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Hackbarth S, Gao S, Šubr V, Lin L, Pohl J, Etrych T, Fang J. Singlet Oxygen In Vivo: It Is All about Intensity-Part 2. J Pers Med 2023; 13:jpm13050781. [PMID: 37240951 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13050781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, we reported induced anoxia as a limiting factor for photodynamic tumor therapy (PDT). This effect occurs in vivo if the amount of generated singlet oxygen that undergoes chemical reactions with cellular components exceeds the local oxygen supply. The amount of generated singlet oxygen depends mainly on photosensitizer (PS) accumulation, efficiency, and illumination intensity. With illumination intensities above a certain threshold, singlet oxygen is limited to the blood vessel and the nearest vicinity; lower intensities allow singlet oxygen generation also in tissue which is a few cell layers away from the vessels. While all experiments so far were limited to light intensities above this threshold, we report experimental results for intensities at both sides of the threshold for the first time, giving proof for the described model. Using time-resolved optical detection in NIR, we demonstrate characteristic, illumination intensity-dependent changes in signal kinetics of singlet oxygen and photosensitizer phosphorescence in vivo. The described analysis allows for better optimization and coordination of PDT drugs and treatment, as well as new diagnostic methods based on gated PS phosphorescence, for which we report a first in vivo feasibility test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Hackbarth
- Institute of Physics, Photobiophysics, Humboldt University of Berlin, Newtonstr. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Shanghui Gao
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Oncology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan
| | - Vladimír Šubr
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 16200 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lisheng Lin
- Institute of Physics, Photobiophysics, Humboldt University of Berlin, Newtonstr. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Jakob Pohl
- Institute of Physics, Photobiophysics, Humboldt University of Berlin, Newtonstr. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tomáš Etrych
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 16200 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jun Fang
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Oncology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan
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2
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Baptista MS, Cadet J, Greer A, Thomas AH. Practical Aspects in the Study of Biological Photosensitization Including Reaction Mechanisms and Product Analyses: A Do's and Don'ts Guide †. Photochem Photobiol 2022; 99:313-334. [PMID: 36575651 DOI: 10.1111/php.13774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of light with natural matter leads to a plethora of photosensitized reactions. These reactions cause the degradation of biomolecules, such as DNA, lipids, proteins, being therefore detrimental to the living organisms, or they can also be beneficial by allowing the treatment of several diseases by photomedicine. Based on the molecular mechanistic understanding of the photosensitization reactions, we propose to classify them in four processes: oxygen-dependent (type I and type II processes) and oxygen-independent [triplet-triplet energy transfer (TTET) and photoadduct formation]. In here, these processes are discussed by considering a wide variety of approaches including time-resolved and steady-state techniques, together with solvent, quencher, and scavenger effects. The main aim of this survey is to provide a description of general techniques and approaches that can be used to investigate photosensitization reactions of biomolecules together with basic recommendations on good practices. Illustration of the suitability of these approaches is provided by the measurement of key biomarkers of singlet oxygen and one-electron oxidation reactions in both isolated and cellular DNA. Our work is an educational review that is mostly addressed to students and beginners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurício S Baptista
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jean Cadet
- Département de Médecine Nucléaire et de Radiobiologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Alexander Greer
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, New York, USA.,Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - Andrés H Thomas
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), CCT La Plata-CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
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3
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Torres-Martínez A, Bedrina B, Falomir E, Marín MJ, Angulo-Pachón CA, Galindo F, Miravet JF. Non-Polymeric Nanogels as Versatile Nanocarriers: Intracellular Transport of the Photosensitizers Rose Bengal and Hypericin for Photodynamic Therapy. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:3658-3669. [PMID: 35014451 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The use of nanocarriers for intracellular transport of actives has been extensively studied in recent years and represents a central area of nanomedicine. The main novelty of this paper lies on the use of nanogels formed by a low-molecular-weight gelator (1). Here, non-polymeric, molecular nanogels are successfully used for intracellular transport of two photodynamic therapy (PDT) agents, Rose Bengal (RB) and hypericin (HYP). The two photosensitizers (PSs) exhibit different drawbacks for their use in clinical applications. HYP is poorly water-soluble, while the cellular uptake of RB is hindered due to its dianionic character at physiological pH values. Additionally, both PSs tend to aggregate precluding an effective PDT. Despite the different nature of these PSs, nanogels from gelator 1 provide, in both cases, an efficient intracellular transport into human colon adenocarcinoma cells (HT-29) and a notably improved PDT efficiency, as assessed by confocal laser scanning microscopy and flow cytometry. Furthermore, no significant dark toxicity of the nanogels is observed, supporting the biocompatibility of the delivery system. The developed nanogels are highly reproducible due to their non-polymeric nature, and their synthesis is easily scaled up. The results presented here thus confirm the potential of molecular nanogels as valuable nanocarriers, capable of entrapping both hydrophobic and hydrophilic actives, for PDT of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Torres-Martínez
