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Shingte S, Phakatkar AH, McKiernan E, Nigoghossian K, Ferguson S, Shahbazian-Yassar R, Brougham DF. Correlating Magnetic Hyperthermia and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Performance of Cubic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles with Crystal Structural Integrity. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2022; 34:10801-10810. [PMID: 36590705 PMCID: PMC9798828 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.2c00708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles have multiple biomedical applications in AC-field hyperthermia and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast enhancement. Here, two cubic particle suspensions are analyzed in detail, one suspension displayed strong magnetic heating and MRI contrast efficacies, while the other responded weakly. This is despite them having almost identical size, morphology, and colloidal dispersion. Aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy, electron energy loss spectroscopy, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy analysis confirmed that the spinel phase Fe3O4 was present in both samples and identified prominent crystal lattice defects for the weakly responding one. These are interpreted as frustrating the orientation of the moment within the cubic crystals. The relationship between crystal integrity and the moment magnitude and dynamics is elucidated for the case of fully dispersed single nanocubes, and its connection with the emergent hyperthermia and MRI contrast responses is established.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abhijit H. Phakatkar
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Eoin McKiernan
- School
of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | | | - Steven Ferguson
- School
of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Reza Shahbazian-Yassar
- Department
of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607-7042, United States
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2
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Abstract
Magnetic force microscopy (MFM) enables to characterize magnetic properties with submicron (nanoscale) resolution and without much demand on sample surface preparation. MFM can operate in a wide range of temperatures and environmental conditions, that is, vacuum, liquid, or air, therefore this technique has already become the most common tool used to characterize variety of magnetic materials ranging from ferromagnetic thin films and 2D materials to biomedical and/or biological materials. The purpose of this review is to provide a summary of MFM basic fundamentals in the frame of other related methods and, correspondingly, a brief overview of physics and chiefly biomedical as well as biological applications of MFM.
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3
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Sifford J, Walsh KJ, Tong S, Bao G, Agarwal G. Indirect magnetic force microscopy. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2019; 1:2348-2355. [PMID: 31608318 PMCID: PMC6788631 DOI: 10.1039/c9na00193j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic force microscopy (MFM) is an atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based technique to map magnetic domains in a sample. MFM is widely used to characterize magnetic recording media, magnetic domain walls in materials, nanoparticles and more recently iron deposits in biological samples. However, conventional MFM requires multiple scans of the samples, suffers from various artifacts and is limited in its capability for multimodal imaging or imaging in a fluid environment. We propose a new modality, namely indirect magnetic force microscopy (ID-MFM), a technique that employs an ultrathin barrier between the probe and the sample. Using fluorescently conjugated superparamagnetic nanoparticles, we demonstrate how ID-MFM can be achieved using commercially available silicon nitride windows, MFM probes and AFM equipment. The MFM signals obtained using ID-MFM were comparable to those obtained using conventional MFM. Further, samples prepared for ID-MFM were compatible with multi-modal imaging via fluorescence and transmission electron microscopy. Thus ID-MFM can serve as a high-throughput, multi-modal microscopy technique which can be especially attractive for detecting magnetism in nanoparticles and biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Sifford
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Ohio State UniversityColumbusOH 43210USA
| | - Kevin J. Walsh
- Biophysics Program, The Ohio State UniversityColumbusOH 43210USA
| | - Sheng Tong
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice UniversityHoustonTexas 77005USA
| | - Gang Bao
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice UniversityHoustonTexas 77005USA
| | - Gunjan Agarwal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University288 Bevis Hall, 1080 Carmack RoadColumbusOH 43210USA+1 614 247 7799+1 614 292 4213
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4
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Angeloni L, Passeri D, Corsetti S, Peddis D, Mantovani D, Rossi M. Single nanoparticles magnetization curves by controlled tip magnetization magnetic force microscopy. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:18000-18011. [PMID: 29131224 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr05742c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of high spatial resolution and element sensitive magnetic characterization techniques to quantitatively measure magnetic parameters of individual nanoparticles (NPs) and deeply understand and tune their magnetic properties is a hot topic in nanomagnetism. Magnetic force microscopy (MFM), thanks to its high lateral resolution, appears as a promising technique for the magnetic characterization of single nano-sized materials although it is still limited by some drawbacks, especially by the presence of electrostatic artifacts. Recently, these limitations have been overcome by the development of a particular MFM based technique called controlled magnetization - MFM (CM-MFM) allowing, in principle, a quantifiable correlation between the measured magnetic signal and the magnetization of the object under investigation. Here we propose an experimental procedure, based on the use of CM-MFM technique, to measure the magnetization curve of single magnetic NPs individuating their saturation magnetization, magnetic field, and coercivity. We measured, for the first time, the magnetization curves of individual Fe3O4 nanoparticles with diameters in the range of 18-32 nm by using a MFM instrument. Results are in very good agreement with the quantitative data obtained by SQUID analysis on a macroscopic sample, showing the high potential of the technique in the field of nanomagnetometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Angeloni
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering, SAPIENZA University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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5
