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Lee T, Lee M, Seo H, Kim M, Chun B, Kwak J. Top-Emitting Quantum Dot Light-Emitting Diodes: Theory, Optimization, and Application. SMALL METHODS 2024; 8:e2300266. [PMID: 37183298 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The superior optical properties of colloidal quantum dots (QDs) have garnered significant broad interest from academia and industry owing to their successful application in self-emitting QD-based light-emitting diodes (QLEDs). In particular, active research is being conducted on QLEDs with top-emission device architectures (TQLEDs) owing to their advantages such as easy integration with conventional backplanes, high color purity, and excellent light extraction. However, due to the complicated optical phenomena and their highly sensitive optoelectrical properties to experimental variations, TQLEDs cannot be optimized easily for practical use. This review summarizes previous studies that have investigated top-emitting device structures and discusses ways to advance the performance of TQLEDs. First, theories relevant to the optoelectrical properties of TQLEDs are introduced. Second, advancements in device optimization are presented, where the underlying theories for each are considered. Finally, multilateral strategies for TQLEDs to enable their wider application to advanced industries are discussed. This work believes that this review can provide valuable insights for realizing commercial TQLEDs applicable to a broad range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taesoo Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-university Semiconductor Research Center, and Soft Foundry Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Minhyung Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-university Semiconductor Research Center, and Soft Foundry Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hansol Seo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-university Semiconductor Research Center, and Soft Foundry Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjun Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-university Semiconductor Research Center, and Soft Foundry Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Beomsoo Chun
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-university Semiconductor Research Center, and Soft Foundry Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghun Kwak
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-university Semiconductor Research Center, and Soft Foundry Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
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2
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Herkert EK, Bermeo Alvaro DR, Recchia M, Langbein W, Borri P, Garcia-Parajo MF. Hybrid Plasmonic Nanostructures for Enhanced Single-Molecule Detection Sensitivity. ACS NANO 2023; 17:8453-8464. [PMID: 37011057 PMCID: PMC10173688 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c00576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Biosensing applications based on fluorescence detection often require single-molecule sensitivity in the presence of strong background signals. Plasmonic nanoantennas are particularly suitable for these tasks, as they can confine and enhance light in volumes far below the diffraction limit. The recently introduced antenna-in-box (AiB) platforms achieved high single-molecule detection sensitivity at high fluorophore concentrations by placing gold nanoantennas in a gold aperture. However, hybrid AiB platforms with alternative aperture materials such as aluminum promise superior performance by providing better background screening. Here, we report on the fabrication and optical characterization of hybrid AiBs made of gold and aluminum for enhanced single-molecule detection sensitivity. We computationally optimize the optical properties of AiBs by controlling their geometry and materials and find that hybrid nanostructures not only improve signal-to-background ratios but also provide additional excitation intensity and fluorescence enhancements. We further establish a two-step electron beam lithography process to fabricate hybrid material AiB arrays with high reproducibility and experimentally validate the higher excitation and emission enhancements of the hybrid nanostructures as compared to their gold counterpart. We foresee that biosensors based on hybrid AiBs will provide improved sensitivity beyond the capabilities of current nanophotonic sensors for a plethora of biosensing applications ranging from multicolor fluorescence detection to label-free vibrational spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ediz Kaan Herkert
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Domenica Romina Bermeo Alvaro
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Martina Recchia
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, CF10 3AX Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Wolfgang Langbein
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, The Parade, Cardiff CF24 3AA, United Kingdom
| | - Paola Borri
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, CF10 3AX Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Maria F Garcia-Parajo
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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Lee D, Song J, Song G, Pang Y. Metal-enhanced fluorescence of dyes with quadrupole surface plasmon resonance of silver nanoparticles. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:2794-2805. [PMID: 36132004 PMCID: PMC9418669 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00837d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Silver colloidal films (SCFs) composed of homogeneous 60-220 nm silver nanoparticles were synthesized for optimal fluorescence enhancement of chromophores with the dipole and quadrupole surface plasmons. The fluorescence enhancements with the SCFs of three chromophores, 4-(dicyanomethylene)-2-methyl-6-(4-dimethylaminostyryl)-4H-pyran, 4-dimethylamino-4'-nitrobiphenyl, and coumarin 343 whose emission spectra are centered distinctively in the 470-560 nm wavelength range were compared. Fluorescence enhancements and lifetime changes were investigated via time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. The spectral overlap between the chromophore's emission and the dipole or quadrupole surface plasmon resonance (SPR) bands determined the fluorescence enhancements with the SCFs. The dipole and quadrupole SPR bands both appeared to provide effective fluorescence enhancements of chromophores. This knowledge allows researchers to develop sensitive fluorescence sensors by combining nanoparticles with optimal dipole or quadrupole SPR bands in order to achieve fluorescence enhancement of a specific chromophore. The emission dynamics measurements with the SCFs were combined with the finite-difference time-domain simulation results for the local electric fields around the silver nanoparticles to enable discussion of metal-enhanced fluorescence mechanisms, including excitation and emission enhancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daedu Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu Gwangju 61005 Republic of Korea
| | - Junghyun Song
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu Gwangju 61005 Republic of Korea
| | - Gyounghyun Song
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu Gwangju 61005 Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonsoo Pang
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu Gwangju 61005 Republic of Korea
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Zheng J, Cheng X, Zhang H, Bai X, Ai R, Shao L, Wang J. Gold Nanorods: The Most Versatile Plasmonic Nanoparticles. Chem Rev 2021; 121:13342-13453. [PMID: 34569789 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gold nanorods (NRs), pseudo-one-dimensional rod-shaped nanoparticles (NPs), have become one of the burgeoning materials in the recent years due to their anisotropic shape and adjustable plasmonic properties. With the continuous improvement in synthetic methods, a variety of materials have been attached around Au NRs to achieve unexpected or improved plasmonic properties and explore state-of-the-art technologies. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the latest progress on Au NRs, the most versatile anisotropic plasmonic NPs. We present a representative overview of the advances in the synthetic strategies and outline an extensive catalogue of Au-NR-based heterostructures with tailored architectures and special functionalities. The bottom-up assembly of Au NRs into preprogrammed metastructures is then discussed, as well as the design principles. We also provide a systematic elucidation of the different plasmonic properties associated with the Au-NR-based structures, followed by a discussion of the promising applications of Au NRs in various fields. We finally discuss the future research directions and challenges of Au NRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiapeng Zheng
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Xizhe Cheng
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Xiaopeng Bai
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Ruoqi Ai
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Lei Shao
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianfang Wang
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
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Winkler PM, García-Parajo MF. Correlative nanophotonic approaches to enlighten the nanoscale dynamics of living cell membranes. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:2357-2369. [PMID: 34495333 PMCID: PMC8589428 DOI: 10.1042/bst20210457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic compartmentalization is a prevailing principle regulating the spatiotemporal organization of the living cell membrane from the nano- up to the mesoscale. This non-arbitrary organization is intricately linked to cell function. On living cell membranes, dynamic domains or 'membrane rafts' enriched with cholesterol, sphingolipids and other certain proteins exist at the nanoscale serving as signaling and sorting platforms. Moreover, it has been postulated that other local organizers of the cell membrane such as intrinsic protein interactions, the extracellular matrix and/or the actin cytoskeleton synergize with rafts to provide spatiotemporal hierarchy to the membrane. Elucidating the intricate coupling of multiple spatial and temporal scales requires the application of correlative techniques, with a particular need for simultaneous nanometer spatial precision and microsecond temporal resolution. Here, we review novel fluorescence-based techniques that readily allow to decode nanoscale membrane dynamics with unprecedented spatiotemporal resolution and single-molecule sensitivity. We particularly focus on correlative approaches from the field of nanophotonics. Notably, we introduce a versatile planar nanoantenna platform combined with fluorescence correlation spectroscopy to study spatiotemporal heterogeneities on living cell membranes at the nano- up to the mesoscale. Finally, we outline remaining future technological challenges and comment on potential directions to advance our understanding of cell membrane dynamics under the influence of the actin cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix in uttermost detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamina M. Winkler
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Barcelona, Spain
| | - María F. García-Parajo
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluis Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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Coccia E, Corni S. Role of coherence in the plasmonic control of molecular absorption. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:044703. [PMID: 31370514 DOI: 10.1063/1.5109378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The interpretation of nanoplasmonic effects on molecular properties, such as metal-enhanced absorption or fluorescence, typically assumes a fully coherent picture (in the quantum-mechanical sense) of the phenomena. Yet, there may be conditions where the coherent picture breaks down, and the decoherence effect should be accounted for. Using a state-of-the-art multiscale model approach able to include environment-induced dephasing, here we show that metal nanoparticle effects on the light absorption by a nearby molecule is strongly affected (even qualitatively, i.e., suppression vs enhancement) by molecular electronic decoherence. The present work shows that decoherence can be thought of as a further design element of molecular nanoplasmonic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Coccia
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Corni
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, Padova, Italy
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Caprasecca S, Corni S, Mennucci B. Shaping excitons in light-harvesting proteins through nanoplasmonics. Chem Sci 2018; 9:6219-6227. [PMID: 30090309 PMCID: PMC6062888 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc01162a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoplasmonics has been used to enhance molecular spectroscopic signals, with exquisite spatial resolution down to the sub-molecular scale. By means of a rigorous, state-of-the-art multiscale model based on a quantum chemical description, here we show that optimally tuned tip-shaped metal nanoparticles can selectively excite localized regions of typically coherent systems, eventually narrowing down to probing one single pigment. The well-known major light-harvesting complex LH2 of purple bacteria has been investigated because of its unique properties, as it presents both high and weak delocalization among subclusters of pigments. This finding opens the way to the direct spectroscopic investigation of quantum-based processes, such as the quantum diffusion of the excitation among the chromophores, and their external manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Caprasecca
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale , Università di Pisa , I-56124 Pisa , Italy . ;
| | - Stefano Corni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche , Università di Padova , I-35131 Padova , Italy .
| | - Benedetta Mennucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale , Università di Pisa , I-56124 Pisa , Italy . ;
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Tahara K, Mohamed A, Kawahara K, Nagao R, Kato Y, Fukumura H, Shibata Y, Noguchi T. Fluorescence property of photosystem II protein complexes bound to a gold nanoparticle. Faraday Discuss 2017; 198:121-134. [PMID: 28272621 DOI: 10.1039/c6fd00188b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Development of an efficient photo-anode system for water oxidation is key to the success of artificial photosynthesis. We previously assembled photosystem II (PSII) proteins, which are an efficient natural photocatalyst for water oxidation, on a gold nanoparticle (GNP) to prepare a PSII-GNP conjugate as an anode system in a light-driven water-splitting nano-device (Noji et al., J. Phys. Chem. Lett., 2011, 2, 2448-2452). In the current study, we characterized the fluorescence property of the PSII-GNP conjugate by static and time-resolved fluorescence measurements, and compared with that of free PSII proteins. It was shown that in a static fluorescence spectrum measured at 77 K, the amplitude of a major peak at 683 nm was significantly reduced and a red shoulder at 693 nm disappeared in PSII-GNP. Time-resolved fluorescence measurements showed that picosecond components at 683 nm decayed faster by factors of 1.4-2.1 in PSII-GNP than in free PSII, explaining the observed quenching of the major fluorescence peak. In addition, a nanosecond-decay component arising from a 'red chlorophyll' at 693 nm was lost in time-resolved fluorescence of PSII-GNP, probably due to a structural perturbation of this chlorophyll by interaction with GNP. Consistently with these fluorescence properties, degradation of PSII during strong-light illumination was two times slower in PSII-GNP than in free PSII. The enhanced durability of PSII is an advantageous property of the PSII-GNP conjugate in the development of an artificial photosynthesis device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Tahara
- Division of Material Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan.
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Challenges facing an understanding of the nature of low-energy excited states in photosynthesis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2016; 1857:1627-1640. [PMID: 27372198 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
While the majority of the photochemical states and pathways related to the biological capture of solar energy are now well understood and provide paradigms for artificial device design, additional low-energy states have been discovered in many systems with obscure origins and significance. However, as low-energy states are naively expected to be critical to function, these observations pose important challenges. A review of known properties of low energy states covering eight photochemical systems, and options for their interpretation, are presented. A concerted experimental and theoretical research strategy is suggested and outlined, this being aimed at providing a fully comprehensive understanding.
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Caprasecca S, Guido CA, Mennucci B. Control of Coherences and Optical Responses of Pigment-Protein Complexes by Plasmonic Nanoantennae. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:2189-2196. [PMID: 27223268 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b00828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The key for light-harvesting in pigment-protein complexes are molecular excitons, delocalized excited states comprising a superposition of excitations at different molecular sites. There is experimental evidence that the optical response due to such excitons can be largely affected by plasmonic nanoantennae. Here we employ a multiscale approach combining time-dependent density functional theory and polarizable classical models to study the optical behavior of the LH2 complex present in bacteria when interacting with a gold nanorod. The simulation not only reproduces the experiments but also explains their molecular origin. By tuning the chromophoric unit and selectively switching on/off the excitonic interactions, as well as by exploring different setups, we clearly show that the dramatic enhancement in the optical response, unexpectedly, is not accompanied by changes in the coherences. Instead polarization effects are dominant. These results can be used to design an optimal control of the light-harvesting process through plasmonic nanoantennae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Caprasecca
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, University of Pisa , Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Ciro A Guido
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, University of Pisa , Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Benedetta Mennucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, University of Pisa , Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
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Wientjes E, Renger J, Cogdell R, van Hulst NF. Pushing the Photon Limit: Nanoantennas Increase Maximal Photon Stream and Total Photon Number. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:1604-9. [PMID: 27082249 PMCID: PMC4864408 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b00491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Nanoantennas are well-known for their effective role in fluorescence enhancement, both in excitation and emission. Enhancements of 3-4 orders of magnitude have been reported. Yet in practice, the photon emission is limited by saturation due to the time that a molecule spends in singlet and especially triplet excited states. The maximal photon stream restricts the attainable enhancement. Furthermore, the total number of photons emitted is limited by photobleaching. The limited brightness and observation time are a drawback for applications, especially in biology. Here we challenge this photon limit, showing that nanoantennas can actually increase both saturation intensity and photostability. So far, this limit-shifting role of nanoantennas has hardly been explored. Specifically, we demonstrate that single light-harvesting complexes, under saturating excitation conditions, show over a 50-fold antenna-enhanced photon emission stream, with 10-fold more total photons, up to 10(8) detected photons, before photobleaching. This work shows yet another facet of the great potential of nanoantennas in the world of single-molecule biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Wientjes
- ICFO − Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Renger
- ICFO − Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of
Light, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Richard Cogdell
- Glasgow Biomedical Research
Building, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
| | - Niek F. van Hulst
- ICFO − Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA
− Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
- E-mail:
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