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Chai Z, Childress A, Busnaina AA. Directed Assembly of Nanomaterials for Making Nanoscale Devices and Structures: Mechanisms and Applications. ACS NANO 2022; 16:17641-17686. [PMID: 36269234 PMCID: PMC9706815 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c07910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Nanofabrication has been utilized to manufacture one-, two-, and three-dimensional functional nanostructures for applications such as electronics, sensors, and photonic devices. Although conventional silicon-based nanofabrication (top-down approach) has developed into a technique with extremely high precision and integration density, nanofabrication based on directed assembly (bottom-up approach) is attracting more interest recently owing to its low cost and the advantages of additive manufacturing. Directed assembly is a process that utilizes external fields to directly interact with nanoelements (nanoparticles, 2D nanomaterials, nanotubes, nanowires, etc.) and drive the nanoelements to site-selectively assemble in patterned areas on substrates to form functional structures. Directed assembly processes can be divided into four different categories depending on the external fields: electric field-directed assembly, fluidic flow-directed assembly, magnetic field-directed assembly, and optical field-directed assembly. In this review, we summarize recent progress utilizing these four processes and address how these directed assembly processes harness the external fields, the underlying mechanism of how the external fields interact with the nanoelements, and the advantages and drawbacks of utilizing each method. Finally, we discuss applications made using directed assembly and provide a perspective on the future developments and challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Chai
- State
Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
- NSF
Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center for High-Rate Nanomanufacturing
(CHN), Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Anthony Childress
- NSF
Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center for High-Rate Nanomanufacturing
(CHN), Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Ahmed A. Busnaina
- NSF
Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center for High-Rate Nanomanufacturing
(CHN), Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
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Michaels M, Yu SY, Zhou T, Du F, Al Faruque MA, Kulinsky L. Artificial Intelligence Algorithms Enable Automated Characterization of the Positive and Negative Dielectrophoretic Ranges of Applied Frequency. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13030399. [PMID: 35334691 PMCID: PMC8949608 DOI: 10.3390/mi13030399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The present work describes the phenomenological approach to automatically determine the frequency range for positive and negative dielectrophoresis (DEP)—an electrokinetic force that can be used for massively parallel micro- and nano-assembly. An experimental setup consists of the microfabricated chip with gold microelectrode array connected to a function generator capable of digitally controlling an AC signal of 1 V (peak-to-peak) and of various frequencies in the range between 10 kHz and 1 MHz. The suspension of latex microbeads (3-μm diameter) is either attracted or repelled from the microelectrodes under the influence of DEP force as a function of the applied frequency. The video of the bead movement is captured via a digital camera attached to the microscope. The OpenCV software package is used to digitally analyze the images and identify the beads. Positions of the identified beads are compared for successive frames via Artificial Intelligence (AI) algorithm that determines the cloud behavior of the microbeads and algorithmically determines if the beads experience attraction or repulsion from the electrodes. Based on the determined behavior of the beads, algorithm will either increase or decrease the applied frequency and implement the digital command of the function generator that is controlled by the computer. Thus, the operation of the study platform is fully automated. The AI-guided platform has determined that positive DEP (pDEP) is active below 500 kHz frequency, negative DEP (nDEP) is evidenced above 1 MHz frequency and the crossover frequency is between 500 kHz and 1 MHz. These results are in line with previously published experimentally determined frequency-dependent DEP behavior of the latex microbeads. The phenomenological approach assisted by live AI-guided feedback loop described in the present study will assist the active manipulation of the system towards the desired phenomenological outcome such as, for example, collection of the particles at the electrodes, even if, due to the complexity and plurality of the interactive forces, model-based predictions are not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Michaels
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Irvine, 5200 Engineering Hall, Irvine, CA 92627-2700, USA; (M.M.); (T.Z.)
- Department of Materials and Manufacturing Technology, University of California Irvine, 5200 Engineering Hall, Irvine, CA 92627-2700, USA
| | - Shih-Yuan Yu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California Irvine, 2200 Engineering Hall, Irvine, CA 92627-2700, USA; (S.-Y.Y.); (F.D.)
| | - Tuo Zhou
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Irvine, 5200 Engineering Hall, Irvine, CA 92627-2700, USA; (M.M.); (T.Z.)
- Department of Materials and Manufacturing Technology, University of California Irvine, 5200 Engineering Hall, Irvine, CA 92627-2700, USA
| | - Fangzhou Du
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California Irvine, 2200 Engineering Hall, Irvine, CA 92627-2700, USA; (S.-Y.Y.); (F.D.)
| | - Mohammad Abdullah Al Faruque
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Irvine, 5200 Engineering Hall, Irvine, CA 92627-2700, USA; (M.M.); (T.Z.)
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California Irvine, 2200 Engineering Hall, Irvine, CA 92627-2700, USA; (S.-Y.Y.); (F.D.)
- Correspondence: (M.A.A.F.); (L.K.); Tel.: +1-949-824-6769 (L.K.)
| | - Lawrence Kulinsky
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Irvine, 5200 Engineering Hall, Irvine, CA 92627-2700, USA; (M.M.); (T.Z.)
- Correspondence: (M.A.A.F.); (L.K.); Tel.: +1-949-824-6769 (L.K.)
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Mikkelsen A, Kertmen A, Khobaib K, Rajňák M, Kurimský J, Rozynek Z. Assembly of 1D Granular Structures from Sulfonated Polystyrene Microparticles. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 10:E1212. [PMID: 29065465 PMCID: PMC5667018 DOI: 10.3390/ma10101212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Being able to systematically modify the electric properties of nano- and microparticles opens up new possibilities for the bottom-up fabrication of advanced materials such as the fabrication of one-dimensional (1D) colloidal and granular materials. Fabricating 1D structures from individual particles offers plenty of applications ranging from electronic sensors and photovoltaics to artificial flagella for hydrodynamic propulsion. In this work, we demonstrate the assembly of 1D structures composed of individual microparticles with modified electric properties, pulled out of a liquid environment into air. Polystyrene particles were modified by sulfonation for different reaction times and characterized by dielectric spectroscopy and dipolar force measurements. We found that by increasing the sulfonation time, the values of both electrical conductivity and dielectric constant of the particles increase, and that the relaxation frequency of particle electric polarization changes, causing the measured dielectric loss of the particles to shift towards higher frequencies. We attributed these results to water adsorbed at the surface of the particles. With sulfonated polystyrene particles exhibiting a range of electric properties, we showed how the electric properties of individual particles influence the formation of 1D structures. By tuning applied voltage and frequency, we were able to control the formation and dynamics of 1D structures, including chain bending and oscillation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Mikkelsen
- Institute of Acoustics, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 85, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Ahmet Kertmen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland.
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 85, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Khobaib Khobaib
- Institute of Acoustics, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 85, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Michal Rajňák
- Institute of Experimental Physics SAS, Watsonova 47, 040-01 Kosice, Slovakia.
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Technical University of Košice, Letná 9, 04200 Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Juraj Kurimský
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Technical University of Košice, Letná 9, 04200 Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Zbigniew Rozynek
- Institute of Acoustics, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 85, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
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Ding H, Shao J, Ding Y, Liu W, Tian H, Li X. One-Dimensional Au-ZnO Heteronanostructures for Ultraviolet Light Detectors by a Two-Step Dielectrophoretic Assembly Method. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:12713-12718. [PMID: 26009795 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b01362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
One-dimensional ZnO decorated with metal nanoparticles has received much attention in the field of ultraviolet light detection because of its high photosensitivity and fast response, while how to form effective metal-ZnO heterostructures cost efficiently is still in development. We report an efficient and well-controlled method to form Au-ZnO heterostructures by two-step dielectrophoretic assembly. First, ZnO nanowires dispersed in deionized water were assembled dielectrophoretically in a planar microelectrode system. To control the number and position of assembled ZnO nanowires, a planar triangle-shaped microelectrode pair was imposed with a high-frequency ac voltage signal in this assembly process. Then a droplet of Au nanoparticle suspension was applied to decorate the preformed ZnO nanowire by another dielectrophoretic assembly process. The near-field dielectrophoretic force induced by the existence of ZnO nanowire spanning the electrode gap attracts Au nanoparticles onto the surface of ZnO nanowires and forms effective Au-ZnO heterostructures. After the adsorption of Au nanoparticles, the performances of Au-ZnO heteronanostructures in UV detection were studied. Experimental results indicate that the ratio of the photo-to-dark current of the Au-ZnO heteronanostucture-based detector was improved significantly, and the photoresponse was accelerated considerably. This kind of enhancement in performance can be attributed to the localized Schottky junctions on the surface of ZnO nanowire which improves the surface band bending.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Ding
- Micro- and Nano-manufacturing Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Jinyou Shao
- Micro- and Nano-manufacturing Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Yucheng Ding
- Micro- and Nano-manufacturing Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Weiyu Liu
- Micro- and Nano-manufacturing Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Hongmiao Tian
- Micro- and Nano-manufacturing Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Xiangming Li
- Micro- and Nano-manufacturing Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
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