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Berganza E, Jaafar M, Bran C, Fernández-Roldán JA, Chubykalo-Fesenko O, Vázquez M, Asenjo A. Multisegmented Nanowires: a Step towards the Control of the Domain Wall Configuration. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11576. [PMID: 28912534 PMCID: PMC5599633 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11902-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cylindrical nanowires synthesized by controlled electrodeposition constitute excellent strategic candidates to engineer magnetic domain configurations. In this work, multisegmented CoNi/Ni nanowires are synthesized for tailoring a periodic magnetic structure determined by the balance between magnetocrystalline and magnetostatic energies. High-resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy confirms the segmented growth and the sharp transition between layers. Although both CoNi and Ni segments have similar fcc cubic crystal symmetry, their magnetic configuration is quite different as experimentally revealed by Magnetic Force Microscopy (MFM) imaging. While the Ni segments are single domain with axial magnetization direction, the CoNi segments present two main configurations: a single vortex state or a complex multivortex magnetic configuration, which is further interpreted with the help of micromagnetic simulations. This original outcome is ascribed to the tight competition between anisotropies. The almost monocrystalline fcc structure of the CoNi segments, as revealed by the electron diffraction patterns, which is atypical for its composition, contributes to balance the magnetocrystalline and shape anisotropies. The results of MFM measurements performed under in-plane magnetic field demonstrate that it is possible to switch from the multivortex configuration to a single vortex configuration with low magnetic fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Berganza
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - M Jaafar
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, Madrid, 28049, Spain.
| | - C Bran
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | | | | | - M Vázquez
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - A Asenjo
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, Madrid, 28049, Spain
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6
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Jaafar M, Iglesias-Freire Ó, García-Mochales P, Sáenz JJ, Asenjo A. Negative dissipation gradients in hysteretic materials. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:16989-16994. [PMID: 27722376 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr04356a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Measuring energy dissipation on the nanoscale is of great interest not only for nanomechanics but also to understand important energy transformation and loss mechanisms that determine the efficiency of energy of data storage devices. Fully understanding the magnetic dynamics and dissipation processes in nanomagnets is of major relevance for a number of basic and applied issues from magnetic recording to spin-based sensor devices to biomedical magnetic-based hyperthermia treatments. Here we present experimental evidence for a counter-intuitive monotonical reduction of energy dissipation as the interaction between two nanomagnets is enhanced. This behavior, which takes place when spins are parallel, can be understood in terms of hysteresis phenomena involved in the reorientation of these spins. The measured magnetic losses of about a few femtowatts are in agreement with quasi-static micromagnetic numerical simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Jaafar
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid-CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Óscar Iglesias-Freire
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid-CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain. and Department of Physics, McGill University, Montreal, H3A 2T8, Canada
| | - Pedro García-Mochales
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Instituto Nicolás Cabrera and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan José Sáenz
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain. and IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Agustina Asenjo
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid-CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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7
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Berganza E, Bran C, Jaafar M, Vázquez M, Asenjo A. Domain wall pinning in FeCoCu bamboo-like nanowires. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29702. [PMID: 27406891 PMCID: PMC4942567 DOI: 10.1038/srep29702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The three dimensional nature of cylindrical magnetic nanowires has opened a new way to control the domain configuration as well as the magnetization reversal process. The pinning effect of the periodic diameter modulations on the domain wall propagation in FeCoCu individual nanowires is determined by Magnetic Force Microscopy, MFM. A main bistable magnetic configuration is firstly concluded from MFM images characterized by the spin reversal between two nearly single domain states with opposite axial magnetization. Complementary micromagnetic simulations confirm a vortex mediated magnetization reversal process. A non-standard variable field MFM imaging procedure allows us to observe metastable magnetic states where the propagating domain wall is pinned at certain positions with enlarged diameter. Moreover, it is demonstrated that it is possible to control the position of the pinned domain walls by an external magnetic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eider Berganza
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Cristina Bran
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Miriam Jaafar
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Manuel Vázquez
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Agustina Asenjo
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, Madrid, 28049, Spain
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8
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Angeloni L, Passeri D, Reggente M, Mantovani D, Rossi M. Removal of electrostatic artifacts in magnetic force microscopy by controlled magnetization of the tip: application to superparamagnetic nanoparticles. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26293. [PMID: 27194591 PMCID: PMC4872042 DOI: 10.1038/srep26293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic force microscopy (MFM) has been demonstrated as valuable technique for the characterization of magnetic nanomaterials. To be analyzed by MFM techniques, nanomaterials are generally deposited on flat substrates, resulting in an additional contrast in MFM images due to unavoidable heterogeneous electrostatic tip-sample interactions, which cannot be easily distinguished from the magnetic one. In order to correctly interpret MFM data, a method to remove the electrostatic contributions from MFM images is needed. In this work, we propose a new MFM technique, called controlled magnetization MFM (CM-MFM), based on the in situ control of the probe magnetization state, which allows the evaluation and the elimination of electrostatic contribution in MFM images. The effectiveness of the technique is demonstrated through a challenging case study, i.e., the analysis of superparamagnetic nanoparticles in absence of applied external magnetic field. Our CM-MFM technique allowed us to acquire magnetic images depurated of the electrostatic contributions, which revealed that the magnetic field generated by the tip is sufficient to completely orient the superparamagnetic nanoparticles and that the magnetic tip-sample interaction is describable through simple models once the electrostatic artifacts are removed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Angeloni
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering,
SAPIENZA University of Rome, Via A. Scarpa 16,
00161
Rome, Italy
- Lab. for Biomaterials and Bioengineering (CRC-I), Dept.