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Universitat Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, Castelló de la Plana 12071, Spain
| | - Begoña Bedrina
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Universitat Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, Castelló de la Plana 12071, Spain
| | - Eva Falomir
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Universitat Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, Castelló de la Plana 12071, Spain
| | - María J Marín
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
| | - César A Angulo-Pachón
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Universitat Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, Castelló de la Plana 12071, Spain
| | - Francisco Galindo
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Universitat Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, Castelló de la Plana 12071, Spain
| | - Juan F Miravet
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Universitat Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, Castelló de la Plana 12071, Spain
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Klausen M, Ucuncu M, Bradley M. Design of Photosensitizing Agents for Targeted Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy. Molecules 2020; 25:E5239. [PMID: 33182751 PMCID: PMC7696090 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic inactivation of microorganisms has gained substantial attention due to its unique mode of action, in which pathogens are unable to generate resistance, and due to the fact that it can be applied in a minimally invasive manner. In photodynamic therapy (PDT), a non-toxic photosensitizer (PS) is activated by a specific wavelength of light and generates highly cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide (O2-, type-I mechanism) or singlet oxygen (1O2*, type-II mechanism). Although it offers many advantages over conventional treatment methods, ROS-mediated microbial killing is often faced with the issues of accessibility, poor selectivity and off-target damage. Thus, several strategies have been employed to develop target-specific antimicrobial PDT (aPDT). This includes conjugation of known PS building-blocks to either non-specific cationic moieties or target-specific antibiotics and antimicrobial peptides, or combining them with targeting nanomaterials. In this review, we summarise these general strategies and related challenges, and highlight recent developments in targeted aPDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Klausen
- School of Chemistry and the EPSRC IRC Proteus, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK;
| | - Muhammed Ucuncu
- School of Chemistry and the EPSRC IRC Proteus, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK;
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir 35620, Turkey
| | - Mark Bradley
- School of Chemistry and the EPSRC IRC Proteus, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK;
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Bacellar IL, Baptista MS. Mechanisms of Photosensitized Lipid Oxidation and Membrane Permeabilization. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:21636-21646. [PMID: 31891041 PMCID: PMC6933592 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Lipid oxidation encompasses chemical transformations affecting animals and plants in many ways, and light is one of the most common triggers of lipid oxidation in our habitat. Still, the molecular mechanisms and biological consequences of photoinduced lipid oxidation were only recently understood at the molecular level. In this review, we focus on the main mechanisms of photosensitized lipid oxidation and membrane permeabilization, dissecting the consequences of both singlet oxygen and contact-dependent pathways and discussing how these reactions contribute to chemical and biophysical changes in lipid membranes. We aim to enable scientists to develop novel and more efficient photosensitizers in photomedicine, as well as better strategies for sun protection.
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Zhikhoreva AA, Belashov AV, Gorbenko DA, Avdonkina NA, Baldueva IA, Danilova AB, Gelfond ML, Nekhaeva TL, Semenova IV, Vasyutinskii OS. Morphological Changes in Malignant Tumor Cells at Photodynamic Treatment Assessed by Digital Holographic Microscopy. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990793119030242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Comparison of light-induced formation of reactive oxygen species and the membrane destruction of two mesoporphyrin derivatives in liposomes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11312. [PMID: 31383921 PMCID: PMC6683201 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47841-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The photodynamic effect requires the simultaneous presence of light, photosensitizer (PS) and molecular oxygen. In this process, the photoinduced damage of cells is caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Besides DNA, the other target of ROS is the membranes, separating internal compartments in living cells. Hence, the ability of ROS formation of porphyrins as PSs, in liposomes as simple models of cellular membranes is of outstanding interest. Earlier we compared the binding parameters and locations of mesoporphyrin IX dihydrochloride (MPCl) and mesoporphyrin IX dimethyl ester (MPE), in small unilamellar vesicles (SUV) made from various saturated phosphatidylcholines. In this study, we used the same kinds of samples for comparing the ROS forming ability. Triiodide production from potassium iodide because of light-induced ROS in the presence of molybdate catalyst was applied, and the amount of product was quantitatively followed by optical spectrometry. Furthermore, we demonstrated and carefully studied SUVs disruption as direct evidence of membrane destruction by the methods of dynamic light scattering (DLS) and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS), applying unsaturated phosphatidylcholines as membrane components. Although the ROS forming ability is more pronounced in the case of MPCl, we found that the measured disruption was more effective in the samples containing MPE.
