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Dao KQ, Hoang CH, Van Nguyen T, Nguyen DH, Mai HH. High microbiostatic and microbicidal efficiencies of bacterial cellulose-ZnO nanocomposites for in vivo microbial inhibition and filtering. Colloid Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-023-05074-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
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Tran TH, Nguyen THT, Nguyen MH, Pham NH, Ngac AB, Mai HH, Pham VT, Nguyen TB, Ho KH, Nguyen TT, Nguyen VT. Synthesis of ZnO/Au Nanorods for Self Cleaning Applications. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2021; 21:2621-2625. [PMID: 33500084 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2021.19110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a well-known semiconductor with valuable characteristics: wide direct band gap of ˜3.3 eV, large exciton binding energy of 60 meV at room temperature, high efficient photocatalyst, etc. which have been applied in many fields such as optical devices (LEDs, laser), solar cells and sensors. Besides, various low dimensional structures of ZnO in terms of nanoparticles, nanorods, nanoneedles, nanotetrapods find applications in technology and life. This material is also appealing due to the diversity of available processing methods including both chemical and physical approaches such as: hydrothermal, sol-gel, chemical vapor deposition and sputtering. In this report, ZnO nanorods are prepared by hydrothermal method assisted with galvanic-cell effect. The effect of counter electrode materials on the morphology and structure of obtained product was studied. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the product showed that counter electrodes made of aluminum offers nanorods of higher quality than other materials in terms of uniform size, high density and good preferred orientation. The as-prepared nanorods were then sputtered with gold (Au). ZnO/Au nanostructures show excellent photocatalyst activities which were demonstrated by complete photodegradation of methylene blue (Mb) under UV irradiation and high decomposition rate k of 0.011 min-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Ha Tran
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Basic Science, University of Mining and Geology, Duc Thang, Tu Liem, 11910, Hanoi
| | - Thi Huyen Trang Nguyen
- Faculty of Physics, VNU-University of Science, Vietnam National University Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, 120000, Hanoi
| | - Manh Hong Nguyen
- Faculty of Physics, VNU-University of Science, Vietnam National University Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, 120000, Hanoi
| | - Nguyen Hai Pham
- Faculty of Physics, VNU-University of Science, Vietnam National University Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, 120000, Hanoi
| | - An Bang Ngac
- Faculty of Physics, VNU-University of Science, Vietnam National University Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, 120000, Hanoi
| | - Hanh Hong Mai
- Faculty of Physics, VNU-University of Science, Vietnam National University Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, 120000, Hanoi
| | - Van Thanh Pham
- Faculty of Physics, VNU-University of Science, Vietnam National University Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, 120000, Hanoi
| | - Thanh Binh Nguyen
- Faculty of Physics, VNU-University of Science, Vietnam National University Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, 120000, Hanoi
| | - Khac Hieu Ho
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, 03 Quang Trung, Hai Chau, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam
| | - Trong Tam Nguyen
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Basic-Fundamental Sciences, Vietnam Maritime University, 484 Lach Tray - Le Chan - 182582, Hai Phong
| | - Viet Tuyen Nguyen
- Faculty of Physics, VNU-University of Science, Vietnam National University Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, 120000, Hanoi
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Mai HH, Janssens E. Au nanoparticle-decorated ZnO nanorods as fluorescent non-enzymatic glucose probe. Mikrochim Acta 2020; 187:577. [PMID: 32975645 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-020-04563-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
ZnO nanorods (NRs) synthesized by a hydrothermal method and decorated with Au nanoparticles (NPs) were used for fluorescent non-enzymatic glucose detection. The detection is based on the photoluminescence (PL) quenching of ZnO NRs/Au NPs (at 382 nm under 325 nm excitation) exposed to glucose. The sensor exhibits a high sensitivity of (22 ± 2) % mM-1 (defined as percentage change of the PL peak intensity per mM) and a limit of detection (LOD) as low as 0.01 mM, along with an excellent selectivity and a short response time (less than 5 s). In comparison with a fluorescent non-enzymatic ZnO nanostructure-based glucose sensor, the addition of Au NPs significantly enhances the sensitivity. This is attributed to the surface plasmon resonance, which increases not only the photoluminescence intensity but also the photo-oxidation property of the ZnO NRs. Thus, ZnO NRs/Au NPs can act as an efficient photocatalyst for glucose detection. Most importantly, the probe is applicable to glucose detection in human blood serum. The outstanding performance of the material and its cost-effectiveness allow for potential application in single-use, noninvasive glucose devices.Graphical abstract A sensitive non-enzymatic fluorescent glucose probe-based ZnO nanorod decorated with Au nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanh Hong Mai
- Faculty of Physics, University of Science, Vietnam National University, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam.
| | - Ewald Janssens
- Quantum Solid-State Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium.
