1
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Chen Q, Zhu K. Advancements and strategic approaches in catenane synthesis. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:5677-5703. [PMID: 38659402 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00499f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Catenanes, a distinctive category of mechanically interlocked molecules composed of intertwined macrocycles, have undergone significant advancements since their initial stages characterized by inefficient statistical synthesis methods. Through the aid of molecular recognition processes and principles of self-assembly, a diverse array of catenanes with intricate structures can now be readily accessed utilizing template-directed synthetic protocols. The rapid evolution and emergence of this field have catalyzed the design and construction of artificial molecular switches and machines, leading to the development of increasingly integrated functional systems and materials. This review endeavors to explore the pivotal advancements in catenane synthesis from its inception, offering a comprehensive discussion of the synthetic methodologies employed in recent years. By elucidating the progress made in synthetic approaches to catenanes, our aim is to provide a clearer understanding of the future challenges in further advancing catenane chemistry from a synthetic perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Chen
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
| | - Kelong Zhu
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
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2
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Wilmore JT, Beer PD. Exploiting the Mechanical Bond Effect for Enhanced Molecular Recognition and Sensing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2309098. [PMID: 38174657 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202309098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The ubiquity of charged species in biological and industrial processes has resulted in ever-increasing interest in their selective recognition, detection, and environmental remediation. Building on the established coordination chemistry principles of the chelate and macrocyclic effects, and host preorganization, supramolecular chemists seek to construct specific 3D binding cavities reminiscent of biotic systems to enhance host-guest binding affinity and selectivity. Mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) present a wholly unique platform for synthetic host design, wherein topologies afforded by the mechanical bond enable the decoration of 3D cavities for non-covalent interactions with a range of target guest geometries. Notably, MIM host systems exhibit mechanical bond effect augmented affinities and selectivities for a variety of charged guest species, compared to non-interlocked acyclic and macrocycle host analogs. Furthermore, the modular nature of MIM synthesis facilitates incorporation of optical and electrochemical reporter groups, enabling fabrication of highly sensitive and specific molecular sensors. This review discusses the development of recognition and sensing MIMs, from the first reports in the late 20th century through to the present day, delineating how their topologically preorganized and dynamic host cavities enhance charged guest recognition and sensing, demonstrating the mechanical bond effect as a potent tool in future chemosensing materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie T Wilmore
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Rd, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Paul D Beer
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Rd, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
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3
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Hicguet M, Verrieux L, Mongin O, Roisnel T, Berrée F, Fihey A, Le Guennic B, Trolez Y. Threading a Linear Molecule Through a Macrocycle Thanks to Boron: Optical Properties of the Threaded Species and Synthesis of a Rotaxane. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318297. [PMID: 38270341 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Two BODIPYs and two boron β-diketonates were threaded through a macrocycle bearing a 2,2'-biphenol unit, showing thus the ability of boron to act as a gathering atom. The new threaded species were characterized by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy as well as by X-ray crystallography for one of them and their properties rationalized with quantum chemistry to unravel the vibronic contributions. The BODIPYs exhibited interesting fluorescence features with quantum yields up to 91 % and enhanced photostability compared to their non-threaded homologues. A rotaxane was synthesized using this threading strategy after stoppering and removing the boron with potassium hydroxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Hicguet
- Univ Rennes, École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR6226, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Ludmilla Verrieux
- Univ Rennes, École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR6226, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Olivier Mongin
- Univ Rennes, École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR6226, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Thierry Roisnel
- Univ Rennes, École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR6226, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Fabienne Berrée
- Univ Rennes, École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR6226, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Arnaud Fihey
- Univ Rennes, École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR6226, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Boris Le Guennic
- Univ Rennes, École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR6226, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Yann Trolez
- Univ Rennes, École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR6226, F-35000, Rennes, France
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4
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Kauerhof D, Riebe J, Vonnemann CJ, Thiele M, Jansen D, Niemeyer J. Heterobifunctional rotaxanes featuring two chiral subunits - synthesis and application in asymmetric organocatalysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:2393-2396. [PMID: 38323328 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05482a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Rotaxanes can serve as scaffolds for the generation of bifunctional catalysts. We have now generated acid-base functionalized rotaxanes featuring two chiral subunits. The mechanical bond leads to increased reaction rates and also to strongly altered enantioselectivites in comparison to the non-interlocked control catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Kauerhof
- Faculty of Chemistry (Organic Chemistry) and Centre of Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 7, 45141 Essen, Germany.
| | - Jan Riebe
- Faculty of Chemistry (Organic Chemistry) and Centre of Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 7, 45141 Essen, Germany.
| | - Christoph J Vonnemann
- Faculty of Chemistry (Organic Chemistry) and Centre of Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 7, 45141 Essen, Germany.
| | - Maike Thiele
- Faculty of Chemistry (Organic Chemistry) and Centre of Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 7, 45141 Essen, Germany.
| | - Dennis Jansen
- Faculty of Chemistry (Organic Chemistry) and Centre of Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 7, 45141 Essen, Germany.
| | - Jochen Niemeyer
- Faculty of Chemistry (Organic Chemistry) and Centre of Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 7, 45141 Essen, Germany.
