Novel anti-HIV-1 NNRTIs based on a pyrazolo[4,3-d]isoxazole backbone scaffold: design, synthesis and insights into the molecular basis of action

Regulating AMPA Receptors with Isoxazole-4-Carboxamide Derivatives: An Electrophysiological Study

Isoxazole carboxamide derivatives are intriguing modulators of ionotropic glutamate receptors; more specifically, their prospective analgesic activities based on non-opioid pathways have sparked widespread research. α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors, especially Ca2+-permeable subtypes that are highly expressed in the spinal dorsal horn, play a critical role in nociceptive transmission and inflammatory pain. Herein, the neuromodulatory effects of these derivatives on AMPA receptor activity have been studied, focusing on their potential as modulators of AMPA receptors, a target implicated in pain and neurological disorders. The whole-cell patch clamp technique for electrophysiological recordings was used to investigate the effect of twelve isoxazole-4-carboxamide derivatives (CIC-1-12) on AMPA receptors' whole-cell currents and kinetics, including deactivation and desensitization. The isoxazole-4-carboxamide derivatives tested as inhibitors of AMPA receptor activity were very potent, with an 8-fold inhibition by CIC-1 and a 7.8-fold reduction by CIC-2. Additionally, these compounds profoundly altered the biophysical gating properties of both homomeric and heteromeric receptor subunits. These findings emphasize the therapeutic promise of isoxazole-4-carboxamide derivatives due to their potential as AMPA receptor modulators. Their ability to affect receptor activity and gating properties makes them promising candidates for future treatments for controlling pain.

Design, synthesis, docking studies and biological screening of 2-pyrimidinyl-2, 3-dihydro-1H-naphtho [1, 2-e][1, 3] oxazines as potent tubulin polymerization inhibitors

A series of novel substituted 2-pyrimidinyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-naphtho[1,2-e][1, 3]oxazine analogs have been designed and synthesized based on structure-activity relationships from 2-naphthol, substituted pyrimidinyl amines and formalin through ring closure by one-pot three component reaction. These derivatives were evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxicity, cell cycle assay and their inhibitory effect on tubulin polymerization. From the MTT assay, it is clear that most of the synthesized compounds displayed potent cytotoxic activities on HeLa (cervical cancer) and B16F10 (melanoma) cancerous cell lines. The compounds 6b and 6k were found to be more effective against HeLa cell lines and exhibited significant cytotoxicity (with IC50 values 1.26 ± 0.12 µM and 1.16 ± 0.27 µM respectively), accumulation of HeLa cells in G2/M phase and exhibiting induced apoptosis. The immunohistochemistry and fluorescence assays showed that these compounds 6b and 6k inhibited the microtubule assembly in human cervical cancer cells (HeLa) at 2 µM concentration. Furthermore, molecular docking studies of these molecules revealed their better-fit potential as anticancer molecules and have a high affinity for colchicine binding site, indicating more inhibitory potential at the cellular level. Our studies suggest that the newly synthesized compounds may become promising leads for the development of new anti-cancer agents.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

A Review of the Biological Activity of Amidrazone Derivatives

Amidrazones are widely used in chemical synthesis, industry and agriculture. We compiled some of the most important findings on the biological activities of amidrazones described in the years 2010-2022. The data were obtained using the ScienceDirect, Reaxys and Google Scholar search engines with keywords (amidrazone, carbohydrazonamide, carboximidohydrazide, aminoguanidine) and structure strategies. Compounds with significant biological activities were included in the review. The described structures derived from amidrazones include: amidrazone derivatives; aminoguanidine derivatives; complexes obtained using amidrazones as ligands; and some cyclic compounds obtained from amidrazones and/or containing an amidrazone moiety in their structures. This review includes chapters based on compound activities, including: tuberculostatic, antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective, and antitumor compounds, as well as furin and acetylocholinesterase inhibitors. Detailed information on the compounds tested in vivo, along the mechanisms of action and toxicity of the selected amidrazone derivatives, are described. We describe examples of compounds that have a chance of becoming drugs due to promising preclinical or clinical research, as well as old drugs with new therapeutic targets (repositioning) which have the potential to be used in the treatment of other diseases. The described examples prove that amidrazone derivatives are a potential source of new therapeutic substances and deserve further research.

