1
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Ghosh A, Gautam K, Gupta C, Hazra C, Das L, Chakravorty N, Mishra MM, Nain A, Anbumani S, Lin CJ, Sen R, Dasgupta N, Ranjan S. Single-Step Low-Temperature Synthesis of Carbon Dots for Advanced Multiparametric Bioimaging Probe Applications. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024. [PMID: 38581392 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.4c00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) have recently emerged in biomedical and agricultural domains, mainly for their probe applications in developing efficient sensors. However, the existing high-temperature approaches limit the industrial level scaling up to further translate them into different products by mass-scale fabrication of CDs. To address this, we have attempted to lower the synthesis temperature to 140 °C and synthesized different CDs using different organic acids and their combinations in a one-step approach (quantum yield 3.6% to 16.5%; average size 3 to 5 nm). Further, sensing applications of CDs have been explored in three different biological models, mainly Danio rerio (zebrafish) embryos, bacterial strains, and the Lactuca sativa (lettuce) plant. The 72 h exposure of D. rerio embryos to 0.5 and 1 mg/mL concentrations of CDs exhibited significant uptake without mortality, a 100% hatching rate, and nonsignificant alterations in heart rate. Bacterial bioimaging experiments revealed CD compatibility with Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis) and Gram-negative (Serratia marcescens) strains without bactericidal effects. Furthermore, CDs demonstrated effective conduction and fluorescence within the vascular system of lettuce plants, indicating their potential as in vivo probes for plant tissues. The single-step low-temperature CD synthesis approach with efficient structural and optical properties enables the process as industrially viable to up-scale the technology readiness level. The bioimaging of CDs in different biological models indicates the possibility of developing a CD probe for diverse biosensing roles in diseases, metabolism, microbial contamination sensing, and more.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Ghosh
- NanoBio Research Lab, School of Nano Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Krishna Gautam
- Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, REACT Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (IITR), CRK Campus, Lucknow 226008, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Chandrika Gupta
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Chinmay Hazra
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Lopamudra Das
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Nishant Chakravorty
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Murali Mohan Mishra
- NanoBio Research Lab, School of Nano Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Amit Nain
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, Karnataka, India
| | - Sadasivam Anbumani
- Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, REACT Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (IITR), CRK Campus, Lucknow 226008, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Chin-Jung Lin
- Institute of Analytical and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Ramkrishna Sen
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Nandita Dasgupta
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Nanotoxicology Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, REACT Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (IITR), CRK Campus, Lucknow 226008, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shivendu Ranjan
- NanoBio Research Lab, School of Nano Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
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2
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Onishi BSD, Carneiro Neto AN, Bortolleto-Santos R, Masterlaro VR, Carlos LD, Ferreira RAS, Ribeiro SJL. Carbon dots on LAPONITE® hybrid nanocomposites: solid-state emission and inter-aggregate energy transfer. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:6286-6295. [PMID: 38451238 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr06336d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
This study delves into the photoluminescent characteristics of solid-state hybrid carbon dots/LAPONITE® (CDLP). These hybrid materials were synthesized using the hydrothermal method with a precise pH control set at 8.5. The LAPONITE® structure remains intact without structural collapse, and we detected the possible deposition of carbon dots (CDs) aggregates on the clay mineral's edges. The use of different concentrations of citric acid (10-, 6-, 2- and 1-times weight/weight of LAPONITE® mass, maintaining the 1 : 1 molar ratio with ethylenediamine) during synthesis results in different CDs concentrations in CDLP-A (low precursors concentration) and CDLP-D (high concentration) with an amorphous structure and average size around 2.8-3.0 nm. The CDLP displayed visible photoluminescence emission in aqueous and powder, which the last underwent quenching according to lifetimes and quantum yield measurements. Low-temperature measurements revealed an enhancement of the non-radiative pathways induced by aggregation. Energy transfer modelling based on Förster-Dexter suggests an approximate mean distance of 9.5 nm between clusters of CDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno S D Onishi
- Department of Physics and CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
- Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University-UNESP, São Paulo, Araraquara, 14800-060, Brazil.
| | - Albano N Carneiro Neto
- Department of Physics and CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Ricardo Bortolleto-Santos
- Postgraduate Program in Environmental Technology, University of Ribeirão Preto-UNAERP, São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14096-900, Brazil
| | - Valmor R Masterlaro
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo-USP, São Paulo, São Carlos, 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Luís D Carlos
- Department of Physics and CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Rute A S Ferreira
- Department of Physics and CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Sidney J L Ribeiro
- Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University-UNESP, São Paulo, Araraquara, 14800-060, Brazil.
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3
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Tsyupka DV, Pigarev SV, Podkolodnaya YA, Khudina EA, Popova NR, Goryacheva IY, Goryacheva OA. One-pot hydrothermal synthesis of fluorophore-modified cerium oxide nanoparticles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:9546-9555. [PMID: 38456314 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00237g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs), which have powerful antioxidant properties, are promising nanomaterials for the treatment of diseases associated with oxidative stress. The well-developed surface of CeO2 NPs makes them promising for use as a multifunctional system for various biomedical applications. This work demonstrates a simple approach that allows the direct formation of a molecular fluorophore on the surface of CeO2 NPs using a simple one-pot hydrothermal synthesis. Thus, we were able to synthesize CeO2 NPs of ultra-small size ∼2 nm with a narrow distribution, highly stable fluorescence, and a quantum yield of ∼62%. UV-visible transmission studies revealed that the resulting CeO2 NPs exhibited fast autogenerative catalytic reduction. In vitro results showed high biocompatibility of CeO2 NPs; their internalization occurs mainly in the region of cell nuclei. Thus, the resulting NPs have the necessary parameters and can be successfully used in biovisualization and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria V Tsyupka
- Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya Street, Saratov 410012, Russia.
| | - Sergey V Pigarev
- Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya Street, Saratov 410012, Russia.
| | | | | | - Nelli R Popova
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya str., 3, Moscow Region, Pushchino 142290, Russia
| | | | - Olga A Goryacheva
- Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya Street, Saratov 410012, Russia.
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4
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Reis A, Augusti R, Eberlin MN. A general, most basic rule for ion dissociation: Protonated molecules. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2024; 59:e5003. [PMID: 38445745 DOI: 10.1002/jms.5003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Contrary to the common but potentially misleading belief that when a protonated molecule is excited, it is its most stable protomer that will mandatorily dissociate, we demonstrate herein that, when rationalizing or predicting the chemistry of such ions, we should always search for the most labile protomer. This "most labile protomer" rule, based on the mobile proton model, states therefore that when a protonated molecule is heated, during ionization or by collisions for instance, the loosely bonded proton (H+ ) can acquire enough energy to detach itself from the most basic site of the molecule and then freely "walk through" the molecular framework to eventually find, if available, another protonation site, forming other less stable but more labile protomers, that is, protomers that may display lower dissociation thresholds. To demonstrate the validity of the "most labile protomer" rule as well as the misleading nature of the "most stable protomer" rule, we have selected several illustrative molecules and have collected their ESI(+)-MS/MS. To compare energies of precursors and products, we have also performed PM7 calculations and elaborated potential energy surface diagrams for their possible protomers and dissociation thresholds. We have also applied the "most labile protomer" rule to reinterpret-exclusively via classical charge-induced dissociation cleavages-several dissociation processes proposed for protonated molecules. In an accompanying letter, we have also applied a similar "most labile electromer" rule to ionized molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Reis
- School of Engineering, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Mackenzie Institute for Research in Graphene and Nanotechnologies (MackGraphe), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodinei Augusti
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcos N Eberlin
- School of Engineering, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Mackenzie Institute for Research in Graphene and Nanotechnologies (MackGraphe), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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5
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Schneider H, Strauss V, Vogl S, Antonietti M, Filonenko S. Eutectic Media Open a Synthetic Route to Oligocitrazinic Acid Fluorophores of Purple Hue. Chemphyschem 2023; 24:e202300180. [PMID: 37358187 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Under isochoric and solvent-free conditions, the reaction between ammonium formate and citric acid results in a deeply purple reaction product with fluorescent properties. This brings this reaction in the realm of bio-based fluorophores and bottom-up carbon nanodots from citric acid. The reaction conditions are optimized in terms of UV-vis spectroscopic properties and, subsequently, the main reaction product is separated. While the structural analysis does not give any indication for carbon nanodots in a general sense, it points towards the formation of molecular fluorophores that consist of oligomerized citrazinic acid derivatives. Furthermore, EPR spectroscopy reveals the presence of stable free radicals in the product. We hypothesize that such open-shell structures may play a general role in molecular fluorophores from citric acid and are not yet sufficiently explored. Therefore, we believe that analysis of these newly discovered fluorophores may contribute to a better understanding of the properties of fluorophores and CND from citric acid in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Schneider
- Max Planck Institut für Kolloid- und Grenzflächenforschung, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Volker Strauss
- Max Planck Institut für Kolloid- und Grenzflächenforschung, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Sarah Vogl
- Department of Chemistry/Functional Materials, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 40, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Antonietti
- Max Planck Institut für Kolloid- und Grenzflächenforschung, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Svitlana Filonenko
- Max Planck Institut für Kolloid- und Grenzflächenforschung, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
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6
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Wang D, Chen Y, Xia T, Claudino M, Melendez A, Ni X, Dong C, Liu Z, Yang J. Citric Acid-Based Intrinsic Band-Shifting Photoluminescent Materials. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2023; 6:0152. [PMID: 37256199 PMCID: PMC10226408 DOI: 10.34133/research.0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Citric acid, an important metabolite with abundant reactive groups, has been demonstrated as a promising starting material to synthesize diverse photoluminescent materials including small molecules, polymers, and carbon dots. The unique citrate chemistry enables the development of a series of citric acid-based molecules and nanomaterials with intriguing intrinsic band-shifting behavior, where the emission wavelength shifts as the excitation wavelength increases, ideal for chromatic imaging and many other applications. In this review, we discuss the concept of "intrinsic band-shifting photoluminescent materials", introduce the recent advances in citric acid-based intrinsic band-shifting materials, and discuss their potential applications such as chromatic imaging and multimodal sensing. It is our hope that the insightful and forward-thinking discussion in this review will spur the innovation and applications of the unique band-shifting photoluminescent materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingbowen Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences,
The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Yizhu Chen
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Materials Research Institute,
The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Tunan Xia
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Materials Research Institute,
The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Mariana Claudino
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences,
The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Allison Melendez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences,
The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Xingjie Ni
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Materials Research Institute,
The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Cheng Dong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences,
The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Zhiwen Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Materials Research Institute,
The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences,
The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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7
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Xue S, Li P, Sun L, An L, Qu D, Wang X, Sun Z. The Formation Process and Mechanism of Carbon Dots Prepared from Aromatic Compounds as Precursors: A Review. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2206180. [PMID: 36650992 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent carbon dots are a novel type of nanomaterial. Due to their excellent optical properties, they have extensive application prospects in many fields. Studying the formation process and fluorescence mechanism of CDs will assist scientists in understanding the synthesis of CDs and guide more profound applications. Due to their conjugated structures, aromatic compounds have been continuously used to synthesize CDs, with emissions ranging from blue to NIR. There is a lack of a systematic summary of the formation process and fluorescence mechanism of aromatic precursors to form CDs. In this review, the formation process of CDs is first categorized into three main classes according to the precursor types of aromatic compounds: amines, phenols, and polycyclics. And then, the fluorescence mechanism of CDs synthesized from aromatic compounds is summarized. The challenges and prospects are proposed in the last section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Xue
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry, Beijing University of Technology, 100 Pingleyuan, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry, Beijing University of Technology, 100 Pingleyuan, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China
| | - Lu Sun
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry, Beijing University of Technology, 100 Pingleyuan, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China
| | - Li An
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry, Beijing University of Technology, 100 Pingleyuan, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China
| | - Dan Qu
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry, Beijing University of Technology, 100 Pingleyuan, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China
| | - Xiayan Wang
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry, Beijing University of Technology, 100 Pingleyuan, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China
| | - Zaicheng Sun
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry, Beijing University of Technology, 100 Pingleyuan, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China
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8
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Pac J, Koo DJ, Cho H, Jung D, Choi MH, Choi Y, Kim B, Park JU, Kim SY, Lee Y. Three-dimensional imaging and analysis of pathological tissue samples with de novo generation of citrate-based fluorophores. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eadd9419. [PMID: 36383671 PMCID: PMC9668299 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add9419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) histopathology based on the observation of thin tissue slides is the current paradigm in diagnosis and prognosis. However, labeling strategies in conventional histopathology are limited in compatibility with 3D imaging combined with tissue clearing techniques. Here, we present a rapid and efficient volumetric imaging technique of pathological tissues called 3D tissue imaging through de novo formation of fluorophores, or 3DNFC, which is the integration of citrate-based fluorogenic reaction DNFC and tissue clearing techniques. 3DNFC markedly increases the fluorescence intensity of tissues by generating fluorophores on nonfluorescent amino-terminal cysteine and visualizes the 3D structure of the tissues to provide their anatomical morphology and volumetric information. Furthermore, the application of 3DNFC to pathological tissue achieves the 3D reconstruction for the unbiased analysis of diverse features of the disorders in their natural context. We suggest that 3DNFC is a promising volumetric imaging method for the prognosis and diagnosis of pathological tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyoung Pac
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Dong-Jun Koo
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Hyeongjun Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Dongwook Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Min-ha Choi
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Seoul National University Boramae Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 5 Gil 20, Boramae Road, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul 07061, South Korea
| | - Yunjung Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Bohyun Kim
- Department of Pathology, Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji-Ung Park
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Seoul National University Boramae Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 5 Gil 20, Boramae Road, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul 07061, South Korea
| | - Sung-Yon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Yan Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
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9
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Li P, Xue S, Sun L, Zong X, An L, Qu D, Wang X, Sun Z. Formation and fluorescent mechanism of red emissive carbon dots from o-phenylenediamine and catechol system. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2022; 11:298. [PMID: 36229434 PMCID: PMC9561683 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-00984-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) as the advancing fluorescent carbon nanomaterial have superior potential and prospective. However, the ambiguous photoluminescence (PL) mechanism and intricate structure-function relationship become the greatest hindrances in the development and applications of CDs. Herein, red emissive CDs were synthesized in high yield from o-phenylenediamine (oPD) and catechol (CAT). The PL mechanism of the CDs is considered as the molecular state fluorophores because 5,14-dihydroquinoxalino[2,3-b] phenazine (DHQP) is separated and exhibits the same PL properties and behavior as the CDs. These include the peak position and shape of the PL emission and PL excitation and the emission dependence on pH and solvent polarity. Both of them display close PL lifetime decays. Based on these, we deduce that DHQP is the fluorophore of the red emissive CDs and the PL mechanism of CDs is similar to DHQP. During the PL emission of CDs, the electron of the molecule state can transfer to CDs. The formation process of DHQP is further confirmed by the reaction intermediates (phthalazine, dimers) and oPD. These findings provide insights into the PL mechanism of this type of CDs and may guide the further development of tunable CDs for tailored properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Li
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry, Beijing University of Technology, 100124, Beijing, China
| | - Shanshan Xue
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry, Beijing University of Technology, 100124, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Sun
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry, Beijing University of Technology, 100124, Beijing, China
| | - Xupeng Zong
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry, Beijing University of Technology, 100124, Beijing, China
| | - Li An
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry, Beijing University of Technology, 100124, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Qu
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry, Beijing University of Technology, 100124, Beijing, China
| | - Xiayan Wang
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry, Beijing University of Technology, 100124, Beijing, China
| | - Zaicheng Sun
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry, Beijing University of Technology, 100124, Beijing, China.
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10
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Kasprzyk W, Świergosz T, Romańczyk PP, Feldmann J, Stolarczyk JK. The role of molecular fluorophores in the photoluminescence of carbon dots derived from citric acid: current state-of-the-art and future perspectives. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:14368-14384. [PMID: 36156633 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr03176k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs), an emerging class of nanomaterials, have attracted considerable attention due to their intriguing photophysical properties. Despite their indisputable potential of utilization in many fascinating areas of research and life, some fundamental aspects concerning their structure and the origin of their photoluminescence (PL) properties still await clarification. The mechanism of PL emission of CDs is associated with their structure, which is dependent on the carbonization process. At the initial stages of CD synthesis via a bottom-up approach, molecular fluorophores are considered to dominate the optical characteristics of the resulting nanomaterials. In this review, the recent progress in the use of molecular state theory for explanation of the structure-property relationship in CDs is summarized. This review focuses exclusively on the molecular fluorophores existing in nanomaterials prepared from citric acid (CA) as one of the most frequent carbon sources reported for the bottom-up synthesis of CDs. Consequently, the most relevant transformations of CA and the history of molecular fluorophores derived from it are described, followed by an in-depth discussion on their relevance in understanding the specific photophysical properties of blue-, green-, and red-emitting CDs. Finally, the challenging issues and future perspectives of molecular state PL mechanism exploration in CDs are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiktor Kasprzyk
- Department of Biotechnology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Świergosz
- Department of Chemical Technology and Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Kraków, Poland
| | - Piotr P Romańczyk
- Department of Biotechnology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Jochen Feldmann
- Chair for Photonics and Optoelectronics, Nano-Institute Munich, Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Königinstrasse 10, Munich, 80539, Germany
| | - Jacek K Stolarczyk
- Chair for Photonics and Optoelectronics, Nano-Institute Munich, Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Königinstrasse 10, Munich, 80539, Germany
- Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
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11
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Yao X, Wang Y, Li F, Dalluge JJ, Orr G, Hernandez R, Cui Q, Haynes CL. Unconventional aliphatic fluorophores discovered as the luminescence origin in citric acid-urea carbon dots. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:9516-9525. [PMID: 35758638 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr02361j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) are emerging as the material of choice in a range of applications due to their excellent photoluminescence properties, ease of preparation from inexpensive precursors, and low toxicity. However, the precise nature of the mechanism for the fluorescence is still under debate, and several molecular fluorophores have been reported. In this work, a new blue fluorophore, 5-oxopyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid, was discovered in carbon dots synthesized from the most commonly used precursors: citric acid and urea. The molecular product alone has demonstrated interesting aggregation-enhanced emission (AEE), making it unique compared to other fluorophores known to be generated in CDs. We propose that this molecular fluorophore is associated with a polymer backbone within the CDs, and its fluorescence behavior is largely dependent on intermolecular interactions with the polymers or other fluorophores. Thus, a new class of non-traditional fluorophores is now relevant to the consideration of the CD fluorescence mechanism, providing both an additional challenge to the community in resolving the mechanism and an opportunity for a greater range of CD design schemes and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Yao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
| | - Yinhan Wang
- Departments of Chemistry, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Fangjia Li
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
| | - Joseph J Dalluge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
| | - Galya Orr
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
| | - Rigoberto Hernandez
- Departments of Chemistry, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Qiang Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
- Departments of Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Christy L Haynes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
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12
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Fluorescent Zn(II)-Based Metal-Organic Framework: Interaction with Organic Solvents and CO 2 and Methane Capture. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27123845. [PMID: 35744975 PMCID: PMC9228242 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Adsorption of carbon dioxide (CO2), as well as many other kinds of small molecules, is of importance for industrial and sensing applications. Metal-organic framework (MOF)-based adsorbents are spotlighted for such applications. An essential for MOF adsorbent application is a simple and easy fabrication process, preferably from a cheap, sustainable, and environmentally friendly ligand. Herein, we fabricated a novel structural, thermally stable MOF with fluorescence properties, namely Zn [5-oxo-2,3-dihydro-5H-[1,3]-thiazolo [3,2-a]pyridine-3,7-dicarboxylic acid (TPDCA)] • dimethylformamide (DMF) •0.25 H2O (coded as QUF-001 MOF), in solvothermal conditions by using zinc nitrate as a source of metal ion and TPDCA as a ligand easy accessible from citric acid and cysteine. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis and microscopic examination revealed the two-dimensional character of the formed MOF. Upon treatment of QUF-001 with organic solvents (such as methanol, isopropanol, chloroform, dimethylformamide, tetrahydrofuran, hexane), interactions were observed and changes in fluorescence maxima as well as in the powder diffraction patterns were noticed, indicating the inclusion and intercalation of the solvents into the interlamellar space of the crystal structure of QUF-001. Furthermore, CO2 and CH4 molecule sorption properties for QUF-001 reached up to 1.6 mmol/g and 8.1 mmol/g, respectively, at 298 K and a pressure of 50 bars.
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13
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Otten M, Hildebrandt M, Kühnemuth R, Karg M. Pyrolysis and Solvothermal Synthesis for Carbon Dots: Role of Purification and Molecular Fluorophores. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:6148-6157. [PMID: 35502848 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, the interest in carbon dots, graphene dots, or similar carbon-based nanoparticles has increased considerably. This interest is based on potentially high fluorescent quantum yields, controllable excitation-dependent emission, low toxicity, and convenient reaction conditions. Carbon dots are often seen as a promising alternative to classical semiconductor quantum dots that are typically made from toxic semiconductor materials. Surprisingly, aspects like the atomic structure, composition, mechanism of formation, and precise understanding of the photophysical properties of carbon dots are still mostly unknown. The large number of different precursor systems and the variety in synthesis routes make a direct comparison of different systems difficult. To advance this, we went for a systematic approach and compared the results of four synthesis routes using two different precursor systems. We used different spectroscopy and microscopy methods including fluorescence correlation spectroscopy to characterize the different reaction products. We found that for syntheses solely based on citric acid as the precursor, we obtain particles where the emission wavelength is strongly dependent on the excitation wavelength despite relatively low quantum yields. In comparison, when urea is added as a nitrogen doping reactant, we observe vastly increased quantum yields. By making use of a combination of dialysis and column chromatography, we were able to isolate various luminescent species with high quantum yields and verify the existence of different molecular fluorophores. A detailed and consistent characterization of the reaction products during the course of purification revealed strong interactions between molecular fluorophores and larger reaction products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Otten
- Institut für Kolloide und Nanooptik, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Marco Hildebrandt
- Institut für Kolloide und Nanooptik, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Ralf Kühnemuth
- Institut für Molekulare Physikalische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Matthias Karg
- Institut für Kolloide und Nanooptik, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
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14
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Astafiev AA, Shakhov AM, Tskhovrebov AG, Shatov A, Gulin A, Shepel D, Nadtochenko VA. Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanodots Produced by Femtosecond Laser Synthesis for Effective Fluorophores. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:6810-6823. [PMID: 35252675 PMCID: PMC8892850 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the effect of heteroatom doping is crucial for the design of carbon nanodots (CNDs) with enhanced luminescent properties for fluorescence imaging and light-emitting devices. Here, we study the effect and mechanisms of luminescence enhancement through nitrogen doping in nanodots synthesized by the bottom-up route in an intense femtosecond laser field using the comparative analysis of CNDs obtained from benzene and pyridine. We demonstrate that laser irradiation of aromatic compounds produces hybrid nanoparticles consisting of a nanocrystalline core with a shell of surface-bonded aromatic rings. These nanoparticles exhibit excitation-dependent visible photoluminescence typical for CNDs. Incorporation of nitrogen into pyridine-derived CNDs enhances their luminescence characteristics through the formation of small pyridine-based fluorophores peripherally bonded to the nanoparticles. We identify oxidation of surface pyridine rings as a mechanism of formation of several distinct blue- and green-emitting fluorophores in nanodots, containing pyridine moieties. These findings shed additional light on the nature and formation mechanism of effective fluorophores in nitrogen-doped carbon nanodots produced by the bottom-up route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artyom A. Astafiev
- Bio&Nanophotonics
Lab, N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
- Chemistry
Department, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Aleksander M. Shakhov
- Bio&Nanophotonics
Lab, N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
- Chemistry
Department, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander G. Tskhovrebov
- Bio&Nanophotonics
Lab, N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
- Research
Institute of Chemistry, People’s
Friendship University of Russia, 117198 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander Shatov
- Bio&Nanophotonics
Lab, N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander Gulin
- Bio&Nanophotonics
Lab, N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Denis Shepel
- Bio&Nanophotonics
Lab, N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Victor A. Nadtochenko
- Bio&Nanophotonics
Lab, N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
- Chemistry
Department, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
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15
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Wang K, Ru Z, Shi J, Zhu Y, Yang L, Wei M, Xiao M, Liu N, Wang F. N-doped carbon dots as robust fluorescent probes for the rapid detection of hypochlorite. RSC Adv 2022; 12:27170-27178. [PMID: 36276019 PMCID: PMC9511229 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra04477c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
N-doped carbon dots (NCDs) with high quantum yield (67%), which could act as robust fluorescent probes for the detection of free chlorine in local tap water with rapid response and accurate measurement, were efficiently prepared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Zongling Ru
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Jiwei Shi
- Shanghai Morimatsu Pharmaceutical Equipment Engineering Co. Ltd., No. 29 Jinwen Road, Pudong Area, Shanghai, 201323, China
| | - Yuezhao Zhu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Liguo Yang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Mengxue Wei
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Mengli Xiao
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Nana Liu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Fang Wang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, 455000, China
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16
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Kaminari A, Nikoli E, Athanasopoulos A, Sakellis E, Sideratou Z, Tsiourvas D. Engineering Mitochondriotropic Carbon Dots for Targeting Cancer Cells. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14090932. [PMID: 34577632 PMCID: PMC8470554 DOI: 10.3390/ph14090932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aiming to understand and enhance the capacity of carbon dots (CDs) to transport through cell membranes and target subcellular organelles—in particular, mitochondria—a series of nitrogen-doped CDs were prepared by the one-step microwave-assisted pyrolysis of citric acid and ethylenediamine. Following optimization of the reaction conditions for maximum fluorescence, functionalization at various degrees with alkylated triphenylphosphonium functional groups of two different alkyl chain lengths afforded a series of functionalized CDs that exhibited either lysosome or mitochondria subcellular localization. Further functionalization with rhodamine B enabled enhanced fluorescence imaging capabilities in the visible spectrum and allowed the use of low quantities of CDs in relevant experiments. It was thus possible, by the appropriate selection of the alkyl chain length and degree of functionalization, to attain successful mitochondrial targeting, while preserving non-toxicity and biocompatibility. In vitro cell experiments performed on normal as well as cancer cell lines proved their non-cytotoxic character and imaging potential, even at very low concentrations, by fluorescence microscopy. Precise targeting of mitochondria is feasible with carefully designed CDs that, furthermore, are specifically internalized in cells and cell mitochondria of high transmembrane potential and thus exhibit selective uptake in malignant cells compared to normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archontia Kaminari
- National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 15310 Aghia Paraskevi, Greece; (A.K.); (E.N.); (E.S.); (Z.S.)
| | - Eleni Nikoli
- National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 15310 Aghia Paraskevi, Greece; (A.K.); (E.N.); (E.S.); (Z.S.)
| | - Alexandros Athanasopoulos
- National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, 15310 Aghia Paraskevi, Greece;
| | - Elias Sakellis
- National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 15310 Aghia Paraskevi, Greece; (A.K.); (E.N.); (E.S.); (Z.S.)
| | - Zili Sideratou
- National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 15310 Aghia Paraskevi, Greece; (A.K.); (E.N.); (E.S.); (Z.S.)
| | - Dimitris Tsiourvas
- National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 15310 Aghia Paraskevi, Greece; (A.K.); (E.N.); (E.S.); (Z.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-210-650-3616
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17
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Bhuyan R, Bramhaiah K, Bhattacharyya S. Specific locations of blue and green-emitting units in dual emissive carbon dots and their reversible emitting properties due to switchable inter-chromophoric interactions. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 605:364-372. [PMID: 34332410 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.07.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) are the unique class of luminescent nanomaterials consist of various chromophoric units heterogeneously distributed throughout the nanoparticle, resulting intriguing multistate emissive properties. Herein, we have critically investigated the specific locations of the blue and green-emitting centers inside dual emissive CDs by steady-state and time-resolved polarized emission study. It is further clarified by a temperature-dependent fluorescence study for both the emitting domains. Results suggest that the blue chromophoric units are located at the interior part of CDs, while green units are mostly at the exterior region. Furthermore, we have investigated the solvent-dependent inter-chromophoric interactions between the two emissive domains by the Time-Resolved Area Normalized Emission Spectroscopy (TRANES). Results suggest that at polar aprotic solvent acetone, time-dependent positive evolution of green-emitting states and negative evolution of blue emissive domains have been observed. This reversible emitting properties evolve due to the excited state energy migration from blue emissive domains to green emissive domains at polar aprotic medium, while in the case of polar protic solvent water, this phenomenon is missing. This switchable inter-chromophoric interaction are correlated further with the inter-particle interactions of CDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Bhuyan
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Govt. ITI Building (transit campus), Engg. School Road, Berhampur, Odisha 760010 India
| | - Kommula Bramhaiah
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Govt. ITI Building (transit campus), Engg. School Road, Berhampur, Odisha 760010 India
| | - Santanu Bhattacharyya
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Govt. ITI Building (transit campus), Engg. School Road, Berhampur, Odisha 760010 India.