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8
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Oxygen distribution in the fluid/gel phases of lipid membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2019; 1861:879-886. [PMID: 30716292 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The interactions between oxygen and lipid membranes play fundamental roles in basic biological processes (e.g., cellular respiration). Obviously, membrane oxidation is expected to be critically dependent on the distribution and concentration of oxygen in the membrane. Here, we combined theoretical and experimental methods to investigate oxygen partition and distribution in lipid membranes of 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) and 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) in a temperature range between 298 and 323 K, specifically focusing on the changes caused by the lipid phase and phase transition. Even though oxygen is known to be more concentrated in the center of fluid phase membranes than on the headgroup regions, the distribution profile of oxygen inside gel-phase bilayers remained to be determined. Molecular dynamics simulations now show that the distribution of oxygen inside DPPC bilayers dramatically changes upon crossing the main transition temperature, with oxygen being nearly depleted halfway from the headgroups to the membrane center below the transition temperature. In a parallel approach, singlet oxygen luminescence emission measurements employing the photosensitizer Pheophorbide-a (Pheo) confirmed the differences in oxygen distribution and concentration profiles between gel- and fluid-phase membranes, revealing changes in the microenvironment of the embedded photosensitizer. Our results also reveal that excited triplet state lifetime, as it can be determined from the singlet oxygen luminescence kinetics, is a useful probe to assess oxygen distribution in lipid membranes with distinct lipid compositions.
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Hackbarth S, Islam W, Fang J, Šubr V, Röder B, Etrych T, Maeda H. Singlet oxygen phosphorescence detection in vivo identifies PDT-induced anoxia in solid tumors. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:1304-1314. [DOI: 10.1039/c8pp00570b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Extracorporeal measurements through the skin achieve sufficient SNR to analyze 1O2 kinetics and evaluate PDT efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Hackbarth
- Photobiophysics
- Institute of Physics
- Humboldt University of Berlin
- 12489 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Waliul Islam
- Department of Microbiology
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences
- Kumamoto University
- Kumamoto 860-8556
- Japan
| | - Jun Fang
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Oncology
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sojo University
- Kumamoto 860-0082
- Japan
| | - Vladimír Šubr
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry
- Czech Academy of Sciences
- 16206 Prague
- Czech Republic
| | - Beate Röder
- Photobiophysics
- Institute of Physics
- Humboldt University of Berlin
- 12489 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Tomáš Etrych
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry
- Czech Academy of Sciences
- 16206 Prague
- Czech Republic
| | - Hiroshi Maeda
- BioDynamics Research Foundation
- Kumamoto 862-0954
- Japan
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10
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Abstract
Photodynamic therapy uses photosensitizers (PS) to kill cancer cells by generating reactive oxygen species – like singlet oxygen (SO) - upon illumination with visible light. PS membrane anchoring augments local SO concentration, which in turn increases photodynamic efficiency. The latter may suffer from SO’s escape into the aqueous solution or premature quenching. Here we determined the time constants of SO escape and quenching by target molecules to be in the nanosecond range, the former being threefold longer. We confined PS and dipolar target molecules either to different membrane monolayers or to the same leaflet and assessed their abundance by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy or membrane surface potential measurements. The rate at which the contribution of the dipolar target molecules to membrane dipole potential vanished, served as a measure of the photo-oxidation rate. The solution of the reaction–diffusion equations did not indicate diffusional rate limitations. Nevertheless, reducing the PS-target distance increased photodynamic efficiency by preventing other SO susceptible moieties from protecting the target. Importantly, our analytical model revealed a fourfold difference between SO generation rates per molecule of the two used PSs. Such analysis of PS quantum yield in a membrane environment may help in designing better PSs.