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5
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Yamashita K, Tabata Y, Yamakawa K, Mochizuki T, Matsui K, Hatano M, Ishihara K. Chiral Macrocyclic Catalysts for the Enantioselective Addition of Lithium Acetylides to Ketones. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:26238-26248. [PMID: 37924326 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Alkynyl addition to carbonyl compounds is a valuable synthetic method for the preparation of versatile chiral alcohols that are widely found in pharmaceuticals and natural products. Although a variety of enantioselective variations have been reported, alkynyl addition to simple ketones remains an unmet challenge due to their low reactivity and difficult enantiofacial discrimination. Here, we report a method for the catalytic enantioselective addition of lithium acetylide to a variety of ketones using macrocyclic lithium binaphtholates as catalysts. These reactions generally suffer from facile aggregation of lithium species, which leads to less active and selective catalysts. The macrocyclic structure designed in this study prevents such aggregation, affording a monomeric and highly active catalyst that can furnish enantioenriched tertiary alcohols from a variety of ketones within 5-30 min. Moreover, the confined cavity and lipophilicity of the macrocycle confer substrate specificity on the system, demonstrating a multiselectivity similar to that of enzymatic reactions. Thus, these findings offer new insights into the rational design of small-molecule artificial enzymes that exhibit high levels of reactivity and multiselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Yamashita
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yuji Tabata
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, B2-3(611) Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Katsuya Yamakawa
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, B2-3(611) Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Takuya Mochizuki
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, B2-3(611) Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Kai Matsui
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, B2-3(611) Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Manabu Hatano
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1, Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Ishihara
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, B2-3(611) Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
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6
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Thiele M, Rose T, Lõkov M, Stadtfeld S, Tshepelevitsh S, Parman E, Opara K, Wölper C, Leito I, Grimme S, Niemeyer J. Multifunctional Organocatalysts - Singly-Linked and Macrocyclic Bisphosphoric Acids for Asymmetric Phase-Transfer and Brønsted-Acid Catalysis. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202953. [PMID: 36161384 PMCID: PMC10099347 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The linking of phosphoric acids via covalent or mechanical bonds has proven to be a successful strategy for the design of novel organocatalysts. Here, we present the first systematic investigation of singly-linked and macrocyclic bisphosphoric acids, including their synthesis and their application in phase-transfer and Brønsted acid catalysis. We found that the novel bisphosphoric acids show dramatically increased enantioselectivities in comparison to their monophosphoric acid analogues. However, the nature, length and number of linkers has a profound influence on the enantioselectivities. In the asymmetric dearomative fluorination via phase-transfer catalysis, bisphosphoric acids with a single, rigid bisalkyne-linker give the best results with moderate to good enantiomeric excesses. In contrast, bisphosphoric acids with flexible linkers give excellent enantioselectivities in the transfer-hydrogenation of quinolines via cooperative Brønsted acid catalysis. In the latter case, sufficiently long linkers are needed for high stereoselectivities, as found experimentally and supported by DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Thiele
- Faculty of Chemistry (Organic Chemistry) and, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Thomas Rose
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Beringstrasse 4, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Märt Lõkov
- University of Tartu, Institute of Chemistry, 14a Ravila str, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Sophia Stadtfeld
- Faculty of Chemistry (Organic Chemistry) and, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Sofja Tshepelevitsh
- University of Tartu, Institute of Chemistry, 14a Ravila str, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Elisabeth Parman
- University of Tartu, Institute of Chemistry, 14a Ravila str, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Karina Opara
- Faculty of Chemistry (Organic Chemistry) and, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Faculty of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Ivo Leito
- University of Tartu, Institute of Chemistry, 14a Ravila str, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Beringstrasse 4, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jochen Niemeyer
- Faculty of Chemistry (Organic Chemistry) and, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141, Essen, Germany
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7
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Nandi M, Bej S, Ghosh P. NDI-integrated rotaxane/catenane and their interactions with anions. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:13507-13514. [PMID: 35997084 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01908f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Complexation of alkali and alkaline earth metal ions with the heteroditopic Phen-ester oxy-ether macrocyclic wheel (PhenMC) is established for the synthesis of interlocked molecular systems. The single crystal X-ray structure of Na-bound PhenMC confirms the hexacoordinated geometry around the Na ion in the macrocycle. Further, Ca-ion-bound PhenMC (Ca-PhenMC) is explored with a fluorophoric azide-terminated NDI (naphthalene diimide) axle (NDIAz) for the synthesis of fluorophoric [2]rotaxane (NDIROT) and [2]catenane (NDICAT) via Cu(I)-catalyzed cycloaddition reaction. Characterizations of these two new interlocked molecular systems are performed by ESI-MS, NMR, UV-vis and PL spectroscopic studies wherever applicable. Moreover, the new molecular systems are explored towards anion sensing applications via colorimetric, UV-vis-NIR, PL and other spectroscopic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandira Nandi
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India.
| | - Somnath Bej
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India.
| | - Pradyut Ghosh
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India.
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8
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Bulko F, Májek M, Putala M. Deracemization of Binaphthyl by Suzuki Diarylation: The Role of Electronic and Steric Effects. J Org Chem 2022; 87:9316-9329. [PMID: 35737574 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report a Suzuki 2,2'-diarylation of the racemic 2,2'-diiodo-1,1'-binaphthyl which proceeds with deracemization via a pallada(IV)cyclic intermediate, induced by a simple chiral ligand─BINAP [2,2'-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1',-binaphthyl]. A systematic study of the reaction scope, using 45 arylboronic acids, reveals that the diarylated product is formed when meta- and/or para-substituted phenylboronic acids are functionalized with a substituent with the Hammett constant from -0.5 to +0.4. Multiparametric analysis accounting for the effect of geometry on the reactivity using Boltzmann-weighted Sterimol parameters and electronic effects described by Hammett descriptors shows that the enantioselectivity depends on steric effects only, with enhanced enantioselectivity observed for substituents with a larger length, wL, and reduced for substituents with a larger maximum width, wB5. We show that careful tuning of these parameters, with the aid of the presented mathematical model, can lead to excellent enantioselectivity. Additional factors that are investigated and found to affect the stereoselective course of the reaction include the reaction temperature, palladium source, palladium to ligand ratio, and the type of boronic acid derivative. During the chromatographic separation of diarylated products on an achiral silica gel, we observed a rare phenomenon: the diarylated products undergo self-disproportionation of enantiomers, with the major enantiomer being eluted first.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Bulko
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, Bratislava 842 15, Slovak Republic
| | - Michal Májek
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, Bratislava 842 15, Slovak Republic
| | - Martin Putala
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, Bratislava 842 15, Slovak Republic
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9
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Krajnc M, Niemeyer J. BINOL as a chiral element in mechanically interlocked molecules. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022; 18:508-523. [PMID: 35601990 PMCID: PMC9086503 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this minireview we present the use of the axially chiral 1,1'-binaphthyl-2,2'-diol (BINOL) unit as a stereogenic element in mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs). We describe the synthesis and properties of such BINOL-based chiral MIMs, together with their use in further diastereoselective modifications, their application in asymmetric catalysis, and their use in stereoselective chemosensing. Given the growing importance of mechanically interlocked molecules and the key advantages of the privileged chiral BINOL backbone, we believe that this research area will continue to grow and deliver many useful applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Krajnc
- Faculty of Chemistry (Organic Chemistry) and Centre of Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 7, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Jochen Niemeyer
- Faculty of Chemistry (Organic Chemistry) and Centre of Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 7, 45141 Essen, Germany
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10
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Au-Yeung HY, Deng Y. Distinctive features and challenges in catenane chemistry. Chem Sci 2022; 13:3315-3334. [PMID: 35432874 PMCID: PMC8943846 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05391d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
From being an aesthetic molecular object to a building block for the construction of molecular machines, catenanes and related mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) continue to attract immense interest in many research areas. Catenane chemistry is closely tied to that of rotaxanes and knots, and involves concepts like mechanical bonds, chemical topology and co-conformation that are unique to these molecules. Yet, because of their different topological structures and mechanical bond properties, there are some fundamental differences between the chemistry of catenanes and that of rotaxanes and knots although the boundary is sometimes blurred. Clearly distinguishing these differences, in aspects of bonding, structure, synthesis and properties, between catenanes and other MIMs is therefore of fundamental importance to understand their chemistry and explore the new opportunities from mechanical bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Yu Au-Yeung
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Yulin Deng
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
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Abstract
Hexamethoxycalix[6]arene 3 forms a directional pseudorotaxane complex with the chiral axle (S)-(α-methyl-benzyl)benzylammonium 2+. Between the two (endo-chiral)-2+@3 and (exo-chiral)-2+@3 pseudorotaxane stereoisomers, the former is preferentially formed. This result confirms the validity of the “endo-α-methyl-benzyl rule”, previously reported by us. DFT calculations suggest that C-H … π interactions between the methyl group of 2+ and the calixarene aromatic rings, determine the stereoselectivity of the threading process toward the “endo-α-methyl-benzyl preference”. An amplification of optical rotation is observed upon formation of the pseudorotaxane complex (endo-chiral)-2+@3 with respect to free axle 2+. Thus, the specifical rotation of the 1:1 mixture of chiral 2+·B(ArF)4− salt and achiral 3 was augmented upon formation of the pseudorotaxane and DFT calculations were used to rationalize this result.