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18
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Nature of Linear Spectral Properties and Fast Electronic Relaxations in Green Fluorescent Pyrrolo[3,4-c]Pyridine Derivative. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115592. [PMID: 34070488 PMCID: PMC8197551 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The electronic nature of 4-hydroxy-1H-pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyridine-1,3,6(2H,5H)-trione (HPPT) was comprehensively investigated in liquid media at room temperature using steady-state and time-resolved femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopic techniques. The analysis of the linear photophysical and photochemical parameters of HPPT, including steady-state absorption, fluorescence and excitation anisotropy spectra, along with the lifetimes of fluorescence emission and photodecomposition quantum yields, revealed the nature of its large Stokes shift, specific changes in the permanent dipole moments under electronic excitation, weak dipole transitions with partially anisotropic character, and high photostability. Transient absorption spectra of HPPT were obtained with femtosecond resolution and no characteristic solvate relaxation processes in protic (methanol) solvent were revealed. Efficient light amplification (gain) was observed in the fluorescence spectral range of HPPT, but no super-luminescence and lasing phenomena were detected. The electronic structure of HPPT was also analyzed with quantum-chemical calculations using a DFT/B3LYP method and good agreement with experimental data was shown. The development and investigation of new pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyridine derivatives are important due to their promising fluorescent properties and potential for use in physiological applications.
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19
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Ai L, Yang Y, Wang B, Chang J, Tang Z, Yang B, Lu S. Insights into photoluminescence mechanisms of carbon dots: advances and perspectives. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2021; 66:839-856. [PMID: 36654140 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2020.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) are potentially useful in many areas such as bioimaging, light-emitting diodes, and sensing because of their excellent optical properties, high biocompatibility, and low toxicity. Knowledge of their photoluminescence (PL) mechanisms, which have been widely studied, is of significance in guiding the synthesis and promoting applications of CDs with tunable PL emissions. However, the intrinsic mechanism of PL emission remains unclear, and a unified mechanism has not been found because of differences in particle structures. This review generalizes the categories of CDs, noting their structural diversity. Three types of PL mechanism pertaining to structural differences are outlined: internal factors dominated emission (including the conjugation effect, the surface state, and the synergistic effect), external factors dominated emission (including the molecular state and the environment effect), and crosslink-enhanced emission. Optical applications of CDs are also briefly mentioned. Finally, the prospects for research into PL mechanisms are discussed, noting the remaining challenges and directions for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ai
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yisen Yang
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Boyang Wang
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Junbiao Chang
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zhiyong Tang
- Henan Institute of Advanced Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Bai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Siyu Lu
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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20
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Emami E, Mousazadeh MH. pH-responsive zwitterionic carbon dots for detection of rituximab antibody. LUMINESCENCE 2021; 36:1198-1208. [PMID: 33749984 DOI: 10.1002/bio.4045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Zwitterionic carbon dots (CDs) have received much attention as a result of good photostability, high biocompatibility, and high quantum yield. In this study, novel zwitterionic CDs were synthesized using a simple hydrothermal method of citric acid (CA) and l-histidine as carbon and nitrogen precursors, respectively. Prepared zwitterionic CDs have an average particle size of 4 nm diameter and showed green fluorescence with a peak at 530 nm when excited at 470 nm; quantum efficiency was 39.34% using rhodamine 6G as a baseline. The fluorescence intensity of zwitterionic CDs was quenched by rituximab in the range 0-400 μmol L-1 , with a limit of detection of 27 μmol L-1 . In addition, the synthesized zwitterionic CDs had low toxicity, good stability, and high selectivity and sensitivity sensing for rituximab, therefore zwitterionic CDs are a promising candidate for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Emami
- Department of Chemistry, Amirkabir University of Technology, 424 Hafez Avenue, P.O. Box: 15875-4413, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad H Mousazadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Amirkabir University of Technology, 424 Hafez Avenue, P.O. Box: 15875-4413, Tehran, Iran
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21
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Kasprzyk W, Koper F, Flis A, Szreder D, Pamuła E, Bogdał D, Wybraniec S, Ortyl J, Swiergosz T. Fluorescence assay for the determination of glutathione based on a ring-fused 2-pyridone derivative in dietary supplements. Analyst 2021; 146:1897-1906. [PMID: 33480890 DOI: 10.1039/d0an02245d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Herein, a novel fluorescent method for the determination of GSH levels in aqueous solutions involving the utilization of citric acid as a derivatization reagent was developed. Therefore, the crucial parameters of the derivatization process were established from what has resulted in the development of a sensitive, reproducible, and accurate GSH assay. The method was validated, and its applicability in the characterization of the GSH concentration in dietary supplements concerning the selectivity in the determination of GSH over GSSG was both confirmed. The chemical structure of the new fluorophore 3-[(carboxymethyl)carbamoyl]-5-oxo-2,3-dihydro-5H-[1,3]thiazolo[3,2-a]pyridine-7-carboxylic acid - CTPC was elucidated using detailed NMR: one-dimensional (1H, 13C), as well as two-dimensional NMR spectra (1H-1H COSY, 1H-13C HSQC, 1H-13C HMBC, 1H-15N HSQC, 1H-15N HMBC) experiments. Besides, the essential optical, biological and antioxidative properties of CTPC were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiktor Kasprzyk
- Department of Biotechnology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Kraków, Poland.
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22
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He F, Li HB, Xu H, Bai J, Cheng Y, Meng X, Zhang W, Fang X, Xu Y, Ding T. ESIPT fluorophores derived from 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano- p-benzoquinone based carbon dots for dual emission and multiple anti-counterfeiting. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:388-398. [PMID: 33315040 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05123c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fluorophores and hydrogen bonding interactions play key roles in the fluorescence properties of bottom-up carbon dots. In this work, an excited-state intramolecular proton-transfer (ESIPT) active fluorophore, 5-chloro-6-ethoxy-4,7-dihydroxyisoindoline-1,3-dione (CEDD) and a non-ESIPT 7-cyano-5,8-dihydroxyquinoxaline-6-carboxamide (CDQC) are extracted from 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-p-benzoquinone (DDQ) based carbon dots. The enol form of CEDD shows a weak blue, small Stokes shift and short lifetime emission under the aprotic or alkali conditions, but the keto form exhibits a strong green, large Stokes shift and long lifetime emission in a protic or an acidic environment. Due to the lack of the ESIPT process, CDQC has no dual emission characteristics, but shows efficient solid-state emission. By virtue of the ESIPT ability of CEDD, multiple anti-counterfeiting methods are achieved by using hydrogen chloride, ammonia, and fluorescence lifetime imaging, as well as dimethyl sulfoxide as the encryption/decryption tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Futao He
- Institute of Functional Organic Molecular Engineering, Henan Engineering Laboratory of Flame-Retardant and Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
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23
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Ran X, Zhou Q, Zhang J, Wang S, Wang G, Yang H, Liu X, Wang Z, Yu X. A solvent-free and efficient synthesis of bicyclic 2-pyridone derivatives for endoplasmic reticulum imaging. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00350j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A solvent-free method was developed for the synthesis of bicyclic 2-pyridone (DHIP) derivatives, which demonstrated excellent endoplasmic reticulum (ER) targeting and antibacterial activity after a slight structure regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Ran
- Department of Chemistry
- Xihua University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Department of Chemistry
- Xihua University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- Xihua University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Shanqiang Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics Engineering
- Xihua University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Gui Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics Engineering
- Xihua University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Chemistry
- Xihua University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Xiaochun Liu
- Department of Chemistry
- Xihua University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Zhouyu Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- Xihua University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Xiaoqi Yu
- Department of Chemistry
- Xihua University
- Chengdu
- China
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology
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24
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Tomal W, Świergosz T, Pilch M, Kasprzyk W, Ortyl J. New horizons for carbon dots: quantum nano-photoinitiating catalysts for cationic photopolymerization and three-dimensional (3D) printing under visible light. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00228g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Citric acid-based carbon dots (CDs) as nano-photoinitiating catalysts for 3D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiktoria Tomal
- Department of Biotechnology and Physical Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Cracow University of Technology
- 31-155 Kraków
- Poland
| | - Tomasz Świergosz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Cracow University of Technology
- 31-155 Kraków
- Poland
| | - Maciej Pilch
- Department of Biotechnology and Physical Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Cracow University of Technology
- 31-155 Kraków
- Poland
| | - Wiktor Kasprzyk
- Department of Biotechnology and Physical Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Cracow University of Technology
- 31-155 Kraków
- Poland
| | - Joanna Ortyl
- Department of Biotechnology and Physical Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Cracow University of Technology
- 31-155 Kraków
- Poland
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25
