A Review on Polyaniline-Supported Catalyst for Organic Transformations

Organic transformations are very important in synthetic organic chemistry and are used immensely in pharmaceuticals. Polyaniline is a marvelous and exceptional conducting polymer because of its extensive and valuable applications. Various modified polyaniline derivatives were developed by researchers and explored as solid heterogeneous catalysts for synthesizing important organic compounds through different organic transformations. Polyaniline-supported catalysts have many advantages: easy synthesis, environmental stability, environmental friendliness, high yield, short reaction times, the requirement for green solvent or solventless medium, and excellent reusability. In past years, polyaniline-supported catalysts have been widely used in various important organic syntheses under solvent-free or green reaction conditions. Hence, here is a comprehensive, detailed review of the application of polyaniline catalysts in organic transformations with all of their advantages and future scope.

Recent advances in nanomaterials for neural applications: opportunities and challenges

Nanomedicines are promising for delivering drugs to the central nervous system, though their precision is still being improved. Fortifying nanoparticles with vital molecules can interact with the blood-brain barrier, enabling access to brain tissue. This study summarizes recent advances in nanomedicine to treat neurological complications. The integration of nanotechnology into cell biology aids in the study of brain cells' interactions. Magnetic microhydrogels have exhibited superior neuron activation compared with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles and hold promise for neuropsychiatric disorders. Nanomaterials have shown notable results, such as tackling neurodegenerative diseases by hindering harmful protein buildup and regulating cellular processes. However, further studies of the safety and effectiveness of nanoparticles in managing neurological diseases and disorders are still required.

An Insight of Nanomaterials in Tissue Engineering from Fabrication to Applications

Tissue engineering is a research domain that deals with the growth of various kinds of tissues with the help of synthetic composites. With the culmination of nanotechnology and bioengineering, tissue engineering has emerged as an exciting domain. Recent literature describes its various applications in biomedical and biological sciences, such as facilitating the growth of tissue and organs, gene delivery, biosensor-based detection, etc. It deals with the development of biomimetics to repair, restore, maintain and amplify or strengthen several biological functions at the level of tissue and organs. Herein, the synthesis of nanocomposites based on polymers, along with their classification as conductive hydrogels and bioscaffolds, is comprehensively discussed. Furthermore, their implementation in numerous tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications is also described. The limitations of tissue engineering are also discussed here. The present review highlights and summarizes the latest progress in the tissue engineering domain directed at functionalized nanomaterials.

Core-shell nanostructures: perspectives towards drug delivery applications

Nanosystems have shown encouraging outcomes and substantial progress in the areas of drug delivery and biomedical applications. However, the controlled and targeted delivery of drugs or genes can be limited due to their physicochemical and functional properties. In this regard, core-shell type nanoparticles are promising nanocarrier systems for controlled and targeted drug delivery applications. These functional nanoparticles are emerging as a particular class of nanosystems because of their unique advantages, including high surface area, and easy surface modification and functionalization. Such unique advantages can facilitate the use of core-shell nanoparticles for the selective mingling of two or more different functional properties in a single nanosystem to achieve the desired physicochemical properties that are essential for effective targeted drug delivery. Several types of core-shell nanoparticles, such as metallic, magnetic, silica-based, upconversion, and carbon-based core-shell nanoparticles, have been designed and developed for drug delivery applications. Keeping the scope, demand, and challenges in view, the present review explores state-of-the-art developments and advances in core-shell nanoparticle systems, the desired structure-property relationships, newly generated properties, the effects of parameter control, surface modification, and functionalization, and, last but not least, their promising applications in the fields of drug delivery, biomedical applications, and tissue engineering. This review also supports significant future research for developing multi-core and shell-based functional nanosystems to investigate nano-therapies that are needed for advanced, precise, and personalized healthcare systems.