Synthesis of novel isoxazole-carboxamide derivatives as promising agents for melanoma and targeted nano-emulgel conjugate for improved cellular permeability

BACKGROUND

Cancer is one of the most dangerous and widespread diseases in the world today and it has risen to the position of the leading cause of death around the globe in the last few decades. Due to the inherent resistance of many types of cancer to conventional radiotherapy and chemotherapy, it is vital to develop innovative anticancer medications. Recently, a strategy based on nanotechnology has been used to improve the effectiveness of both old and new cancer drugs.

OBJECTIVES

The present study aimed to design and synthesize a series of phenyl-isoxazole-Carboxamide derivatives, evaluate their anticancer properties, and improve the permeability of potent compounds into cancer cells by using a nano-emulgel strategy.

METHODS

The coupling reaction of aniline derivatives and isoxazole-Carboxylic acid was used to synthesize a series of isoxazole-Carboxamide derivatives. IR, HRMS, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR spectroscopy techniques, characterized all the synthesized compounds. The in-vitro cytotoxic evaluation was performed by using the MTS assay against seven cancer cell lines, including hepatocellular carcinoma (Hep3B and HepG2), cervical adenocarcinoma (HeLa), breast carcinoma (MCF-7), melanoma (B16F1), colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2), and colon adenocarcinoma (Colo205), as well as human hepatic stellate (LX-2) in addition to the normal cell line (Hek293T). A nano-emulgel was developed for the most potent compound, using a self-emulsifying technique.

RESULTS

All synthesized compounds were found to have potent to moderate activities against B16F1, Colo205, and HepG2 cancer cell lines. The results revealed that the 2a compound has broad spectrum activity against B16F1, Colo205, HepG2, and HeLa cancer cell lines with an IC₅₀ range of 7.55-40.85 µM. Moreover, compound 2e was the most active compound against B16F1 with an IC₅₀ of 0.079 µM compared with Dox (IC₅₀ = 0.056 µM). Nanoemulgel was used to increase the potency of the 2e molecule against this cancer cell line, and the IC₅₀ was reduced to 0.039 µM. The antifibrotic activities were investigated against the LX-2 cell line, and it was found that our synthesized molecules showed better antifibrotic activities at 1 µM than 5-FU, and the cell viability values were 67 and 95%, respectively.

CONCLUSION

This study suggests that a 2e nano-formalized compound is a potential and promising anti-melanoma agent.

Pyrazole Containing Anti-HIV Agents: An Update

BACKGROUND

Pyrazole scaffolds have gained importance in drug discovery and development for various pharmacological activities like antiviral, antifungal, anticancer, antidepressant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, etc. Additionally, the pyrazole moiety has shown potent anti-HIV activity as a core heterocycle or substituted heterocycles derivatives (mono, di, tri, tetra, and fused pyrazole derivatives). To assist the development of further potential anti-HIV agents containing pyrazole nucleus, here we have summarized pyrazole containing anti-HIV compounds that have been reported by researchers all over the world for the last two decades.

OBJECTIVE

The present review concentrates on an assortment of pyrazole containing compounds, particularly for potential therapeutic activity against HIV.

METHODS

Google Scholar, Pubmed, and SciFinder were searched databases with ''pyrazol'' keywords. Further, the year of publication and keywords ''Anti-HIV'' filter was applied to obtain relevant reported literature for anti-HIV agents containing pyrazole as a core or substituted derivatives.

RESULTS

This review article has shown the comprehensive compilation of 220 compounds containing pyrazole nucleus and possessing anti-HIV activity by sorting approximately 40 research articles from 2001 to date. 1-(4-Benzoylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-(4-fluoro-7-(1H-pyrazol-3-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridin-3-yl)ethane-1,2-dione (13), 3-(3-(2-(4-benzoylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-oxoacetyl)-4-fluoro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridin-7-yl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide (31), 3-(3-(2-(4-benzoylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-oxoacetyl)-4-fluoro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridin-7-yl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide (88), 3-cyanophenoxypyrazole derivative (130), and 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-(4-methyl-5-((4-nitrophenyl)diazenyl)thiazol-2-yl)-3-phenyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[4,3-d]isoxazole (178) were the most potent mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-substituted, and fused pyrazole derivatives, respectively, which have shown potent anti-HIV activity among all the described derivatives as compared with standard anti-HIV drugs.