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Zhi B, Yao X, Wu M, Mensch A, Cui Y, Deng J, Duchimaza-Heredia JJ, Trerayapiwat KJ, Niehaus T, Nishimoto Y, Frank BP, Zhang Y, Lewis RE, Kappel EA, Hamers RJ, Fairbrother HD, Orr G, Murphy CJ, Cui Q, Haynes CL. Multicolor polymeric carbon dots: synthesis, separation and polyamide-supported molecular fluorescence. Chem Sci 2020; 12:2441-2455. [PMID: 34164010 PMCID: PMC8179321 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc05743f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Multicolor carbon dots (CDs) have been developed recently and demonstrate great potential in bio-imaging, sensing, and LEDs. However, the fluorescence mechanism of their tunable colors is still under debate, and efficient separation methods are still challenging. Herein, we synthesized multicolor polymeric CDs through solvothermal treatment of citric acid and urea in formamide. Automated reversed-phase column separation was used to achieve fractions with distinct colors, including blue, cyan, green, yellow, orange and red. This work explores the physicochemical properties and fluorescence origins of the red, green, and blue fractions in depth with combined experimental and computational methods. Three dominant fluorescence mechanism hypotheses were evaluated by comparing time-dependent density functional theory and molecular dynamics calculation results to measured characteristics. We find that blue fluorescence likely comes from embedded small molecules trapped in carbonaceous cages, while pyrene analogs are the most likely origin for emission at other wavelengths, especially in the red. Also important, upon interaction with live cells, different CD color fractions are trafficked to different sub-cellular locations. Super-resolution imaging shows that the blue CDs were found in a variety of organelles, such as mitochondria and lysosomes, while the red CDs were primarily localized in lysosomes. These findings significantly advance our understanding of the photoluminescence mechanism of multicolor CDs and help to guide future design and applications of these promising nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities 207 Pleasant Street SE Minneapolis Minnesota 55455 USA
| | - Xiaoxiao Yao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities 207 Pleasant Street SE Minneapolis Minnesota 55455 USA
| | - Meng Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 600 South Mathews Avenue Urbana Illinois 61801 USA
| | - Arielle Mensch
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory 3335 Innovation Boulevard Richland Washington 99352 USA
| | - Yi Cui
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory 3335 Innovation Boulevard Richland Washington 99352 USA
| | - Jiahua Deng
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University 590 Commonwealth Avenue Boston Massachusetts 02215 USA
| | - Juan J Duchimaza-Heredia
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University 590 Commonwealth Avenue Boston Massachusetts 02215 USA
| | | | - Thomas Niehaus
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière F-69622 Lyon France
| | - Yoshio Nishimoto
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Benjamin P Frank
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD 21218 USA
| | - Yongqian Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison 1101 University Avenue Madison Wisconsin 53706 USA
| | - Riley E Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities 207 Pleasant Street SE Minneapolis Minnesota 55455 USA
| | - Elaine A Kappel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities 207 Pleasant Street SE Minneapolis Minnesota 55455 USA
| | - Robert J Hamers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison 1101 University Avenue Madison Wisconsin 53706 USA
| | | | - Galya Orr
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory 3335 Innovation Boulevard Richland Washington 99352 USA
| | - Catherine J Murphy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 600 South Mathews Avenue Urbana Illinois 61801 USA
| | - Qiang Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University 590 Commonwealth Avenue Boston Massachusetts 02215 USA.,Departments of Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Boston University 590 Commonwealth Avenue Boston Massachusetts 02215 USA
| | - Christy L Haynes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities 207 Pleasant Street SE Minneapolis Minnesota 55455 USA
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26
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Fluorescence Assay for the Determination of d-Panthenol Based on Novel Ring-Fused 2-Pyridone Derivative. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218386. [PMID: 33182251 PMCID: PMC7664857 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, a novel fluorescent method for the determination of d-panthenol (DP) level in solutions with no separate hydrolysis step has been revealed based on the utilization of citric acid (CA) as a derivatizing agent. Consequently, the essential parameters of the derivatization process were established, resulting in the development of sensitive, repeatable, and accurate determination of panthenol. The method was approved, and its usefulness in characterizing the concentration of DP in pharmaceutical formulations and selectivity in the determination of DP were validated. The chemical structure of the new fluorophore formulating in the reaction in DP with CA, i.e., 6-oxo-3,4-dihydro-2H,6H-pyrido[2,1-b][1,3]oxazine-8-carboxylic acid (ODPC), was elucidated using detailed NMR experiments: one-dimensional (1H, 13C) as well as two-dimensional NMR spectra (1H-1H COSY, 1H-13C HSQC, 1H-13C HMBC, 1H-15N HSQC, 1H-15N HMBC).
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27
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Yahia HB, Sabri S, Essehli R, Kasak P, Drogosz-Stachowicz J, Janecka A, El Bali B. Crystal Growth, Single Crystal Structure, and Biological Activity of Thiazolo-Pyridine Dicarboxylic Acid Derivatives. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:27756-27765. [PMID: 33163758 PMCID: PMC7643073 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c01769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Four novel TPDCA derivatives were prepared via a supersaturation method combining TPDCA with water, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), Na(PO2H2), and ammonia solution: 2(C9H7NO5S)H2O (1), (C9H7NO5S)C5H9NO (2), (C9H7NO5S)Na(PO2H2) (3), and (C9H5NO5S)(NH4)2(H2O) (4). Their crystal structures were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compounds (1) and (2) crystallize in the monoclinic space groups P21 and P21/c, respectively, whereas compounds (3) and (4) crystallize in the triclinic space group P1̅. Weak and moderate hydrogen bonds were detected in the four compounds. In the biological tests, (1) and (3) exhibited significant antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus; in addition, (1) was cytotoxic against leukemia HL-60 cells with the IC50 value of 158.5 ± 12.5 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamdi Ben Yahia
- Qatar
Environment and Energy Research Institute (QEERI 2.0), Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, P.O. Box 34110 Doha, Qatar
| | - Souhir Sabri
- Qatar
Environment and Energy Research Institute (QEERI 2.0), Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, P.O. Box 34110 Doha, Qatar
| | - Rachid Essehli
- Energy
and Transportation Science Division, Oak
Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, 37831-2008 Tennessee, United States
| | - Peter Kasak
- Centre
for Advanced Materials (CAM), Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar
| | - Joanna Drogosz-Stachowicz
- Department
of Biomolecular Chemistry, Medical University
of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Janecka
- Department
of Biomolecular Chemistry, Medical University
of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
| | - Brahim El Bali
- Independent
scientist, LMSAC, Po. Box 717, Oujda 60000, Morocco
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28
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Saeed BA, Hassan QMA, Emshary CA, Sultan HA, Elias RS. The nonlinear optical properties of two dihydropyridones derived from curcumin. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 240:118622. [PMID: 32604050 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Two dihydropyridone compounds are synthesized from curcumin using microwave radiation. Both compounds were identified by their melting points and 1HNMR spectra. The nonlinear properties viz., nonlinear absorption coefficients and nonlinear refractive index of both compounds were calculated at wavelength 473 nm using the diffraction ring patterns and Z-scan techniques separately. The diffraction ring patterns evolved from circular symmetric to asymmetric due to convection current in the vertical direction. As a result of using Gaussian laser beam, the Fraunhofer approximation of the Fresnel-Kirchhoff diffraction, have led to successful simulation of the diffraction ring patterns with good quantitative and excellent qualitative agreements compared with experimental results. Optical limiting property has been tested in both compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahjat A Saeed
- Department of Chemistry, College of Education for Pure Sciences, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq
| | - Qusay M A Hassan
- Department of Physics, College of Education for Pure Sciences, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq.
| | - C A Emshary
- Department of Physics, College of Education for Pure Sciences, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq
| | - H A Sultan
- Department of Physics, College of Education for Pure Sciences, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq
| | - Rita S Elias
- College of Pharmacy, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq
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29
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Segkos A, Sakellis I, Boukos N, Drivas C, Kennou S, Kordatos K, Tsamis C. Patterned carbon dot-based thin films for solid-state devices. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:10254-10264. [PMID: 32356538 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr08904g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dot-based fluorescent nanocomposite compounds were obtained following microwave assisted thermal treatment of an aqueous mixture consisting of citric acid and urea. Thin film deposition of nanocomposites on SiO2 (100) substrates is followed by annealing, in order to render the films dissolution-resistant and processable. Optical lithography and O2 plasma etching are utilized to pattern the deposited films in the desired shapes and dimensions and a solid-state relative humidity sensor is fabricated on the SiO2 substrate. Spectroscopy and microscopy techniques are employed to characterize and monitor the whole process throughout the fabrication steps. The patterned films retain the functional groups introduced during their synthesis and continue to display hydrophilicity and PL properties. Successful patterning of these nanocomposites opens the way for the fabrication of solid-state, carbon dot-based optical and electrical devices that take advantage of the properties of carbon quantum dots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apostolos Segkos
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (INN), National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patr. Gregoriou E & 27 Neapoleos Str., Aghia Paraskevi, 15341, Athens, Greece. and Department of Chemical Sciences, School of Chemical Engineering, NTUA, 15780 Athens, Greece
| | - Ilias Sakellis
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (INN), National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patr. Gregoriou E & 27 Neapoleos Str., Aghia Paraskevi, 15341, Athens, Greece.
| | - Nikolaos Boukos
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (INN), National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patr. Gregoriou E & 27 Neapoleos Str., Aghia Paraskevi, 15341, Athens, Greece.
| | - Charalampos Drivas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, 26504, Patras, Greece
| | - Stella Kennou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, 26504, Patras, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Kordatos
- Department of Chemical Sciences, School of Chemical Engineering, NTUA, 15780 Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Tsamis
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (INN), National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patr. Gregoriou E & 27 Neapoleos Str., Aghia Paraskevi, 15341, Athens, Greece.
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30
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De Los Reyes-Berbel E, Ortiz-Gomez I, Ortega-Muñoz M, Salinas-Castillo A, Capitan-Vallvey LF, Hernandez-Mateo F, Lopez-Jaramillo FJ, Santoyo-Gonzalez F. Carbon dots-inspired fluorescent cyclodextrins: competitive supramolecular "off-on" (bio)sensors. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:9178-9185. [PMID: 32297891 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr01004a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Chromophore-appended cyclodextrins combine the supramolecular loading capabilities of cyclodextrins (CDs) with the optical properties of the affixed chromophores. Among fluorescent materials, carbon dots (CNDs) are attractive and the feasibility of CND-appended CDs as sensors has been demonstrated by different authors. However, CNDs are intrinsically heterogeneous materials and their ulterior functionalization yields hybrid composites that are not well defined in terms of structure and composition. Inspired by the fluorescence properties of 5-oxo-1,2,3,5-tetrahydroimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-7-carboxylic acid (IPCA), the most paradigmatic of the molecular fluorophores detected in CNDs, herein we report two highly efficient synthetic chemical strategies for the preparation of IPCA-appended CDs that behave as CND-based CD "turn off-on" biosensors suitable for the analysis of cholesterol and β-galactosidase activity. We have deconstructed the CND-CD systems to demonstrate that (i) the role of CNDs is limited to acting as a support for the molecular fluorophores produced during their synthesis and (ii) the molecular fluorophores suffice for the determination of the enzymatic activity based on the quenching by p-nitrophenol as a sacrificial quencher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo De Los Reyes-Berbel
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Biotechnology Institute, Faculty of Sciences, Campus Fuentenueva sn, University of Granada, 18071-Granada, Spain.
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31
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Zhao X, Li J, Liu D, Yang M, Wang W, Zhu S, Yang B. Self-Enhanced Carbonized Polymer Dots for Selective Visualization of Lysosomes and Real-Time Apoptosis Monitoring. iScience 2020; 23:100982. [PMID: 32234664 PMCID: PMC7113624 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.100982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Protons are highly related to cell viability during physiological and pathological processes. Developing new probes to monitor the pH variation could be extremely helpful to understand the viability of cells and the cell death study. Carbonized polymer dots (CPDs) are superior biocompatible and have been widely applied in bioimaging field. Herein, a new type of extreme-pH suitable CPDs was prepared from citric acid and o-phenylenediamine (CA/oPD-CPDs). Due to the co-existence of hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups, CA/oPD-CPDs tend to aggregate in neutral condition with a dramatic decrease of fluorescence, but disperse well in both acidic and alkaline conditions with brighter emission. This specialty enables them to selectively illuminate lysosomes in cells. Moreover, CA/oPD-CPDs in the cytoplasm could serve as a sustained probe to record intracellular pH variation during apoptosis. Furthermore, CA/oPD-CPDs present a continuous fluorescence increase upon 2-h laser irradiation in living cells, underscoring this imaging system for long-term biological recording.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P. R. China
| | - Jing Li
- The Scientific Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P. R. China
| | - Dongning Liu
- Department of Periodontology, Stomatology Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P. R. China
| | - Mingxi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P. R. China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P. R. China
| | - Shoujun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration & Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130061, P.R. China
| | - Bai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P. R. China.
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32
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Palchykov VA, Gaponov AA. 1,3-Amino alcohols and their phenol analogs in heterocyclization reactions. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aihch.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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33
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Jung D, Choi D, Sim C, Kim Y, Kang S, Nam SH, Jang J, Kim D, Chang MS, Park JU, Lee Y. De novoformation of citrate-based fluorophores on N-termini of peptides and proteins in cells and tissues. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:74-77. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc08494k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Citrate-based fluorophores are generated inde novomanner on proteins in biological samples under mild conditions.
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34
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Mura S, Stagi L, Malfatti L, Carbonaro CM, Ludmerczki R, Innocenzi P. Modulating the Optical Properties of Citrazinic Acid through the Monomer-to-Dimer Transformation. J Phys Chem A 2019; 124:197-203. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b10884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Mura
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Laboratory of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, CR-INSTM, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Luigi Stagi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Laboratory of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, CR-INSTM, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Luca Malfatti
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Laboratory of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, CR-INSTM, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Carlo Maria Carbonaro
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, sp n°8, km 0.700, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Róbert Ludmerczki
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Laboratory of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, CR-INSTM, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Plinio Innocenzi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Laboratory of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, CR-INSTM, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
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35
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Abstract
Unexpectedly bright photoluminescence emission can be observed in materials incorporating inorganic carbon when their size is reduced from macro–micro to nano. At present, there is no consensus in its understanding, and many suggested explanations are not consistent with the broad range of experimental data. In this Review, I discuss the possible role of collective excitations (excitons) generated by resonance electronic interactions among the chromophore elements within these nanoparticles. The Förster-type resonance energy transfer (FRET) mechanism of energy migration within nanoparticles operates when the composing fluorophores are the localized electronic systems interacting at a distance. Meanwhile, the resonance interactions among closely located fluorophores may lead to delocalization of the excited states over many molecules resulting in Frenkel excitons. The H-aggregate-type quantum coherence originating from strong coupling among the transition dipoles of adjacent chromophores in a co-facial stacking arrangement and exciton transport to emissive traps are the basis of the presented model. It can explain most of the hitherto known experimental observations and must stimulate the progress towards their versatile applications.
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36
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Daniel J, Montaleytang M, Nagarajan S, Picard S, Clermont G, Lazar AN, Dumas N, Correard F, Braguer D, Blanchard-Desce M, Estève MA, Vaultier M. Hydrophilic Fluorescent Nanoprodrug of Paclitaxel for Glioblastoma Chemotherapy. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:18342-18354. [PMID: 31720536 PMCID: PMC6844107 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b02588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Highly water-soluble, nontoxic organic nanoparticles on which paclitaxel (PTX), a hydrophobic anticancer drug, has been covalently bound via an ester linkage (4.5% of total weight) have been prepared for the treatment of glioblastoma. These soft fluorescent organic nanoparticles (FONPs), obtained from citric acid and diethylenetriamine by microwave-assisted condensation, show suitable size (Ø = 17-30 nm), remarkable solubility in water, softness as well as strong blue fluorescence in an aqueous environment that are fully retained in cell culture medium. Moreover, these FONPs were demonstrated to show in vitro safety and preferential internalization in glioblastoma cells through caveolin/lipid raft-mediated endocytosis. The PTX-conjugated FONPs retain excellent solubility in water and remain stable in water (no leaching), while they showed anticancer activity against glioblastoma cells in two-dimensional and three-dimensional culture. PTX-specific effects on microtubules reveal that PTX is intracellularly released from the nanocarriers in its active form, in relation with an intracellular-promoted lysis of the ester linkage. As such, these hydrophilic prodrug formulations hold major promise as biocompatible nanotools for drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Daniel
- Univ.
Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires (CNRS UMR 5255), Bâtiment A12, 351 Cours de
la Libération, 33405 Talence Cedex, France
| | - Maeva Montaleytang
- Aix
Marseille Univ, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, Faculté
de Pharmacie, 27 Boulevard
Jean Moulin - CS 30064, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, Marseille, France
- AP-HM,
Hôpital Timone, 264 Rue Saint Pierre, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | - Sounderya Nagarajan
- Aix
Marseille Univ, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, Faculté
de Pharmacie, 27 Boulevard
Jean Moulin - CS 30064, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, Marseille, France
| | - Sébastien Picard
- Univ.
Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires (CNRS UMR 5255), Bâtiment A12, 351 Cours de
la Libération, 33405 Talence Cedex, France
| | - Guillaume Clermont
- Univ.
Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires (CNRS UMR 5255), Bâtiment A12, 351 Cours de
la Libération, 33405 Talence Cedex, France
| | - Adina N. Lazar
- Univ.
Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires (CNRS UMR 5255), Bâtiment A12, 351 Cours de
la Libération, 33405 Talence Cedex, France
| | - Noé Dumas
- Aix
Marseille Univ, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, Faculté
de Pharmacie, 27 Boulevard
Jean Moulin - CS 30064, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, Marseille, France
| | - Florian Correard
- Aix
Marseille Univ, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, Faculté
de Pharmacie, 27 Boulevard
Jean Moulin - CS 30064, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, Marseille, France
- AP-HM,
Hôpital Timone, 264 Rue Saint Pierre, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | - Diane Braguer
- Aix
Marseille Univ, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, Faculté
de Pharmacie, 27 Boulevard
Jean Moulin - CS 30064, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, Marseille, France
- AP-HM,
Hôpital Timone, 264 Rue Saint Pierre, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | - Mireille Blanchard-Desce
- Univ.
Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires (CNRS UMR 5255), Bâtiment A12, 351 Cours de
la Libération, 33405 Talence Cedex, France
| | - Marie-Anne Estève
- Aix
Marseille Univ, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, Faculté
de Pharmacie, 27 Boulevard
Jean Moulin - CS 30064, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, Marseille, France
- AP-HM,
Hôpital Timone, 264 Rue Saint Pierre, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | - Michel Vaultier
- Univ.
Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires (CNRS UMR 5255), Bâtiment A12, 351 Cours de
la Libération, 33405 Talence Cedex, France
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37
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Kasak P, Danko M, Zavahir S, Mrlik M, Xiong Y, Yousaf AB, Lai WF, Krupa I, Tkac J, Rogach AL. Identification of Molecular Fluorophore as a Component of Carbon Dots able to Induce Gelation in a Fluorescent Multivalent-Metal-Ion-Free Alginate Hydrogel. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15080. [PMID: 31636324 PMCID: PMC6803645 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51512-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We introduce a simple approach to fabricate fluorescent multivalent metal ion-free alginate hydrogels, which can be produced using carbon dots accessible from natural sources (citric acid and L-cysteine). Molecular fluorophore 5-oxo-2,3-dihydro-5H-[1,3]-thiazolo[3,2-a] pyridine-3,7-dicarboxylic acid (TPDCA), which is formed during the synthesis of carbon dots, is identified as a key segment for the crosslinking of hydrogels. The crosslinking happens through dynamic complexation of carboxylic acid groups of TPDCA and alginate cages along with sodium ions. The TPDCA derived hydrogels are investigated regarding to their thermal, rheological and optical properties, and found to exhibit characteristic fluorescence of this aggregated molecular fluorophore. Moreover, gradient hydrogels with tunable mechanical and optical properties and controlled release are obtained upon immersion of the hydrogel reactors in solutions of divalent metal ions (Ca2+, Cu2+, and Ni2+) with a higher affinity to alginate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kasak
- Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Martin Danko
- Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
- Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Sifani Zavahir
- Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Miroslav Mrlik
- Centre of Polymer Systems, University Institute, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Trida T. Bati 5678, 760 01, Zlín, Czech Republic
| | - Yuan Xiong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Center for Functional Photonics (CFP), City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, SAR, Hong Kong
| | - Ammar Bin Yousaf
- Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Wing-Fu Lai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Igor Krupa
- Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Jan Tkac
- Department of Glycobiotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 38, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Andrey L Rogach
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Center for Functional Photonics (CFP), City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, SAR, Hong Kong.
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Kokorina AA, Bakal AA, Shpuntova DV, Kostritskiy AY, Beloglazova NV, De Saeger S, Sukhorukov GB, Sapelkin AV, Goryacheva IY. Gel electrophoresis separation and origins of light emission in fluorophores prepared from citric acid and ethylenediamine. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14665. [PMID: 31605021 PMCID: PMC6789027 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50922-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated light emission of hydrothermally treated citric acid and ethylenediamine (EDA) with various precursor ratios using gel-electrophoresis. We show that this relatively simple approach can deliver significant insights into the origins of photoluminescence. We found that products of the synthesis consist of both positively and negatively charged species and exhibit large dispersion in electrophoretic mobility (i.e. charge-to-size ratio). We observed that despite the large dispersion of the reaction products the blue light emission is confined to discrete bands clearly identifiable in the gel. We demonstrate clear evidence that this emission originates from the negatively charged light molecular fraction with the highest mobility which shows no excitation-dependent light emission. This molecular fluorophore exhibits spectral characteristics similar to previously reported 1,2,3,5-tetrahydro-5-oxo-imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-7-carboxylic acid (IPCA). Secondary gel electrophoresis run performed on the bands extracted from the first run indicates that no further separation takes place. On the basis of our experimental results, we conclude that relatively stable binding exists between IPCA and EDA-derived product. Thus, the products of the reaction contain IPCA both in molecular form and in complexes with EDA-derived products. We conclude that excitation-dependent emission is related to the fluorophore binding to the positively charged EDA-derived products with a positive charge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina A Kokorina
- Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya, 83, Saratov, 410012, Russia
| | - Artem A Bakal
- Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya, 83, Saratov, 410012, Russia
| | - Daria V Shpuntova
- Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya, 83, Saratov, 410012, Russia
| | | | - Natalia V Beloglazova
- Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya, 83, Saratov, 410012, Russia
- Ghent University, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Bioanalysis, Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Ghent University, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Bioanalysis, Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gleb B Sukhorukov
- Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya, 83, Saratov, 410012, Russia
- Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Andrei V Sapelkin
- Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya, 83, Saratov, 410012, Russia.
- Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK.
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39
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Hinterberger V, Damm C, Haines P, Guldi DM, Peukert W. Purification and structural elucidation of carbon dots by column chromatography. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:8464-8474. [PMID: 30990494 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr01029g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) are an astonishing class of fluorescent materials with many applications in bioimaging, drug delivery, photovoltaics and photocatalysis due to their outstanding luminescence properties and low toxicity. However, the internal CD structure of bottom-up synthesized CDs is still the subject of considerable debate. Unambiguous analysis of the internal CD composition is hampered by the fact that reaction products usually contain mixtures of several CD fractions as well as molecular intermediate and side products. Therefore, purification and careful separation of the various CD fractions is vital for structural analysis and isolation of pure CDs possessing optimized optical properties. In this study, CD solutions were synthesized from citric acid and cysteine via a one-pot hydrothermal synthesis. A simple column chromatography unit was used to systematically study the influence of the molar precursor ratios and synthesis conditions (temperature, reaction time) on the CD solution composition. By investigating the structural and optical properties of the chromatographically separated fractions, three different fluorescent species could be identified. Freely floating molecular fluorophores left the column first, followed by highly fluorescent CDs with fluorophores bound to the carbon core, finally followed by low-fluorescent carbon particles without fluorophores. We demonstrate that the CD solution composition and the internal structure of the individual fluorescent components can be clarified via chromatographic separation. This information can be further applied to isolate pure CDs with optimized optical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Hinterberger
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Institute of Particle Technology, Cauerstrasse 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
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40
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Mishra K, Koley S, Ghosh S. Ground-State Heterogeneity along with Fluorescent Byproducts Causes Excitation-Dependent Fluorescence and Time-Dependent Spectral Migration in Citric Acid-Derived Carbon Dots. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:335-345. [PMID: 30607959 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b03803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The integrity of fluorescent carbon dot (FCD) emission deserves its highest appreciation when sample purification is performed with extreme care. Several controversial phenomena of FCD fluorescence including excitation-dependent emission, spectral migration with time, and thereby violation of the Kasha-Vavilov rule, which sparked intense debate during recent reports, disappeared when we rigorously purified the as-synthesized FCD sample. Purification was performed by first visual silica column chromatography (observing the emissions under UV illumination) and subsequently prolonged membrane dialysis. Most of the surprising phenomena of FCD fluorescence reported earlier apparently arose from ground-state spectral heterogeneity of FCD sample containing a large amount of fluorescent impurities (mostly polymeric or oligomeric in nature). Observation of our ensemble spectroscopic measurements, albeit nicely matched with recent reports based on single-particle experiments, differed largely from that of other ensemble measurements. Our results reconciled a number of long-standing controversies on FCD emission mostly by emphasizing the urgency of sample purification with more scientific rigor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Mishra
- School of Chemical Sciences , National Institute of Science Education and Research, Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI) , Khurda 752050 , Odisha India
| | - Somnath Koley
- School of Chemical Sciences , National Institute of Science Education and Research, Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI) , Khurda 752050 , Odisha India
| | - Subhadip Ghosh
- School of Chemical Sciences , National Institute of Science Education and Research, Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI) , Khurda 752050 , Odisha India
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41
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Qin Z, Wang W, Zhan X, Du X, Zhang Q, Zhang R, Li K, Li J, Xu W. One-pot synthesis of dual carbon dots using only an N and S co-existed dopant for fluorescence detection of Ag . SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 208:162-171. [PMID: 30312843 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Luminescent carbon-based nanoparticles, named often as carbon dots (CDs), were synthesized from citric acid (CA) and guanidine thiocyanate (GITC) via an N and S co-doped hydrothermal procedure. In the present structure characterization, N and S elements could be sufficiently doped by means of the heteroatom or the functional groups bonded on the surface of CDs. The as-prepared CDs solution showed blue color fluorescence under ultraviolet excitation, yet the PL spectra exhibited a repetitive emission process from excitation-independent to excitation-dependent. In view of the triexponential feature of fluorescence lifetimes of CDs, one possibility was proposed to be co-existence of two types of CDs with different surface states. Additionally, the as-prepared CDs were used as a sensing probe for the detection of Ag+ taking into consideration of the possible interactions between Ag+ and various fluorophores attached to the CD surface. As expected, the changes of fluorescence intensities were linearly proportional to the different concentration ranges of Ag+, which suggests the complex nature of the quenching mechanism. And for the first time, the SCN group was found to accelerate the quenching of CDs towards Ag+, promising a new approach for efficient detection of Ag+ for the application in industrial pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxing Qin
- Department of Physics, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wenhai Wang
- Department of Physics, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaozhi Zhan
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiujuan Du
- Department of Physics, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingmei Zhang
- Department of Physics, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Physics, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Li
- Department of Physics, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhong Li
- Department of Physics, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiping Xu
- Department of Physics, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, People's Republic of China.
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42
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Ren WJ, Bai JJ, Zhao YL, Wang YL, Liu F, Li ZZ. One-pot synthesis of carbon dots co-doped with N and S: high quantum yield governed by molecular state and fluorescence detection of Ag+. Mol Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2019.1569734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-jie Ren
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Materials Engineering, Taiyuan Institute of Technology, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing-jing Bai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Materials Engineering, Taiyuan Institute of Technology, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan-liang Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Materials Engineering, Taiyuan Institute of Technology, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-long Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Materials Engineering, Taiyuan Institute of Technology, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fei Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Materials Engineering, Taiyuan Institute of Technology, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhen-zhong Li
- Department of Materials Engineering, Taiyuan Institute of Technology, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
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43
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Carbon Nanodots: A Review—From the Current Understanding of the Fundamental Photophysics to the Full Control of the Optical Response. C — JOURNAL OF CARBON RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/c4040067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) are an emerging family of nanosystems displaying a range of fascinating properties. Broadly speaking, they can be described as small, surface-functionalized carbonaceous nanoparticles characterized by an intense and tunable fluorescence, a marked sensitivity to the environment and a range of interesting photochemical properties. CDs are currently the subject of very intense research, motivated by their possible applications in many fields, including bioimaging, solar energy harvesting, nanosensing, light-emitting devices and photocatalyis. This review covers the latest advancements in the field of CDs, with a focus on the fundamental understanding of their key photophysical behaviour, which is still very debated. The photoluminescence mechanism, the origin of their peculiar fluorescence tunability, and their photo-chemical interactions with coupled systems are discussed in light of the latest developments in the field, such as the most recent results obtained by femtosecond time-resolved experiments, which have led to important steps forward in the fundamental understanding of CDs. The optical response of CDs appears to stem from a very complex interplay between the electronic states related to the core structure and those introduced by surface functionalization. In addition, the structure of CD energy levels and the electronic dynamics triggered by photo-excitation finely depend on the microscopic structure of any specific sub-type of CD. On the other hand, this remarkable variability makes CDs extremely versatile, a key benefit in view of their very wide range of applications.
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44
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Sri S, Kumar R, Panda AK, Solanki PR. Highly Biocompatible, Fluorescence, and Zwitterionic Carbon Dots as a Novel Approach for Bioimaging Applications in Cancerous Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:37835-37845. [PMID: 30360121 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b13217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Highly biocompatible, excellently photostable, nitrogen- and sulfur-containing novel zwitterionic carbon dots (CDs) were synthesized by microwave-assisted pyrolysis. The size of CDs were 2-5 nm, with an average size of 2.61 ± 0.7 nm. CDs were characterized by UV/vis spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, zeta potential, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. CDs were known to emit blue fluorescence when excited at 360 nm, that is, UV region, and emit in the blue region of visible spectrum, that is, at 443 nm. CDs showed excitation-independent photoluminescence behavior and were highly fluorescent even at lower concentration under UV light. These CDs were highly fluorescent in nature, with the quantum yield being as high as 80%, which is comparable to that of organic dyes. The CDs were further used to image two different oral cancer cell lines, namely, FaDu (human pharyngeal carcinoma) and Cal-27 (human tongue carcinoma). The cell viability assay demonstarted that CDs were highly biocompatible, which was further confirmed by the side scattering studies as no change in the granularity was observed even at the highest concentration of 1600 μg/mL. The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was also investigated and negligible generaton of ROS was detected. In addition to that, the uptake phenomenon, cell cycle analysis, exocytosis, and cellular uptake at 4 °C and in the presence of ATP inhibitor were studied. It was found that CDs easily cross the plasma membrane without hampering the cellular integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smriti Sri
- Special Centre for Nanoscience , Jawaharlal Nehru University , New Delhi 110067 , India
| | - Robin Kumar
- National Institute of Immunology , Aruna Asaf Ali Marg , New Delhi 110067 , India
| | - Amulya K Panda
- National Institute of Immunology , Aruna Asaf Ali Marg , New Delhi 110067 , India
| | - Pratima R Solanki
- Special Centre for Nanoscience , Jawaharlal Nehru University , New Delhi 110067 , India
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45
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Velusamy J, Ramos-Ortiz G, Rodríguez M, Hernández-Cruz O, Ponce A. Prominence of fusion temperature and engineering heteroatoms on multifarious emissive shifts in carbon dots. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 528:237-247. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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46
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Wang M, Su K, Cao J, She Y, Abd El-Aty AM, Hacımüftüoğlu A, Wang J, Yan M, Hong S, Lao S, Wang Y. "Off-On" non-enzymatic sensor for malathion detection based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer between β-cyclodextrin@Ag and fluorescent probe. Talanta 2018; 192:295-300. [PMID: 30348392 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.09.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Here, we developed a novel non-enzymatic rapid testing method for determination of organophosphate pesticide (malathion) in water. In principle, target molecule can block the Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between chemical fluorescent probe (energy donor) and β-cyclodextrin-coated silver nanoparticles (@AgNP) (receptor). The effects of malathion on the dynamics of fluorescent probe and β-cyclodextrin@AgNP were evaluated and their properties were further characterized. The current methodology showed a good sensitivity of 0.01 μg/mL represented as a limit of detection (LOD) and the calibration curve was linear over the concentration range of 0.1-25 μg/mL. Recovery rate from water samples spiked at 3 different concentration levels (0.3, 0.4, and 0.6 μg/mL) showed satisfactory range between 83% and 101%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Wang
- Institute of Quality Standardization & Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193 Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Agrofood Safety and Quality (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, 100193 Beijing, China
| | - Kun Su
- Institute of Quality Standardization & Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193 Beijing, China; Baotou Medical College, 014040 Baotou, China
| | - Jing Cao
- Institute of Quality Standardization & Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193 Beijing, China
| | - Yongxin She
- Institute of Quality Standardization & Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193 Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Agrofood Safety and Quality (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, 100193 Beijing, China.
| | - A M Abd El-Aty
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211 Giza, Egypt; Department of Medical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Hacımüftüoğlu
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Quality Standardization & Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193 Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Agrofood Safety and Quality (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, 100193 Beijing, China; Agro-products Quality Safety and Testing Technology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 53003 Nanning, China.
| | - Mengmeng Yan
- Institute of Quality Standardization & Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193 Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Agrofood Safety and Quality (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, 100193 Beijing, China
| | - Sihui Hong
- Institute of Quality Standardization & Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193 Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Agrofood Safety and Quality (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, 100193 Beijing, China
| | - Shuibing Lao
- Agro-products Quality Safety and Testing Technology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 53003 Nanning, China
| | - Yanli Wang
- Agro-products Quality Safety and Testing Technology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 53003 Nanning, China
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47
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Shan D, Hsieh JT, Bai X, Yang J. Citrate-Based Fluorescent Biomaterials. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1800532. [PMID: 30047618 PMCID: PMC6366998 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201800532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence imaging has emerged as a promising technique for monitoring and assessing various biologically relevant species in cells and organisms, driving the demand for effective fluorescent agents with good biocompatibility and high fluorescence performance. However, traditional fluorescent agents, such as quantum dots (QDs) and organic dyes, either suffer from toxicity concerns or poor fluorescence performance (e.g., low photobleaching-resistance). In this regard, citrate-based fluorescent biomaterials, which are synthesized from the natural and biocompatible precursor of citric acid (CA), have become competitive alternatives for fluorescence imaging owing to their biocompatibility, cost effectiveness, straightforward synthetic routes, flexible designability, as well as strong fluorescence with adjustable excitation/emission wavelengths. Accordingly, numerous citrate-based biomaterials, including carbon dots (CDs), biodegradable photoluminescent polymers (BPLPs), and small molecular fluorophores, have been developed and researched in the past few decades. This review discusses recent progress in the research and development of citrate-based fluorescent materials with emphasis on their design and synthesis considerations, material properties, fluorescence properties and mechanisms, as well as biomedical applications. It is expected that this review will provide an insightful discussion on the citrate-based fluorescent biomaterials, and lead to innovations for the next generation of fluorescent biomaterials and fluorescence-based biomedical technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingying Shan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Jer-Tsong Hsieh
- Department of Urology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Xiaochun Bai
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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48
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Kasprzyk W, Swiergosz T, Bednarz S, Walas K, Bashmakova NV, Bogdał D. Luminescence phenomena of carbon dots derived from citric acid and urea - a molecular insight. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:13889-13894. [PMID: 29999091 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr03602k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In this report, we present the results of our investigations into the elucidation of the chemical structure of moieties responsible for the blue and green luminescence of CDs derived from the microwave-assisted pyrolysis of citric acid in the presence of urea. The molecular fluorophore that forms during the synthesis of green fluorescing CDs is 4-hydroxy-1H-pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyridine-1,3,6(2H,5H)-trione (HPPT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiktor Kasprzyk
- Department of Biotechnology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, 24 Warszawska St., 32-048 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Swiergosz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, 24 Warszawska St., 32-048 Krakow, Poland
| | - Szczepan Bednarz
- Department of Biotechnology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, 24 Warszawska St., 32-048 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Karolina Walas
- Department of Biotechnology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, 24 Warszawska St., 32-048 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Natalia V Bashmakova
- Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Dariusz Bogdał
- Department of Biotechnology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, 24 Warszawska St., 32-048 Krakow, Poland.
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49
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Shamsipur M, Barati A, Taherpour AA, Jamshidi M. Resolving the Multiple Emission Centers in Carbon Dots: From Fluorophore Molecular States to Aromatic Domain States and Carbon-Core States. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:4189-4198. [PMID: 29995417 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b02043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Despite many efforts focused on the emission origin of carbon dots (CDs), it is still a topic of debate. This is mainly due to the complex structure of these nanomaterials. Here, we developed an innovative method to evaluate the number and spectral characterizations of various emission centers in CDs. We monitored the photostability of a series of column-separated CDs under UV irradiation to obtain three-dimensional data sets and resolve them using multivariate decomposition methods. The obtained results clearly revealed the presence of three different types of emission centers in CDs, including molecular states, aromatic domain states, and carbon-core states so that their single or coexisting appearance was found to be deeply dependent on the reaction temperature. Furthermore, density functional theory and time-dependent density functional theory were used to investigate the electronic and optical properties of some different aza-polycyclic and corannulene molecules as possible polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons responsible for the above-mentioned aromatic domain states.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Barati
- Department of Chemistry , Razi University , Kermanshah , Iran
| | - Avat Arman Taherpour
- Department of Chemistry , Razi University , Kermanshah , Iran
- Medical Biology Research Center , Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah , Iran
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50
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Highly sensitive and selective detection of Fe 3+ by utilizing carbon quantum dots as fluorescent probes. Chem Phys Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2018.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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