction of cyclometalated platinum(II) compounds, is studied. These deep-red emissive nanostructures (638 nm excitation, ≈700 nm emission) are stabilized by proteins in cell medium. Once in contact with cancer cells, they cross the cell membrane via dynamin- and clathrin-dependent endocytosis. However, time-dependent confocal colocalization and cellular electron microscopy demonstrate that they directly move to mitochondria without passing by the lysosomes. Altogether, this study suggests that Pt…Pt interaction is strong enough to generate emissive, aggregated nanoparticles inside cells, but labile enough to allow these nanostructures to reach the mitochondria without being trapped in the lysosomes. These findings open new venues to the development of bioimaging nanoplatforms based on the Pt…Pt interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue‐Quan Zhou
- Leiden Institute of ChemistryUniversiteit LeidenEinsteinweg 55Leiden2333 CCNetherlands
| | - Maria Mytiliniou
- Leiden Institute of PhysicsHuygens‐Kamerlingh Onnes LaboratoryUniversiteit LeidenLeiden2300 RAThe Netherlands
| | - Jonathan Hilgendorf
- Leiden Institute of ChemistryUniversiteit LeidenEinsteinweg 55Leiden2333 CCNetherlands
| | - Ye Zeng
- Leiden Institute of ChemistryUniversiteit LeidenEinsteinweg 55Leiden2333 CCNetherlands
| | | | - Yang Shao
- Leiden Institute of ChemistryUniversiteit LeidenEinsteinweg 55Leiden2333 CCNetherlands
| | - Maximilian Paradiz Dominguez
- Molecular Photonics GroupVan't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS)Universiteit van AmsterdamScience Park 904Amsterdam1098 XHNetherlands
| | - Liyan Zhang
- Leiden Institute of ChemistryUniversiteit LeidenEinsteinweg 55Leiden2333 CCNetherlands
| | - Marcel B. S. Hesselberth
- Leiden Institute of PhysicsHuygens‐Kamerlingh Onnes LaboratoryUniversiteit LeidenLeiden2300 RAThe Netherlands
| | - Erik Bos
- Department of Cell and Chemical BiologyLeiden University Medical CenterEinthovenweg 20Leiden2333 ZCThe Netherlands
| | | | - Francesco Buda
- Leiden Institute of ChemistryUniversiteit LeidenEinsteinweg 55Leiden2333 CCNetherlands
| | - Albert M. Brouwer
- Molecular Photonics GroupVan't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS)Universiteit van AmsterdamScience Park 904Amsterdam1098 XHNetherlands
- Materials DepartmentAdvanced Research Center for NanolithographyScience Park 106Amsterdam1098 XGThe Netherlands
| | - Alexander Kros
- Leiden Institute of ChemistryUniversiteit LeidenEinsteinweg 55Leiden2333 CCNetherlands
| | - Roman I. Koning
- Department of Cell and Chemical BiologyLeiden University Medical CenterEinthovenweg 20Leiden2333 ZCThe Netherlands
| | - Doris Heinrich
- Leiden Institute of PhysicsHuygens‐Kamerlingh Onnes LaboratoryUniversiteit LeidenLeiden2300 RAThe Netherlands
- Institute for Bioprocessing and Analytical Measurement TechniquesRosenhof37308Heilbad HeiligenstadtGermany
- Faculty for Mathematics and Natural SciencesIlmenau University of Technology98693IlmenauGermany
- Frauenhofer Attract 3DNanoCellFraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC97082WürzburgGermany
| | - Sylvestre Bonnet
- Leiden Institute of ChemistryUniversiteit LeidenEinsteinweg 55Leiden2333 CCNetherlands
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15
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Holden L, Burke CS, Cullinane D, Keyes TE. Strategies to promote permeation and vectorization, and reduce cytotoxicity of metal complex luminophores for bioimaging and intracellular sensing. RSC Chem Biol 2021; 2:1021-1049. [PMID: 34458823 PMCID: PMC8341117 DOI: 10.1039/d1cb00049g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transition metal luminophores are emerging as important tools for intracellular imaging and sensing. Their putative suitability for such applications has long been recognised but poor membrane permeability and cytotoxicity were significant barriers that impeded early progress. In recent years, numerous effective routes to overcoming these issues have been reported, inspired in part, by advances and insights from the pharmaceutical and drug delivery domains. In particular, the conjugation of biomolecules but also other less natural synthetic species, from a repertoire of functional motifs have granted membrane permeability and cellular targeting. Such motifs can also reduce cytotoxicity of transition metal complexes and offer a valuable avenue to circumvent such problems leading to promising metal complex candidates for application in bioimaging, sensing and diagnostics. The advances in metal complex probes permeability/targeting are timely, as, in parallel, over the past two decades significant technological advances in luminescence imaging have occurred. In particular, super-resolution imaging is enormously powerful but makes substantial demands of its imaging contrast agents and metal complex luminophores frequently possess the photophysical characteristics to meet these demands. Here, we review some of the key vectors that have been conjugated to transition metal complex luminophores to promote their use in intra-cellular imaging applications. We evaluate some of the most effective strategies in terms of membrane permeability, intracellular targeting and what impact these approaches have on toxicity and phototoxicity which are important considerations in a luminescent contrast or sensing agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorcan Holden
- School of Chemical Sciences, and National Centre for Sensor Research Dublin City University Dublin 9 Ireland
| | - Christopher S Burke
- School of Chemical Sciences, and National Centre for Sensor Research Dublin City University Dublin 9 Ireland
| | - David Cullinane
- School of Chemical Sciences, and National Centre for Sensor Research Dublin City University Dublin 9 Ireland
| | - Tia E Keyes
- School of Chemical Sciences, and National Centre for Sensor Research Dublin City University Dublin 9 Ireland
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16
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Park J, Hwang M, Ok M, Li C, Choi H, Seo ML, Jung JH. Supramolecular polymerization of Pt(II) complex with terpyridine-based ligand possessing alanine moiety in nonpolar solvent. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2021.108650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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17
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Law ASY, Lee LCC, Lo KKW, Yam VWW. Aggregation and Supramolecular Self-Assembly of Low-Energy Red Luminescent Alkynylplatinum(II) Complexes for RNA Detection, Nucleolus Imaging, and RNA Synthesis Inhibitor Screening. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:5396-5405. [PMID: 33813827 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c13327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
