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Deng Z, Padalino MA, Jan JEL, Park S, Danneman MW, Johnston JN. Generality-Driven Catalyst Development: A Universal Catalyst for Enantioselective Nitroalkene Reduction. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:1269-1275. [PMID: 38176098 PMCID: PMC10862354 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Cracking the selectivity-generality paradox is among the most pressing challenges in asymmetric catalysis. This obstacle prevents the immediate and successful translation of new methods to diverse small molecules. This is particularly rate-limiting for therapeutic development, where availability and structural diversity are often critical components of successful campaigns. Here we describe the union of generality-driven enantioselective catalysis and the preparation of diverse peptidomimetics. A single new organocatalyst provides high selectivity and substrate generality that is matched only by a combination of metal and organocatalysts. Within organocatalysis, this discovery breaks a 16-year monolithic paradigm, uncovering a powerful new scaffold for enantioselective reduction with behavior that suggests the recognition of a nitroethylene minimal catalaphile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihang Deng
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
| | - Melanie A. Padalino
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
| | - Julius E. L. Jan
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
| | - Sangjun Park
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
| | - Michael W. Danneman
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
| | - Jeffrey N. Johnston
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
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2
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Wang X, Xu S, Tang Y, Lear MJ, He W, Li J. Nitroalkanes as thioacyl equivalents to access thioamides and thiopeptides. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4626. [PMID: 37532721 PMCID: PMC10397191 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40334-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Thioamides are an important, but a largely underexplored class of amide bioisostere in peptides. Replacement of oxoamide units with thioamides in peptide therapeutics is a valuable tactic to improve biological activity and resistance to enzymatic hydrolysis. This tactic, however, has been hampered by insufficient methods to introduce thioamide bonds into peptide or protein backbones in a site-specific and stereo-retentive fashion. In this work, we developed an efficient and mild thioacylation method to react nitroalkanes with amines directly in the presence of elemental sulfur and sodium sulfide to form a diverse range of thioamides in high yields. Notably, this convenient method can be employed for the controlled thioamide coupling of multifunctionalized peptides without epimerization of stereocenters, including the late stage thioacylation of advanced compounds of biological and medicinal interest. Experimental interrogation of postulated mechanisms currently supports the intermediacy of thioacyl species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Wang
- School of Chemistry, and Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049, Xi'an, China
| | - Silong Xu
- School of Chemistry, and Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuhai Tang
- School of Chemistry, and Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049, Xi'an, China
| | - Martin J Lear
- School of Chemistry, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln, LN6 7TS, UK
| | - Wangxiao He
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, 710061, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Li
- School of Chemistry, and Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049, Xi'an, China.
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3
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Abstract
Amide synthesis is one of the most widely practiced chemical reactions, owing to its use in drug development and peptide synthesis. Despite the importance of these applications, the attendant effort to eliminate waste associated with these protocols has met with limited success, and pernicious α-epimerization is most often minimized but not eliminated when targeting challenging amides (e.g., N-aryl amides). This effort has focused on what is essentially a single paradigm in amide formation wherein an electrophilic acyl donor reacts with a nucleophilic amine. Umpolung amide synthesis (UmAS) emerged from α-halo nitroalkane reactions with amines and has since been developed into a method for the synthesis of enantiopure amides using entirely catalytic, enantioselective synthesis. However, its inability to forge N-aryl amides has been a longstanding problem, one limiting its application more broadly in drug development where α-chiral N-aryl amides are increasingly common. We report here the reaction of α-fluoronitroalkanes and N-aryl hydroxyl amines for the direct synthesis of N-aryl amides using a simple Brønsted base as the promoter. No other activating agents are required, and experiments guided by mechanistic hypotheses outline a mechanism based on the UmAS paradigm and confirm that the N-aryl amide, not the N-aryl hydroxamic acid, is the direct product. Ultimately, select chiral α-amino-N-aryl amides were prepared with complete conservation of enantioenrichment, in contrast to a parallel demonstration of their ability to epimerize using the conventional amide synthesis alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Crocker
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
| | - Zihang Deng
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
| | - Jeffrey N. Johnston
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
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4
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White AM, Palombi IR, Malins LR. Umpolung strategies for the functionalization of peptides and proteins. Chem Sci 2022; 13:2809-2823. [PMID: 35382479 PMCID: PMC8905898 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc06133j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Umpolung strategies, defined as synthetic approaches which reverse commonly accepted reactivity patterns, are broadly recognized as enabling tools for small molecule synthesis and catalysis. However, methods which exploit this logic for peptide and protein functionalizations are comparatively rare, with the overwhelming majority of existing bioconjugation approaches relying on the well-established reactivity profiles of a handful of amino acids. This perspective serves to highlight a small but growing body of recent work that masterfully capitalizes on the concept of polarity reversal for the selective modification of proteinogenic functionalities. Current applications of umpolung chemistry in organic synthesis and chemical biology as well as the vast potential for further innovations in peptide and protein modification will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M White