Sonochemical synthesis of carbon dots, mechanism, effect of parameters, and catalytic, energy, biomedical and tissue engineering applications

Carbon-based nanomaterials are gaining more and more interest because of their wide range of applications. Carbon dots (CDs) have shown exclusive interest due to unique and novel physicochemical, optical, electrical, and biological properties. Since their discovery, CDs became a promising material for wide range of research applications from energy to biomedical and tissue engineering applications. At same time several new methods have been developed for the synthesis of CDs. Compared to many of these methods, the sonochemical preparation is a green method with advantages such as facile, mild experimental conditions, green energy sources, and feasibility to formulate CDs and doped CDs with controlled physicochemical properties and lower toxicity. In the last five years, the sonochemically synthesized CDs were extensively studied in a wide range of applications. In this review, we discussed the sonochemical assisted synthesis of CDs, doped CDs and their nanocomposites. In addition to the synthetic route, we will discuss the effect of various experimental parameters on the physicochemical properties of CDs; and their applications in different research areas such as bioimaging, drug delivery, catalysis, antibacterial, polymerization, neural tissue engineering, dye absorption, ointments, electronic devices, lithium ion batteries, and supercapacitors. This review concludes with further research directions to be explored for the applications of sonochemical synthesized CDs.

Acoustic Cavitation-Assisted Formulation of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles using Different Stabilizers

Because of excellent bioavailability and high biocompatibility, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) have gained attention in recent years, especially in drug delivery systems. SLNs are composed of a drug that is loaded in a lipid matrix and stabilized by surfactants. In this work, we have investigated the feasibility of the acoustic cavitation-assisted hot melt mixing method for the formulation of SLNs using different stabilizers. A lipid Compritol 888 ATO (CPT) and a poorly water-soluble drug ketoprofen (KP) were used as a model lipid and drug, respectively. Gelucire 50/13 (GEL), poloxamer 407 (POL), and Pluronic F-127 (PLU) were used as the stabilizers. The effect of the stabilizers on the physico-chemical properties of SLNs was thoroughly studied in this work. The particle size and stability in water at different temperatures were measured using a dynamic light scattering method. The spherical shape (below 250 nm) and core-shell morphology were confirmed by field-emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The chemical, crystal, and thermal properties of SLNs were studied by FTIR, XRD analysis, and DSC, respectively. SLNs prepared using different stabilizers showed an encapsulation efficiency of nearly 90% and a drug loading efficiency of 12%. SLNs showed more than 90% of drug released in 72 h and increased with pH was confirmed using in vitro drug release studies. SLNs were nontoxic to raw 264.7 cells. All stabilizers were found suitable for acoustic cavitation-assisted SLN formulation with high encapsulation efficiency and drug loading and good biocompatibility.

Synthesis of polyaniline–magnetite nanocomposites using swollen liquid crystal templates for magnetically separable dye adsorbent applications

One dimensional iron oxide–polyaniline core–shell nanostructures enable faster adsorption of dyes and separation of the adsorbent using an external magnet.

Pd nanoparticles immobilized on carbon nanotubes with a polyaniline coaxial coating for the Heck reaction: coating thickness as the key factor influencing the efficiency and stability of the catalyst

Pd/PANI@CNTs were synthesized using a low-cost and simple method. The thickness of the PANI layer is the key in determining the stability of the catalyst in the Heck reaction.

Swollen liquid crystals (SLCs): a versatile template for the synthesis of nano structured materials

Swollen liquid crystals (SLCs) are the class of lyotropic liquid crystals (LLCs) that are usually formed by a quaternary mixture of aqueous phase, oil phase, surfactant and cosurfactant.

Plant leaves as natural green scaffolds for palladium catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reactions

This work presents a novel approach of using natural plant leaf surfaces having intricate hierarchical structures as scaffolds for Pd nanoparticles and demonstrated it as a Green dip catalyst for Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reactions in water. The influence of the topographical texture of the plant leaves on the deposition and catalytic properties of Pd nanoparticles are presented and discussed. The catalytic activity can be correlated to the surface texture of the leaves, wherein it has been found that the micro/nanostructures present on the surface strongly influence the assembly and entrapment of the nanoparticles, and thereby control aggregation and leaching of the catalysts. This approach can provide insights for the future design and fabrication of bioinspired supports for catalysis, based on replication of leaf surfaces.

Bipyridyl palladium embedded porous organic polymer as highly efficient and reusable heterogeneous catalyst for Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction

Bipyridyl-palladium catalyst embedded porous organic polymers (Bpy-Pd-POP) was synthesized and used as highly effective and reusable heterogeneous catalyst for the Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction.