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Ding R, Li Y, Yu Y, Sun Z, Duan J. Prospects and hazards of silica nanoparticles: Biological impacts and implicated mechanisms. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 69:108277. [PMID: 37923235 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
With the thrive of nanotechnology, silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) have been extensively adopted in the agriculture, food, cosmetic, and even biomedical industries. Due to the mass production and use, SiNPs inevitably entered the environment, resulting in ecological toxicity and even posing a threat to human health. Although considerable investigations have been conducted to assess the toxicity of SiNPs, the correlation between SiNPs exposure and consequent health risks remains ambiguous. Since the biological impacts of SiNPs can differ from their design and application, the toxicity assessment for SiNPs may be extremely difficult. This review discussed the application of SiNPs in different fields, especially their biomedical use, and documented their potential release pathways into the environment. Meanwhile, the current process of assessing SiNPs-related toxicity on various model organisms and cell lines was also detailed, thus estimating the health threats posed by SiNPs exposure. Finally, the potential toxic mechanisms of SiNPs were also elaborated based on results obtained from both in vivo and in vitro trials. This review generally summarizes the biological effects of SiNPs, which will build up a comprehensive perspective of the application and toxicity of SiNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyang Ding
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Zhiwei Sun
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Junchao Duan
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
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López-Laguna H, Voltà-Durán E, Parladé E, Villaverde A, Vázquez E, Unzueta U. Insights on the emerging biotechnology of histidine-rich peptides. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 54:107817. [PMID: 34418503 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the late 70's, the discovery of the restriction enzymes made possible the biological production of functional proteins by recombinant DNA technologies, a fact that largely empowered both biotechnological and pharmaceutical industries. Short peptides or small protein domains, with specific molecular affinities, were developed as purification tags in downstream processes to separate the target protein from the culture media or cell debris, upon breaking the producing cells. Among these tags, and by exploiting the interactivity of the imidazole ring of histidine residues, the hexahistidine peptide (H6) became a gold standard. Although initially used almost exclusively in protein production, H6 and related His-rich peptides are progressively proving a broad applicability in novel utilities including enzymatic processes, advanced drug delivery systems and diagnosis, through a so far unsuspected adaptation of their binding capabilities. In this context, the coordination of histidine residues and metals confers intriguing functionalities to His-rich sequences useable in the forward-thinking design of protein-based nano- and micro-materials and devices, through strategies that are comprehensively presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hèctor López-Laguna
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Spain
| | - Eric Voltà-Durán
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Spain
| | - Eloi Parladé
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Spain
| | - Antonio Villaverde
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Spain.
| | - Esther Vázquez
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Spain.
| | - Ugutz Unzueta
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Spain; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Sant Antoni Mª Claret 167, 08025 Barcelona, Spain.
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Metal-Modified Montmorillonite as Plasmonic Microstructure for Direct Protein Detection. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21082655. [PMID: 33918956 PMCID: PMC8068845 DOI: 10.3390/s21082655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Thanks to its negative surface charge and high swelling behavior, montmorillonite (MMT) has been widely used to design hybrid materials for applications in metal ion adsorption, drug delivery, or antibacterial substrates. The changes in photophysical and photochemical properties observed when fluorophores interact with MMT make these hybrid materials attractive for designing novel optical sensors. Sensor technology is making huge strides forward, achieving high sensitivity and selectivity, but the fabrication of the sensing platform is often time-consuming and requires expensive chemicals and facilities. Here, we synthesized metal-modified MMT particles suitable for the bio-sensing of self-fluorescent biomolecules. The fluorescent enhancement achieved by combining clay minerals and plasmonic effect was exploited to improve the sensitivity of the fluorescence-based detection mechanism. As proof of concept, we showed that the signal of fluorescein isothiocyanate can be harvested by a factor of 60 using silver-modified MMT, while bovine serum albumin was successfully detected at 1.9 µg/mL. Furthermore, we demonstrated the versatility of the proposed hybrid materials by exploiting their plasmonic properties to develop liquid label-free detection systems. Our results on the signal enhancement achieved using metal-modified MMT will allow the development of highly sensitive, easily fabricated, and cost-efficient fluorescent- and plasmonic-based detection methods for biomolecules.