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Isabella R Palombi
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Lara R Malins
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
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5
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Bing JA, Schley ND, Johnston JN. Fluorine-induced diastereodivergence discovered in an equally rare enantioselective syn-aza-Henry reaction. Chem Sci 2022; 13:2614-2623. [PMID: 35356677 PMCID: PMC8890141 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05910f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention to the aza-Henry reaction, particularly over the past two decades, has resulted in a wide range of effective catalysts for the enantio- and diastereoselective versions, driven by the versatility of the β-amino nitroalkane products as precursors to secondary amines and vic-diamines. Despite this broad effort, syn-diastereoselective variants are exceedingly rare. We have discovered a subset of α-fluoro nitroalkane additions that are characterized by an unusual crossover in diastereoselection, often delivering the products with high selectivities. We report here a rigorous comparative analysis of non-fluorinated and α-fluoro nitroalkanes in their additions to azomethines. Both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis were applied to probe the possibility that this phenomenon might be more widely operative in the enantioselective additions of fluorine-substituted carbon nucleophiles. A complete correlation within four categories is described that uncovered a clear trend, while revealing a dramatic and distinct reversal of diastereoselection that would normally go undetected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade A Bing
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Nashville Tennessee 37235-1822 USA
| | - Nathan D Schley
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Nashville Tennessee 37235-1822 USA
| | - Jeffrey N Johnston
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Nashville Tennessee 37235-1822 USA
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Wang X, Li J, Hayashi Y. Oxidative peptide bond formation of glycine-amino acid using 2-(aminomethyl)malononitrile as a glycine unit. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:4283-4286. [PMID: 33913954 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc00130b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Amide linkage of glycine-amino acid was synthesized by coupling of substituted 2-(aminomethyl)malononitrile as a C-terminal glycine unit and N-terminal amine using CsOAc and O2 in an aqueous solution. This is a coupling reagent-free and catalyst-free peptide synthesis via oxidative amide bond formation. Various tripeptides and tetrapeptides were synthesized efficiently and the sulfide moiety is inert even under an oxygen atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Yujiro Hayashi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan.
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Hollanders C, Renders E, Gadais C, Masullo D, Van Raemdonck L, Wybon CCD, Martin C, Herrebout WA, Maes BUW, Ballet S. Zn-Catalyzed Nicotinate-Directed Transamidations in Peptide Synthesis. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b05074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charlie Hollanders
- Organic Chemistry, Departments of Chemistry and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Evelien Renders
- Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Charlène Gadais
- Organic Chemistry, Departments of Chemistry and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dario Masullo
- Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Laurent Van Raemdonck
- Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Clarence C. D. Wybon
- Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Martin
- Organic Chemistry, Departments of Chemistry and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Wouter A. Herrebout
- Molecular Spectroscopy, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bert U. W. Maes
- Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Steven Ballet
- Organic Chemistry, Departments of Chemistry and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
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8
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Abdolmaleki S, Ghadermazi M, Bagheri F, Amiri Rudbari H, Bruno G. Evaluation of two novel macrocycles containing pyridine-2,6-dicarboxamide unit as cationic fluorescent sensor. Polyhedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2019.114292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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9
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Vishe M, Johnston JN. The inverted ketene synthon: a double umpolung approach to enantioselective β 2,3-amino amide synthesis. Chem Sci 2019; 10:1138-1143. [PMID: 30774911 PMCID: PMC6349014 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc04330b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A stereocontrolled synthesis of β2,3-amino amides is reported. Innovation is encapsulated by the first use of nitroalkenes to achieve double umpolung in enantioselective β-amino amide synthesis. Step economy is also fulfilled by the use of Umpolung Amide Synthesis (UmAS) in the second step, delivering the amide product without intermediacy of a carboxylic acid or activated derivative. Molybdenum oxide-mediated hydride reduction provides the anti-β2,3-amino amide with high selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Vishe
- Department of Chemistry , Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology Vanderbilt University , Nashville , Tennessee 37235 , USA .
| | - Jeffrey N Johnston
- Department of Chemistry , Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology Vanderbilt University , Nashville , Tennessee 37235 , USA .
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10
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Zhou M, Li J, Tian C, Sun X, Zhu X, Cheng Y, An G, Li G. A Metal-Free Three-Component Reaction of trans-β-Nitrostyrene Derivatives, Dibromo Amides, and Amines Leading to Functionalized Amidines. J Org Chem 2019; 84:1015-1024. [PMID: 30592406 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A mild, metal-free, and multicomponent route for the preparation of N-acyl amidines from nitroalkene derivatives, dibromo amides, and amines has been developed that accesses an initial α,α-dibromonitroalkane intermediate that can undergo C-C bond cleavage. This protocol offers an alternative approach toward N-acyl amidines and features the rapid construction of amidine frameworks with high diversity and complexity. The procedure also accesses bisamidine and α,β-unsaturated amidines which are challenging targets by traditional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry (MOE), School of Chemistry and Materials Science , Heilongjiang University , No. 74, Xuefu Road , Nangang District, Harbin 150080 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jinlei Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry (MOE), School of Chemistry and Materials Science , Heilongjiang University , No. 74, Xuefu Road , Nangang District, Harbin 150080 , People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Tian
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry (MOE), School of Chemistry and Materials Science , Heilongjiang University , No. 74, Xuefu Road , Nangang District, Harbin 150080 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry (MOE), School of Chemistry and Materials Science , Heilongjiang University , No. 74, Xuefu Road , Nangang District, Harbin 150080 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoting Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry (MOE), School of Chemistry and Materials Science , Heilongjiang University , No. 74, Xuefu Road , Nangang District, Harbin 150080 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yaohang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry (MOE), School of Chemistry and Materials Science , Heilongjiang University , No. 74, Xuefu Road , Nangang District, Harbin 150080 , People's Republic of China
| | - Guanghui An
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry (MOE), School of Chemistry and Materials Science , Heilongjiang University , No. 74, Xuefu Road , Nangang District, Harbin 150080 , People's Republic of China.,College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering , Harbin Engineering University , Harbin , Heilongjiang 150001 , People's Republic of China
| | - Guangming Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry (MOE), School of Chemistry and Materials Science , Heilongjiang University , No. 74, Xuefu Road , Nangang District, Harbin 150080 , People's Republic of China
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin 300353, P. R. China
| | - Henry N. C. Wong
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
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12
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Abstract
Direct oxidation of α-CH2 group of free amines is hard to achieve due to the higher reactivity of amine moiety. Therefore, oxidation of amines involves the use of sophisticated metallic reagents/catalyst in the presence or absence of hazardous oxidants under sensitive reaction conditions. A novel method for direct C-H oxygenation of aliphatic amines through a metal-free activation of molecular oxygen has been developed. Both activated and unactivated free amines were oxygenated efficiently to provide a wide variety of amides (primary, secondary) and lactams under operationally simple conditions without the aid of metallic reagents and toxic oxidants. The method has been applied to the synthesis of highly functionalized amide-containing medicinal drugs, such as O-Me-alibendol and -buclosamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati , Guwahati, India 781039
| | - Chandan K Jana
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati , Guwahati, India 781039
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13
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Abstract
Using a commercially available Umemoto's reagent, the metal-free trifluoromethylation of nitroalkanes is now possible. This method provides a general, high-yielding synthesis of α-(trifluoromethyl)nitroalkanes. The quaternary α-(trifluoromethyl)nitroalkanes obtained from this transformation can be elaborated to a variety of complex nitrogen-containing molecules, including α-(trifluoromethyl)amines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Donald A. Watson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 United States
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Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
| | - Chandan K. Jana
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
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Li J, Lear MJ, Kwon E, Hayashi Y. Mechanism of Oxidative Amidation of Nitroalkanes with Oxygen and Amine Nucleophiles by Using Electrophilic Iodine. Chemistry 2016; 22:5538-42. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201600540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Tohoku University; Aza Aramaki, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8578 Japan
| | - Martin J. Lear
- School of Chemistry; University of Lincoln; Brayford Pool Lincoln LN6 7TS UK
| | - Eunsang Kwon
- Research and Analytical Center for Giant Molecules, Graduate School of Science; Tohoku University; Sendai 980-8578 Japan
| | - Yujiro Hayashi
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Tohoku University; Aza Aramaki, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8578 Japan
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