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur H. G. David
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University Evanston Illinois 60208 United States
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University Evanston Illinois 60208 United States
- School of Chemistry University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310021 China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center Hangzhou 311215 China
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13
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Caprice K, Pál D, Besnard C, Galmés B, Frontera A, Cougnon FBL. Diastereoselective Amplification of a Mechanically Chiral [2]Catenane. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:11957-11962. [PMID: 34323081 PMCID: PMC8397304 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c06557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Achiral [2]catenanes composed of rings with inequivalent sides may adopt chiral co-conformations. Their stereochemistry depends on the relative orientation of the interlocked rings and can be controlled by sterics or an external stimulus (e.g., a chemical stimulus). Herein, we have exploited this stereodynamic property to amplify a mechanically chiral (P)-catenane upon binding to (R)-1,1'-binaphthyl 2,2'-disulfonate, with a diastereomeric excess of 85%. The chirality of the [2]catenane was ascertained in the solid state by single crystal X-ray diffraction and in solution by NMR and CD spectroscopies. This study establishes a robust basis for the development of a new synthetic approach to access enantioenriched mechanically chiral [2]catenanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Caprice
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dávid Pál
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Céline Besnard
- Laboratory of Crystallography, University of Geneva, 24 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Bartomeu Galmés
- Department de Química, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Baleares, Spain
| | - Antonio Frontera
- Department de Química, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Baleares, Spain
| | - Fabien B L Cougnon
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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14
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Gualandi L, Franchi P, Mezzina E, Goldup SM, Lucarini M. Spin-labelled mechanically interlocked molecules as models for the interpretation of biradical EPR spectra. Chem Sci 2021; 12:8385-8393. [PMID: 34221319 PMCID: PMC8221063 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01462e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Biradical spin probes can provide detailed information about the distances between molecules/regions of molecules because the through-space coupling of radical centres, characterised by J, is strongly distance dependent. However, if the system can adopt multiple configurations, as is common in supramolecular complexes, the shape of the EPR spectrum is influenced not only by J but also the rate of exchange between different states. In practice, it is often hard to separate these variables and as a result, the effect of the latter is sometimes overlooked. To demonstrate this challenge unequivocally we synthesised rotaxane biradicals containing nitronyl nitroxide units at the termini of their axles. The rotaxanes exchange between the available biradical conformations more slowly than the corresponding non-interlocked axles but, despite this, in some cases, the EPR spectra of the axle and rotaxane remain remarkably similar. Detailed analysis allowed us to demonstrate that the similar EPR spectral shapes result from different combinations of J and rates of conformational interconversion, a phenomenon suggested theoretically more than 50 years ago. This work reinforces the idea that thorough analysis must be performed when interpreting the spectra of biradicals employed as spin probes in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Gualandi
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna Via San Giacomo 11 Bologna Italy
| | - Paola Franchi
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna Via San Giacomo 11 Bologna Italy
| | - Elisabetta Mezzina
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna Via San Giacomo 11 Bologna Italy
| | - Stephen M Goldup
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton University Road, Highfield Southampton UK
| | - Marco Lucarini
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna Via San Giacomo 11 Bologna Italy
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15
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Da Silva Rodrigues R, Luis ET, Marshall DL, McMurtrie JC, Mullen KM. Hydrazone exchange: a viable route for the solid-tethered synthesis of [2]rotaxanes. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj00388g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Using a hydrazone exchange methodology, resin beads were functionalised with [2]rotaxanes at up to 80% efficiency—higher than using other dynamic or irreversible synthetic approaches to form self-assembled structures on solid supports.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ena T. Luis
- School of Chemistry and Physics
- Queensland University of Technology
- Brisbane
- Australia
- Centre for Materials Science
| | - David L. Marshall
- Centre for Materials Science
- Queensland University of Technology
- Brisbane
- Australia
- Central Analytical Research Facility
| | - John C. McMurtrie
- School of Chemistry and Physics
- Queensland University of Technology
- Brisbane
- Australia
- Centre for Materials Science
| | - Kathleen M. Mullen
- School of Chemistry and Physics
- Queensland University of Technology
- Brisbane
- Australia
- Centre for Materials Science
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16
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Taghavi Shahraki B, Maghsoudi S, Fatahi Y, Rabiee N, Bahadorikhalili S, Dinarvand R, Bagherzadeh M, Verpoort F. The flowering of Mechanically Interlocked Molecules: Novel approaches to the synthesis of rotaxanes and catenanes. Coord Chem Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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17
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18
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Martinez-Cuezva A, Saura-Sanmartin A, Alajarin M, Berna J. Mechanically Interlocked Catalysts for Asymmetric Synthesis. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c02032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Martinez-Cuezva
- Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica, Facultad de Quı́mica, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Universidad de Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Adrian Saura-Sanmartin
- Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica, Facultad de Quı́mica, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Universidad de Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Mateo Alajarin
- Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica, Facultad de Quı́mica, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Universidad de Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Jose Berna
- Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica, Facultad de Quı́mica, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Universidad de Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