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Turner BL, Kilgour KM, Stine SJ, Daniele M, Menegatti S. Dual-Affinity Ratiometric Quenching (DARQ) Assay for the Quantification of Therapeutic Antibodies in CHO-S Cell Culture Fluids. Anal Chem 2020; 92:16274-16283. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brendan L. Turner
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 911 Oval Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Katie M. Kilgour
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, 911 Partners Way, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Sydney J. Stine
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, 911 Partners Way, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Michael Daniele
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 911 Oval Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, 890 Oval Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Stefano Menegatti
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, 911 Partners Way, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
- Biomanufacturing Training and Education Center (BTEC), 850 Oval Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
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Otten J, Tenhaef N, Jansen RP, Döbber J, Jungbluth L, Noack S, Oldiges M, Wiechert W, Pohl M. A FRET-based biosensor for the quantification of glucose in culture supernatants of mL scale microbial cultivations. Microb Cell Fact 2019; 18:143. [PMID: 31434564 PMCID: PMC6704555 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-019-1193-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In most microbial cultivations D-glucose is the main carbon and energy source. However, quantification of D-glucose especially in small scale is still challenging. Therefore, we developed a FRET-based glucose biosensor, which can be applied in microbioreactor-based cultivations. This sensor consists of a glucose binding protein sandwiched between two fluorescent proteins, constituting a FRET pair. Upon D-glucose binding the sensor undergoes a conformational change which is translated into a FRET-ratio change. RESULTS The selected sensor shows an apparent Kd below 1.5 mM D-glucose and a very high sensitivity of up to 70% FRET-ratio change between the unbound and the glucose-saturated state. The soluble sensor was successfully applied online to monitor the glucose concentration in an Escherichia coli culture. Additionally, this sensor was utilized in an at-line process for a Corynebacterium glutamicum culture as an example for a process with cell-specific background (e.g. autofluorescence) and medium-induced quenching. Immobilization of the sensor via HaloTag® enabled purification and covalent immobilization in one step and increased the stability during application, significantly. CONCLUSION A FRET-based glucose sensor was used to quantify D-glucose consumption in microtiter plate based cultivations. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first method reported for online quantification of D-glucose in microtiter plate based cultivations. In comparison to D-glucose analysis via an enzymatic assay and HPLC, the sensor performed equally well, but enabled much faster measurements, which allowed to speed up microbial strain development significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Otten
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Niklas Tenhaef
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Roman P. Jansen
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Johannes Döbber
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Lisa Jungbluth
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Stephan Noack
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Marco Oldiges
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wiechert
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Martina Pohl
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
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Mai HH, Tran DH, Janssens E. Non-enzymatic fluorescent glucose sensor using vertically aligned ZnO nanotubes grown by a one-step, seedless hydrothermal method. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 186:245. [PMID: 30879198 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-3353-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive non-enzymatic fluorescent glucose sensor, consisting of vertically aligned ZnO nanotubes (NTs) grown on low-cost printed circuit board substrates, is described. The ZnO NTs were synthesized by a one-step hydrothermal method without using a seed layer. The sensor function is based on the photoluminescence (PL) quenching of ZnO NTs treated with different concentrations of glucose. The UV emission (emission maximum at 384 nm under 325 nm excitation) decreases linearly with increasing glucose concentration. The sensor exhibits a sensitivity of 3.5%·mM-1 (defined as percentage change of the PL peak intensity per mM) and a lower limit of detection (LOD) of 70 μM. This is better than previously reported work based on the use of ZnO nanostructures. The detection range is 0.1-15 mM which makes the sensor suitable for practical uses in glucose sensing. The sensor was successfully applied to the analysis of human blood serum samples. It is not interfered by common concentrations of ascorbic acid, uric acid, bovine serum albumin, maltose, fructose, and sucrose. Graphical abstract Schematic of the one-step, seedless hydrothermal method utilized for synthesizing vertically aligned ZnO nanotubes on printed circuit board substrates (PCBs). The ZnO nanotubes were used to monitor glucose concentrations in a non-enzymatic fluorescent sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanh Hong Mai
- Faculty of Physics, VNU University of Science, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam.
| | - Dinh Hoang Tran
- Faculty of Physics, VNU University of Science, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
| | - Ewald Janssens
- Laboratory of Solid State Physics and Magnetism and Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
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Khoshbin Z, Housaindokht MR, Verdian A, Bozorgmehr MR. Simultaneous detection and determination of mercury (II) and lead (II) ions through the achievement of novel functional nucleic acid-based biosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 116:130-147. [PMID: 29879539 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The serious threats of mercury (Hg2+) and lead (Pb2+) ions for the public health makes it important to achieve the detection methods of the ions with high affinity and specificity. Metal ions usually coexist in some environment and foodstuff or clinical samples. Therefore, it is very necessary to develop a fast and simple method for simultaneous monitoring the amount of metal ions, especially when Hg2+ and Pb2+ coexist. DNAzyme-based biosensors and aptasensors have been highly regarded for this purpose as two main groups of the functional nucleic acid (FNA)-based biosensors. In this review, we summarize the recent achievements of functional nucleic acid-based biosensors for the simultaneous detection of Hg2+ and Pb2+ ions in two main optical and electrochemical groups. The tremendous interest in utilizing the various nanomaterials is also highlighted in the fabrication of the FNA-based biosensors. Finally, some results are presented based on the advantages and disadvantages of the studied FNA-based biosensors to compare their validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Khoshbin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Asma Verdian
- Department of Food Safety and Quality Control, Research Institute of Food Science and Technology (RIFST), Mashhad, Iran
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Chen L, Hwang E, Zhang J. Fluorescent Nanobiosensors for Sensing Glucose. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18051440. [PMID: 29734744 PMCID: PMC5982147 DOI: 10.3390/s18051440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Glucose sensing in diabetes diagnosis and therapy is of great importance due to the prevalence of diabetes in the world. Furthermore, glucose sensing is also critical in the food and drug industries. Sensing glucose has been accomplished through various strategies, such as electrochemical or optical methods. Novel transducers made with nanomaterials that integrate fluorescent techniques have allowed for the development of advanced glucose sensors with superior sensitivity and convenience. In this review, glucose sensing by fluorescent nanobiosensor systems is discussed. Firstly, typical fluorescence emitting/interacting nanomaterials utilized in various glucose assays are discussed. Secondly, strategies for integrating fluorescent nanomaterials and biological sensing elements are reviewed and discussed. In summary, this review highlights the applicability of fluorescent nanomaterials, which makes them ideal for glucose sensing. Insight on the future direction of fluorescent nanobiosensor systems is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longyi Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada.
| | - Eugene Hwang
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada.
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada.
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada.
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Kahyaoglu LN, Madangopal R, Park JH, Rickus JL. Integration of a Genetically Encoded Calcium Molecular Sensor into Photopolymerizable Hydrogels for Micro-Optrode-Based Sensing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:31557-31567. [PMID: 28845962 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b09923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Genetically encoded molecular-protein sensors (GEMS) are engineered to sense and quantify a wide range of biological substances and events in cells, in vitro and even in vivo with high spatial and temporal resolution. Here, we aim to stably incorporate these proteins into a photopatternable matrix, while preserving their functionality, to extend the application of these proteins as spatially addressable optical biosensors. For this reason, we examined the fabrication of 3D hydrogel microtips doped with a genetically encoded fluorescent biosensor, GCaMP3, at the end of an optical fiber. Stable incorporation parameters of GCaMP3 into a photo-cross-linkable monomer matrix were investigated through a series of characterization and optimization experiments. Different precursor-solution formulations and irradiation parameters of in situ photopolymerization were tested to determine the factors affecting protein stability and sensor reproducibility during photoencapsulation. The microstructure and performance of hydrogel microtips were controlled by varying UV irradiation intensity as well as the molecular weight and concentration of the photocurable monomer, PEGDA (polyethylene glycol diacrylate), in precursor solution. Protein-doped hydrogel micro-optrodes (microtip sensors) were fabricated successfully and reproducibly at the distal end of optical fiber. Under optimized conditions, the bioactivity of GCaMP3 within a hydrogel matrix of micro-optrodes remained similar to that of the protein-free matrix in buffer. The limit of detection of protein optrodes for free calcium was also determined to be 4.3 nM. The hydrogel formulation and fabrication process demonstrated here using microtip optrodes can be easily adapted to other conformation-dependent protein biosensors and can be used in sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyla Nesrin Kahyaoglu
- Agricultural & Biological Engineering, ‡Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, §Birck-Bindley Physiological Sensing Facility, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Rajtarun Madangopal
- Agricultural & Biological Engineering, ‡Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, §Birck-Bindley Physiological Sensing Facility, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Joon Hyeong Park
- Agricultural & Biological Engineering, ‡Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, §Birck-Bindley Physiological Sensing Facility, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jenna L Rickus
- Agricultural & Biological Engineering, ‡Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, §Birck-Bindley Physiological Sensing Facility, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Verdian A. Apta-nanosensors for detection and quantitative determination of acetamiprid - A pesticide residue in food and environment. Talanta 2017; 176:456-464. [PMID: 28917776 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.08.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In an effort to achieve high sensitive and selective detection of pesticide residues, numerous nanomaterial-based aptasensors are currently being developed for acetamiprid analysis. Recently, aptamers as a potent alternative of antibodies are used in biosensing platforms. There is tremendous interest in utilizing of nanomaterial as basic building blocks and signaling elements in aptasensors. The nanomaterials have the unique optical and electrical properties. The combination of nanomaterial and aptamer technology has opened a new window in pesticide residues monitoring. In this review, recent advances and applications of optical and electrochemical nanomaterial-based aptasensors for the detection and quantitative determination of acetamiprid in details have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Verdian
- Department of Food Nanotechnology, Research Institute of Food Science and Technology (RIFST), Mashhad, Iran.
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Jankowska D, Bannwarth M, Schulenburg C, Faccio G, Maniura-Weber K, Rossi R, Scherer L, Richter M, Boesel L. Simultaneous detection of pH value and glucose concentrations for wound monitoring applications. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 87:312-319. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.08.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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