CONCLUSION

This review article provides an overview of the potential therapeutic activity of pyrazole derivatives against HIV that will be helpful for designing pyrazole containing compounds for anti-HIV activity.

Recent Applications of Azo Dyes: A Paradigm Shift from Medicinal Chemistry to Biomedical Sciences

Azo molecules possess the characteristic azo bond (-N=N-) and are considered fascinating motifs in organic chemistry. Since the last century, these brightly colored compounds have been widely employed as dyes across several industries in applications for printing, food, paper, cosmetics, lasers, electronics, optics, material sciences, etc. The discovery of Prontosil, an antibacterial drug, propelled azo compounds into the limelight in the field of medicinal chemistry. Subsequent discoveries including Phenazopyridine, Basalazide, and Sulfasalazine enabled azo compounds to occupy a significant role in the drug market. Furthermore, azo compounds have been employed as antibacterial, antimalarial, antifungal, antioxidant, as well as antiviral agents. The metabolic degradation of many azo dyes can induce liver problems if ingested, posing a safety concern and limiting their application as azo dyes in medicinal chemistry. However, azo dyes remain particularly significant for applications in cancer chemotherapy. Recently, a paradigm shift has been observed in the use of azo dyes: from medicinal chemistry to biomedical sciences. The latter benefits from azo dye application are related to imaging, drug delivery, photo-pharmacology and photo switching. Herein, we have compiled and discussed recent works on azo dye compounds obtained so far, focusing on their medicinal importance and future prospects.

Efficient synthesis and In Silico study of some novel pyrido[2,3‐d][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3‐a]pyrimidine derivatives

A novel series of 1,5‐dihydropyrido‐triazolo‐pyrimidine derivatives were prepared by cyclocondensation of 2‐thioxo‐pyrido[2,3‐d]pyrimidines (prepared from reaction of chalcone with 6‐aminothiouracil) with a variety of hydrazonoyl chlorides. Based on spectroscopic evidence and their chemical syntheses, the structures of the newly prepared compounds were elucidated. Designated compounds are forced for molecular docking by using MOE 2014.010 Package software; one of in silico study tools. Synthesized compounds are targeting Human Cyclin‐defendant Kinase 2 (CK2) PDB ID (1PXO.Protein data bank) due to its important role in controlling the human cell cycle and also for meiosis.

Synthetic routes and structure-activity relationships (SAR) of anti-HIV agents: A key review

The worldwide increase of AIDS, an epidemic infection in constant development has an essential and still requires potent antiretroviral chemotherapeutic agents for reducing the integer of deaths caused by HIV. Thus, there is an urgent need for new anti-HIV drug candidates with increased strength, new targets, superior pharmacokinetic properties, and compact side effects. From this viewpoint, we first review present strategies of anti-HIV drug innovation and the synthesis of heterocyclic or natural compound as anti-HIV agents for facilitating the development of more influential and successful anti-HIV agents.

The Chemistry of Acetylpyrazoles and Its Utility in Heterocyclic Synthesis

A literature survey revealed that a great deal of interest has been focused on the synthesis of functionalized pyrazole derivatives due to their synthetic and biological potentialities. The pharmacological activities that have been found for some pyrazole derivatives include selective enzyme inhibition, antiviral, estrogen receptor agonist, anti‐inflammatory, anticancer, antiobesity, and antitumor properties. Other activities such as potential inhibitors of HIV‐1, pesticides, fungicides, and antihypertensive agents were reported for other pyrazole derivatives. This review summarizes the synthetic methods and reactions of 3‐acetyl‐pyrazoles, 4‐acetyl‐pyrazoles, and 3,4‐di‐acetyl‐pyrazoles. Most reaction types have been successfully applied and used in the production of biologically active compounds. The aim of this review is to focus mainly on the utility of acetylpyrazole derivatives in the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds during the period 1990–2018.

