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Ghosh S, Lee SJ, Hsu JC, Chakraborty S, Chakravarty R, Cai W. Cancer Brachytherapy at the Nanoscale: An Emerging Paradigm. CHEMICAL & BIOMEDICAL IMAGING 2024; 2:4-26. [PMID: 38274040 PMCID: PMC10806911 DOI: 10.1021/cbmi.3c00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Brachytherapy is an established treatment modality that has been globally utilized for the therapy of malignant solid tumors. However, classic therapeutic sealed sources used in brachytherapy must be surgically implanted directly into the tumor site and removed after the requisite period of treatment. In order to avoid the trauma involved in the surgical procedures and prevent undesirable radioactive distribution at the cancerous site, well-dispersed radiolabeled nanomaterials are now being explored for brachytherapy applications. This emerging field has been coined "nanoscale brachytherapy". Despite present-day advancements, an ongoing challenge is obtaining an advanced, functional nanomaterial that concurrently incorporates features of high radiolabeling yield, short labeling time, good radiolabeling stability, and long tumor retention time without leakage of radioactivity to the nontargeted organs. Further, attachment of suitable targeting ligands to the nanoplatforms would widen the nanoscale brachytherapy approach to tumors expressing various phenotypes. Molecular imaging using radiolabeled nanoplatforms enables noninvasive visualization of cellular functions and biological processes in vivo. In vivo imaging also aids in visualizing the localization and retention of the radiolabeled nanoplatforms at the tumor site for the requisite time period to render safe and effective therapy. Herein, we review the advancements over the last several years in the synthesis and use of functionalized radiolabeled nanoplatforms as a noninvasive substitute to standard brachytherapy sources. The limitations of present-day brachytherapy sealed sources are analyzed, while highlighting the advantages of using radiolabeled nanoparticles (NPs) for this purpose. The recent progress in the development of different radiolabeling methods, delivery techniques and nanoparticle internalization mechanisms are discussed. The preclinical studies performed to date are summarized with an emphasis on the current challenges toward the future translation of nanoscale brachytherapy in routine clinical practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanchita Ghosh
- Radiopharmaceuticals
Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
- Homi
Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Sophia J. Lee
- Departments
of Radiology and Medical Physics, University
of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Jessica C. Hsu
- Departments
of Radiology and Medical Physics, University
of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Sudipta Chakraborty
- Radiopharmaceuticals
Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
- Homi
Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Rubel Chakravarty
- Radiopharmaceuticals
Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
- Homi
Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Weibo Cai
- Departments
of Radiology and Medical Physics, University
of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
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Reactor produced [ 64Cu]CuCl 2 as a PET radiopharmaceutical for cancer imaging: from radiochemistry laboratory to nuclear medicine clinic. Ann Nucl Med 2020; 34:899-910. [PMID: 33048309 DOI: 10.1007/s12149-020-01522-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Copper-64 is a useful theranostic radioisotope that is attracting renewed interest from the nuclear medicine community in the recent times. This study aims to demonstrate the utility of research reactors to produce clinical-grade 64Cu via 63Cu(n,γ)64Cu reaction and use it in the form of [64Cu]CuCl2 as a radiopharmaceutical for PET imaging of cancer in human patients. METHODS Copper-64 was produced by irradiation of natural CuO target in a medium flux research reactor. The irradiated target was radiochemically processed and detailed quality control analyses were carried out. Sub-acute toxicity studies were carried out with different doses of Cu in Wistar rats. The biological efficacy of the radiopharmaceutical was established in preclinical setting by biodistribution studies in melanoma tumor bearing mice. After getting regulatory approvals, [64Cu]CuCl2 formulation was clinically used for PET imaging of prostate cancer and glioblastoma patients. RESULTS Large-scale (~ 30 GBq) production of 64Cu could be achieved in a typical batch and it was adequate for formulation of clinical doses for multiple patients. The radiopharmaceutical met all the purity requirements for administration in human subjects. Studies carried out in animal model showed that the toxicity due to "cold" Cu in clinical dose of [64Cu]CuCl2 for PET scans would be negligible. Clinical PET scans showed satisfactory uptake of the radiopharmaceutical in the primary cancer and its metastatic sites. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study on use of reactor produced [64Cu]CuCl2 for PET imaging of cancer in human patients. It is envisaged that this route of production of 64Cu would aid towards affordable availability of this radioisotope for widespread clinical use in countries with limited cyclotron facilities.
