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Huo W, Zhou X, Jin Y, Xie C, Yang S, Qian J, Cai D, Ge Y, Qu Y, Nie H, Yang Z. Rhenium Suppresses Iridium (IV) Oxide Crystallization and Enables Efficient, Stable Electrochemical Water Oxidation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2207847. [PMID: 36772894 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
IrO2 as benchmark electrocatalyst for acidic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) suffers from its low activity and poor stability. Modulating the coordination environment of IrO2 by chemical doping is a methodology to suppress Ir dissolution and tailor adsorption behavior of active oxygen intermediates on interfacial Ir sites. Herein, the Re-doped IrO2 with low crystallinity is rationally designed as highly active and robust electrocatalysts for acidic OER. Theoretical calculations suggest that the similar ionic sizes of Ir and Re impart large spontaneous substitution energy and successfully incorporate Re into the IrO2 lattice. Re-doped IrO2 exhibits a much larger migration energy from IrO2 surface (0.96 eV) than other dopants (Ni, Cu, and Zn), indicating strong confinement of Re within the IrO2 lattice for suppressing Ir dissolution. The optimal catalysts (Re: 10 at%) exhibit a low overpotential of 255 mV at 10 mA cm-2 and a high stability of 170 h for acidic OER. The comprehensive mechanism investigations demonstrate that the unique structural arrangement of the Ir active sites with Re-dopant imparts high performance of catalysts by minimizing Ir dissolution, facilitating *OH adsorption and *OOH deprotonation, and lowering kinetic barrier during OER. This study provides a methodology for designing highly-performed catalysts for energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Huo
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, P. R. China
| | - Xuemei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, P. R. China
| | - Yuwei Jin
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, P. R. China
| | - Canquan Xie
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, P. R. China
| | - Shuo Yang
- College of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, P. R. China
| | - Jinjie Qian
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, P. R. China
| | - Dong Cai
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, P. R. China
| | - Yongjie Ge
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, P. R. China
| | - Yongquan Qu
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Huagui Nie
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, P. R. China
| | - Zhi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, P. R. China
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Chikkegowda CR, Yadav AA. Precursor solution concentration-dependent electrochemical supercapacitive behavior of spray-deposited RuO2 films using aqueous/organic solvent mixtures. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-022-01806-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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3
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Madhu R, Karmakar A, Kumaravel S, Sankar SS, Bera K, Nagappan S, Dhandapani HN, Kundu S. Revealing the pH-Universal Electrocatalytic Activity of Co-Doped RuO 2 toward the Water Oxidation Reaction. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:1077-1091. [PMID: 34951298 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c20752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Electrocatalytic water splitting has gained vast attention in recent decades for its role in catalyzing hydrogen production effectively as an alternative to fossil fuels. Moreover, the designing of highly efficient oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts across the universal pH conditions was more challengeable as in harsh anodic potentials, it questions the activity and stability of the concerned catalyst. Generally, geometrical engineering and electronic structural modulation of the catalyst can effectively boost the OER activity. Herein, a Co-doped RuO2 nanorod material is developed and used as an OER electrocatalyst at different pH conditions. Co-RuO2 exhibits a lower overpotential value of 238 mV in an alkaline environment (1 M KOH) with a Tafel slope value of 48 mV/dec. On the other hand, in acidic, neutral, and near-neutral environments, it required overpotentials of 328, 453, and 470 mV, respectively, to attain a 10 mA/cm2 current density. It is observed that doping of Co into the RuO2 could synergistically increase the active sites with the enhanced electrophilic nature of Ru4+ to accelerate OER in all of the pH ranges. This study finds the applicability of earth-abundant-based metals like Co to be used in universal pH conditions with a simple doping technique. Further, it assured the stable nature in all pH electrolytes and needs to be further explored with other metals in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragunath Madhu
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
- Electrochemical Process Engineering (EPE) Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu 630003, India
| | - Arun Karmakar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
- Electrochemical Process Engineering (EPE) Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu 630003, India
| | - Sangeetha Kumaravel
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
- Electrochemical Process Engineering (EPE) Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu 630003, India
| | - Selvasundarasekar Sam Sankar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
- Electrochemical Process Engineering (EPE) Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu 630003, India
| | - Krishnendu Bera
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
- Electrochemical Process Engineering (EPE) Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu 630003, India
| | - Sreenivasan Nagappan
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
- Electrochemical Process Engineering (EPE) Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu 630003, India
| | - Hariharan N Dhandapani
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
- Electrochemical Process Engineering (EPE) Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu 630003, India
| | - Subrata Kundu
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
- Electrochemical Process Engineering (EPE) Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu 630003, India
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Singh A, Kaushik V, Chahal S, Goswami A, Nain S. Efficient Degradation of Methylene Blue Dye and Antibacterial Performance of Shape Controlled RuO
2
Nanocomposites. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202102546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanvir Singh
- Department of Chemistry Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology Murthal 131039 Haryana India
| | - Vikas Kaushik
- Department of Biotechnology Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology Murthal 131039 Haryana India
| | - Surjeet Chahal
- Department of Physics Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology Murthal 131039 Haryana India
| | - Arkaja Goswami
- Department of Chemistry Shyamlal College University of Delhi 110032 New Delhi India
| | - Sonia Nain
- Department of Chemistry Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology Murthal 131039 Haryana India
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Hakimi F, Rashchi F, Ghalekhani M, Dolati A, Razi Astaraei F. Effect of a Synthesized Pulsed Electrodeposited Ti/PbO 2–RuO 2 Nanocomposite on Zinc Electrowinning. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c01517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fateme Hakimi
- School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran 11155-4563, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Rashchi
- School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran 11155-4563, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Ghalekhani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Lavizan, Tehran 16785-163, Iran
| | - Abolghasem Dolati
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 66165201, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Razi Astaraei
- Renewable Energies and Environmental Department, Faculty of New Science and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran 6619-14155, Iran
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Kepceoğlu A, Gündoğdu Y, Sarilmaz A, Ersöz M, Özel F, Kiliç HŞ. Rhenium/rhenium oxide nanoparticles production using femtosecond pulsed laser ablation in liquid. Turk J Chem 2021; 45:485-492. [PMID: 34104059 PMCID: PMC8164208 DOI: 10.3906/kim-2008-59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, rhenium/rhenium oxide nanoparticles (Re / ReO3 NPs) have been produced for the first time in ultrapure water by using Femtosecond Pulsed Laser Ablation in Liquid (fsPLAL) method. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) measurements and results obtained for NPs show the existence of well-crystallized peaks and preferred phases. Re NPs have hexagonal structure while ReO3 NPs have the perovskite-like cubic crystal structures. The Re / ReO3 ratio is also determined to be 53 / 47 with ~ 20 nm crystallite size, while pure ReO3 crystallite sizes were measured to be ~ 25 nm. The TEM results have shown that the produced particles have a spherical shape, and particle sizes changes between ~ 20 nm and ~ 60 nm. The crystallite size is similar due to XRD results. Obtained nanoparticles exhibit promising applications for photonic devices with broad bandgap values which have measured to be 4.71 eV for Re / ReO3 NPs mixture and 4.36 eV for pure ReO3 NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Kepceoğlu
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Selçuk University, Konya Turkey
| | - Yasemin Gündoğdu
- Department of Computer Technologies, Kadınhanı Faik İçil Vocational High School, University of Selçuk, Konya Turkey.,Selçuk University Laser Driven Proton Therapy Research and Application (SULTAN) Center, Konya Turkey
| | - Adem Sarilmaz
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University, Karaman Turkey
| | - Mustafa Ersöz
- Directorate of High Technology Research and Application Center, Selçuk University, Konya Turkey.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Selçuk University, Konya Turkey
| | - Faruk Özel
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University, Karaman Turkey
| | - Hamdi Şükür Kiliç
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Selçuk University, Konya Turkey.,Directorate of High Technology Research and Application Center, Selçuk University, Konya Turkey.,Selçuk University Laser Driven Proton Therapy Research and Application (SULTAN) Center, Konya Turkey
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7
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Lee H, Kim Y, Yu A, Jin D, Jo A, Lee Y, Kim MH, Lee C. An Efficient Electrochemical Sensor Driven by Hierarchical Hetero-Nanostructures Consisting of RuO 2 Nanorods on WO 3 Nanofibers for Detecting Biologically Relevant Molecules. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19153295. [PMID: 31357512 PMCID: PMC6696473 DOI: 10.3390/s19153295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
By means of electrospinning with the thermal annealing process, we investigate a highly efficient sensing platform driven by a hierarchical hetero-nanostructure for the sensitive detection of biologically relevant molecules, consisting of single crystalline ruthenium dioxide nanorods (RuO2 NRs) directly grown on the surface of electrospun tungsten trioxide nanofibers (WO3 NFs). Electrochemical measurements reveal the enhanced electron transfer kinetics at the prepared RuO2 NRs-WO3 NFs hetero-nanostructures due to the incorporation of conductive RuO2 NRs nanostructures with a high surface area, resulting in improved relevant electrochemical sensing performances for detecting H2O2 and L-ascorbic acid with high sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyerim Lee
- Department of Chemistry & Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Yeomin Kim
- Department of Chemistry & Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Areum Yu
- Department of Chemistry & Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Dasol Jin
- Department of Chemistry & Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Ara Jo
- Department of Chemistry & Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Youngmi Lee
- Department of Chemistry & Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea.
| | - Myung Hwa Kim
- Department of Chemistry & Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea.
| | - Chongmok Lee
- Department of Chemistry & Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea.
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Tovini MF, Patil B, Koz C, Uyar T, Yılmaz E. Nanohybrid structured RuO 2/Mn 2O 3/CNF as a catalyst for Na-O 2 batteries. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 29:475401. [PMID: 30192237 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aadfb7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A 3D RuO2/Mn2O3/carbon nanofiber (CNF) composite has been prepared in this study by a facile two step microwave synthesis, as a bi-functional electrocatalyst towards oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). RuO2 nanoparticles with the mean size of 1.57 nm are uniformly distributed on Mn2O3 nano-rods grown on electrospun CNFs. The electrocatalytic activity of the composites are investigated towards ORR/OER under alkaline condition. The ternary RuO2/Mn2O3/CNF composite showed superior ORR activity in terms of onset potential (0.95 V versus RHE) and Tafel slope (121 mV dec-1) compared to its RuO2/CNF and Mn2O3/CNF counterparts. In the case of OER, the RuO2/Mn2O3/CNF exhibited 0.34 V over-potential value measured at 10 mA cm-2 and 52 mV dec-1 Tafel slope which are lower than those of the other synthesized samples and as compared to state of the art RuO2 and IrO x type materials. RuO2/Mn2O3/CNF also exhibited higher specific capacity (9352 mAh [Formula: see text]) than CNF (1395 mAh [Formula: see text]), Mn2O3/CNF (3108 mAh [Formula: see text]) and RuO2/CNF (4859 mAh g carbon -1) as the cathode material in Na-O2 battery, which indicates the validity of the results in non-aqueous medium. Taking the benefit of RuO2 and Mn2O3 synergistic effect, the decomposition of inevitable side products at the end of charge occurs at 3.838 V versus Na/Na+ by using RuO2/Mn2O3/CNF, which is 388 mV more cathodic compared with CNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Fathi Tovini
- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, National Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
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9
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Veerakumar P, Rajkumar C, Chen SM, Thirumalraj B, Lin KC. Activated porous carbon supported rhenium composites as electrode materials for electrocatalytic and supercapacitor applications. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.03.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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10
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Kim IH, Lee H, Yu A, Jeong JH, Lee Y, Kim MH, Lee C, Kim YD. Synthesis and catalytic activity of electrospun NiO/NiCo 2O 4 nanotubes for CO and acetaldehyde oxidation. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 29:175702. [PMID: 29438103 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aaaf12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
NiO/NiCo2O4 nanotubes with a diameter of approximately 100 nm are synthesized using Ni and Co precursors via electro-spinning and subsequent calcination processes. The tubular structure is confirmed via transmission electron microscopy imaging, whereas the structures and elemental compositions of the nanotubes are determined using x-ray diffraction, energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. N2 adsorption isotherm data reveal that the surface of the nanotubes consists of micropores, thereby resulting in a significantly higher surface area (∼20 m2 g-1) than expected for a flat-surface structure (<15 m2 g-1). Herein, we present a study of the catalytic activity of our novel NiO/NiCo2O4 nanotubes for CO and acetaldehyde oxidation. The catalytic activity of NiO/NiCo2O4 is superior to Pt below 100 °C for CO oxidation. For acetaldehyde oxidation, the total oxidation activity of NiO/NiCo2O4 for acetaldehyde is comparable with that of Pt. Coexistence of many under-coordinated Co and Ni active sites in our structure is suggested be related to the high catalytic activity. It is suggested that our novel NiO/NiCo2O4 tubular structures with surface microporosity can be of interest for a variety of applications, including the catalytic oxidation of harmful gases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il Hee Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
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11
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Gigot A, Fontana M, Pirri CF, Rivolo P. Graphene/Ruthenium Active Species Aerogel as Electrode for Supercapacitor Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 11:E57. [PMID: 29301192 PMCID: PMC5793555 DOI: 10.3390/ma11010057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ruthenium active species containing Ruthenium Sulphide (RuS₂) is synthesized together with a self-assembled reduced graphene oxide (RGO) aerogel by a one-pot hydrothermal synthesis. Ruthenium Chloride and L-Cysteine are used as reactants. The hydrothermal synthesis of the innovative hybrid material occurs at 180 °C for 12 h, by using water as solvent. The structure and morphology of the hybrid material are fully characterized by Raman, XRD, XPS, FESEM and TEM. The XRD and diffraction pattern obtained by TEM display an amorphous nanostructure of RuS₂ on RGO crystallized flakes. The specific capacitance measured in planar configuration in 1 M NaCl electrolyte at 5 mV s-1 is 238 F g-1. This supercapacitor electrode also exhibits perfect cyclic stability without loss of the specific capacitance after 15,000 cycles. In summary, the RGO/Ruthenium active species hybrid material demonstrates remarkable properties for use as active material for supercapacitor applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Gigot
- Center for Sustainable Future Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 10129 Torino, Italy.
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy.
| | - Marco Fontana
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy.
| | - Candido Fabrizio Pirri
- Center for Sustainable Future Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 10129 Torino, Italy.
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy.
| | - Paola Rivolo
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy.
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Veerakumar P, Thanasekaran P, Lin KC, Liu SB. Well-dispersed rhenium nanoparticles on three-dimensional carbon nanostructures: Efficient catalysts for the reduction of aromatic nitro compounds. J Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 506:271-282. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.07.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Browne MP, Nolan H, Twamley B, Duesberg GS, Colavita PE, Lyons MEG. Thermally Prepared Mn2O3/RuO2/Ru Thin Films as Highly Active Catalysts for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction in Alkaline Media. ChemElectroChem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201600370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle P. Browne
- Chemistry Department; Trinity College Dublin; Dublin 2 Ireland
- Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN) and Advanced Materials and BioEngineering Research (AMBER) Centre; Trinity College Dublin; Dublin 2 Ireland
| | - Hugo Nolan
- Chemistry Department; Trinity College Dublin; Dublin 2 Ireland
- Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN) and Advanced Materials and BioEngineering Research (AMBER) Centre; Trinity College Dublin; Dublin 2 Ireland
| | - Brendan Twamley
- Chemistry Department; Trinity College Dublin; Dublin 2 Ireland
| | - Georg S. Duesberg
- Chemistry Department; Trinity College Dublin; Dublin 2 Ireland
- Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN) and Advanced Materials and BioEngineering Research (AMBER) Centre; Trinity College Dublin; Dublin 2 Ireland
| | - Paula E. Colavita
- Chemistry Department; Trinity College Dublin; Dublin 2 Ireland
- Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN) and Advanced Materials and BioEngineering Research (AMBER) Centre; Trinity College Dublin; Dublin 2 Ireland
| | - Michael E. G. Lyons
- Chemistry Department; Trinity College Dublin; Dublin 2 Ireland
- Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN) and Advanced Materials and BioEngineering Research (AMBER) Centre; Trinity College Dublin; Dublin 2 Ireland
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