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Mai HH, Nguyen TT, Giang KM, Do XT, Nguyen TT, Hoang HC, Ta VD. Chicken albumen-based whispering gallery mode microlasers. Soft Matter 2020; 16:9069-9073. [PMID: 32909582 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01091j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Microlasers based on biomaterials have attracted enormous interest because of their promising potential for future applications in medical treatments, bio-tracking, and biosensing. In this work, we demonstrate chicken albumen as a novel and excellent low-cost biomaterial for a laser cavity. By using a simple but effective emulsion process, rhodamine B-doped chicken albumen microspheres with various diameters ranging from 20 μm to 100 μm can be fabricated. Under optical pulse excitation, these microspheres emit lasing emission. The lasing mechanism is investigated and ascribed to the whispering gallery mode (WGM). A threshold of 23.2 μJ mm-2 and a high Q-factor of approximately 2400 are obtained from an 82 μm-diameter microsphere. Size-dependent lasing characteristics are also examined, and the result shows good agreement with the WGM theory. Interestingly, these microsphere biolasers can operate in aqueous and biological environments such as water and human blood serum, which makes them a promising candidate for laser-based biosensing and biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanh Hong Mai
- Department of Quantum Optics, Faculty of Physics, University of Science, Vietnam National University, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam. and Key Laboratory for Multi-scale Simulations of Complex Systems, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Tam Trong Nguyen
- Department of Quantum Optics, Faculty of Physics, University of Science, Vietnam National University, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam.
| | - Khoi Manh Giang
- Center of Laser Technology, National Center for Technological Progress, C7 Khuat Duy Tien, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Xuan Tien Do
- Center of Laser Technology, National Center for Technological Progress, C7 Khuat Duy Tien, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Toan T Nguyen
- Department of Quantum Optics, Faculty of Physics, University of Science, Vietnam National University, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam. and Key Laboratory for Multi-scale Simulations of Complex Systems, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Hieu Chi Hoang
- Department of Quantum Optics, Faculty of Physics, University of Science, Vietnam National University, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam.
| | - Van Duong Ta
- Department of Optical Devices, Le Quy Don Technical University, 236 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam.
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Nguyen LH, Tran TT, Truong LTN, Mai HH, Nguyen TT. Overcharging of the Zinc Ion in the Structure of the Zinc-Finger Protein Is Needed for DNA Binding Stability. Biochemistry 2020; 59:1378-1390. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b01055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ly H. Nguyen
- Key Laboratory for Multiscale Simulations of Complex Systems, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai Street, Thanh Xuan District, Hanoi 120000, Vietnam
| | - Tuyen T. Tran
- Key Laboratory for Multiscale Simulations of Complex Systems, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai Street, Thanh Xuan District, Hanoi 120000, Vietnam
| | - Lien Thi Ngoc Truong
- Hanoi University of Science and Technology, 1 Dai Co Viet Road, Hai Ba Trung District, Hanoi 112400, Vietnam
| | - Hanh Hong Mai
- Key Laboratory for Multiscale Simulations of Complex Systems, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai Street, Thanh Xuan District, Hanoi 120000, Vietnam
| | - Toan T. Nguyen
- Key Laboratory for Multiscale Simulations of Complex Systems, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai Street, Thanh Xuan District, Hanoi 120000, Vietnam
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Nguyen TV, Pham NV, Mai HH, Duong DC, Le HH, Sapienza R, Ta VD. Protein-based microsphere biolasers fabricated by dehydration. Soft Matter 2019; 15:9721-9726. [PMID: 31742302 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm01610d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Biolasers made of biological materials have attracted considerable research attention due to their biocompatibility and biodegradability, and have the potential for biosensing and biointegration. However, the current fabrication methods of biolasers suffer from several limitations, such as complicated processing, time-consuming and environmentally unfriendly nature. In this study, a novel approach with green processes for fabricating solid-state microsphere biolasers has been demonstrated. By dehydration via a modified Microglassification™ technology, dye-doped bovine serum albumin (BSA) droplets could be quickly (less than 10 minutes) and easily changed into solid microspheres with diameters ranging from 10 μm to 150 μm. The size of the microspheres could be effectively controlled by changing either the concentration of the BSA solution or the diameter of the initial droplets. The fabricated microspheres could act as efficient microlasers under an optical pulse excitation. A lasing threshold of 7.8 μJ mm-2 and a quality (Q) factor of about 1700 to 3100 were obtained. The size dependence of lasing characteristics was investigated, and the results showed a good agreement with whispering gallery mode (WGM) theory. Our findings contribute an effective technique for the fabrication of high-Q factor microlasers that may be potential for applications in biological and chemical sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toan Van Nguyen
- Department of Physics, Le Quy Don Technical University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
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Mai HH, Tran DH, Janssens E. Non-enzymatic fluorescent glucose sensor using vertically aligned ZnO nanotubes grown by a one-step, seedless hydrothermal method. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 186:245. [PMID: 30879198 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-3353-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive non-enzymatic fluorescent glucose sensor, consisting of vertically aligned ZnO nanotubes (NTs) grown on low-cost printed circuit board substrates, is described. The ZnO NTs were synthesized by a one-step hydrothermal method without using a seed layer. The sensor function is based on the photoluminescence (PL) quenching of ZnO NTs treated with different concentrations of glucose. The UV emission (emission maximum at 384 nm under 325 nm excitation) decreases linearly with increasing glucose concentration. The sensor exhibits a sensitivity of 3.5%·mM-1 (defined as percentage change of the PL peak intensity per mM) and a lower limit of detection (LOD) of 70 μM. This is better than previously reported work based on the use of ZnO nanostructures. The detection range is 0.1-15 mM which makes the sensor suitable for practical uses in glucose sensing. The sensor was successfully applied to the analysis of human blood serum samples. It is not interfered by common concentrations of ascorbic acid, uric acid, bovine serum albumin, maltose, fructose, and sucrose. Graphical abstract Schematic of the one-step, seedless hydrothermal method utilized for synthesizing vertically aligned ZnO nanotubes on printed circuit board substrates (PCBs). The ZnO nanotubes were used to monitor glucose concentrations in a non-enzymatic fluorescent sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanh Hong Mai
- Faculty of Physics, VNU University of Science, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam.
| | - Dinh Hoang Tran
- Faculty of Physics, VNU University of Science, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
| | - Ewald Janssens
- Laboratory of Solid State Physics and Magnetism and Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
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Trung NV, Carrique-Mas JJ, Nghia NH, Tu LTP, Mai HH, Tuyen HT, Campbell J, Nhung NT, Nhung HN, Minh PV, Chieu TTB, Hieu TQ, Mai NTN, Baker S, Wagenaar JA, Hoa NT, Schultsz C. Non-Typhoidal Salmonella Colonization in Chickens and Humans in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam. Zoonoses Public Health 2016; 64:94-99. [PMID: 27152998 PMCID: PMC5324551 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Salmonellosis is a public health concern in both the developed and developing countries. Although the majority of human non‐typhoidal Salmonella enterica (NTS) cases are the result of foodborne infections or person‐to‐person transmission, NTS infections may also be acquired by environmental and occupational exposure to animals. While a considerable number of studies have investigated the presence of NTS in farm animals and meat/carcasses, very few studies have investigated the risk of NTS colonization in humans as a result of direct animal exposure. We investigated asymptomatic NTS colonization in 204 backyard chicken farms, 204 farmers and 306 matched individuals not exposed to chicken farming, in southern Vietnam. Pooled chicken faeces, collected using boot or handheld swabs on backyard chicken farms, and rectal swabs from human participants were tested. NTS colonization prevalence was 45.6%, 4.4% and 2.6% for chicken farms, farmers and unexposed individuals, respectively. Our study observed a higher prevalence of NTS colonization among chicken farmers (4.4%) compared with age‐, sex‐ and location‐ matched rural and urban individuals not exposed to chickens (2.9% and 2.0%). A total of 164 chicken NTS strains and 17 human NTS strains were isolated, and 28 serovars were identified. Salmonella Weltevreden was the predominant serovar in both chickens and humans. NTS isolates showed resistance (20–40%) against tetracycline, chloramphenicol, sulfamethoxazole‐trimethoprim and ampicillin. Our study reflects the epidemiology of NTS colonization in chickens and humans in the Mekong delta of Vietnam and emphasizes the need of larger, preferably longitudinal studies to study the transmission dynamics of NTS between and within animal and human host populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- N V Trung
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Global Health-Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Centre for Tropical Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - J J Carrique-Mas
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Centre for Tropical Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - N H Nghia