Recent Advances in the Design and Development of Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor Scaffolds

Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) have always been an important part of the anti-HIV-1 combination therapy known as combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) since 1996. The use of NNRTIs for about 22 years has led to some mutations in the residues that compose the reverse transcriptase active site, resulting in the emergence of drug-resistant viruses. Thus, the search for new potent NNRTIs with an improved safety profile and activity against drug-resistant HIV strains is indispensable, and many hit and lead NNRTIs have been discovered in the last decade. This review provides an overview of the development in this field from 2013 to August 2018.

Structural Elucidation and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Novel [1,2,4]Triazolo[4,3‐a]pyrimidines and Pyrido[2,3‐d][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3‐a]pyrimidinones

1,3‐Di(thiophen‐2‐yl)prop‐2‐en‐1‐one (1) was utilized in the synthesis of 4,6‐di(thiophen‐2‐yl)‐3,4‐dihydropyrimidine‐2(1H)‐thione (2) and 5,7‐di(thiophen‐2‐yl)‐2‐thioxo‐2,3‐dihydropyrido[2,3‐d]pyrimidin‐4(1H)‐one (4). The latter thiones were used in the synthesis of two new series of [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3‐a]pyrimidines 10a–i and pyrido[2,3‐d][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3‐a]pyrimidinones 5a–i via reaction with the appropriate hydrazonoyl halides using triethylamine as a basic catalyst in dioxane. The mechanism of formation of the synthesized compounds was discussed, and the assigned structure was established via microanalysis, spectral data (infrared, 1H NMR, and Mass), and density functional calculations. Moreover, the newly synthesized products were evaluated for their antimicrobial activities, and the results show that some derivatives have been well with mild activities. Finally, quantum chemistry calculations confirmed the mechanism and structure of the products.

A facile access and evaluation of some novel thiazole and 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives incorporating thiazole moiety as potent anticancer agents

BACKGROUND

Many heterocyclic compounds containing thiazole or 1,3,4-thiadiazole ring in their skeletons have been reported to possess various pharmacological activities especially anticancer activities.

RESULTS

4-Methyl-2-phenylthiazole-5-carbohydrazide (2) was used as a synthon to prepare 2-(4-methyl-2-phenylthiazole-5-carbonyl)-N-phenylhydrazinecarbothioamide (3) and 2-(2-(4-methyl-2-phenylthiazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazono)-N'-phenylpropane hydrazonoyl chlorides 5a-c. In addition, thioamide 3 was used as starting material for preparation of a new series of thiadiazole derivatives via its reaction with hydrazonoyl chlorides 5a-c in dioxane using triethylamines as catalyst. In addition, a series of thiazole derivatives was synthesized by reaction of thioamide 3 with a number of α-halo compounds, namely, 3-chloropentane-2,4-dione (8) or 2-chloro-3-oxo-N-phenyl butanamide (10) phenacyl bromide 12 ethyl chloroacetate (14) in EtOH in the presence of triethylamine. The structures assigned for all the new products were elucidated based on both elemental analyses and spectral data and the mechanisms of their formation was also discussed. Moreover, the new products was evaluated in vitro by MTT assays for their anticancer activity against cell lines of Hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG-2). The best result observed for compounds 7b (IC50 = 1.61 ± 1.92 (μg/mL)) and 11 (IC50 = 1.98 ± 1.22 (μg/mL)). The structure-activity relationships have been suggested based on their anticancer results.

CONCLUSIONS

A novel series of new pharmacophores containing thiazole moiety have been synthesized using a facile and convenient methods and evaluated as potent anticancer agents.