Min-Met-Materials Eng. & University Hospital Research Center, Laval
University, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Daniele Passeri
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering,
SAPIENZA University of Rome, Via A. Scarpa 16,
00161
Rome, Italy
| | - Melania Reggente
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering,
SAPIENZA University of Rome, Via A. Scarpa 16,
00161
Rome, Italy
| | - Diego Mantovani
- Lab. for Biomaterials and Bioengineering (CRC-I), Dept.
Min-Met-Materials Eng. & University Hospital Research Center, Laval
University, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Marco Rossi
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering,
SAPIENZA University of Rome, Via A. Scarpa 16,
00161
Rome, Italy
- Research Center for Nanotechnology applied to Engineering of
SAPIENZA University of Rome (CNIS), Piazzale A. Moro 5,
00185
Rome, Italy
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9
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Moya C, Iglesias-Freire Ó, Batlle X, Labarta A, Asenjo A. Superparamagnetic versus blocked states in aggregates of Fe(3-x)O₄ nanoparticles studied by MFM. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:17764-17770. [PMID: 26456633 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr04424c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic domain configurations in two samples containing small aggregates of Fe(3-x)O4 nanoparticles of about 11 and 49 nm in size, respectively, were characterized by magnetic force microscopy (MFM). Two distinct magnetic behaviors were observed depending on the particle size. The aggregates constituted of nanoparticles of about 11 nm in size showed a uniform dark contrast on MFM images, reflecting the predominant superparamagnetic character of these particles and arising from the coherent rotation of the spins within the aggregate as the latter align along the tip stray-field. By applying a variable in-plane field, it is possible to induce magnetic polarization yielding an increasing dark/bright contrast as the strength of the applied field overcomes the stray-field of the tip, although this polarization completely disappears as the remanent state is recovered when the magnetic field is switched off. On the contrary, for aggregates of NPs of about 49 nm in size, dark/bright contrast associated with the existence of magnetic domains and magnetic polarization prevails in MFM images all along the magnetic cycle due to the blocking state of the magnetization of these larger particles, even in the absence of an applied field. All in all, we unambiguously demonstrate the capabilities of magnetic force microscopy to distinguish between blocked and superparamagnetic states in the aggregates of magnetic nanoparticles. Micromagnetic simulations strongly support the conclusions stated from the MFM experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Moya
- Departament de Física Fonamental, Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028, Spain.
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10
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Iglesias-Freire Ó, Bran C, Berganza E, Mínguez-Bacho I, Magén C, Vázquez M, Asenjo A. Spin configuration in isolated FeCoCu nanowires modulated in diameter. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 26:395702. [PMID: 26357971 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/26/39/395702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cylindrical Fe28Co67Cu5 nanowires modulated in diameter between 22 and 35 nm are synthesized by electroplating into the nanopores of alumina membranes. High-sensitivity MFM imaging (with a detection noise of 1 μN m(-1)) reveals the presence of single-domain structures in remanence with strong contrast at the ends of the nanowires, as well as at the transition regions where the diameter is modulated. Micromagnetic simulations suggest that curling of the magnetization takes place at these transition sites, extending over 10-20 nm and giving rise to stray fields measurable with our MFM. An additional weaker contrast is imaged, which is interpreted to arise from inhomogeneities in the nanowire diameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Óscar Iglesias-Freire
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM-CSIC), 28049, Madrid, Spain. McGill University, H3A 2T8, Montreal, Canada
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11
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Ares P, Jaafar M, Gil A, Gómez-Herrero J, Asenjo A. Magnetic Force Microscopy in Liquids. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:4731-6. [PMID: 26150330 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201500874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the use of magnetic force microscopy (MFM) to acquire images of magnetic nanostructures in liquid environments is presented. Optimization of the MFM signal acquisition in liquid media is performed and it is applied to characterize the magnetic signal of magnetite nanoparticles. The ability for detecting magnetic nanostructures along with the well-known capabilities of atomic force microscopy in liquids suggests potential applications in fields such as nanomedicine, nanobiotechnology, or nanocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Ares
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miriam Jaafar
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, E-28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adriana Gil
- Nanotec Electrónica S.L, E-28760, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julio Gómez-Herrero
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049, Madrid, Spain
- INC and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Agustina Asenjo
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, E-28049, Madrid, Spain
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