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Bolzati C, Duatti A. The emerging value of 64Cu for molecular imaging and therapy. THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE AND MOLECULAR IMAGING : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE ITALIAN ASSOCIATION OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE (AIMN) [AND] THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF RADIOPHARMACOLOGY (IAR), [AND] SECTION OF THE SOCIETY OF RADIOPHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY 2020; 64:329-337. [PMID: 33026210 DOI: 10.23736/s1824-4785.20.03292-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Along with other novel metallic radionuclides, copper-64 (64Cu) is currently being investigated as an alternative option to the gallium-68 (68Ga) and lutetium-177 (177Lu) radiopharmaceuticals widely used for targeting somatostatin receptors, expressed by neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), and recently prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA), expressed by prostate cancer cells. This interest is mostly driven by the peculiar nuclear properties of 64Cu that make it an almost ideal example of theranostic radionuclide. In fact, 64Cu emits both low-energy positrons, β- particles and a swarm of Auger electrons. This combination of different emissions may allow to collect high-resolution PET images, but also to use the same radiopharmaceutical for eliciting a therapeutic effect. Another unique behavior of 64Cu originates from the fundamental biological role played in organisms by the ionic forms of the copper element, which is naturally involved in a multitude of cellular processes including cell replication. These intrinsic biological characteristics has led to the discovery that 64Cu, under its simplest dicationic form Cu2+, is able to specifically target a variety of cancerous cells and to detect the onset of a metastatic process in its initial stage. This short review reports an outline of the status of 64Cu radiopharmaceuticals and of the most relevant results that are constantly disclosed by preclinical and investigational clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adriano Duatti
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy -
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Jalilian AR, Osso JA, Vera-Araujo J, Kumar V, Harris MJ, Gutfilen B, Guérin B, Li H, Zhuravlev F, Chakravarty R, Alirezapour B, Ávila-Rodríguez MA, Khan IU, Aljammaz I, Assaad T, Luurtsema G, Smith J, Duatti A. IAEA contribution to the development of 64Cu radiopharmaceuticals for theranostic applications. THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE AND MOLECULAR IMAGING : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE ITALIAN ASSOCIATION OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE (AIMN) [AND] THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF RADIOPHARMACOLOGY (IAR), [AND] SECTION OF THE SOCIETY OF RADIOPHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY 2020; 64:338-345. [PMID: 33026211 DOI: 10.23736/s1824-4785.20.03302-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Copper-64 is a very attractive radioisotope with unique nuclear properties that allow using it as both a diagnostic and therapeutic agent, thus providing an almost ideal example of a theranostic radionuclide. A characteristic of Cu-64 stems from the intrinsic biological nature of copper ions that play a fundamental role in a large number of cellular processes. Cu-64 is a radionuclide that reflects the natural biochemical pathways of Cu-64 ions, therefore, can be exploited for the detection and therapy of certain malignancies and metabolic diseases. Beside these applications of Cu-64 ions, this radionuclide can be also used for radiolabelling bifunctional chelators carrying a variety of pharmacophores for targeting different biological substrates. These include peptide-based substrates and immunoconjugates as well as small-molecule bioactive moieties. Fueled by the growing interest of Member States (MS) belonging to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) community, a dedicated Coordinated Research Project (CRP) was initiated in 2016, which recruited thirteen participating MS from four continents. Research activities and collaborations between the participating countries allowed for collection of an impressive series of results, particularly on the production, preclinical evaluation and, in a few cases, clinical evaluation of various 64Cu-radiopharmaceuticals that may have potential impact on future development of the field. Since this CRP was finalized at the beginning of 2020, this short review summarizes outcomes, outputs and results of this project with the purpose to propagate to other MS and to the whole scientific community, some of the most recent achievements on this novel class of theranostic 64Cu-pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir R Jalilian
- Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Vienna International Center, Vienna, Austria -
| | - Joao A Osso
- Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Vienna International Center, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Vera-Araujo
- Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Vienna International Center, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Bianca Gutfilen
- Department of Radiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Laboratório de Marcação de Células e Moléculas (LMCM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Brigitte Guérin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Centre de Recherche du CHUS (CRCHUS), Centre d'Excellence en Imagerie Médicale (CIMUS), University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Hongyu Li
- China Isotope and Radiation Corporation, Beijing, China
| | - Fedor Zhuravlev
- Hevesy Laboratory, Technical University of Denmark (DTU HEALTH TECH), Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Rubel Chakravarty
- Division of Radiopharmaceuticals, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Mumbai, India
| | - Behrouz Alirezapour
- Radiation Applications Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute (NSTRI), Tehran, Iran
| | - Miguel A Ávila-Rodríguez
- Unit of Cyclotron and Radiopharmaceuticals, Division of Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Irfan U Khan
- Division of Cyclotron and Allied Radiopharmaceuticals, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Oncology (INMOL), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ibrahim Aljammaz
- Department of Cyclotron and Radiopharmaceuticals, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thaer Assaad
- Department of Radioisotope, Atomic Energy Commission of Syria (AECS), Damascus, Syria
| | - Gert Luurtsema
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jeff Smith
- MU School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Adriano Duatti
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Chakravarty R, Rajeswari A, Shetty P, Jagadeesan KC, Ram R, Jadhav S, Sarma HD, Dash A, Chakraborty S. A simple and robust method for radiochemical separation of no-carrier-added 64Cu produced in a research reactor for radiopharmaceutical preparation. Appl Radiat Isot 2020; 165:109341. [PMID: 32745917 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2020.109341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Copper-64 is an excellent theranostic radiometal that is gaining renewed attention of the clinical community in the recent times. In order to meet the increasing demand of this radiometal, we have demonstrated the viability of its production via 64Zn (n,p) 64Cu reaction in a nuclear reactor. A semi-automated radiochemical separation module based on selective extraction of 64Cu as dithizonate complex was developed. The maximum available activity at the end of irradiation was ~ 700 MBq. The overall yield of 64Cu after the separation process was >85% and it could be obtained with ~12 GBq/μg specific activity, >99.9% radionuclidic purity and >98% radiochemical purity. The separated 64Cu could be utilized for preparation of a wide variety of radiopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubel Chakravarty
- Radiopharmaceuticals Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, 400094, India.
| | - Ardhi Rajeswari
- Radiopharmaceuticals Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | - Priyalata Shetty
- Radiopharmaceuticals Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | - K C Jagadeesan
- Radiopharmaceuticals Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | - Ramu Ram
- Radiopharmaceuticals Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | - Sachin Jadhav
- Radiopharmaceuticals Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | - Haladhar Dev Sarma
- Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | - Ashutosh Dash
- Radiopharmaceuticals Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Sudipta Chakraborty
- Radiopharmaceuticals Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, 400094, India.
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Gopalakrishna A, Suryanarayana SV, Naik H, Nayak BK, Patil BJ, Devraju S, Upreti RR, Kinhikar R, Deshpande DD, Maletha P, Kamaldeep, Banerjee S, Saxena A. Production of 99Mo and 64Cu in a mixed field of photons and neutrons in a clinical electron linear accelerator. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-018-6016-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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7