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19
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Garci A, Beldjoudi Y, Kodaimati MS, Hornick JE, Nguyen MT, Cetin MM, Stern CL, Roy I, Weiss EA, Stoddart JF. Mechanical-Bond-Induced Exciplex Fluorescence in an Anthracene-Based Homo[2]catenane. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:7956-7967. [PMID: 32233402 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c02128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Collisional intermolecular interactions between excited states form short-lived dimers and complexes that lead to the emergence of excimer/exciplex emission of lower energy, a phenomenon which must be differentiated from the photoluminescence (PL) arising from the monomeric molecules. Although the utilization of noncovalent bonding interactions, leading to the generation of excimer/exciplex PL, has been investigated extensively, precise control of the aggregates and their persistence at very low concentrations remains a rare phenomenon. In the search for a fresh approach, we sought to obtain exciplex PL from permanent structures by incorporating anthracene moieties into pyridinium-containing mechanically interlocked molecules. Beyond the optical properties of the anthracene moieties, their π-extended nature enforces [π···π] stacking that can overcome the Coulombic repulsion between the pyridinium units, affording an efficient synthesis of an octacationic homo[2]catenane. Notably, upon increasing the ionic strength by adding tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate, the catenane yield increases significantly as a result of the decrease in Coulombic repulsions between the pyridinium units. Although the ground-state photophysical properties of the free cyclophane and the catenane are similar and show a charge-transfer band at ∼455 nm, their PL characters are distinct, denoting different excited states. The cyclophane emits at ∼562 nm (quantum yield ϕF = 3.6%, emission lifetime τs = 3 ns in MeCN), which is characteristic of a disubstituted anthracene-pyridinium linker. By contrast, the catenane displays an exciplex PL at low concentration (10-8 M) with an emission band centered on 650 nm (ϕF = 0.5%, τs = 14 ns) in MeCN and at 675 nm in aqueous solution. Live-cell imaging performed in MIAPaCa-2 prostate cancer cells confirmed that the catenane exciplex emission can be detected at micromolar concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amine Garci
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yassine Beldjoudi
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Mohamad S Kodaimati
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jessica E Hornick
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Minh T Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - M Mustafa Cetin
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Charlotte L Stern
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Indranil Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Emily A Weiss
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - J Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Institute for Molecular Design and Synthesis, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.,School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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20
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Jansen D, Gramüller J, Niemeyer F, Schaller T, Letzel MC, Grimme S, Zhu H, Gschwind RM, Niemeyer J. What is the role of acid-acid interactions in asymmetric phosphoric acid organocatalysis? A detailed mechanistic study using interlocked and non-interlocked catalysts. Chem Sci 2020; 11:4381-4390. [PMID: 34122895 PMCID: PMC8159434 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01026j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Organocatalysis has revolutionized asymmetric synthesis. However, the supramolecular interactions of organocatalysts in solution are often neglected, although the formation of catalyst aggregates can have a strong impact on the catalytic reaction. For phosphoric acid based organocatalysts, we have now established that catalyst-catalyst interactions can be suppressed by using macrocyclic catalysts, which react predominantly in a monomeric fashion, while they can be favored by integration into a bifunctional catenane, which reacts mainly as phosphoric acid dimers. For acyclic phosphoric acids, we found a strongly concentration dependent behavior, involving both monomeric and dimeric catalytic pathways. Based on a detailed experimental analysis, DFT-calculations and direct NMR-based observation of the catalyst aggregates, we could demonstrate that intermolecular acid-acid interactions have a drastic influence on the reaction rate and stereoselectivity of asymmetric transfer-hydrogenation catalyzed by chiral phosphoric acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Jansen
- Faculty of Chemistry (Organic Chemistry) and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 7 45141 Essen Germany
| | | | - Felix Niemeyer
- Faculty of Chemistry (Organic Chemistry) and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 7 45141 Essen Germany
| | - Torsten Schaller
- Faculty of Chemistry (Organic Chemistry) and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 7 45141 Essen Germany
| | - Matthias C Letzel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Münster Corrensstrasse 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms Universität Bonn Beringstrasse 4 53115 Bonn Germany
| | - Hui Zhu
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms Universität Bonn Beringstrasse 4 53115 Bonn Germany
| | - Ruth M Gschwind
- Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg 93040 Regensburg Germany
| | - Jochen Niemeyer
- Faculty of Chemistry (Organic Chemistry) and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 7 45141 Essen Germany
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21
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Acevedo-Jake A, Ball AT, Galli M, Kukwikila M, Denis M, Singleton DG, Tavassoli A, Goldup SM. AT-CuAAC Synthesis of Mechanically Interlocked Oligonucleotides. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:5985-5990. [PMID: 32155338 PMCID: PMC8016193 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c01670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We present a simple strategy for the synthesis of main chain oligonucleotide rotaxanes with precise control over the position of the macrocycle. The novel DNA-based rotaxanes were analyzed to assess the effect of the mechanical bond on their properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Acevedo-Jake
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, U.K.
| | - Andrew T. Ball
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, U.K.
| | - Marzia Galli
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, U.K.
| | - Mikiembo Kukwikila
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, U.K.
| | - Mathieu Denis
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, U.K.
| | - Daniel G. Singleton
- ATDBio
Ltd, School of Chemistry, University of
Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, U.K.
| | - Ali Tavassoli
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, U.K.
| | - Stephen M. Goldup
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, U.K.