As an important nuclear substructure, the nucleolus has received increasing attention because of its significant functions in the transcription and processing of ribosomal RNA in eukaryotic cells. In this work, we introduce a proof-of-concept luminescence assay to detect RNA and to accomplish nucleolus imaging with the use of the supramolecular self-assembly of platinum(II) complexes. Noncovalent interactions between platinum(II) complexes and RNA can be induced by the introduction of a guanidinium group into the complexes, and accordingly, a high RNA affinity can be achieved. Interestingly, the aggregation affinities of platinum(II) complexes enable them to display remarkable luminescence turn-on upon RNA binding, which is a result of the strengthening of noncovalent Pt(II)···Pt(II) and π-π stacking interactions. The complexes exhibit not only intriguing spectroscopic changes and luminescence enhancement after RNA binding but also specific nucleolus imaging in cells. As compared to fluorescent dyes, the low-energy red luminescence and large Stokes shifts of platinum(II) complexes afford a high signal-to-background autofluorescence ratio in nucleolus imaging. Additional properties, including long phosphorescence lifetimes and low cytotoxicity, have endowed the platinum(II) complexes with the potential for biological applications. Also, platinum(II) complexes have been adopted to monitor the dynamics of the nucleolus induced by the addition of RNA synthesis inhibitors. This capability allows the screening of inhibitors and can be advantageous for the development of antineoplastic agents. This work provides a novel strategy for exploring the application of platinum(II) complex-based cell imaging agents based on the mechanism of supramolecular self-assembly. It is envisaged that platinum(II) complexes can be utilized as valuable probes because of the aforementioned appealing advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Sin-Yee Law
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lawrence Cho-Cheung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Kenneth Kam-Wing Lo
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Vivian Wing-Wah Yam
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
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18
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Su MM, Kang JJ, Liu SQ, Meng CG, Li YQ, Zhang JJ, Ni J. Strategy for Achieving Long-Wavelength Near-Infrared Luminescence of Diimineplatinum(II) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:3773-3780. [PMID: 33615779 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c03529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Although many strategies have been used to help design effective near-infrared (NIR) luminescent materials, it is still a huge challenge to realize long-wavelength NIR luminescence of diimineplatinum(II) complexes in the solid state. Herein, we have successfully achieved long-wavelength NIR luminescence of a family of diimineplatinum(II) complexes based on a new strategy that combines a one-dimensional (1D) "Pt wire" structure with the electronic effect of the substituent. The structures of six solvated diimineplatinum(II) complexes based on 4,4-dichloro-2,2'-bipyridine or 4,4-dibromo-2,2'-bipyridine and 4-substituted phenylacetylene ligands have been determined, namely, 1·1/2toluene, 2·1/2THF, 3·1/8toluene, 4·1/2THF, 5·1/8CH2Cl2, and 6·1/4toluene. All of them crystallize in the monoclinic space group C2/c or C2/m and stack in the 1D "Pt wire" structure. In the solid state, six complexes exhibited unusual long-wavelength metal-metal-to-ligand charge-transfer luminescence that peaked at 984, 1044, 972, 990, 1022, and 935 nm, respectively. Interestingly, 2·1/2THF has the shortest Pt···Pt distance and the longest emission wavelength among the six complexes. As far as we know, the luminescence of 2·1/2THF at 1044 nm is the longest emission wavelength among known diimineplatinum(II) complexes. Systematic studies revealed that good molecular planarity, suitable substituent position, weak hydrogen-bond-forming ability of the substituents, appropriate molecular bending, and weakening of the interaction between solvated molecules and platinum molecules are conducive to the construction of a 1D "Pt wire" structure of the diimineplatinum(II) complex. Furthermore, the emission energy of the complex is mainly determined by the strength of the Pt-Pt interaction and electronic effect of the substituent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Meng Su
- College of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road, No. 2, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Jia Kang
- College of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road, No. 2, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Shu-Qin Liu
- College of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road, No. 2, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Chang-Gong Meng
- College of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road, No. 2, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Qin Li
- College of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road, No. 2, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Jun Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road, No. 2, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Jun Ni
- College of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road, No. 2, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
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19
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Ouyang C, Li Y, Rees TW, Liao X, Jia J, Chen Y, Zhang X, Ji L, Chao H. Supramolecular Assembly of An Organoplatinum(II) Complex with Ratiometric Dual Emission for Two‐Photon Bioimaging. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202014043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Ouyang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry School of Chemistry Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 P. R. China
| | - Yongguang Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry School of Chemistry Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 P. R. China
| | - Thomas W. Rees
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry School of Chemistry Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 P. R. China
| | - Xinxing Liao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry School of Chemistry Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 P. R. China
| | - Jianhua Jia
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry School of Chemistry Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 P. R. China
| | - Yu Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry School of Chemistry Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 P. R. China
| | - Xiting Zhang
- Department of Chemistry University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong S.A.R. P. R. China
| | - Liangnian Ji
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry School of Chemistry Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 P. R. China
| | - Hui Chao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry School of Chemistry Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 P. R. China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hunan University of Science and Technology Xiangtan 400201 P. R. China
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20
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Ouyang C, Li Y, Rees TW, Liao X, Jia J, Chen Y, Zhang X, Ji L, Chao H. Supramolecular Assembly of An Organoplatinum(II) Complex with Ratiometric Dual Emission for Two-Photon Bioimaging. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:4150-4157. [PMID: 33174359 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202014043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The organoplatinum(II) complex [Pt(C^N^N)(Cl)] (C^N^N=5,6-diphenyl-2,2'-bipyridine, Pt1) can assemble into nanoaggregates via π-π stacking and complementary hydrogen bonds, rather than Pt-Pt interactions. Pt1 exhibits ratiometric dual emission, including rare blue emission (λem =445 nm) and assembly-induced yellow emission (λem =573 nm), under one- and two-photon excitation. Pt1 displays blue emission in cells with an intact membrane due to its low cellular uptake. In cells where the membrane is disrupted, uptake of the complex is increased and at higher concentrations yellow emission is observed. The ratio of yellow to blue emission shows a linear relationship to the loss of cell membrane integrity. Pt1 is, to our knowledge, the first example of an assembly-induced two-photon ratiometric dual emission organoplatinum complex. The excellent and unique characteristics of the complex enabled its use for the tracking of cell apoptosis, necrosis, and the inflammation process in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Ouyang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Yongguang Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Thomas W Rees
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Xinxing Liao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Jianhua Jia
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Yu Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Xiting Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong S.A.R., P. R. China
| | - Liangnian Ji
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Hui Chao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 400201, P. R. China
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21
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Influence of the ancillary ligands on the luminescence of platinum(II) complexes with a triazole-based tridentate C^N^N luminophore. Inorganica Chim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2020.119988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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22
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Yam VW, Law AS. Recent advances in supramolecular
self‐assembly
and biological applications of luminescent alkynylplatinum(
II
) polypyridine complexes. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.202000536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Wing‐Wah Yam
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials and Department of Chemistry The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road Hong Kong People's Republic of China
| | - Angela Sin‐Yee Law
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials and Department of Chemistry The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road Hong Kong People's Republic of China
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23
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Solomatina AI, Slobodina AD, Ryabova EV, Bolshakova OI, Chelushkin PS, Sarantseva SV, Tunik SP. Blood-Brain Barrier Penetrating Luminescent Conjugates Based on Cyclometalated Platinum(II) Complexes. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:2628-2637. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Aleksandra D. Slobodina
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Centre ≪Kurchatov Institute≫, Gatchina 188300, Russia
| | - Elena V. Ryabova
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Centre ≪Kurchatov Institute≫, Gatchina 188300, Russia
| | - Olga I. Bolshakova
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Centre ≪Kurchatov Institute≫, Gatchina 188300, Russia
| | - Pavel S. Chelushkin
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 198504, Russia
| | - Svetlana V. Sarantseva
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Centre ≪Kurchatov Institute≫, Gatchina 188300, Russia
| | - Sergey P. Tunik
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 198504, Russia
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24
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Chen Z, Chan MHY, Yam VWW. Stimuli-Responsive Two-Dimensional Supramolecular Polymers Based on Trinuclear Platinum(II) Scaffolds: Reversible Modulation of Photoluminescence, Cavity Size, and Water Permeability. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:16471-16478. [PMID: 32909749 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c07969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Here we report the first two-dimensional (2D) supramolecular polymer, which has varying structure and function arising from the perturbation of noncovalent metal···metal interactions in response to acid-base stimuli. This 2D assembly possesses a positively charged, honeycomb-like nanostructure consisting of trinuclear alkynylplatinum(II) terpyridine complexes appended with acid-sensitive dimethylamino groups. Upon addition of acids and bases, reversible switching mediated by protonation and deprotonation of dimethylamino and dimethylammonium moieties intrinsically alters the positive charge density of the constituent cationic units, which causes interior cavities to adaptively adjust their size, accompanied by drastic photoluminescence changes. When water molecules pass through the membranes obtained from 2D supramolecular polymers, the permeating flux can also be tuned by the pH values of the buffer media. This work paves the way toward supramolecularly engineered 2D smart materials with stimuli-responsive properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Chen
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Michael Ho-Yeung Chan
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Vivian Wing-Wah Yam
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
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25
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Abdolla NSY, Davies DL, Lowe MP, Singh K. Bis-cyclometallated Ir(III) complexes containing 2-(1 H-pyrazol-3-yl)pyridine ligands; influence of substituents and cyclometallating ligands on response to changes in pH. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:12025-12036. [PMID: 32869811 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt02434a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bis-cyclometallated Ir(iii) complexes containing 2-(1H-pyrazol-3-yl)pyridine ligands have been synthesised. Their absorption is almost unchanged with changes in pH however the emission intensities vary by a factor of up to three and the complexes have emission pKas in the range 8.0 to 10.0. Substituents on the pyrazole have only a minor effect on the emission pKa. Surprisingly the complexes with phenylpyrazole cyclometallated ligands 3aL1-3 showed an intensity decrease with increasing pH (switch off) whilst the corresponding phenylpyridine ones 3cL1-3 showed an increase in emission intensity with increasing pH. Putting electron-withdrawing CF3 substituents on the cyclometallating phenyls reduced the pKa of the complexes to 6.8-7.8, thereby extending the useful pKa range; however, in general it tended to reduce the magnitude of the change in emission intensity. Surprisingly the CF3-substituted complexes also showed a complete reversal in the direction of the intensity change when compared to their respective unsubstituted congeners.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David L Davies
- School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, Libya.
| | - Mark P Lowe
- School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, Libya.
| | - Kuldip Singh
- School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, Libya.
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26
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Liu L, Fang H, Chen Q, Chan MH, Ng M, Wang K, Liu W, Tian Z, Diao J, Mao Z, Yam VW. Multiple‐Color Platinum Complex with Super‐Large Stokes Shift for Super‐Resolution Imaging of Autolysosome Escape. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:19229-19236. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202007878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liu‐Yi Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry School of Chemistry Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 P. R. China
| | - Hongbao Fang
- Department of Cancer Biology University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Cincinnati OH 45267 USA
| | - Qixin Chen
- Institute of Materia Medica Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences Jinan 250062 P. R. China
| | - Michael Ho‐Yeung Chan
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials and Department of Chemistry The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Maggie Ng
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials and Department of Chemistry The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Kang‐Nan Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry School of Chemistry Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 P. R. China
| | - Wenting Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry School of Chemistry Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 P. R. China
| | - Zhiqi Tian
- Department of Cancer Biology University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Cincinnati OH 45267 USA
| | - Jiajie Diao
- Department of Cancer Biology University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Cincinnati OH 45267 USA
| | - Zong‐Wan Mao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry School of Chemistry Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 P. R. China
| | - Vivian Wing‐Wah Yam
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry School of Chemistry Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 P. R. China
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials and Department of Chemistry The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
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27
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Liu L, Fang H, Chen Q, Chan MH, Ng M, Wang K, Liu W, Tian Z, Diao J, Mao Z, Yam VW. Multiple‐Color Platinum Complex with Super‐Large Stokes Shift for Super‐Resolution Imaging of Autolysosome Escape. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202007878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liu‐Yi Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry School of Chemistry Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 P. R. China
| | - Hongbao Fang
- Department of Cancer Biology University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Cincinnati OH 45267 USA
| | - Qixin Chen
- Institute of Materia Medica Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences Jinan 250062 P. R. China
| | - Michael Ho‐Yeung Chan
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials and Department of Chemistry The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Maggie Ng
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials and Department of Chemistry The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Kang‐Nan Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry School of Chemistry Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 P. R. China
| | - Wenting Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry School of Chemistry Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 P. R. China
| | - Zhiqi Tian
- Department of Cancer Biology University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Cincinnati OH 45267 USA
| | - Jiajie Diao
- Department of Cancer Biology University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Cincinnati OH 45267 USA
| | - Zong‐Wan Mao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry School of Chemistry Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 P. R. China
| | - Vivian Wing‐Wah Yam
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry School of Chemistry Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 P. R. China
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials and Department of Chemistry The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
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Yam VWW, Chan AKW, Hong EYH. Charge-transfer processes in metal complexes enable luminescence and memory functions. Nat Rev Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1038/s41570-020-0199-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Knedel TO, Buss S, Maisuls I, Daniliuc CG, Schlüsener C, Brandt P, Weingart O, Vollrath A, Janiak C, Strassert CA. Encapsulation of Phosphorescent Pt(II) Complexes in Zn-Based Metal–Organic Frameworks toward Oxygen-Sensing Porous Materials. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:7252-7264. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tim-Oliver Knedel
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stefan Buss
- CiMIC, SoN, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany
- CeNTech, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Iván Maisuls
- CiMIC, SoN, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany
- CeNTech, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Constantin G. Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Correnstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Carsten Schlüsener
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Philipp Brandt
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Oliver Weingart
- Institut für Theoretische Chemie und Computerchemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Annette Vollrath
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christoph Janiak
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Cristian A. Strassert
- CiMIC, SoN, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany
- CeNTech, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Law ASY, Lee LCC, Yeung MCL, Lo KKW, Yam VWW. Amyloid Protein-Induced Supramolecular Self-Assembly of Water-Soluble Platinum(II) Complexes: A Luminescence Assay for Amyloid Fibrillation Detection and Inhibitor Screening. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:18570-18577. [PMID: 31709796 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b09515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid fibrillation has been acknowledged as a hallmark of a number of neurodegenerative ailments such as Alzheimer's disease. Accordingly, efficient detection of amyloid fibrillation will allow for great advances in the field of biomedical applications as well as in achieving early medical diagnosis. In this work, a luminescence assay for the sensitive and specific detection of amyloid fibrillation was developed by using platinum(II) complexes as sensing platforms. Supramolecular self-assembly of platinum(II) complexes was induced upon addition of amyloid, leading to alterations in the spectroscopic and luminescence properties of the complexes. As compared to fluorescent dyes, luminescent platinum(II) complexes exhibit attractive large Stokes shifts, phosphorescence lifetimes in the microsecond to submicrosecond regime, and low-energy red emission after aggregation, which are advantageous to biological imaging. At the same time, the platinum(II) complex adopted herein was found to have high photostability, high selectivity and specificity, and low cytotoxicity. The proposed design is the very first approach to detect amyloid fibrillation through the supramolecular self-assembly of luminescent platinum(II) complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Sin-Yee Law
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials (Areas of Excellence Scheme, University Grants Committee (Hong Kong)) and Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong , People's Republic of China
| | - Lawrence Cho-Cheung Lee
- Department of Chemistry , City University of Hong Kong , Tat Chee Avenue , Kowloon , Hong Kong , People's Republic of China
| | - Margaret Ching-Lam Yeung
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials (Areas of Excellence Scheme, University Grants Committee (Hong Kong)) and Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong , People's Republic of China
| | - Kenneth Kam-Wing Lo
- Department of Chemistry , City University of Hong Kong , Tat Chee Avenue , Kowloon , Hong Kong , People's Republic of China
| | - Vivian Wing-Wah Yam
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials (Areas of Excellence Scheme, University Grants Committee (Hong Kong)) and Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong , People's Republic of China
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Qiu K, Zhu H, Rees TW, Ji L, Zhang Q, Chao H. Recent advances in lysosome-targeting luminescent transition metal complexes. Coord Chem Rev 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Ranieri AM, Burt LK, Stagni S, Zacchini S, Skelton BW, Ogden MI, Bissember AC, Massi M. Anionic Cyclometalated Platinum(II) Tetrazolato Complexes as Viable Photoredox Catalysts. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Ranieri
- Curtin Institute for Functional Molecules and Interfaces, and School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley 6102 WA, Australia
| | - Liam K. Burt
- School of Natural Sciences − Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas. 7001, Australia
| | - Stefano Stagni
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Zacchini
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Brian W. Skelton
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth 6009 WA, Australia
| | - Mark I. Ogden
- Curtin Institute for Functional Molecules and Interfaces, and School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley 6102 WA, Australia
| | - Alex C. Bissember
- School of Natural Sciences − Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas. 7001, Australia
| | - Massimiliano Massi
- Curtin Institute for Functional Molecules and Interfaces, and School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley 6102 WA, Australia
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Chen J, Ao L, Wei C, Wang C, Wang F. Self-assembly of platinum(ii) 6-phenyl-2,2'-bipyridine complexes with solvato- and iono-chromic phenomena. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 55:229-232. [PMID: 30525175 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc06770h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Mono- and di-nuclear organoplatinum(ii) monomers with cyclometalated 6-phenyl-2,2'-bipyridine ligands have been successfully constructed. These systems are capable of displaying intriguing solvato- and iono-chromic phenomena by elaborately manipulating non-covalent PtPt metal-metal and π-π stacking interactions for their self-assembly processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangjun Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
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35
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Chan AKW, Yam VWW. Precise Modulation of Molecular Building Blocks from Tweezers to Rectangles for Recognition and Stimuli-Responsive Processes. Acc Chem Res 2018; 51:3041-3051. [PMID: 30427166 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Alkynylplatinum(II) terpyridine complexes have been increasingly explored since the previous decades, mainly arising from their intriguing photophysical properties and aggregation affinities associated with their extensive Pt(II)···Pt(II) and π-π stacking interactions. Through molecular engineering, one can modulate their fundamental properties and assembly behavior by introduction of various functional groups and structural features. They can therefore serve as ideal candidates to construct metal complex-based molecular architectures to provide an alternative to organic compounds. The metal-based framework can be simultaneously built from predetermined building blocks, giving rise to their well-defined, unique, and discrete natures for molecular recognition. The individual constituents can contribute to molecular architectures with their integrated properties, allowing the manipulation of the various noncovalent intermolecular forces and interactions for selective guest capture. In this Account, our recent progress in the development of these metallomolecular frameworks based on the alkynylplatinum(II) terpyridine system and their recognition properties toward different guest molecules will be presented. Phosphorescent molecular tweezers have been constructed from the alkynylplatinum(II) terpyridine moiety to demonstrate host-guest interactions with cationic, charge-neutral and anionic platinum(II), palladium(II), gold(I), and gold(III) complexes and their binding affinities were found to be perturbed by different metal···metal, π-π and electrostatic interactions. The host-guest assembly process has also resulted in dramatic color changes, together with the turning on of near-IR (NIR) emissions as a result of extensive Pt(II)···Pt(II) interactions. Further work has also been performed to demonstrate that the tweezers can selectively recognize π-surfaces of different planar π-conjugated organic guests. The framework of molecular tweezers has been extended to a double-decker tweezers structure, or a triple-decker structure, which can bind two equivalents of square-planar platinum(II) guests cooperatively to induce a significant color change in solution, representing rare examples of discrete Magnus' green-like salts. By the approaches of structural modifications, we have further modulated the host architecture from molecular tweezers to molecular rectangles. The rectangles have been found to show selective encapsulation of different transition metal complex guests based on the size and steric environment of the host cavity. The molecular rectangles also exhibit reversible host-guest association, in which guest capture and ejection processes can be manipulated by the pH environment, illustrating a potential approach for precise and smart delivery of therapeutic reagents to the slightly more acidic cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Kwun-Wa Chan
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials (Areas of Excellence Scheme, University Grants Committee, Hong Kong) and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Vivian Wing-Wah Yam
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials (Areas of Excellence Scheme, University Grants Committee, Hong Kong) and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
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36
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Zhang Q, Wang Q, Chen XX, Zhang P, Ding CF, Li Z, Jiang YB. Developing the spectral sensing scheme with in situ generated chromophores. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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37
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Fang S, Leung SYL, Li Y, Yam VWW. Directional Self-Assembly and Photoinduced Polymerization of Diacetylene-Containing Platinum(II) Terpyridine Complexes. Chemistry 2018; 24:15596-15602. [PMID: 30221406 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A series of newly designed and synthesized diacetylene-containing platinum(II) terpyridine complexes exhibited intriguing self-assembly properties. Facilitated by Pt⋅⋅⋅Pt, π-π stacking, hydrogen-bonding and hydrophobic-hydrophobic interactions, these complexes are preorganized to readily undergo topochemical polymerization reactions upon photoirradiation. The in situ polymerization of the diacetylene units to form polydiacetylene, indicated by the UV/Vis spectral changes, gel permeation chromatography and dynamic light scattering, was found to alter their assembly behaviours, as revealed by TEM images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shishi Fang
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, Areas of Excellence Scheme, University Grant Committee (Hong Kong), and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Sammual Yu-Lut Leung
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, Areas of Excellence Scheme, University Grant Committee (Hong Kong), and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Yongguang Li
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, Areas of Excellence Scheme, University Grant Committee (Hong Kong), and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China.,Lehn Institute of Functional Materials, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Vivian Wing-Wah Yam
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, Areas of Excellence Scheme, University Grant Committee (Hong Kong), and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China.,Lehn Institute of Functional Materials, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
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Li Y, Guo J, Dai B, Geng L, Shen F, Zhang Y, Yu X. Facile construction of terpridine-based metallo-polymers in hydrogels, crystals and solutions directed by metal ions. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 521:190-196. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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39
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Li H, Yuan W, Zou L, Wang X, Zhan H, Cheng Y. Synthesis, characterization and photophysical properties of homoleptic platinum(II) complexes with 2,2′-biimidazole-based ligands. TRANSIT METAL CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11243-018-0209-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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40
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Cheung AFF, Hong EYH, Yam VWW. Supramolecular Assembly of Phosphole Oxide Based Alkynylplatinum(II) 2,6-Bis(N-alkylbenzimidazol-2'-yl)pyridine Complexes-An Interplay of Hydrophobicity and Aromatic π-Surfaces. Chemistry 2018; 24:1383-1393. [PMID: 29266490 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201704110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A new class of phosphole oxide based alkynylplatinum(II) 2,6-bis(N-alkylbenzimidazol-2'-yl)pyridine (bzimpy) complexes were synthesized and characterized. Their self-assembly was driven by hydrophobic-hydrophobic and π-π stacking interactions. The self-assembly properties were also investigated by UV/Vis absorption spectroscopy, which revealed that the alkyl-chain length of the bzimpy moiety and the π-surface area of the alkynyl ligand have significant influence on the overall self-assembly process. The alkyl-chain length also affected the morphological structures of the aggregates, which were studied by transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Fu-Fai Cheung
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Eugene Yau-Hin Hong
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Vivian Wing-Wah Yam
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
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41
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Wu J, Li Y, Tan C, Wang X, Zhang Y, Song J, Qu J, Wong WY. Aggregation-induced near-infrared emitting platinum(ii) terpyridyl complex: cellular characterisation and lysosome-specific localisation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:11144-11147. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc06839a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An aggregation-induced near-infrared emitting terpyridyl Pt(ii) complex with excellent biocompatibility shows high specificity to lysosomes in HeLa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiatao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen 518060