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Centre for Tropical Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - L T P Tu
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Centre for Tropical Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - H H Mai
- Sub-Department of Animal Health, My Tho, Tien Giang, Vietnam
| | - H T Tuyen
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Centre for Tropical Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - J Campbell
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Centre for Tropical Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - N T Nhung
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Centre for Tropical Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - H N Nhung
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Centre for Tropical Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - P V Minh
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Centre for Tropical Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - T T B Chieu
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Centre for Tropical Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - T Q Hieu
- Sub-Department of Animal Health, My Tho, Tien Giang, Vietnam
| | - N T N Mai
- Preventive Medicine Center, Tien Giang, Vietnam
| | - S Baker
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Centre for Tropical Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - J A Wagenaar
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - N T Hoa
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Centre for Tropical Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - C Schultsz
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Global Health-Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Centre for Tropical Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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Cuong NV, Truc VNT, Nhung NT, Thanh TT, Chieu TTB, Hieu TQ, Men NT, Mai HH, Chi HT, Boni MF, van Doorn HR, Thwaites GE, Carrique-Mas JJ, Hoa NT. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus A/H5N1 Infection in Vaccinated Meat Duck Flocks in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam. Transbound Emerg Dis 2016; 63:127-35. [PMID: 26748550 PMCID: PMC4819680 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We investigated episodes of suspected highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI)-like illness among 12 meat duck flocks in two districts in Tien Giang province (Mekong Delta, Vietnam) in November 2013. In total, duck samples from 8 of 12 farms tested positive for HPAI virus subtype A/haemagglutinin 5 and neuraminidase 1 (H5N1) by real-time RT-PCR. Sequencing results confirmed clade of 2.3.2.1.c as the cause of the outbreaks. Most (7/8) laboratory-confirmed positive flocks had been vaccinated with inactivated HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.4 vaccines <6 days prior to onset of clinical signs. A review of vaccination data in relation to estimated production in the area suggested that vaccination efforts were biased towards larger flocks and that vaccination coverage was low [21.2% ducks vaccinated with two shots (range by district 7.4-34.9%)]. The low-coverage data, the experimental evidence of lack of cross-protection conferred by the currently used vaccines based on clade 2.3.4 together with the short lifespan of meat duck flocks (60-70 days), suggest that vaccination is not likely to be effective as a tool for control of H5N1 infection in meat duck flocks in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- N V Cuong
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Hospital for Tropical Disease, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - V N T Truc
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Hospital for Tropical Disease, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - N T Nhung
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Hospital for Tropical Disease, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - T T Thanh
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Hospital for Tropical Disease, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - T T B Chieu
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Hospital for Tropical Disease, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - T Q Hieu
- Sub-Department of Animal Health, Tien Giang Province, Vietnam
| | - N T Men
- Sub-Department of Animal Health, Tien Giang Province, Vietnam
| | - H H Mai
- Sub-Department of Animal Health, Tien Giang Province, Vietnam
| | - H T Chi
- Sub-Department of Animal Health, Tien Giang Province, Vietnam
| | - M F Boni
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Hospital for Tropical Disease, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
| | - H R van Doorn
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Hospital for Tropical Disease, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
| | - G E Thwaites
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Hospital for Tropical Disease, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
| | - J J Carrique-Mas
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Hospital for Tropical Disease, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
| | - N T Hoa
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Hospital for Tropical Disease, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
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