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22
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Pairault N, Zhu H, Jansen D, Huber A, Daniliuc CG, Grimme S, Niemeyer J. Heterobifunctional Rotaxanes for Asymmetric Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201913781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noël Pairault
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE)University of Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstrasse 7 45141 Essen Germany
| | - Hui Zhu
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical ChemistryRheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn Beringstrasse 4 53115 Bonn Germany
| | - Dennis Jansen
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE)University of Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstrasse 7 45141 Essen Germany
| | - Alexander Huber
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE)University of Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstrasse 7 45141 Essen Germany
| | | | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical ChemistryRheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn Beringstrasse 4 53115 Bonn Germany
| | - Jochen Niemeyer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE)University of Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstrasse 7 45141 Essen Germany
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23
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Pairault N, Zhu H, Jansen D, Huber A, Daniliuc CG, Grimme S, Niemeyer J. Heterobifunctional Rotaxanes for Asymmetric Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:5102-5107. [PMID: 31793163 PMCID: PMC7154720 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201913781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Heterobifunctional rotaxanes serve as efficient catalysts for the addition of malonates to Michael acceptors. We report a series of four different heterobifunctional rotaxanes, featuring an amine‐based thread and a chiral 1,1′‐binaphthyl‐phosphoric‐acid‐based macrocycle. High‐level DFT calculations provided mechanistic insights and enabled rational catalyst improvements, leading to interlocked catalysts that surpass their non‐interlocked counterparts in terms of reaction rates and stereoselectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noël Pairault
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 7, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Hui Zhu
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Beringstrasse 4, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dennis Jansen
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 7, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Alexander Huber
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 7, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Beringstrasse 4, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jochen Niemeyer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 7, 45141, Essen, Germany
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24
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Da Silva Rodrigues R, Marshall DL, McMurtrie JC, Mullen KM. Dynamic covalent synthesis of [2]- and [3]rotaxanes both in solution and on solid supports. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj02137g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Here we demonstrate the application of a dynamic covalent chemistry methodology for the synthesis of [2]- and [3]-rotaxanes not only in solution, but also on solid supports with 65% rotaxane functionalisation of the polymer resins observed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David L. Marshall
- Centre for Materials Science
- Queensland University of Technology
- Brisbane
- Australia
- Central Analytical Research Facility
| | - John C. McMurtrie
- School of Chemistry and Physics
- Queensland University of Technology
- Brisbane
- Australia
- Centre for Materials Science
| | - Kathleen M. Mullen
- School of Chemistry and Physics
- Queensland University of Technology
- Brisbane
- Australia
- Centre for Materials Science
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25
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David AHG, Casares R, Cuerva JM, Campaña AG, Blanco V. A [2]Rotaxane-Based Circularly Polarized Luminescence Switch. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:18064-18074. [PMID: 31638802 PMCID: PMC6975276 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b07143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
A rotaxane-based molecular shuttle
has been synthesized in which
the switching of the position of a fluorescent macrocycle on the thread
turns “on” or “off” the circularly polarized
luminescence (CPL) of the system while maintaining similar fluorescence
profiles and quantum yields in both states. The chiroptical activity
relies on the chiral information transfer from an ammonium salt incorporating d- or l-phenylalanine residues as chiral stereogenic
covalent units to an otherwise achiral crown ether macrocycle bearing
a luminescent 2,2′-bipyrene unit when they interact through
hydrogen bonding. Each enantiomeric thread induces CPL responses of
opposite signs on the macrocycle. Upon addition of base, the switching
of the position of the macrocycle to a triazolium group disables the
chiral information transfer to the macrocycle, switching “off”
the CPL response. The in situ switching upon several acid/base cycles
is also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur H G David
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Unidad de Excelencia de Química Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente (UEQ) , Universidad de Granada (UGR) , Avda. Fuente Nueva S/N , Granada 18071 , Spain
| | - Raquel Casares
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Unidad de Excelencia de Química Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente (UEQ) , Universidad de Granada (UGR) , Avda. Fuente Nueva S/N , Granada 18071 , Spain
| | - Juan M Cuerva
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Unidad de Excelencia de Química Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente (UEQ) , Universidad de Granada (UGR) , Avda. Fuente Nueva S/N , Granada 18071 , Spain
| | - Araceli G Campaña
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Unidad de Excelencia de Química Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente (UEQ) , Universidad de Granada (UGR) , Avda. Fuente Nueva S/N , Granada 18071 , Spain
| | - Victor Blanco
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Unidad de Excelencia de Química Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente (UEQ) , Universidad de Granada (UGR) , Avda. Fuente Nueva S/N , Granada 18071 , Spain
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26
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Thölke S, Zhu H, Jansen D, Octa‐Smolin F, Thiele M, Kaupmees K, Leito I, Grimme S, Niemeyer J. Cooperative Organocatalysis: A Systematic Investigation of Covalently Linked Organophosphoric Acids for the Stereoselective Transfer Hydrogenation of Quinolines. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Thölke
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg‐Essen (CENIDE) University of Duisburg‐Essen Universitätsstraße 7 45117 Essen Germany
| | - Hui Zhu
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry Rheinische Friedrich‐Wilhelms‐Universität Bonn Beringstraße 4 53115 Bonn Germany
| | - Dennis Jansen
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg‐Essen (CENIDE) University of Duisburg‐Essen Universitätsstraße 7 45117 Essen Germany
| | - Frescilia Octa‐Smolin
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg‐Essen (CENIDE) University of Duisburg‐Essen Universitätsstraße 7 45117 Essen Germany
| | - Maike Thiele
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg‐Essen (CENIDE) University of Duisburg‐Essen Universitätsstraße 7 45117 Essen Germany
| | - Karl Kaupmees
- Institute of Chemistry University of Tartu 14a Ravila str 50411 Tartu Estonia
| | - Ivo Leito
- Institute of Chemistry University of Tartu 14a Ravila str 50411 Tartu Estonia
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry Rheinische Friedrich‐Wilhelms‐Universität Bonn Beringstraße 4 53115 Bonn Germany