- P. R. China
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
- Hung Hom
| | - Yaqiong Li
- Shijiazhuang People's Medical College
- Shijiazhuang 050091
- P. R. China
| | - Chunyan Tan
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- P. R. China
- The Ministry-Province Jointly Constructed Base for State Key Lab-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, the Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University
- Shenzhen 518055
| | - Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen 518060
- P. R. China
| | - Youming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen 518060
- P. R. China
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
- Hung Hom
| | - Jun Song
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen 518060
- P. R. China
| | - Junle Qu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen 518060
- P. R. China
| | - Wai-Yeung Wong
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen 518060
- P. R. China
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
- Hung Hom
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Li X, Poon CT, Hong EYH, Wong HL, Chan AKW, Wu L, Yam VWW. Multi-modulation for self-assemblies of amphiphilic rigid-soft compounds through alteration of solution polarity and temperature. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:8408-8418. [PMID: 29077127 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm01754e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A new class of small molecule-based amphiphilic carbazole-containing compounds has been designed and synthesized. Detailed analysis of the temperature- and solvent-dependent UV-vis absorption spectra has provided insights into the cooperative self-assembly mechanism of the carbazole-containing compounds. Interestingly, the prepared amphiphilic rigid-soft compounds were also found to display a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) behavior in aqueous solution, which is relatively less explored in small molecule-based materials, leading to promising candidates for the design of a new class of thermo-responsive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials and College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China.
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43
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Wang C, Yang L, Chang G. High performance polyazaindole as a novel acid fluorescent sensor with a tunable ICT effect. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES B 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1560090417050177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Cherumukkil S, Ghosh S, Praveen VK, Ajayaghosh A. An unprecedented amplification of near-infrared emission in a Bodipy derived π-system by stress or gelation. Chem Sci 2017; 8:5644-5649. [PMID: 28989602 PMCID: PMC5621002 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc01696d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A meso-substituted Bodipy derived π-gelator exhibits amplified near-infrared (NIR) emission upon shearing of its film from n-decane or drying of its gel from DMSO.
We report an unprecedented strategy to generate and amplify near-infrared (NIR) emission in an organic chromophore by mechanical stress or gelation pathways. A greenish-yellow emitting film of π-extended Bodipy-1, obtained from n-decane, became orange-red upon mechanical shearing, with a 15-fold enhancement in NIR emission at 738 nm. Alternatively, a DMSO gel of Bodipy-1 exhibited a 7-fold enhancement in NIR emission at 748 nm with a change in emission color from yellow to orange-red upon drying. The reason for the amplified NIR emission in both cases is established from the difference in chromophore packing, by single crystal analysis of a model compound (Bodipy-2), which also exhibited a near identical emission spectrum with red to NIR emission (742 nm). Comparison of the emission features and WAXS and FT-IR data of the sheared n-decane film and the DMSO xerogel with the single crystal data supports a head-to-tail slipped arrangement driven by the N–H···F–B bonding in the sheared or xerogel states, which facilitates strong exciton coupling and the resultant NIR emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Cherumukkil
- Photosciences and Photonics Section , Chemical Sciences and Technology Division , CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST) , Thiruvananthapuram-695019 , India . .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) , CSIR-NIIST Campus , Thiruvananthapuram-695019 , India
| | - Samrat Ghosh
- Photosciences and Photonics Section , Chemical Sciences and Technology Division , CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST) , Thiruvananthapuram-695019 , India . .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) , CSIR-NIIST Campus , Thiruvananthapuram-695019 , India
| | - Vakayil K Praveen
- Photosciences and Photonics Section , Chemical Sciences and Technology Division , CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST) , Thiruvananthapuram-695019 , India . .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) , CSIR-NIIST Campus , Thiruvananthapuram-695019 , India
| | - Ayyappanpillai Ajayaghosh
- Photosciences and Photonics Section , Chemical Sciences and Technology Division , CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST) , Thiruvananthapuram-695019 , India . .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) , CSIR-NIIST Campus , Thiruvananthapuram-695019 , India
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45
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Shafikov MZ, Suleymanova AF, Kozhevnikov DN, König B. Tuning the Excimer Emission of Amphiphilic Platinum(II) Complexes Mediated by Phospholipid Vesicles. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:4885-4897. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b03100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marsel Z. Shafikov
- Ural Federal University, Mira 19, Ekaterinburg, 620002, Russia
- I. Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ekaterinburg, 620990, Russia
| | | | | | - Burkhard König
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
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46
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Ionescu A, Ricciardi L. Water-induced red luminescence in ionic square-planar cyclometalated platinum(II) complexes. Inorganica Chim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2016.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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47
