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Hou S, Ma J, Cheng Y, Wang H, Sun J, Yan Y. The toxicity mechanisms of DON to humans and animals and potential biological treatment strategies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 63:790-812. [PMID: 34520302 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1954598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol, also known as vomitotoxin, is produced by Fusarium, belonging to the group B of the trichothecene family. DON is widely polluted, mainly polluting cereal crops such as wheat, barley, oats, corn and related cereal products, which are closely related to lives of people and animals. At present, there have been articles summarizing DON induced toxicity, biological detoxification and the protective effect of natural products, but there is no systematic summary of this information. In addition to ribosome and endoplasmic reticulum, recent investigations support that mitochondrion is also organelles that DON can damage. DON can't directly act on mitochondria, but can indirectly cause mitochondrial damage and changes through other means. DON can indirectly inhibit mitochondrial biogenesis and mitochondrial electron transport chain activity, ATP production, and mitochondrial transcription and translation. This review will provide the latest progress on mitochondria as the research object, and systematically summarizes all the toxic mechanisms of DON. Here, we discuss DON induced mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis and various mitochondrial toxicity. For the toxicity of DON, many methods have been derived to prevent or reduce the toxicity. Biological detoxification and the antioxidant effect of natural products are potentially effective treatments for DON toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silu Hou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingjiao Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuqiang Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hengan Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhe Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaxian Yan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Quercetin mitigates the deoxynivalenol mycotoxin induced apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells by modulating the oxidative stress mediators. Saudi J Biol Sci 2020; 28:465-477. [PMID: 33424329 PMCID: PMC7783655 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is Fusarium mycotoxin that is frequently found in many cereal-based foods, and its ingestion has a deleterious impact on human health. In this investigation, we studied the mechanism of DON-induced neurotoxicity and followed by cytoprotective efficacy of quercetin (QUE) in contradiction of DON-induced neurotoxicity through assessing the oxidative stress and apoptotic demise in the human neuronal model, i.e. SH-SY5Y cells. DON diminished the proliferation of cells in the manner of dose and time-dependent as revealed by cell viability investigations, i.e. MTT and lactate dehydrogenase assays. Additional studies, such as intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation (LPO), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), DNA damage, cell cycle, and neuronal biomarkers (amino acid decarboxylase, tyrosine hydroxylase, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor) demonstrated that DON induces apoptotic demise in neuronal cells through oxidative stress intermediaries. On another hand, pre-treatment of neuronal cells with 1 mM of quercetin (QUE) showed decent viability upon exposure to 100 µM of DON. In detailed studies demonstrated that QUE (1 mM) pre-treated cells show strong attenuation efficiency against DON-induced ROS generation, LPO, MMP loss, DNA impairment, cell cycle arrest, and down-regulation of neuronal biomarkers. The consequences of the investigation concluded that QUE mitigates the DON-induced stress viz., decreased ROS production and LPO generation, upholding MMP and DNA integrity and regulation of neuronal biomarker gene expression in SH-SY5Y cells.
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Flampouri E, Theodosi-Palimeri D, Kintzios S. Strobilurin fungicide kresoxim-methyl effects on a cancerous neural cell line: oxidant/antioxidant responses and in vitro migration. Toxicol Mech Methods 2018; 28:709-716. [PMID: 30064279 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2018.1506848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we report the effects of the complex III inhibitor, strobilurin fungicide kresoxim-methyl, on the cellular homeostasis of a mammalian cancerous neural cell line. We examined whether exposure to subcytotoxic concentrations of kresoxim-methyl induce cellular and biochemical mechanisms of toxicity on the murine neuroblastoma N2a cells. Results revealed elevation of mitochondrial superoxide generation, decrease in mitochondrial transmembrane potential, losses on GPx enzyme activity, along with increased nitrite release. Fungicide exposure also induced impaired cellular migration. Our findings suggest that kresoxim-methyl, besides targeting the mitochondria in fungi, exerts its mode of action in mammalian cancer cells. Abbreviations: CAT: catalase; DMEM: Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium; GPx: glutathione peroxidase; KM: kresoxym-methyl; N2a: mouse neuroblastoma cells; NO: nitric oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Flampouri
- a Laboratory of Cell Technology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Food, Biotechnology and Development , Agricultural University of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - Dimitra Theodosi-Palimeri
- a Laboratory of Cell Technology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Food, Biotechnology and Development , Agricultural University of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - Spyridon Kintzios
- a Laboratory of Cell Technology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Food, Biotechnology and Development , Agricultural University of Athens , Athens , Greece
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Flampouri E, Mavrikou S, Mouzaki-Paxinou AC, Kintzios S. Alterations of cellular redox homeostasis in cultured fibroblast-like renal cells upon exposure to low doses of cytochrome bc1 complex inhibitor kresoxim-methyl. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 113:97-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Schmeits PCJ, Schaap MM, Luijten M, van Someren E, Boorsma A, van Loveren H, Peijnenburg AACM, Hendriksen PJM. Detection of the mechanism of immunotoxicity of cyclosporine A in murine in vitro and in vivo models. Arch Toxicol 2014; 89:2325-37. [PMID: 25224403 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1365-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptomics in combination with in vitro cell systems is a powerful approach to unravel modes of action of toxicants. An important question is to which extent the modes of action as revealed by transcriptomics depend on cell type, species and study type (in vitro or in vivo). To acquire more insight into this, we assessed the transcriptomic effects of the immunosuppressive drug cyclosporine A (CsA) upon 6 h of exposure of the mouse cytotoxic T cell line CTLL-2, the thymoma EL-4 and primary splenocytes and compared these to the effects in spleens of mice orally treated with CsA for 7 days. EL-4 and CTLL-2 cells showed the highest similarities in response. CsA affected many genes in primary splenocytes that were not affected in EL-4 or CTLL-2. Pathway analysis demonstrated that CsA upregulated the unfolded protein response, endoplasmic reticulum stress and NRF2 activation in EL-4 cells, CTLL-2 cells and primary mouse splenocytes but not in mouse spleen in vivo. As expected, CsA downregulated cell cycle and immune response in splenocytes in vitro, spleens in vivo as well as CTLL-2 in vitro. Genes up- and downregulated in human Jurkat, HepG2 and renal proximal tubular cells were similarly affected in CTLL-2, EL-4 and primary splenocytes in vitro. In conclusion, of the models tested in this study, the known mechanism of immunotoxicity of CsA is best represented in the mouse cytotoxic T cell line CTLL-2. This is likely due to the fact that this cell line is cultured in the presence of a T cell activation stimulant (IL-2) making it more suitable to detect inhibitory effects on T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C J Schmeits
- RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - M M Schaap
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Toxicogenetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M Luijten
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Toxicogenetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - E van Someren
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Research Group Microbiology and Systems Biology, TNO, P.O. Box 360, 3700 AJ, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - A Boorsma
- Research Group Microbiology and Systems Biology, TNO, P.O. Box 360, 3700 AJ, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - H van Loveren
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - A A C M Peijnenburg
- RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - P J M Hendriksen
- RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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