| | - Jochen Niemeyer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg‐Essen (CENIDE) University of Duisburg‐Essen Universitätsstraße 7 45117 Essen Germany
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27
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Katoono R, Kusaka K, Saito Y, Sakamoto K, Suzuki T. Chiral diversification through the assembly of achiral phenylacetylene macrocycles with a two-fold bridge. Chem Sci 2019; 10:4782-4791. [PMID: 31160955 PMCID: PMC6510063 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc00972h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate so-called "chiral diversification", which is a design strategy to create multiple chiral molecules through the assembly and double-bridging of achiral components. We used phenylacetylene macrocycles (PAMs) as an achiral element. In a molecule, two achiral rings of [6]PAM are stacked one above the other, or bound to each other mechanically. As an alternative, a single enlarged ring of [12]PAM was also assumed to be a doubled form of [6]PAM. In any case, one or two ring(s) are doubly-bridged by covalent bonds to exert chirality. Through intramolecular two-bond formation, these multiple chiral molecules were obtained as a set of products in one reaction. The dynamic chirality generated in molecules with either two helically-stacked rings of [6]PAM or a single helically-folded ring of [12]PAM was characterized by induced Cotton effects with the aid of an external chiral source. Thus, a chiral structure based on [12]PAM could be demonstrated as the first success. Alternatively, enantiomeric separation was achieved for molecules with two interlocked rings of [6]PAM to show remarkable chiroptical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Katoono
- Department of Chemistry , Faculty of Science , Hokkaido University , Sapporo 060-0810 , Japan . ; ; Tel: +81 11 706-3396
| | - Keiichi Kusaka
- Department of Chemistry , Faculty of Science , Hokkaido University , Sapporo 060-0810 , Japan . ; ; Tel: +81 11 706-3396
| | - Yuki Saito
- Department of Chemistry , Faculty of Science , Hokkaido University , Sapporo 060-0810 , Japan . ; ; Tel: +81 11 706-3396
| | - Kazuki Sakamoto
- Department of Chemistry , Faculty of Science , Hokkaido University , Sapporo 060-0810 , Japan . ; ; Tel: +81 11 706-3396
| | - Takanori Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry , Faculty of Science , Hokkaido University , Sapporo 060-0810 , Japan . ; ; Tel: +81 11 706-3396
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28
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Sluysmans D, Stoddart JF. The Burgeoning of Mechanically Interlocked Molecules in Chemistry. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2019.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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29
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Yee CC, Ng AWH, Au-Yeung HY. Control over the macrocyclisation pathway and product topology in a copper-templated catenane synthesis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:6169-6172. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc02263e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Strategies to control building block intertwining and the efficient assembly of a linear [4]catenane are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Chung Yee
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Hong Kong
- P. R. China
| | | | - Ho Yu Au-Yeung
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Hong Kong
- P. R. China
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30
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Gell CE, McArdle-Ismaguilov TA, Evans NH. Modulating the expression of chirality in a mechanically chiral rotaxane. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:1576-1579. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc10044f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Expression of mechanical chirality by a rotaxane may be modulated by affecting the co-conformational behaviour through varying solvent or by addition of acid and base.
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31
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Nandi M, Bej S, Ghosh TK, Ghosh P. A multifunctional catenated host for the efficient binding of Eu3+ and Gd3+. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:3085-3088. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc00090a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
[2]Catenane consists of various functional groups and shows efficient binding towards Eu3+ and Gd3+. A cavity-bound catenated structure is also demonstrated by single crystal X-ray analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandira Nandi
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
- Kolkata 700032
- India
| | - Somnath Bej
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
- Kolkata 700032
- India
| | - Tamal Kanti Ghosh
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
- Kolkata 700032
- India
| | - Pradyut Ghosh
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
- Kolkata 700032
- India
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32
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Octa-Smolin F, van der Vight F, Yadav R, Bhangu J, Soloviova K, Wölper C, Daniliuc CG, Strassert CA, Somnitz H, Jansen G, Niemeyer J. Synthesis of Furan-Annelated BINOL Derivatives: Acid-Catalyzed Cyclization Induces Partial Racemization. J Org Chem 2018; 83:14568-14587. [PMID: 30359025 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In this account, we describe the synthesis of a series of BINOL-based bis- and trisphosphoric acids 11d/e/f, which commonly feature an unusual phosphoric acid monoester motif. This motif is generated by an acid-catalyzed 5- endo- dig cyclization of the 3-alkynyl-substituted BINOL precursors to give the corresponding Furan-annelated derivatives, followed by phosphorylation of the remaining phenolic alcohols. In the cyclization reaction, we observed an unexpected partial racemization in the bis- and tris-BINOL scaffolds, leading to mixtures of diastereomers that were separated and characterized spectroscopically and by X-ray crystal structure analyses. The cyclization and racemization processes were investigated both experimentally and by DFT-calculations, showing that although the cyclization proceeds faster, the barrier for the acid-catalyzed binaphthyl-racemization is only slightly higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frescilia Octa-Smolin
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE) , University of Duisburg-Essen , Universitätsstrasse 7 , 45141 Essen , Germany
| | - Felix van der Vight
- Theoretical Organic Chemistry/Theoretical Chemistry , University of Duisburg-Essen , Universitätsstrasse 7 , 45141 Essen , Germany
| | - Rohan Yadav
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE) , University of Duisburg-Essen , Universitätsstrasse 7 , 45141 Essen , Germany
| | - Jasmine Bhangu
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE) , University of Duisburg-Essen , Universitätsstrasse 7 , 45141 Essen , Germany
| | - Kateryna Soloviova
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Center for Nanotechnology , Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Heisenbergstr. 11 , 48149 Münster , Germany
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry , University of Duisburg-Essen , Universitätsstrasse 7 , 45141 Essen , Germany
| | | | - Cristian A Strassert
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Center for Nanotechnology , Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Heisenbergstr. 11 , 48149 Münster , Germany
| | - Holger Somnitz
- Theoretical Organic Chemistry/Theoretical Chemistry , University of Duisburg-Essen , Universitätsstrasse 7 , 45141 Essen , Germany
| | - Georg Jansen
- Theoretical Organic Chemistry/Theoretical Chemistry , University of Duisburg-Essen , Universitätsstrasse 7 , 45141 Essen , Germany
| | - Jochen Niemeyer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE) , University of Duisburg-Essen , Universitätsstrasse 7 , 45141 Essen , Germany
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33