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Fu HLK, Po C, Leung SYL, Yam VWW. Self-Assembled Architectures of Alkynylplatinum(II) Amphiphiles and Their Structural Optimization: A Balance of the Interplay Among Pt···Pt, π-π Stacking, and Hydrophobic-Hydrophobic Interactions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:2786-2795. [PMID: 28079355 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b12584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A series of alkynylplatinum(II) terpyridine complexes with triethylene glycol units was synthesized, and their self-assembly properties were investigated in solution by UV-vis absorption, emission, and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The aggregation behaviors of several water-soluble complexes were investigated in aqueous media. Some of them were found to give rise to uniform fibers, suggesting the important role that triethylene glycol units has in regulating their self-assembly properties. Further modifications of these structures through the incorporation of alkyl chains and changes in counter-anions have rendered the complexes more amphiphilic in nature, and the effect of their alkyl chain lengths was studied and optimized. The distinguishable color and spectral changes upon variations in solvent compositions might have potential applications in developing colorimetric and luminescent probes for the detection of microenvironment change. Furthermore, an optimum chain length, i.e., n-butyl chain, is required for the formation of stable and ordered nanostructures. This represents a delicate balance among Pt···Pt, π-π stacking, and hydrophobic-hydrophobic interactions and provides guiding principles into the construction of supramolecular materials with practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Li-Ki Fu
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, Areas of Excellence Scheme, University Grants Committee, Hong Kong, and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Charlotte Po
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, Areas of Excellence Scheme, University Grants Committee, Hong Kong, and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sammual Yu-Lut Leung
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, Areas of Excellence Scheme, University Grants Committee, Hong Kong, and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Vivian Wing-Wah Yam
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, Areas of Excellence Scheme, University Grants Committee, Hong Kong, and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
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48
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Hebenbrock M, Stegemann L, Kösters J, Doltsinis NL, Müller J, Strassert CA. Phosphorescent Pt(ii) complexes bearing a monoanionic C^N^N luminophore and tunable ancillary ligands. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:3160-3169. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt00393e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A new monoanionic pincer luminophore is presented, yielding phosphorescent Pt(ii) complexes bearing a neutral 1,2,3-triazole ring introduced via click chemistry. The overall charge, intermolecular interactions and excited state properties can be manipulated and controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Hebenbrock
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- D-48149 Münster
- Germany
| | - Linda Stegemann
- Physikalisches Institut and Center for Nanotechnology
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- D-48149 Münster
- Germany
| | - Jutta Kösters
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- D-48149 Münster
- Germany
| | - Nikos L. Doltsinis
- Institut für Festkörpertheorie and Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- D-48149 Münster
- Germany
| | - Jens Müller
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- D-48149 Münster
- Germany
| | - Cristian A. Strassert
- Physikalisches Institut and Center for Nanotechnology
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- D-48149 Münster
- Germany
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49
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Zhang P, Wang Y, Qiu K, Zhao Z, Hu R, He C, Zhang Q, Chao H. A NIR phosphorescent osmium(ii) complex as a lysosome tracking reagent and photodynamic therapeutic agent. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:12341-12344. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc07776a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In comparison to a ruthenium(ii) complex, an osmium(ii) complex has great advantages of NIR phosphorescence imaging and NIR photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingyu Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen
- P. R. China
| | - Yi Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen
- P. R. China
| | - Kangqiang Qiu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen
- P. R. China
| | - Zhiqian Zhao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen
- P. R. China
| | - Rentao Hu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen
- P. R. China
| | - Chuanxin He
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen
- P. R. China
| | - Qianling Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen
- P. R. China
| | - Hui Chao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen
- P. R. China
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50
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Kang J, Zhang X, Zhou H, Gai X, Jia T, Xu L, Zhang J, Li Y, Ni J. 1-D “Platinum Wire” Stacking Structure Built of Platinum(II) Diimine Bis(σ-acetylide) Units with Luminescence in the NIR Region. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:10208-10217. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b01426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Kang
- College of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road No. 2, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxin Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road No. 2, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Huajun Zhou
- High Density
Electronics Center, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Xuqiao Gai
- College of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road No. 2, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Ting Jia
- College of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road No. 2, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Liang Xu
- College of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road No. 2, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Jianjun Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road No. 2, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Yanqin Li
- College of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road No. 2, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Jun Ni
- College of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road No. 2, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
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