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Bailly C, Gouard S, Lacombe M, Remaud-Le Saëc P, Chalopin B, Bourgeois M, Chouin N, Tripier R, Halime Z, Haddad F, Faivre-Chauvet A, Kraeber-Bodéré F, Chérel M, Bodet-Milin C. Comparison of Immuno-PET of CD138 and PET imaging with 64CuCl 2 and 18F-FDG in a preclinical syngeneic model of multiple myeloma. Oncotarget 2018; 9:9061-9072. [PMID: 29507674 PMCID: PMC5823645 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Although recent data from the literature suggest that PET imaging with [18]-Fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) is a promising technique in multiple myeloma (MM), the development of other radiopharmaceuticals seems relevant. CD138 is currently used as a standard marker in many laboratories for the identification and purification of myeloma cells, and could be used in phenotype tumor imaging. In this study, we evaluated a 64Cu-labeled anti-CD138 murine antibody (64Cu-TE2A-9E7.4) and a metabolic tracer (64CuCl2) for PET imaging in a MM syngeneic mouse model. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND RESULTS 64Cu-TE2A-9E7.4 antibody and 64CuCl2 were evaluated via PET imaging and biodistribution studies in C57BL / KaLwRij mice bearing either 5T33-MM subcutaneous tumors or bone lesions. These results were compared to 18F-FDG-PET imaging. Autoradiography and histology of representative tumors were secondly conducted. In biodistribution and PET studies, 64Cu-TE2A-9E7.4 displayed good tumor uptake of subcutaneous and intra-medullary lesions, greater than that demonstrated with 18F-FDG-PET. In control experiments, only low-level, non-specific uptake of 64Cu-labeled isotype IgG was observed in tumors. Similarly, low activity concentrations of 64CuCl2 were accumulated in MM lesions. Histopathologic analysis of the immuno-PET-positive lesions revealed the presence of plasma cell infiltrates within the bone marrow. CONCLUSIONS 64Cu-labeled anti-CD138 antibody can detect subcutaneous MM tumors and bone marrow lesions with high sensitivity, outperforming 18F-FDG-PET and 64CuCl2 in this preclinical model. These data support 64Cu-anti-CD138 antibody as a specific and promising new imaging radiopharmaceutical agent in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Bailly
- Nuclear Medicine Department, University Hospital, Nantes, France
- Nantes-Angers Cancer Research Center CRCINA, University of Nantes, INSERM UMR1232, CNRS-ERL6001, Nantes, France
| | - Sébastien Gouard
- Nantes-Angers Cancer Research Center CRCINA, University of Nantes, INSERM UMR1232, CNRS-ERL6001, Nantes, France
| | - Marie Lacombe
- Nuclear Medicine Department, University Hospital, Nantes, France
- Nuclear Medicine Department, ICO-René Gauducheau Cancer Center, Saint-Herblain, France
| | - Patricia Remaud-Le Saëc
- Nantes-Angers Cancer Research Center CRCINA, University of Nantes, INSERM UMR1232, CNRS-ERL6001, Nantes, France
| | - Benjamin Chalopin
- Nantes-Angers Cancer Research Center CRCINA, University of Nantes, INSERM UMR1232, CNRS-ERL6001, Nantes, France
| | - Mickaël Bourgeois
- Nuclear Medicine Department, University Hospital, Nantes, France
- Nantes-Angers Cancer Research Center CRCINA, University of Nantes, INSERM UMR1232, CNRS-ERL6001, Nantes, France
- Groupement d’Intérêt Public ARRONAX, Saint-Herblain, France
| | - Nicolas Chouin
- Nantes-Angers Cancer Research Center CRCINA, University of Nantes, INSERM UMR1232, CNRS-ERL6001, Nantes, France
- AMaROC, Oniris, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l'Alimentation de Nantes-Atlantique, Nantes, France
| | - Raphaël Tripier
- CNRS-UMR6521, University of Bretagne Occidentale, Brest, France
| | - Zakaria Halime
- CNRS-UMR6521, University of Bretagne Occidentale, Brest, France
| | - Ferid Haddad
- Groupement d’Intérêt Public ARRONAX, Saint-Herblain, France
| | - Alain Faivre-Chauvet
- Nuclear Medicine Department, University Hospital, Nantes, France
- Nantes-Angers Cancer Research Center CRCINA, University of Nantes, INSERM UMR1232, CNRS-ERL6001, Nantes, France
| | - Françoise Kraeber-Bodéré
- Nuclear Medicine Department, University Hospital, Nantes, France
- Nantes-Angers Cancer Research Center CRCINA, University of Nantes, INSERM UMR1232, CNRS-ERL6001, Nantes, France
- Nuclear Medicine Department, ICO-René Gauducheau Cancer Center, Saint-Herblain, France
| | - Michel Chérel
- Nantes-Angers Cancer Research Center CRCINA, University of Nantes, INSERM UMR1232, CNRS-ERL6001, Nantes, France
- Nuclear Medicine Department, ICO-René Gauducheau Cancer Center, Saint-Herblain, France
- Groupement d’Intérêt Public ARRONAX, Saint-Herblain, France
| | - Caroline Bodet-Milin
- Nuclear Medicine Department, University Hospital, Nantes, France