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Jinks MA, de Juan A, Denis M, Fletcher CJ, Galli M, Jamieson EMG, Modicom F, Zhang Z, Goldup SM. Stereoselective Synthesis of Mechanically Planar Chiral Rotaxanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:14806-14810. [PMID: 30253008 PMCID: PMC6220991 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201808990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Chiral interlocked molecules in which the mechanical bond provides the sole stereogenic unit are typically produced with no control over the mechanical stereochemistry. Here we report a stereoselective approach to mechanically planar chiral rotaxanes in up to 98:2 d.r. using a readily available α-amino acid-derived azide. Symmetrization of the covalent stereocenter yields a rotaxane in which the mechanical bond provides the only stereogenic element.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Jinks
- ChemistryUniversity of Southampton, HighfieldSouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
| | - Alberto de Juan
- ChemistryUniversity of Southampton, HighfieldSouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
| | - Mathieu Denis
- ChemistryUniversity of Southampton, HighfieldSouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
| | | | - Marzia Galli
- ChemistryUniversity of Southampton, HighfieldSouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
| | | | - Florian Modicom
- ChemistryUniversity of Southampton, HighfieldSouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
| | - Zhihui Zhang
- ChemistryUniversity of Southampton, HighfieldSouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
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34
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Jinks MA, de Juan A, Denis M, Fletcher CJ, Galli M, Jamieson EMG, Modicom F, Zhang Z, Goldup SM. Stereoselective Synthesis of Mechanically Planar Chiral Rotaxanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201808990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Jinks
- Chemistry; University of Southampton, Highfield; Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Alberto de Juan
- Chemistry; University of Southampton, Highfield; Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Mathieu Denis
- Chemistry; University of Southampton, Highfield; Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | | | - Marzia Galli
- Chemistry; University of Southampton, Highfield; Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | | | - Florian Modicom
- Chemistry; University of Southampton, Highfield; Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Zhihui Zhang
- Chemistry; University of Southampton, Highfield; Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Stephen M. Goldup
- Chemistry; University of Southampton, Highfield; Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
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35
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Da LG, He J, Hu LF. DFT study on the structure and racemization mechanism of 2-amino-2′-hydroxy-1,1′-binaphthyl. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Guo Da
- School of Earth and Environment; Anhui University of Science and Technology; Huainan China
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering; Huainan Normal University; Huainan China
| | - Jie He
- School of Chemical Engineering; Anhui University of Science and Technology; Huainan China
| | - Li-Fang Hu
- School of Chemical Engineering; Anhui University of Science and Technology; Huainan China
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36
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Octa-Smolin F, Thiele M, Yadav R, Platzek A, Clever GH, Niemeyer J. Chiral Receptors for Lysine Based on Covalently Linked Bis- and Tris-binaphthylphosphoric Acids. Org Lett 2018; 20:6153-6156. [PMID: 30252491 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b02619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and application of three chiral receptors based on the covalent linkage of 1,1'-binaphthylphosphoric acids is reported. The binding of the lysine enantiomers to the chiral receptors was investigated by DOSY-NMR and NMR titrations, revealing that the bisphosphoric acid 1d acts as a highly stereoselective receptor for binding of d-lysine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frescilia Octa-Smolin
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), Department of Chemistry , University of Duisburg-Essen , Universitätsstrasse 7 , 45141 Essen , Germany
| | - Maike Thiele
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), Department of Chemistry , University of Duisburg-Essen , Universitätsstrasse 7 , 45141 Essen , Germany
| | - Rohan Yadav
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), Department of Chemistry , University of Duisburg-Essen , Universitätsstrasse 7 , 45141 Essen , Germany
| | - André Platzek
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , TU Dortmund University , Otto-Hahn-Straße 6 , 44227 Dortmund , Germany
| | - Guido H Clever
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , TU Dortmund University , Otto-Hahn-Straße 6 , 44227 Dortmund , Germany
| | - Jochen Niemeyer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), Department of Chemistry , University of Duisburg-Essen , Universitätsstrasse 7 , 45141 Essen , Germany
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37
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Jamieson EMG, Modicom F, Goldup SM. Chirality in rotaxanes and catenanes. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:5266-5311. [PMID: 29796501 PMCID: PMC6049620 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00097b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although chiral mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) have been synthesised and studied, enantiopure examples are relatively under-represented in the pantheon of reported catenanes and rotaxanes and the underlying chirality of the system is often even overlooked. This is changing with the advent of new applications of MIMs in catalysis, sensing and materials and the appearance of new methods to access unusual stereogenic units unique to the mechanical bond. Here we discuss the different stereogenic units that have been investigated in catenanes and rotaxanes, examples of their application, methods for assigning absolute stereochemistry and provide a perspective on future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. M. G. Jamieson
- Chemistry
, University of Southampton
,
University Road, Highfield
, Southampton
, SO17 1BJ
, UK
.
| | - F. Modicom
- Chemistry
, University of Southampton
,
University Road, Highfield
, Southampton
, SO17 1BJ
, UK
.
| | - S. M. Goldup
- Chemistry
, University of Southampton
,
University Road, Highfield
, Southampton
, SO17 1BJ
, UK
.
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38
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Denis M, Goldup SM. Ein [3]Rotaxan‐Wirt selektiert zwischen Stereoisomeren. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201800665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Denis
- Chemistry University of Southampton Southampton SO17 1BJ Großbritannien
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39
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Denis M, Goldup SM. A [3]Rotaxane Host Selects Between Stereoisomers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:4462-4464. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201800665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Denis
- Chemistry University of Southampton Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
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40
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Abstract
Molecular chirality provides a key challenge in host-guest recognition and other related chemical applications such as asymmetric catalysis. For a molecule to act as an efficient enantioselective receptor, it requires multi-point interactions between host and chiral guest, which may be achieved by an appropriate chiral 3D scaffold. As a consequence of their interlocked structure, catenanes and rotaxanes may present such a 3D scaffold, and can be chiral by inclusion of a classical chiral element and/or as a consequence of the mechanical bond. This Minireview presents illustrative examples of chiral [2]catenanes and [2]rotaxanes, and discusses where these molecules have been used in chemical applications such as chiral host-guest recognition and asymmetric catalysis.