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11
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Looft A, Pfitzner M, Preuß A, Röder B. In vivo singlet molecular oxygen measurements: Sensitive to changes in oxygen saturation during PDT. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2018; 23:325-330. [PMID: 30026074 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Direct singlet molecular oxygen detection is known to be a valuable tool for understanding photodynamic action. It could become useful for optimizing illumination schedules in photodynamic therapy. The method of time resolved singlet molecular oxygen luminescence detection can give insights into generation of singlet oxygen and its interaction with the environment and therefore possibly allows monitoring the treatments efficacy. Due to high requirements for sensitivity as well as time resolution it has not yet been used in situ. The latest improvements in the detection system make in vivo time resolved singlet molecular oxygen luminescence detection possible. METHODS In this work, blood vessels in the chicken embryo CAM-model were scanned after injection of the photosensitizer Foslip®, yielding time resolved singlet molecular oxygen luminescence. A custom-made trifurcated fiber in combination with a dye laser, a photomultiplier tube and a fiber spectrometer was utilized for simultaneous excitation, singlet molecular oxygen luminescence and photosensitizer fluorescence detection. RESULTS Singlet oxygen luminescence kinetics for mixed venous and arterialized blood in chicken embryos using the CAM-model were recorded. The data analysis resulted in two distinct and distinguishable photosensitizer triplet lifetimes corresponding to the high and low oxygen partial pressures in the oxygen-rich arterialized blood and oxygen-poor mixed venous blood. CONCLUSIONS The sensitivity of direct singlet molecular oxygen luminescence detection to different oxygen partial pressures could be shown in vivo. Therefore, this study is a first step towards optimizing the illumination conditions of photodynamic treatment in situ by real time monitoring of the oxygen partial pressure within the target tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Looft
- Department of Physics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstraße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Pfitzner
- Department of Physics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstraße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Annegret Preuß
- Department of Physics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstraße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Beate Röder
- Department of Physics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstraße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
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12
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Datta S, Hovan A, Jutková A, Kruglik SG, Jancura D, Miskovsky P, Bánó G. Phosphorescence Kinetics of Singlet Oxygen Produced by Photosensitization in Spherical Nanoparticles. Part II. The Case of Hypericin-Loaded Low-Density Lipoprotein Particles. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:5154-5160. [PMID: 29709185 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b00659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The phosphorescence kinetics of singlet oxygen produced by photosensitized hypericin (Hyp) molecules inside low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles was studied experimentally and by means of numerical and analytical modeling. The phosphorescence signal was measured after short laser pulse irradiation of aqueous Hyp/LDL solutions. The Hyp triplet state lifetime determined by a laser flash-photolysis measurement was 5.3 × 10-6 s. The numerical and the analytical model described in part I of the present work (DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b00658) were used to analyze the observed phosphorescence kinetics of singlet oxygen. It was shown that singlet oxygen diffuses out of LDL particles on a time scale shorter than 0.1 μs. The total (integrated) concentration of singlet oxygen inside LDL is more than an order of magnitude smaller than the total singlet oxygen concentration in the solvent. The time course of singlet oxygen concentrations inside and outside the particles was calculated using simplified representations of the LDL internal structure. The experimental phosphorescence data were fitted by a linear combination of these concentrations using the emission factor E (the ratio of the radiative singlet oxygen depopulation rate constants inside and outside LDL) as a fitting parameter. The emission factor was determined to be E = 6.7 ± 2.5. Control measurements were carried out by adding sodium azide, a strong singlet oxygen quencher, to the solution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sergei G Kruglik
- Laboratoire Jean Perrin, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 6, CNRS UMR 8237 , 4 place Jussieu , 75005 Paris , France
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13
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Hovan A, Datta S, Kruglik SG, Jancura D, Miskovsky P, Bánó G. Phosphorescence Kinetics of Singlet Oxygen Produced by Photosensitization in Spherical Nanoparticles. Part I. Theory. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:5147-5153. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b00658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sergei G. Kruglik
- Laboratoire Jean Perrin, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 6, CNRS UMR 8237, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
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14
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Müller A, Preuß A, Röder B. Photodynamic inactivation of Escherichia coli - Correlation of singlet oxygen kinetics and phototoxicity. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2017; 178:219-227. [PMID: 29156350 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) of bacteria may play a major role in facing the challenge of the ever expanding antibiotic resistances. Here we report about the direct correlation of singlet oxygen luminescence kinetics and phototoxicity in E. coli cell suspension under PDI using the widely applied cationic photosensitizer TMPyP. Through direct access to the microenvironment, the time resolved investigation of singlet oxygen luminescence plays a key role in understanding the photosensitization mechanism and inactivation pathway. Using the homemade set-up for highly sensitive time resolved singlet oxygen luminescence detection, we show that the cationic TMPyP is localized predominantly outside the bacterial cells but in their immediate vicinity prior to photodynamic inactivation. Throughout following light exposure, a clear change in singlet oxygen kinetics indicates a redistribution of photosensitizer molecules to at least one additional microenvironment. We found the signal kinetics mirrored in cell viability measurements of equally treated samples from same overnight cultures conducted in parallel: A significant drop in cell viability of the illuminated samples and stationary viability of dark controls. Thus, for the system investigated in this work - a Gram-negative model bacteria and a well-known PS for its PDI - singlet oxygen kinetics correlates with phototoxicity. This finding suggests that it is well possible to evaluate PDI efficiency directly via time resolved singlet oxygen detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Müller
- Department of Physics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstr. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Annegret Preuß
- Department of Physics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstr. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Beate Röder
- Department of Physics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstr. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
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15
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Guo L, Ge J, Liu Q, Jia Q, Zhang H, Liu W, Niu G, Liu S, Gong J, Hackbarth S, Wang P. Versatile Polymer Nanoparticles as Two-Photon-Triggered Photosensitizers for Simultaneous Cellular, Deep-Tissue Imaging, and Photodynamic Therapy. Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6. [PMID: 28338291 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201601431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Clinical applications of current photodynamic therapy (PDT) photosensitizers (PSs) are often limited by their absorption in the UV-vis range that possesses limited tissue penetration ability, leading to ineffective therapeutic response for deep-seated tumors. Alternatively, two-photon excited PS (TPE-PS) using NIR light triggered is one the most promising candidates for PDT improvement. Herein, multimodal polymer nanoparticles (PNPs) from polythiophene derivative as two-photon fluorescence imaging as well as two-photon-excited PDT agent are developed. The prepared PNPs exhibit excellent water dispersibility, high photostability and pH stability, strong fluorescence brightness, and low dark toxicity. More importantly, the PNPs also possess other outstanding features including: (1) the high 1 O2 quantum yield; (2) the strong two-photon-induced fluorescence and efficient 1 O2 generation; (3) the specific accumulation in lysosomes of HeLa cells; and (4) the imaging detection depth up to 2100 µm in the mock tissue under two-photon. The multifunctional PNPs are promising candidates as TPE-PDT agent for simultaneous cellular, deep-tissue imaging, and highly efficient in vivo PDT of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic MaterialsTechnical Institute of Physics and ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- School of Future TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Jiechao Ge
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic MaterialsTechnical Institute of Physics and ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- School of Future TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Qian Liu
- School of Future TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 China
| | - Qingyan Jia
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic MaterialsTechnical Institute of Physics and ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- School of Future TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic MaterialsTechnical Institute of Physics and ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- School of Future TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Weimin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic MaterialsTechnical Institute of Physics and ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- School of Future TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Guangle Niu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic MaterialsTechnical Institute of Physics and ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- School of Future TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Sha Liu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic MaterialsTechnical Institute of Physics and ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- School of Future TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Jianru Gong
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 China
| | - Steffen Hackbarth
- Photobiophysik – Singlet Oxygen LabHumboldt‐Universität zu Berlin Berlin 12489 Germany
| | - Pengfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic MaterialsTechnical Institute of Physics and ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- School of Future TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
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Bornhütter T, Ghogare AA, Preuß A, Greer A, Röder B. Synthesis, Photophysics and PDT Evaluation of Mono-, Di-, Tri- and Hexa-PEG Chlorins for Pointsource Photodynamic Therapy. Photochem Photobiol 2017; 93:1259-1268. [PMID: 28391637 DOI: 10.1111/php.12773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Pointsource photodynamic therapy (PSPDT) is a newly developed fiber optic method aimed at the delivery of photosensitizer, light and oxygen to a diseased site. Because of a need for developing photosensitizers with desirable properties for PSPDT, we have carried out a synthetic, photophysical and phototoxicity study on a series of PEGylated sensitizers. Chlorin and pheophorbide sensitizers were readily amenable to our synthetic PEGylation strategy to reach triPEG and hexaPEG galloyl pheophorbides and mono-, di-, triPEG chlorins. On screening these PEG sensitizers, we found that increasing the number of PEG groups, except for hexaPEGylation, increases phototoxicity. We found that three PEG groups but not less or more were optimal. Of the series tested, a triPEG gallyol pheophorbide and a triPEG chlorin were the most efficient at generating singlet oxygen, and produced the highest phototoxicity and lowest dark toxicity to Jurkat cells. A detailed kinetic analysis of the PEGylated sensitizers in solution and cell culture and media is also presented. The data provide us with steps in the development of PSPDT to add to the PDT tools we have in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Bornhütter
- Department of Physics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ashwini A Ghogare
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, NY.,Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York City, NY
| | - Annegret Preuß
- Department of Physics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Greer
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, NY.,Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York City, NY
| | - Beate Röder
- Department of Physics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Li B, Lin L, Lin H, Wilson BC. Photosensitized singlet oxygen generation and detection: Recent advances and future perspectives in cancer photodynamic therapy. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2016; 9:1314-1325. [PMID: 27136270 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201600055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) uses photosensitizers and visible light in combination with molecular oxygen to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) that kill malignant cells by apoptosis and/or necrosis, shut down the tumor microvasculature and stimulate the host immune system. The excited singlet state of oxygen (1 O2 ) is recognized to be the main cytotoxic ROS generated during PDT for the majority of photosensitizers used clinically and for many investigational new agents, so that maximizing its production within tumor cells and tissues can improve the therapeutic response, and several emerging and novel approaches for this are summarized. Quantitative techniques for 1 O2 production measurement during photosensitization are also of immense importance of value for both preclinical research and future clinical practice. In this review, emerging strategies for enhanced photosensitized 1 O2 generation are introduced, while recent advances in direct detection and imaging of 1 O2 luminescence are summarized. In addition, the correlation between cumulative 1 O2 luminescence and PDT efficiency will be highlighted. Meanwhile, the validation of 1 O2 luminescence dosimetry for PDT application is also considered. This review concludes with a discussion on future demands of 1 O2 luminescence detection for PDT dosimetry, with particular emphasis on clinical translation. Eye-catching color image for graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buhong Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, China
| | - Lisheng Lin
- MOE Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, China
| | - Huiyun Lin
- MOE Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, China
| | - Brian C Wilson
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto/University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
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Pfitzner M, Schlothauer JC, Bastien E, Hackbarth S, Bezdetnaya L, Lassalle HP, Röder B. Prospects of in vivo singlet oxygen luminescence monitoring: Kinetics at different locations on living mice. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2016; 14:204-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Bornhütter T, Pohl J, Fischer C, Saltsman I, Mahammed A, Gross Z, Röder B. Development of Singlet Oxygen Luminescence Kinetics during the Photodynamic Inactivation of Green Algae. Molecules 2016; 21:485. [PMID: 27089311 PMCID: PMC6272977 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21040485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies show the feasibility of photodynamic inactivation of green algae as a vital step towards an effective photodynamic suppression of biofilms by using functionalized surfaces. The investigation of the intrinsic mechanisms of photodynamic inactivation in green algae represents the next step in order to determine optimization parameters. The observation of singlet oxygen luminescence kinetics proved to be a very effective approach towards understanding mechanisms on a cellular level. In this study, the first two-dimensional measurement of singlet oxygen kinetics in phototrophic microorganisms on surfaces during photodynamic inactivation is presented. We established a system of reproducible algae samples on surfaces, incubated with two different cationic, antimicrobial potent photosensitizers. Fluorescence microscopy images indicate that one photosensitizer localizes inside the green algae while the other accumulates along the outer algae cell wall. A newly developed setup allows for the measurement of singlet oxygen luminescence on the green algae sample surfaces over several days. The kinetics of the singlet oxygen luminescence of both photosensitizers show different developments and a distinct change over time, corresponding with the differences in their localization as well as their photosensitization potential. While the complexity of the signal reveals a challenge for the future, this study incontrovertibly marks a crucial, inevitable step in the investigation of photodynamic inactivation of biofilms: it shows the feasibility of using the singlet oxygen luminescence kinetics to investigate photodynamic effects on surfaces and thus opens a field for numerous investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Bornhütter
- Department of Physics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 10099, Germany.
| | - Judith Pohl
- Department of Physics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 10099, Germany.
| | - Christian Fischer
- Department of Physics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 10099, Germany.
| | - Irena Saltsman
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.
| | - Atif Mahammed
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.
| | - Zeev Gross
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.
| | - Beate Röder
- Department of Physics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 10099, Germany.
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