- Nantes-Angers Cancer Research Center CRCINA, University of Nantes, INSERM UMR1232, CNRS-ERL6001, Nantes, France
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Chakravarty R, Chakraborty S, Guleria A, Kunwar A, Sarma HD, Dash A. Facile One-Pot Synthesis of Intrinsically Radiolabeled 64
Cu-Human Serum Albumin Nanocomposite for Cancer Targeting. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201701237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rubel Chakravarty
- Radiopharmaceuticals Division; Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay; Mumbai 400 085 India
| | - Sudipta Chakraborty
- Radiopharmaceuticals Division; Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay; Mumbai 400 085 India
| | - Apurav Guleria
- Radiation and Photochemistry Division; Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay; Mumbai 400 085 India
| | - Amit Kunwar
- Radiation and Photochemistry Division; Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay; Mumbai 400 085 India
| | - Haladhar Dev Sarma
- Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division; Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay; Mumbai 400 085 India
| | - Ashutosh Dash
- Radiopharmaceuticals Division; Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay; Mumbai 400 085 India
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Chakravarty R, Chakraborty S, Ningthoujam RS, Vimalnath Nair KV, Sharma KS, Ballal A, Guleria A, Kunwar A, Sarma HD, Vatsa RK, Dash A. Industrial-Scale Synthesis of Intrinsically Radiolabeled 64CuS Nanoparticles for Use in Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Imaging of Cancer. Ind Eng Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b03405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rubel Chakravarty
- Radiopharmaceuticals
Division, ‡Chemistry Division, §Molecular Biology Division, ∥Radiation and Photochemistry Division, and ⊥Radiation Biology
and Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - Sudipta Chakraborty
- Radiopharmaceuticals
Division, ‡Chemistry Division, §Molecular Biology Division, ∥Radiation and Photochemistry Division, and ⊥Radiation Biology
and Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - Raghumani Singh Ningthoujam
- Radiopharmaceuticals
Division, ‡Chemistry Division, §Molecular Biology Division, ∥Radiation and Photochemistry Division, and ⊥Radiation Biology
and Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - K. V. Vimalnath Nair
- Radiopharmaceuticals
Division, ‡Chemistry Division, §Molecular Biology Division, ∥Radiation and Photochemistry Division, and ⊥Radiation Biology
and Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - K. Shitaljit Sharma
- Radiopharmaceuticals
Division, ‡Chemistry Division, §Molecular Biology Division, ∥Radiation and Photochemistry Division, and ⊥Radiation Biology
and Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - Anand Ballal
- Radiopharmaceuticals
Division, ‡Chemistry Division, §Molecular Biology Division, ∥Radiation and Photochemistry Division, and ⊥Radiation Biology
and Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - Apurav Guleria
- Radiopharmaceuticals
Division, ‡Chemistry Division, §Molecular Biology Division, ∥Radiation and Photochemistry Division, and ⊥Radiation Biology
and Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - Amit Kunwar
- Radiopharmaceuticals
Division, ‡Chemistry Division, §Molecular Biology Division, ∥Radiation and Photochemistry Division, and ⊥Radiation Biology
and Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - Haladhar Dev Sarma
- Radiopharmaceuticals
Division, ‡Chemistry Division, §Molecular Biology Division, ∥Radiation and Photochemistry Division, and ⊥Radiation Biology
and Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar Vatsa
- Radiopharmaceuticals
Division, ‡Chemistry Division, §Molecular Biology Division, ∥Radiation and Photochemistry Division, and ⊥Radiation Biology
and Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - Ashutosh Dash
- Radiopharmaceuticals
Division, ‡Chemistry Division, §Molecular Biology Division, ∥Radiation and Photochemistry Division, and ⊥Radiation Biology
and Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India
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Chakravarty R, Chakraborty S, Dash A. 64Cu2+ Ions as PET Probe: An Emerging Paradigm in Molecular Imaging of Cancer. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:3601-3612. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rubel Chakravarty
- Radiopharmaceuticals Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - Sudipta Chakraborty
- Radiopharmaceuticals Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - Ashutosh Dash
- Radiopharmaceuticals Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India
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