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41
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Mitra R, Niemeyer J. Dual Brønsted-acid Organocatalysis: Cooperative Asymmetric Catalysis with Combined Phosphoric and Carboxylic Acids. ChemCatChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201701698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raja Mitra
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Department of Chemistry; University of Duisburg-Essen; Universitätsstrasse 7 45141 Essen Germany
| | - Jochen Niemeyer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Department of Chemistry; University of Duisburg-Essen; Universitätsstrasse 7 45141 Essen Germany
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42
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The chemistry of the carbon-transition metal double and triple bond: Annual survey covering the year 2016. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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43
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Lewis JEM, Galli M, Goldup SM. Properties and emerging applications of mechanically interlocked ligands. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:298-312. [PMID: 27819362 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc07377h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mechanically interlocked molecules have a long and rich history as ligands thanks to the key role coordination chemistry has played in the development of high yielding passive template syntheses of rotaxanes and catenanes. In this Feature Article, we highlight the effect of the mechanical bond on the properties of metal ions bound within the sterically hindered environment of the macrocycle cavity, and discuss the emerging applications of interlocked ligands in catalysis, sensing and supramolecular materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E M Lewis
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Marzia Galli
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Stephen M Goldup
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
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44
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Lim JYC, Marques I, Félix V, Beer PD. A Chiral Halogen-Bonding [3]Rotaxane for the Recognition and Sensing of Biologically Relevant Dicarboxylate Anions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 57:584-588. [PMID: 29178623 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201711176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The unprecedented application of a chiral halogen-bonding [3]rotaxane host system for the discrimination of stereo- and E/Z geometric isomers of a dicarboxylate anion guest is described. Synthesised by a chloride anion templation strategy, the [3]rotaxane host recognises dicarboxylates through the formation of 1:1 stoichiometric sandwich complexes. This process was analysed by molecular dynamics simulations, which revealed the critical synergy of halogen and hydrogen bonding interactions in anion discrimination. In addition, the centrally located chiral (S)-BINOL motif of the [3]rotaxane axle component facilitates the complexed dicarboxylate species to be sensed via a fluorescence response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Y C Lim
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Igor Marques
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of Medical Sciences, iBiMED-Institute of Biomedicine, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Vítor Félix
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of Medical Sciences, iBiMED-Institute of Biomedicine, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Paul D Beer
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
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45
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Lim JYC, Marques I, Félix V, Beer PD. A Chiral Halogen-Bonding [3]Rotaxane for the Recognition and Sensing of Biologically Relevant Dicarboxylate Anions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201711176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Y. C. Lim
- Chemistry Research Laboratory; Department of Chemistry; University of Oxford; 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Igor Marques
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of Medical Sciences, iBiMED-Institute of Biomedicine; University of Aveiro; 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal
| | - Vítor Félix
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of Medical Sciences, iBiMED-Institute of Biomedicine; University of Aveiro; 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal
| | - Paul D. Beer
- Chemistry Research Laboratory; Department of Chemistry; University of Oxford; 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
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46
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Lim JYC, Marques I, Félix V, Beer PD. Enantioselective Anion Recognition by Chiral Halogen-Bonding [2]Rotaxanes. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:12228-12239. [PMID: 28777563 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b06144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The application of chiral interlocked host molecules for discrimination of guest enantiomers has been largely overlooked, which is surprising given their unique three-dimensional binding cavities capable of guest encapsulation. Herein, we combined the stringent linear geometric interaction constraints of halogen bonding (XB), the noncovalent interaction between an electrophilic halogen atom and a Lewis base, with highly preorganized and conformationally restricted chiral cavities of [2]rotaxanes to achieve enantioselective anion recognition. Representing the first detailed investigation of the use of chiral XB rotaxanes for this purpose, extensive 1H NMR binding studies and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation experiments revealed that the chiral rotaxane cavity significantly enhances enantiodiscrimination compared to the non-interlocked free axle and macrocycle components. Furthermore, by examining the enantioselectivities of a family of structurally similar XB [2]rotaxanes containing different combinations of chiral and achiral macrocycle and axle components, the dominant influence of the chiral macrocycle in our rotaxane design for determining the effectiveness of chiral discrimination is demonstrated. MD simulations reveal the crucial geometric roles played by the XB interactions in orientating the bound enantiomeric anion guests for chiral selectivity, as well as the critical importance of the anions' hydration shells in governing binding affinity and enantiodiscrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Y C Lim
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford , Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA U.K
| | | | | | - Paul D Beer
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford , Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA U.K
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47
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Parmar D, Sugiono E, Raja S, Rueping M. Addition and Correction to Complete Field Guide to Asymmetric BINOL-Phosphate Derived Brønsted Acid and Metal Catalysis: History and Classification by Mode of Activation; Brønsted Acidity, Hydrogen Bonding, Ion Pairing, and Metal Phosphates. Chem Rev 2017; 117:10608-10620. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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48
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Mitra R, Zhu H, Grimme S, Niemeyer J. Functional Mechanically Interlocked Molecules: Asymmetric Organocatalysis with a Catenated Bifunctional Brønsted Acid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:11456-11459. [PMID: 28574220 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201704647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Interlocked molecules, such as catenanes, rotaxanes, and molecular knots, have become interesting candidates for the development of sophisticated chemical catalysts. Herein, we report the first application of a catenane-based catalyst in asymmetric organocatalysis, revealing that the catenated catalyst shows dramatically increased stereoselectivities (up to 98 % ee) in comparison to its non-interlocked analogues. A mechanistic rationale for the observed differences was developed by DFT studies, suggesting that the involvement of two catalytically active groups in the stereodetermining reaction step is responsible for the superior selectivity of the interlocked catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Mitra
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 7, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Hui Zhu
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Beringstr. 4, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Beringstr. 4, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jochen Niemeyer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 7, 45141, Essen, Germany
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49
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Mitra R, Zhu H, Grimme S, Niemeyer J. Functional Mechanically Interlocked Molecules: Asymmetric Organocatalysis with a Catenated Bifunctional Brønsted Acid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201704647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raja Mitra
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Department of Chemistry; University of Duisburg-Essen; Universitätsstr. 7 45141 Essen Germany
| | - Hui Zhu
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn; Beringstr. 4 53115 Bonn Germany
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn; Beringstr. 4 53115 Bonn Germany
| | - Jochen Niemeyer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Department of Chemistry; University of Duisburg-Essen; Universitätsstr. 7 45141 Essen Germany
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50
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Octa-Smolin F, Mitra R, Thiele M, Daniliuc CG, Stegemann L, Strassert C, Niemeyer J. Rigidly Tethered Bis-phosphoric Acids: Generation of Tunable Chiral Fluorescent Frameworks and Unexpected Selectivity for the Detection of Ferric Ions. Chemistry 2017; 23:10058-10067. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frescilia Octa-Smolin
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE); University of Duisburg-Essen; Universitätsstrasse 7 45141 Essen Germany
| | - Raja Mitra
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE); University of Duisburg-Essen; Universitätsstrasse 7 45141 Essen Germany
| | - Maike Thiele
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE); University of Duisburg-Essen; Universitätsstrasse 7 45141 Essen Germany
| | - Constantin G. Daniliuc
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Corrensstrasse 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Linda Stegemann
- Institute of Physics-Center for Nanotechnology; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Heisenbergstrasse 11 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Cristian Strassert
- Institute of Physics-Center for Nanotechnology; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Heisenbergstrasse 11 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Jochen Niemeyer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE); University of Duisburg-Essen; Universitätsstrasse 7 45141 Essen Germany
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