Synthesis, Characterization, and Molecular Docking of Novel bis‐thiazolyl Thienothiophene Derivatives as Promising Cytotoxic Antitumor Drug

A novel, facile reaction for the synthesis of series of bis‐thiazole derivatives has been developed from the reaction of the appropriate thiosemicarbazone derivatives and bis‐2‐bromoacetylthieno[2,3‐b]thiophene derivatives in ethanol under reflux. The structures of the newly synthesized products were established on the basis of spectral data (mass, IR, and 1H and 13C NMR) and elemental analyses. Fifteen compounds of the synthesized compounds were evaluated for their anticancer activity against human liver hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2). All compounds showed anticancer activity but differs in potency comparable with the reference drug Cisplatin. Moreover, molecular docking study using MOE software predicted the best binding mode between the most active compound 5o into the active site of human heat‐shock protein 90. The computational studies are confirming the results in biological activity.

Synthesis, Antitumor Evaluation and Molecular Docking of New Morpholine Based Heterocycles

A series of new morpholinylchalcones was prepared and then used as building blocks for constructing a series of 7-morpholino-2-thioxo-2,3-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(1H)-ones via their reaction with 6-aminothiouracil. The latter thiones reacted with the appropriate hydrazonoyl chloride to give the corresponding pyrido[2,3-d][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrimidin-5(1H)-ones. The assigned structures for all the newly synthesized compounds were confirmed on the basis of elemental analyses and spectral data and the mechanisms of their formation were also discussed. Most of the synthesized compounds were tested for in vitro activity against human lung cancer (A-549) and human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG-2) cell lines compared with the employed standard antitumor drug (cisplatin) and the results revealed that compounds 8, 4e and 7b have promising activities against the A-549 cell line (IC50 values of 2.78 ± 0.86 μg/mL, 5.37 ± 0.95 μg/mL and 5.70 ± 0.91 μg/mL, respectively) while compound 7b has promising activity against the HepG-2 cell lines (IC50 = 3.54 ± 1.11 μg/mL). Moreover, computational studies using MOE 2014.09 software supported the biological activity results.

A facile synthesis and anticancer activity of some novel thiazoles carrying 1,3,4-thiadiazole moiety

BACKGROUND

Thiazoles and 1,3,4-thiadiazoles have been reported to possess various pharmacological activities.

RESULTS

A novel series of thiazoles carrying 1,3,4-thiadiazole core were designed and prepared via the reaction of the 2-(4-methyl-2-phenylthiazole-5-carbonyl)-N-phenylhydrazinecarbo-thioamide with the appropriate hydrazonoyl chlorides. The structures of the newly synthesized compounds were confirmed based on elemental and spectral analysis as well as their alternative syntheses. The cytotoxic potency of the newly synthesized thiadiazoles was evaluated by their growth inhibitory potency in liver HepG2 cancer cell line. Also, the structure activity relationship was studied.

CONCLUSIONS

All the newly synthesized compounds were evaluated for their anticancer activity against liver carcinoma cell line (HepG2) using MTT assay. The results revealed that the compounds 12d, 12c, 6g, 18b, 6c, and 6f (IC50 = 0.82, 0.91, 1.06, 1.25, 1.29 and 1.88 µM, respectively) had good antitumor activity against liver carcinoma cell line (HepG2) when compared with the standard drug Doxorubicin (IC50 = 0.72 µM). Graphical abstract A facile synthesis and anticancer activity of some novel thiazoles carrying 1,3,4-thiadiazole moiety.

An Approach to Polysubstituted Triazipines, Thiadiazoles and Thiazoles Based on Benzopyran Moiety Through The Utility of Versatile Hydrazonoyl Halides as In Vitro Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors

The chromene compound 1 is used as a key intermediate for synthesis of new heterocyclic compounds, and it reacted with hydrazonoyl chlorides in presence of TEA to give the amidrazone derivatives 3a, 3b, 3c, 3d, 3e, 3f, 3g, 3h, which were cyclized to the corresponding triazepines 5a, 5b, 5c, 5d, 5e, 5f, 5g, 5h on boiling with sodium ethoxide. Conversion of compound 1 to the methylthiocarbamate derivative 6 was performed through its reaction with carbon disulfide and KOH followed by treatment with methyl iodide. Compound 6 reacted with hydrazonoyl chlorides in presence of TEA to give thiadiazoles 8a, 8b, 8c, 8d, 8e, 8f, 8g. In addition, chromene 1 combined with aminodithiocarbamic acid in DMF under reflux to furnish the thiosemicarbazide derivative 9, which in turn interacted with several hydrazonoyl chlorides to give the thiazole derivatives 11a, 11b, 11c, 11d, 11e. The structures of the prepared compounds were confirmed from their spectroscopic data and elemental analysis. The synthesized compounds were tested against both monoamine oxidase (MAO)‐A and MAO‐B and corrected to analyses showed good inhibitory activities especially against MAO‐A.

Design, Synthesis, and Characterization of Some Newbis‐thiazoles

The essential idea of the work in this article is mainly dependent on the use ofbis‐hydrazonoyl halides for heterocyclic synthesis. The present work describes preparation and characterization of newbis‐thiazoles from reaction ofbis‐hydrazonoyl chlorides with thiosemicarbazones. The synthetic Schemes for the final compounds are proposed and discussed. Structures of the final products were elucidated by elemental analyses and Fourier transform infrared, mass spectrometry,1H, and13C‐NMR spectra.

Synthesis of isoxazole-containing sulfonamides with potent carbonic anhydrase II and VII inhibitory properties

Two series of benzenesulfonamide containing isoxazole compounds were prepared by using conventional and microwave (MW) methods. 5-Amino-3-aryl-N-(4-sulfamoylphenyl)isoxazole-4-carboxamide derivatives were synthesized by the reaction of hydroxymoyl chlorides with 2-cyano-N-(4-sulfamoylphenyl)acetamide in the presence of triethylamine. The synthesized 5-amino isoxazoles were reacted with various benzoyl chlorides in order to obtain 5-amidoisoxazoles. The novel compounds were screened in vitro as inhibitors of four human (h) isoforms of the metalloenzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1): hCA I, hCA II, hCA IV and hCA VII. The derivatives of the first series were shown to possess excellent inhibitory activity against the cytosolic isoform hCA II, an antiglaucoma drug target, with K_Is in the range of 0.5-49.3nM and hCA VII, a recently validated anti-neuropathic pain target with K_Is in the range of 4.3-51.9nM.

Facile synthesis of bis-thiosemicarbazone derivatives as key precursors for the preparation of functionalised bis-thiazoles

A new class of bis-thiosemicarbazones was designed and synthesised by the condensation of 2,6-diformylphenol derivatives and thiosemicarbazide using either ultrasound or conventional methods. Both thiosemicarbazone groups of these derivatives underwent a heterocyclisation process to give a series of novel bis-thiazole derivatives as major products. The structures of all the synthesised compounds were characterised by multinuclear NMR (1H and 13C), IR, HRMS and elemental analyses.

Heterocyclisation of 2,5-diacetyl-3,4-disubstituted-thieno[2,3-b]Thiophene Bis-Thiosemicarbazones Leading to Bis-Thiazoles and Bis-1,3,4-thiadiazoles as Anti-breast Cancer Agents

In this paper, the synthesis of bis-thiazoles and bis-1,3,4-thiadiazoles linked to a thienothiophene nucleus is described. The synthesis was achieved through interaction between 2,5-diacetylthieno[2,3-b]thiophene bis-thiosemicarbazones with a variety of hydrazonyl halides in a basic medium. All the synthesised compounds were characterised by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass spectroscopic analyses. The newly synthesised compounds represent a variety of novel polyheteroatomic moieties containing nitrogen and sulfur. Most of the synthesised compounds were evaluated for their antitumour activity against the breast cancer MCF-7 cell line. The results revealed that four compounds are equipotent to tamoxifen (IC50 = 8.04 μg mL−1) with IC50 = 8.23, 8.26, 8.68 and 9.12 μg mL−1 respectively.

A facile one-pot multi-component synthesis of novel adamantine substituted imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine derivatives: identification and structure–activity relationship study of their anti-HIV-1 activity

A series of adamantine substituted imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine derivatives were developed through a one-pot multi-component Groebke–Blackburn–Bienaymé reaction, among them several compounds were identified to be the potent inhibitors against HIV-1 cells.